Hartford City Glass Company

520: 310:. Another important investor from Akron was Colonel Arthur Latham Conger, who was the company's first president. Conger was a Civil War veteran who invested in companies in Ohio and Indiana (including in Kokomo). He was also elected president of the Hartford City Land Company in 1893. Hartford City's Sydney W. Cantwell was secretary of the Hartford City Glass Company during its early years. He was also president of the state organization of window glass manufacturers. Cantwell was an attorney involved with the Blackford County Bank, Akron Oil Company, and Hartford City Land Company. Another Hartford City investor, Henry "H. B." Smith, was president of Hartford City's Citizen's Bank. 279: 353: 362: 623:

accounting for over half of the nation's window glass manufacturing capacity. In 1913, the company continued to close many of its smaller plants, while the large plants were equipped with the glass blowing machines. Plant number 3 was the third largest window glass factory in the United States, and the largest west of Pennsylvania. The Belgian portion of Hartford City's glassmaking workforce was dramatically reduced because of two factors: the glass-blowing machine replaced human glass blowers; and Belgians had difficulty returning from summer vacations in their European homeland after the start of World War I.

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Glass successfully changed energy sources from natural gas to gas made from coal. The company also had a technological advantage. Instead of using a glass blower, American Window Glass plants extracted molten glass with a machine. The machine, which was not immediately utilized at all American Window Glass plants, was known as the Lubbers blowing machine. Refinements to the machine and glass-making process were made at the Hartford City works by plant manager Harry G. Slingluff. Production records for the entire company were set at the Hartford City plant in 1905 and 1907—using the Lubbers machines.

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capacity of the plants to be consolidated, then Hartford City would have "become the greatest window glass town in the world." The plant would have employed nearly 1000 people, equaling the largest window glass plant in the world in capacity. That plant in combination with Hartford City's two other window glass factories, not even considering the flint glass plants or bottle plants, would make the city's window glass capacity the highest in the world. The rumor had some truth—smaller plants were eventually closed. However, Hartford City's large southside plant was not expanded.

330:. He was also involved in banking and had been president of the Bank of Akron. John R. Johnston began working at the Hartford City plant in 1890 as a bookkeeper. He was elected secretary after 4 years. Johnston lived in Hartford City and helped Heagany run the business. Heagany submitted his resignation at the August 1899 board meeting, retiring after 42 years in the glass business. Johnston became plant manager at that time. Johnston resigned a short time later, effective April 1900. He formed Hartford City's Johnston Glass Company in September of the same year. 450: 661:—who hired Colburn to continue work on the machine. Owens was the creator of the Owens Bottling Machine that revolutionized the glass bottle industry. Working with Colburn, Owens improved the window glass machine enough that it began being used for production in 1921. By 1926, Libbey-Owens had gained a window glass market share of 29 percent, while American Window Glass's share was 59 percent. During the 1920s, Pittsburgh Plate Glass also developed a new process for making window glass, creating even more competition in the window glass industry. 570: 636: 479:

the efficiency in manufacturing and shipping. The new buildings were made fire-resistant by using stone, brick, and iron for construction materials. They were also well ventilated, which made the work environment more comfortable for the glass workers. The expansion increased total capacity to about 90 pots. This made the works the second-largest glass factory in the United States. Expenditures necessary to finance the expansion were $ 100,000 (over $ 2.5 million in 2012 dollars).

298:, and opened the first window glass plant in the region to use natural gas as a fuel source. Heagany's Kokomo plant lasted three years before it was destroyed by fire. Instead of rebuilding in Kokomo, he moved to Hartford City and organized the Hartford City Glass Company. The company was organized in 1890 with the financial assistance of several capitalists. Production began in early 1891 after the plant was constructed. Heagany was the plant manager until his retirement in 1899. 339:

largest industry in the county, it was thought to be the second-largest plant of any industry located in the Indiana Gas Belt. To help meet the housing needs for the factory's many employees, 184 houses were built nearby. In 1896, 443 workers at the plant lived in Hartford City, especially on the south side. Assuming each local worker had a family of five, over one-third of the city's population (2,235 of "an estimated 6,000") was financially dependent upon Hartford City Glass.

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Company, and Sneath Glass Company. An eighth plant, the Sans-Pariel Bottle Company, is listed in a 1901 state inspection report. The count of eight factories excludes predecessor companies. The Hurrle Glass Company factory, also listed in the 1901 report, became the Clelland Glass Company. Hartford City Glass Company and Jones Glass Company, both listed in a state inspection report for 1898, became American Window Glass Company factories 3 and 32, respectively.

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reorganization in 1929. Dividends on its preferred stock were lowered. Although a few plants were re-equipped, the Hartford City plant was not. Hartford City's natural gas supply was depleted, and the type of sand used to produce glass was in better supply near other American Window Glass plants in Pennsylvania. Thus, American Window Glass Company plant number 3, the former Hartford City Glass Company, was closed in 1929.

556:. The Hartford City Glass Company became known as Plant Number 3 of the American Window Glass Company. J. R. Johnston, already manager for Hartford City Glass Company, was named manager of the American Window Glass version of the same plant in December. A second window glass factory from Hartford City, Jones Glass Company, was also acquired—and became plant No. 32. Eventually, the company acquired 41 glass factories. 3656: 483:

adequate fire protection and housing for the workers. Community leaders did not respond soon enough, and the expansion was postponed. However, it is no coincidence that Hartford City's waterworks began operations in 1894, and the plant was built on the city's south side. The city also acquired a chemical fire engine from the Chicago Fire Extinguisher Company, which was delivered in February 1894.

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percent of the glass blower wage. The machine was also five times more productive than the human blowers. It could make windows four times as large because a larger cylinder was extracted from the tank of molten glass. Thus, the highest–paid skilled workers in the United States were considered obsolete. In the case of Hartford City, machines replaced most of the human glass blowers by 1908.

757:) to produce window glass. His process was adopted during the 1930s by a group of companies in the United States called Furco Glass. Market share for American Window Glass fell to 20 percent in the United States. The remainder of the market was dominated by three other manufacturers: Libbey-Owens with 30 percent, Pittsburgh Plate Glass with 25 percent, and Furco with 25 percent. 441:, was built one block north of the courthouse in 1894—and features large stained glass windows imported from Belgium. For over 50 years, the bigger of two huge windows was considered the largest single-frame window in the state of Indiana. These stained-glass windows, plus at least four smaller ones, were installed by the local (and mostly Catholic) Belgian glass workers. 252:, relocated from Tiffin, Ohio, in 1894. During 1901, Indiana state inspectors visited 15 manufacturing facilities in Hartford City. These manufacturers employed 1,077 people, and the American Window Glass plant (the former Hartford City Glass Company) plus the Sneath Glass works accounted for over half of the manufacturing employees. By 1902, Hartford City was the home of 319:

immediately expressed his unhappiness with the election by selling his company stock and leaving town. Conger's stock was purchased by Kokomo banker John A. Jay. Officers of Hartford City Glass in 1896 were George T. Perkins, President; John A. Jay, Vice President; H.B. Smith, Treasurer; Richard Heagany, General Manager; and John Rodgers Johnston, Secretary.

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continuously or by the batch. The Hartford City plant used the tank system, and it was originally the "largest tank window glass factory in the world". The tank had a capacity equivalent to 30 pots, giving the Hartford City plant more than double the capacity of some of the window glass plants built a few years earlier in Ohio.

170:, at the time the world’s leading manufacturer of window glass. The Belgian workers and their families accounted for over one-third of Hartford City's population during the 1890s, and lived on the city's south side. Because of the importance of the French-speaking Belgians, one of the local newspapers featured articles in French. 491:

ornamental glass used for interiors of office buildings and with furniture. At that time, the plant was the second-largest window glass producer in the country, although it became the third-largest later in the year. Its grounds had grown to cover 25 acres (10.1 ha), and included a railroad spur off of the

219:. Manufacturers were lured to the region to take advantage of the low cost fuel. Blackford County, a small rural county located close to Eaton, had only 181 people working in manufacturing in 1880. By 1901, the county had over 1,100 people employed at manufacturing plants in small communities such as 2515:

Fifty years and over of Akron and Summit County : embellished by nearly six hundred engravings--portraits of pioneer settlers, prominent citizens, business, official and professional--ancient and modern views, etc.; nine-tenth's of a century of solid local history--pioneer incidents, interesting

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In the United States, two systems were used during the 1890s to create molten glass. The older system used a pot furnace, where ceramic pots were heated inside the furnace to melt the batch of ingredients needed to make the molten glass. The newer system used a large brick tank that could be operated

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called American Window Glass Company. The company was formed from the American Glass Company, but did not incorporate until 1899. The trust planned to acquire 70 glass plants, "some of which it will close to bring the production down to the demand." The prices offered for the glass plants were very

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Plans for the addition of another tank began again in late 1896. A third tank would make the Hartford City plant the largest in the country. As part of the conditions for expansion, the plant owners requested housing for its potential new workers. Although the houses were built, the company was not

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When constructed, the Hartford City Glass Company plant was considered the largest window glass works in the world. For many years, it was one of the three largest window glass plants in the United States—competing with two plants in Pennsylvania. In congressional hearings, the plant was listed as

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Because of the improved technology and processes utilized by competitors, many of the American Window Glass patents, and much of its machinery, became obsolete. By the late 1920s, American Window Glass was forced to begin re-equipping its plants with new machinery. The company underwent a financial

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During the beginning of the 20th century, competitors of the American Window Glass trust used a different approach to gain a technological advantage. The machines used by American Window Glass replaced glass blowers, but still used the same blowing and cutting process used in the 1880s—although the

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After the acquisition, the Hartford City Glass works became known as plant number 3 of the American Window Glass Company. The plant employed 450 people in 1901. As natural gas supplies in Indiana became depleted, many manufacturers moved or did not survive. The major plants of the American Window

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Although the third tank was not added in 1893, a new ware room was built. The room was 60 feet (18.3 m) long by 120 feet (36.6 m) wide, and could hold 20,000 boxes. The roof and walls were covered in iron. By September (without the capacity expansion), the plant had a payroll of $ 45,000

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melting a batch of ingredients that included sand, soda, and lime. At newer plants such as the Hartford City works, tanks were used instead of pots. The tanks were essentially huge brick pots with multiple workstations. A tank furnace is more efficient than a pot furnace, but more costly to build.

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and glass cutter—who were both highly skilled and well paid. The glass blower led a small production crew that included skilled and unskilled workers. At older plants, the glass blower's workstation was adjacent to a ceramic pot located inside the furnace. Each pot contained molten glass created by

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In 1899, Hartford City Glass was acquired by the American Window Glass Company, which controlled 85 percent of the American window glass manufacturing capacity. During the next decade, the company began replacing its skilled and well–paid Belgian glass blowers with machines and less-skilled machine

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Testimony before the United States House Committee on Ways and Means in 1913 listed the Hartford City Glass Company as having two tanks in 1898—not three. In 1913, when the plant was owned by American Window Glass Company, it was still described as having two tanks: a large tank "equipped with 10

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The trust was incorporated effective August 2, 1899. James A. Chambers continued as president, and Hartford City’s H.B. Smith was one of the directors of the newly incorporated company. Initial acquisitions included over 20 major window glass plants, including Hartford City Glass Company. Most of

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In 1892, management decided to expand the factory's capacity by adding a second tank. The new tank would add approximately 50 pots of capacity. In early April, construction of the facilities for the new tank began. "Modern and improved methods in all departments of the works" were used, improving

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Construction of Hartford City's new glass works was completed in early January 1891, and production started shortly thereafter. The glass works was located on Hartford City's south side, and originally occupied 12 acres (4.9 ha). Natural gas was the plant's original fuel source for both the

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The city's influx of French-speaking Belgians affected the town. The south side (south of Lick Creek) became known as Belgium Town. Most Belgians were Catholic, and they built the city's Catholic church near their homes on the city's south side. The church's Father Dhe was a native of France and

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inside a long oven. The newly made glass gradually moved from the hot end of the lehr to its opposite end, which was at room temperature. The glass would then be cut into the desired window glass size, placed in a box, and moved to inventory. It is not known if (or when) the lehrs at the Hartford

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A 1902 Hartford City directory lists 7 glass factories in Hartford City: American Window Glass Company factory number 3, American Window Glass Company factory number 32, Blackford Glass Company, Clelland Glass Company, Diamond Flint Glass Company, Johnston Glass Company, Hartford City Flint Glass

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Top management changed during 1895 after the company's annual shareholders' meeting. Colonel A. L. Conger, who had been president since the company's beginning, lost his position to another colonel from Akron, George T. Perkins. Conger had fallen into disfavor with many of the local citizens. He

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was among the top three window glass manufacturers in the United States between 1890 and 1899, and continued to be one of the nation's largest after its acquisition. It was also the country's largest manufacturer of chipped glass, with capacity double that of its nearest competitor. The company's

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American Window Glass made record profits in 1920. All of the company's small plants had been sold or closed by that time. The glass-blowing machines were still being used to extract molten glass. The company was described as having "six large and well-equipped plants located near the Pittsburgh

392:

In the first step of the glass-making process, molten glass was extracted from the pot or tank. The glass blower and his helper used a blowpipe, which was typically 4 feet (1.2 m) to 5 feet (1.5 m) long, to create a bubble of molten glass. The glass blower manipulated the bubble into a

618:

During the spring of 1900, rumors circulated that American Window Glass planned to move production from smaller plants in nearby Dunkirk and Redkey (factories 17, 30, 34, and 41) to the large southside Hartford City plant. If the Hartford City plant would have its capacity expanded equal to the

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The glass blowing machine used by American Window Glass factories was created by Pittsburgh resident John H. Lubbers, and he continued to contribute improvements to the machine over the next decade. By using the Lubbers machine, human glass blowers were replaced with a machine operator paid 30

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Like many Indiana communities during the gas boom, Hartford City’s leaders sought to take advantage of their newfound energy resource. The Hartford City Land Company was formed in 1891 as part of the effort to attract manufacturers. The company offered "free sites, free gas, excellent switching

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In 1905 American Window Glass sold some of its smaller plants, including Hartford City's plant number 32. Plant number 3 still continued operations. It employed 500 people in 1910. Before the start of World War I, American Window Glass Company was still the dominant window glass manufacturer,

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During 1893, the company considered adding a third tank, which would add another 60 pots of capacity. The expansion cost estimate was $ 150,000 (over $ 3.8 million in 2012 dollars), and was said to "give employment to 350 men." Two major concerns voiced by management to community leaders were

338:

During its peak years, Hartford City Glass Company employed 500 to 600 people. In 1894, it employed 100 glass blowers as part of a total workforce of 540 people. The wages for that workforce were said to be equivalent to "about 1500 men in any other industry." Not only was the glass works the

469:

Initial production at the Hartford City plant continued until June, when the works was shut down to decrease inventories. Summer shutdowns were normal in the glass industry at that time. The heat from the furnaces combined with summer weather made extremely uncomfortable working conditions,

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In 1896, the plant employed 550 people, and produced about 2 million square feet of window glass per month. In addition to window glass, the company was the nation’s largest producer of chipped glass, with capacity double that of the second-largest manufacturer. Chipped glass was a popular

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Hartford City's success in attracting manufacturers can be indirectly measured by its population growth. The city's population was 2,287 in 1890, but grew to 5,912 by 1900. In 1890, the city convinced glassmaker Richard Heagany to relocate from Kokomo, Indiana. An additional glass maker,

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was the largest exporter of window glass to the United States, and plant manager Heagany previously used the skills of glass blowers from that country in his Kokomo glass works. In Hartford City, Heagany again relied upon Belgian workers for the skilled positions in his glass works.

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facilities, and reasonable cash subsidies" as enticements for manufacturers to locate in the boom town. Manufacturers that used high quantities of energy were especially attracted to no-cost or low-cost natural gas sites, and glassmaking was one of those energy-consuming industries.

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Glass Company, has written at least 3 glass–related books. Window glassmaking at the Hartford City Glass Company plant is discussed, by a former glassworker whose father worked at the Hartford City plant, in a book produced by the Blackford County Historical

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With its size, newest technology, and newly built facilities, the plant was "said to be the largest and best arranged window glass works in the world." During its existence, the plant was always one of the largest window glass works in the United States.

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Hartford City illustrated : a publication devoted to the city's best interests and containing half tone engravings of prominent factories, business blocks, residences, and a selection of representative commercial and professional men and

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justifying the summer months as the best time to shut down for maintenance (or for manipulation of inventories). In the case of the first year's shutdown for the Hartford City Glass works, production was restarted in October.

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began working on a machine that produced window glass using a different process. Colburn patented his work during the first decade of the 20th century. Although he filed for bankruptcy in 1912, his patents were purchased by

539:

Many of the Indiana glass works acquired by the trust were from the East Central Indiana Gas Belt. Among those plants were the Hartford City Glass Company; and the nearby Muncie plants of Maring, Hart, and Company and

714:

The first window glass plant built in Fostoria, Ohio, (Mambourg Glass Company built in 1887) had a capacity of 13 pots. In Toledo, Ohio, the Toledo Window Glass Company plant was built with a 10 pot capacity in

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the original acquisitions were from Indiana and Pennsylvania. Those glass plants were important enough to enable American Window Glass to control 85 percent of the window glass production in the United States.

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In 1878, glassmaker Richard Heagany organized a window glass plant in New York and was the factory's superintendent. That plant became the largest window glass plant in the state. In 1886, he moved to

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The Hartford City glass works have just been completed and are said to be the largest and best arranged window glass works in the world. The weekly pay roll will amount to over $ 3,000.

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cylinder, and removed it from the pot or tank. The cylinders were 12 inches (30.5 cm) to 16 inches (40.6 cm) in diameter, and 4 feet (1.2 m) or 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

507:. The tank in one of the melting rooms was 18 feet (5.5 m) long, 18 feet (5.5 m) wide, and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep. One tank required 4 flattening ovens and a cutting room. 177:

During the 1920s, competitors developed new window glass production processes that eclipsed the American Window Glass technology, and the company lost its advantage. By the time the

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claimed to be the "only newspaper in State that prints French and circulates among the window glass and iron workers, the highest paid skilled mechanics in the world."

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generous. Owners of the glass plants could sell their plant for either cash or a combination of cash and stock in the new company. Many owners chose to receive stock.

3723: 2468:"Annual Report of the Department of Inspection of manufacturing and mercantile establishments, laundries, bakeries, quarries, printing offices and public buildings" 3703: 2044:

National Newspaper Directory and Gazetteer. Containing a Complete Classified Directory of the Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the United States ..

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Capacity "expansion" was difficult to measure precisely. The pot-equivalency of a tank varied, depending on the tank size and way the tank was equipped.

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Merriam, William Rush; Hunt, William C.; King, William Alexander; Powers, Le Grand; North, Simon Newton Dexter; United States Census Office (1901).

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third-largest in the United States (behind the two Pennsylvania plants) in 1898. The same hearings show the Hartford City plant as largest in 1913.

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A History of Blackford County, Indiana : with historical accounts of the county, 1838–1986 histories of families who have lived in the county

3718: 2767: 2488: 2661: 2192: 2716: 3209: 2544: 1551: 2546: 2631: 174:

operators. The company used the Hartford City plant to test and refine the new technology. Most of the Belgian glass workers left town.

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Next, the glass–cutter cut the cylinder, and the glass was flattened. It was necessary to gradually cool the glass, a process known as

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One of the principal stockholders of the new company was multi-millionaire A. M. Barber. Barber was involved in grain and banking in

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Indiana Department of Factory Inspection (1899). "Exhibit A.—Factories Inspected—Continued – Hartford City, Blackford County".

2281: 3332: 2929: 2291: 2175: 1894:"Human Blowers Thing of the Past – Machines Replacing Skilled Trades and Obsolete Methods of Manufacture of Window Glass". 3214: 2672:

Tariff schedule, no. 3-4. Hearings before the committee on Schedule B - earths, earthenware, and glassware, January, 1913

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American Window Glass Made High Record Earnings in the Year Ended August Last – Largest Company of the Kind in the World

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satisfied, as the expansion was never consummated. Without the third tank, the workforce still grew to 600 by 1898.

194: 3254: 2922: 1137:"Annual Meetings. Manufacturers Directors of the Hartford City Glass Company and Hartford City Land Company Meet". 1995: 2016:"Belle Vernon and Arnold Plant Method of Window Glass Manufacture Success Certain But Business Is Still Dull". 2077: 3119: 2254:

Population of states and counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990 from the twenty-one decennial censuses

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company was constantly working to make the process more efficient. Competitors such as American inventor

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Castelo, Sinuard; Clamme, Louise; Dodds, Dealie; Clamme, David; Marshall, Mary Lou; Storms, Ron (2012).

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Directory of Hartford City, Indiana, Together with a Complete Gazetteer of Blackford County Land Owners

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Blackford County Gazette (advertisement) (1903). "The Blackford County Gazette (near bottom of page)".

377: 224: 541: 3591: 3099: 3054: 2075: 1638: 1200: 1163: 228: 2817: 1312: 3363: 3348: 923: 649: 361: 278: 199: 2257:. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Population Division. p. 225. 352: 3418: 3229: 2792: 2322: 220: 156: 103: 2867: 1627: 1462: 1125: 3428: 3269: 3164: 2252: 830: 492: 232: 2842: 3403: 3314: 3064: 2999: 2979: 2359: 2349:"National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Hartford City Courthouse Square District" 658: 327: 249: 216: 3179: 2520: 2499:(Statistical Year Ending December 31, 1906). Indianapolis: Indiana State Board of Health. 404:

or annealing oven was used to anneal the product. A typical 20th-century lehr was a large

8: 3481: 3408: 3274: 3194: 3129: 3084: 2668: 1707: 1473: 1458: 777: 3601: 3491: 3353: 3174: 3114: 3089: 3034: 2989: 2984: 2655: 2570: 2098: 553: 401: 323: 163:. It became the city's largest manufacturer and employer, peaking with 600 employees. 578: 3621: 3448: 3438: 3433: 3294: 3284: 3189: 2900: 2879: 2854: 2829: 2804: 2779: 2748: 2741: 2728: 2703: 2676: 2637: 2618: 2601: 2591: 2552: 2524: 2500: 2475: 2454: 2427: 2417: 2398: 2326: 2316: 2297: 2287: 2268: 2258: 2233: 2223: 2198: 2171: 2152: 2129: 2119: 2082:. Hartford City, IN: Blackford County Historical Society. p. 127. Archived from 2064: 2047: 754: 545: 397: 2516:

events--industrial, commercial, financial and educational progress, biographies, etc

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The window glass manufacturing process used by Hartford City Glass was known as the

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Windsor, John T. (January 8, 1921). "Prosperity in Glass Manufacturing Industry".

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The Glass Industry. Report on the cost of production of glass in the United States

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United States Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce (Dept. of Commerce) (1917).

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Amstutz, Reverend A. Allison; Historical Committee (1943), "The First 100 Years",

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Two large stained-glass windows installed by Hartford City's Belgian glass workers

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Many of the skilled workers employed at the Hartford City Glass Company were from

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Census reports ... Twelfth census of the United States, taken in the year 1900

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United States Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce (Dept. of Commerce) 1917

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United States Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce (Dept. of Commerce) 1917

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United States Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce (Dept. of Commerce) 1917

640: 569: 3682: 3596: 3566: 3546: 3531: 3496: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3368: 3304: 3204: 3159: 3144: 3039: 2808: 2783: 2622: 2458: 2431: 2237: 2156: 2133: 654: 592: 588: 405: 2752: 2680: 2605: 2528: 2504: 2479: 2301: 2272: 2219:

Glass Towns: Industry, Labor and Political Economy in Appalachia, 1890-1930s

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The Belgian workforce also affected the city's north side. Hartford City's

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Richard Heagany, founder of Hartford City Glass Company, and advertisement

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Unlisted (Glass & Pottery World) (1896). "Chipped and Ground Glass".

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Glasshouses and Glass Manufacturers of the Pittsburgh Region 1795 – 1910

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Centennial Brochure, First Presbyterian Church of Hartford City, Indiana

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For more detail on 1880s glassmaking, see Appendix A in Jack Paquette's

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furnace used to make the glass and the ovens used to gradually cool it.

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was also involved with glass making. During the early 1900s, the local

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In Europe, Belgian Emil Fourcault developed his own mechanized method (

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During the late 19th century, glass blowers were difficult to find.

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In 1898, a group of men led by James A. Chambers organized a glass

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Blowpipes, Northwest Ohio Glassmaking in the Gas Boom of the 1880s

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United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means (1913).

902:"Company is Organized To Operate the Late Hurrle Glass Factory". 418: 167: 107: 2790: 2765: 2465: 2453:(1898). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Factory Inspection. 1864: 1719: 814: 3259: 3154: 2063:. Hartford City, Indiana: Blackford County Historical Society. 2191:

Fleming, George Thornton; American Historical Society (1922).

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United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means 1913

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United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means 1913

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United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means 1913

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machines" and a "smaller tank, with a six-machine equipment".

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Scale and scope : the dynamics of industrial capitalism

1835:"American Window Glass is to Continue the Use of Coal Gas". 1796:"(untitled second column from right, near bottom of page)". 2033: 1338: 235:. The region became Indiana’s major manufacturing center. 203:

Eaton, Hartford City, and Blackford County, Indiana in 1887

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Graham, Albert Adams; Perrin, William Henry, eds. (1881).

2286:. Image of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 128. 1747:"The Glass Trust. Manufacturers Believe It Is a Sure Go". 2347:

Hamilton, Kristi; Abraham, Kent; Lankford, Susan (2005).

2222:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 236. 2474:(1901). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Inspection. 2318:

History of Summit County, with an outline sketch of Ohio

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Drawing of the Hartford City Glass Company plant in 1896

2489:"Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Indiana" 2346: 1732:"The Big Trust. The New Window Glass Combine Certain". 865: 1507:

The Hartford City glass works have resumed operations.

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district, and one large plant at Hartford City, Ind."

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Annual Report of the Department of Factory Inspection

1356:"(Untitled column on far left near bottom of page)". 2828:(15). Chicago: D. Van Ness Publishing Company: 13. 2389:(1). Easton, PA: American Chemical Society: 80–81. 2383:

The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

2059:Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) (1986). 2872:The Manual of Statistics: Stock Exchange Handbook 2379:"The Present Status of the Window Glass Industry" 1966: 1964: 1962: 1907: 1905: 1674: 915: 913: 184: 3724:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Indiana 3680: 2866:Wallace, Henry E.; Goodsell, Charles M. (1901). 1532: 1530: 1467: 1452: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1174: 1172: 966: 953: 951: 949: 933: 931: 2865: 2617:. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 320. 1850:"Indiana Company Has New Glass Making Record". 1843: 1766: 1440: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1327:Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986 1285:Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986 1273:Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986 958:"Factory Owner of Natural Gas Days Here Dies". 878:Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986 780:. The American Oil & Gas Historical Society 523:Advertisement for American Window Glass in 1913 495:. The grounds contained two melting rooms, two 78:1899 (facility continued to operate until 1929) 2841:Unlisted (Paint, Oil and Drug Review) (1907). 2816:Unlisted (Paint, Oil and Drug Review) (1899). 2715:Unlisted (Glass & Pottery World) (1896b). 1959: 1902: 1858: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1713: 1572: 1242: 1152:Fleming & American Historical Society 1922 990: 910: 259: 2930: 2740:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) (1896). 2472:Annual Report of the Department of Inspection 2151:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 196. 2146: 2118:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. p. 765. 1935: 1828: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1740: 1725: 1686: 1644: 1602: 1587: 1557: 1527: 1479: 1413: 1398: 1309:Blackford County Gazette (advertisement) 1903 1296: 1260: 1187: 1169: 1130: 1083: 1068: 1029: 946: 928: 920:Indiana Department of Factory Inspection 1899 895: 810: 808: 806: 2575:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2519:. Akron, OH: Beacon Job Department. p. 2314: 2279: 2103:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2046:. Boston and New York: Pettingill & Co. 1996:"The Fabulous Monster: Owens Bottle Machine" 1947: 1920: 1896:Daily Times Gazette (Hartford City, Indiana) 1822: 1701: 1659: 1617: 1512: 1494: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1344: 1014: 984: 841: 797: 181:struck, the Hartford City plant had closed. 94:Plant No. 3 of American Window Glass Company 3704:Manufacturing companies established in 1890 2944: 2551:. Washington: United States Census Office. 2009: 1755: 1428: 1302: 1290: 1254: 1036:"Within Our Borders - Will Make No Glass". 700:book. Paquette, a former Vice President of 3689:Glassmaking companies of the United States 2937: 2923: 2727:(8). Chicago: Trade Magazine Association. 2702:(2). Chicago: Trade Magazine Association. 2675:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 2660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2215: 1941: 1784:Unlisted (Paint, Oil and Drug Review) 1907 1772: 1693:"Indiana News - Enlarging a Glass Plant". 1666:"From Hoosierdom - Glass Works to Start". 1386: 1322: 1320: 1218: 1206: 997:Unlisted (Paint, Oil and Drug Review) 1899 973:Unlisted (Glass & Pottery World) 1896b 803: 3714:American companies disestablished in 1899 3210:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano 2791:Unlisted (National Glass Budget) (1917). 2766:Unlisted (National Glass Budget) (1913). 2466:Indiana Department of Inspection (1902). 2147:Clamme, Louise; Castelo, Sinuard (2011). 1804: 1681:Unlisted (Glass & Pottery World) 1896 1632: 1381:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896 1367: 1266: 1157: 1145: 1110:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896 1063:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896 1056: 1051:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896 1044: 978: 883: 854:Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896 2585: 2321:. Chicago: Baskin & Battey. p. 2280:Glass, James A.; Kohrman, David (2005). 2250: 2111: 1976: 1970: 1545: 1446: 1434: 1332: 1248: 1105: 1103: 1101: 859: 826: 634: 559: 518: 448: 207:During the late 1880s, the discovery of 198: 2899:. New York: Ticker Publishing Company. 2890: 2612: 2409: 2358:. National Park Service. Archived from 1982: 1953: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1816: 1810: 1339:Amstutz & Historical Committee 1943 1317: 1278: 1236: 1230: 1115: 1002: 847: 820: 668: 3719:American companies established in 1890 3681: 2487:Indiana State Board of Health (1907). 1609:"(untitled third column from right)". 1486:"State News - Glass Works Shut Down". 871: 791: 439:National Register of Historical Places 3333:List of defunct glassmaking companies 2918: 2376: 1881: 1865:Unlisted (National Glass Budget) 1917 1720:Unlisted (National Glass Budget) 1913 1651:"(untitled third column from left)". 1420:"(untitled third column from left)". 1098: 866:Hamilton, Abraham & Lankford 2005 835: 815:Indiana Department of Inspection 1902 2615:Michael Owens and the Glass Industry 2511: 2356:National Register of Historic Places 2283:The Gas Boom of East Central Indiana 2163: 1870: 1121: 1008: 889: 313: 16:American glass manufacturing company 2747:. Daulton & Scott. p. 47. 2493:Report of the State Board of Health 215:started an economic boom period in 13: 2251:Forstall, Richard L., ed. (1996). 2194:History of Pittsburgh and environs 1624:Indiana State Board of Health 1907 604: 400:, to prevent it from breaking. A 14: 3735: 2843:"Machine Window Glass Production" 1564:"Glass Works for Hartford City". 444: 384:, and required the services of a 322:Colonel George Tod Perkins was a 195:History of Hartford City, Indiana 3666: 3654: 2112:Chandler, Alfred Dupont (1999). 1594:"Meeting of the Glass Company". 613: 577: 568: 360: 351: 277: 268: 238: 25: 2878:. New York: Charles H. Nicoll. 1988: 1887: 747: 737: 728: 718: 708: 690: 680: 544:. Other plants were located in 412: 120:Richard Heagany, J. R. Johnston 3709:1890 establishments in Indiana 2768:"Successful Start at Hartford" 2170:. Troy, Ohio: George R. Dale. 2027: 1927:"Offers Old Plants for Sale". 770: 643:"Means for Making Sheet Glass" 514: 342: 301: 185:Manufacturers drawn to Indiana 1: 3694:Defunct glassmaking companies 3270:Sterlite Optical Technologies 3120:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works 2590:. Xlibris Corp. p. 559. 2512:Lane, Samuel Alanson (1892). 764: 326:veteran and president of the 151:works was the first of eight 2613:Skrabec, Quentin R. (2007). 2539:A. L. Conger glass Hartford. 1581:Shoals Martin County Tribune 778:"Indiana's Natural Gas Boom" 473: 333: 7: 2893:The Magazine of Wall Street 2853:(1). Chicago: D. Van Ness. 2818:"(untitled column on left)" 2636:. Washington. p. 430. 1767:Wallace & Goodsell 1901 1695:Connersville Daily Examiner 1566:Connersville Daily Examiner 1075:"Dont Bet on the Colonel". 437:, which is now part of the 260:Organization and management 148:Hartford City Glass Company 128:window glass, chipped glass 20:Hartford City Glass Company 10: 3740: 2868:"American Window Glass Co" 2847:Paint, Oil and Drug Review 2822:Paint, Oil and Drug Review 2793:"The Window Glass Machine" 2586:Paquette, Jack K. (2002). 1852:Fort Wayne Journal Gazette 630: 409:City plant had conveyors. 188: 3699:Blackford County, Indiana 3472: 3341: 3323: 2950: 2721:Glass & Pottery World 2696:Glass & Pottery World 2341:A. M. Barber grain Akron. 1998:. Corning Museum of Glass 1854:. 1905-04-09. p. 18. 1505:. 1891-10-07. p. 3. 1360:. 1891-01-02. p. 1. 1297:Clamme & Castelo 2011 1261:Clamme & Castelo 2011 1092:Fort Wayne Weekly Gazette 153:glass plants that existed 132: 124: 114: 98: 90: 82: 74: 66: 51: 41: 33: 24: 3060:Firozabad glass industry 3055:Fenton Art Glass Company 2410:Hawkins, Jay W. (2009). 2216:Fones-Wolf, Ken (2007). 2164:Dale, George R. (1902). 2020:. 1930-02-20. p. 1. 1931:. 1905-06-15. p. 7. 1916:. 1900-05-22. p. 1. 1914:Portland Semi Weekly Sun 1912:"We'll Lead the World". 1898:. 1908-04-13. p. 1. 1839:. 1895-09-27. p. 1. 1823:Glass & Kohrman 2005 1800:. 1899-12-13. p. 1. 1751:. 1899-07-12. p. 1. 1736:. 1899-05-17. p. 1. 1697:. 1896-12-28. p. 1. 1670:. 1893-09-20. p. 1. 1655:. 1893-04-06. p. 1. 1613:. 1893-06-01. p. 1. 1598:. 1893-04-20. p. 1. 1583:. 1893-03-24. p. 2. 1568:. 1892-03-31. p. 1. 1541:. 1892-04-07. p. 1. 1523:. 1892-04-07. p. 6. 1490:. 1891-06-03. p. 5. 1424:. 1893-03-02. p. 1. 1409:. 1891-04-27. p. 2. 1183:. 1894-12-05. p. 1. 1141:. 1899-08-30. p. 1. 1094:. 1895-09-05. p. 2. 1079:. 1894-12-12. p. 1. 1040:. 1891-09-01. p. 3. 1025:. 1893-09-08. p. 7. 985:Graham & Perrin 1881 962:. 1925-09-10. p. 1. 942:. 1899-09-27. p. 1. 906:. 1895-01-04. p. 1. 842:Glass & Kohrman 2005 798:Glass & Kohrman 2005 673: 428:Blackford County Gazette 3364:Irving Wightman Colburn 2945:Glass makers and brands 2416:. New York: iUniverse. 1837:Hartford City Telegram 1798:Hartford City Telegram 1749:Hartford City Telegram 1734:Hartford City Telegram 1653:Hartford City Telegram 1611:Hartford City Telegram 1596:Hartford City Telegram 1579:"State News Summary". 1539:Hartford City Telegram 1537:"WINDOW GLASS NOTES". 1519:"Indiana State News". 1422:Hartford City Telegram 1407:Oskaloosa Daily Herald 1405:"In the Gas Fields.". 1181:Hartford City Telegram 1139:Hartford City Telegram 1090:"Col. Conger Beaten". 1077:Hartford City Telegram 1021:"Indiana State News". 940:Hartford City Telegram 904:Hartford City Telegram 868:, p. 13 section 8 655:Edward Drummond Libbey 644: 524: 454: 328:B. F. Goodrich Company 221:Hartford City, Indiana 204: 157:Hartford City, Indiana 3429:Henry William Stiegel 3160:Mats Jonasson Målerås 3100:Holmegaard Glassworks 2797:National Glass Budget 2772:National Glass Budget 2377:Hamor, W. A. (1913). 2079:Dusty Bits and Pieces 638: 560:American Window Glass 522: 493:Pennsylvania Railroad 452: 202: 3404:Michael Joseph Owens 2980:Aurora Glass Foundry 960:Kokomo Daily Tribune 938:"Injunction Suits". 669:Notes and references 250:Sneath Glass Company 217:East Central Indiana 3492:Bomex/Duran/Endural 3409:Alastair Pilkington 3085:Guardian Industries 2990:Barovier & Toso 2395:10.1021/ie50049a053 2018:Charleroi (PA) Mail 1929:Logansport Reporter 1668:Logansport Reporter 1639:Castelo et al. 2012 1552:Merriam et al. 1901 1201:Castelo et al. 2012 1164:Castelo et al. 2012 435:Presbyterian Church 380:. The process was 134:Number of employees 46:Glass manufacturing 21: 3354:Richard M. Atwater 3175:Nippon Sheet Glass 3115:Kingdom of Crystal 3035:Dartington Crystal 2803:(49). Chicago: 1. 2778:(28). Chicago: 7. 2149:Strangers Among Us 1973:, pp. 115–116 1503:Logansport Journal 1501:"Over the State". 1476:, pp. 412–413 1449:, pp. 333–334 1251:, pp. 469–475 1179:"A Big Industry". 892:, pp. 121–122 645: 641:M. J. Owens patent 639:Drawing from 1920 554:Fairmount, Indiana 525: 455: 205: 19: 3640: 3639: 3449:Tomasz Urbanowicz 3439:Lino Tagliapietra 3434:S. Donald Stookey 3285:Val Saint Lambert 3180:Nižbor glassworks 3095:Hardman & Co. 2293:978-0-7385-3963-8 2177:978-1-153-46853-4 1488:Goshen Daily News 1358:Rochester Tribune 1038:Goshen Daily News 755:Fourcault process 650:Irving W. Colburn 314:Management change 254:8 glass factories 145: 144: 141: 3731: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3389:Edward D. Libbey 3359:Frederick Carder 2939: 2932: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2887: 2862: 2837: 2812: 2787: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2736: 2711: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2626: 2609: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2508: 2483: 2462: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2406: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2353: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2276: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2160: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2072: 2055: 2038: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1521:Spencer Democrat 1516: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1365: 1364: 1353: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1275:, pp. 48–49 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1203:, pp. 16–17 1198: 1185: 1184: 1176: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1128: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 963: 955: 944: 943: 935: 926: 917: 908: 907: 899: 893: 887: 881: 875: 869: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 833: 824: 818: 812: 801: 795: 789: 788: 786: 785: 774: 758: 751: 745: 741: 735: 732: 726: 722: 716: 712: 706: 694: 688: 684: 659:Michael J. Owens 581: 572: 364: 355: 281: 272: 191:Indiana Gas Boom 179:Great Depression 161:Indiana Gas Boom 139: 62: 60: 29: 22: 18: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3474: 3468: 3459:John M. Whitall 3444:W. E. S. Turner 3337: 3325: 3319: 3300:Watts & Co. 3020:Caithness Glass 2952: 2946: 2943: 2757: 2755: 2685: 2683: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2598: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2533: 2531: 2436: 2434: 2424: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2351: 2335: 2333: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2265: 2242: 2240: 2230: 2207: 2205: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1942:Fones-Wolf 2007 1940: 1936: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1773: 1765: 1756: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1368: 1355: 1354: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1318: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1188: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1099: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 983: 979: 971: 967: 957: 956: 947: 937: 936: 929: 918: 911: 901: 900: 896: 888: 884: 876: 872: 864: 860: 852: 848: 840: 836: 825: 821: 813: 804: 796: 792: 783: 781: 776: 775: 771: 767: 762: 761: 752: 748: 742: 738: 733: 729: 723: 719: 713: 709: 695: 691: 685: 681: 676: 671: 633: 616: 607: 605:Lubbers machine 598: 597: 596: 595: 589:H. G. Slingluff 584: 583: 582: 574: 573: 562: 517: 476: 447: 415: 382:labor-intensive 378:Cylinder Method 374: 373: 372: 371: 367: 366: 365: 357: 356: 345: 336: 316: 304: 296:Kokomo, Indiana 291: 290: 289: 288: 284: 283: 282: 274: 273: 262: 241: 197: 187: 135: 117: 110: 70:Richard Heagany 58: 56: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3676: 3675: 3663: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592:Satsuma Kiriko 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245:Royal Brierley 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:PPG Industries 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3150:Johns Manville 3147: 3142: 3137: 3135:Liuli Gongfang 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3010:Bormioli Rocco 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995:Berengo Studio 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960:Anchor Hocking 2956: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2888: 2863: 2838: 2813: 2788: 2763: 2737: 2712: 2691: 2666: 2627: 2610: 2596: 2582: 2581: 2542: 2509: 2484: 2463: 2442: 2422: 2407: 2374: 2344: 2312: 2292: 2277: 2263: 2248: 2228: 2213: 2188: 2176: 2161: 2144: 2124: 2109: 2073: 2056: 2039: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2008: 1987: 1975: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1919: 1901: 1886: 1869: 1857: 1842: 1827: 1815: 1803: 1788: 1771: 1754: 1739: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1685: 1673: 1658: 1643: 1631: 1616: 1601: 1586: 1571: 1556: 1544: 1526: 1511: 1493: 1478: 1466: 1451: 1439: 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