American Civil War

4724:, argue Confederate victory was possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not guaranteed. He argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only to fight a defensive war to convince the North the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator and could fight only as long as the American public supported the war. The Confederacy sought to win independence by outlasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, hope for a political victory for the South ended. Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he defeated the 3278: 3725: 2579:, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void". He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and customhouses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions. 2929: 4535: 5206: 4229: 5454: 4551: 256: 238: 2340: 171: 5047: 3444: 5302: 3562:, his predecessor in army command, before that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect. 3038: 4131: 2645: 213: 195: 158: 3630: 534: 5826: 5630: 5521:, and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. Nor was Tennessee, which had come under Union control. Missouri and Maryland abolished slavery on their own; Kentucky and Delaware did not. Still, the proclamation did not enjoy universal support. It caused much unrest in what were then considered western states, where racist sentiments led to a great fear of abolition. There was some concern that the proclamation would lead to the secession of western states, and its issuance prompted the stationing of Union troops in Illinois in case of rebellion. 2390: 5501:'s "The Prayer of Twenty Millions"; the letter stated that Lincoln's goal was to save the Union, and that, if he freed the slaves, it would be as a means to that end. He also had a meeting at the White House with five African American representatives on August 14, 1862. Arranging for a reporter to be present, he urged his visitors to agree to the voluntary colonization of black people. Lincoln's motive for both his letter to Greeley and his statement to the black visitors was apparently to make his forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation more palatable to racist 3841: 2531: 6514: 5154:

possibly as high as 850,000. A novel way of calculating casualties, by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm, through analysis of census data, found at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people, but most likely 761,000 people, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses. As McPherson notes, the war's "cost in American lives was as great as in all of the nation's other wars combined through

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over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on, and it became clear slavery was central to the conflict, and that emancipation was (to quote the Emancipation Proclamation) "a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion," Lincoln and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln's decision to issue the Proclamation angered

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require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General

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for liberty, commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic." However, a European public with liberal sensibilities remained, which the U.S. sought to appeal to by building connections with the international press. By 1861, Union diplomats like

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Confederate ships to use neutral ports as safe havens from U.S. warships should end. Having no response to Lincoln's proclamation, President Johnson issued a similar proclamation dated May 10, more directly stating that the war was almost at an end and insurgent cruisers still at sea, and prepared to attack U.S. ships, should not have rights to do so through use of safe foreign ports or waters. Britain finally responded on June 6, by transmitting a letter from Foreign Secretary

4327: 3149: 2719: 17638: 1942: 1903: 5035: 266: 248: 17648: 1952: 7249:. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths." 5007:

Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break the blockade the Union had created around Southern ports. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to slavery, along with Lincoln's naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that Britain or France would enter the war.

5560:" to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to former slaves (1868), and the 15th ensuring voting rights to former male slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate victory by reuniting the Union, to guarantee a "republican form of government" for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status. 7312:. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...". 5222:, superintendent of the 1870 census, used census and surgeon general data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths, a total of 850,000 soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 percent and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate. 3944: 3073:. The Confederacy, recognizing the need to counter the Union's naval superiority, built or converted over 130 vessels, including 26 ironclads. Despite efforts, Confederate ships were largely unsuccessful against Union ironclads. The Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards in Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built or modified 6612:"End of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands. Kirby Smith Surrenders the Land and Naval Forces Under His Command. The Confederate Flag Disappears from the Continent. The Era of Peace Begins. Military Prisoners During the War to be Discharged. Deserters to be Released from Confinement. [Official.] From Secretary Stanton to Gen. Dix" 3936:, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed reinforcements, and Grant counterattacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would occur repeatedly. The Confederates lost 5556:, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the second half of the 20th century. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the aftermath, the most important of which were the three " 5425:. The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of undermining the legitimacy of slavery. 3706:, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in US military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. 6897:"Union population 1864" aggregates 1860 population, average annual immigration 1855–1864, and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded. 5513:

explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong .... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling .... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."

6906:"Slave 1864, CSA" aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley. 3866:. After Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed, 4188:. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862, and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy but fewer for the Union. The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General 3929:'s gunboats of the Western Flotilla, to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of west Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862. 6691:, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end." 2594:. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the 5429:

that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of the total war needed to save the Union.

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On 3 August, General Halleck directed General McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until 14 August. The situation created an opportunity for General Lee. The removal of the

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The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the 20th century and perhaps

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cites General Sherman, who in early 1864 commented, "The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired." Despite their loss of slaves and wealth, with starvation looming, Sherman continued, "yet I see no sign of let-up—some few deserters—plenty tired of war, but the masses determined

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withdrawing rights to Confederate warships to enter British ports and waters. U.S. Secretary of State Seward welcomed the withdrawal of concessions to the Confederates. Finally, on October 18, Russell advised the Admiralty that the time specified in his June message had elapsed and "all measures of a

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After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, Jefferson Davis informed General Kirby Smith in Texas that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a

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Lincoln's administration initially struggled to appeal to European public opinion. At first, diplomats explained that the U.S. was not committed to ending slavery and emphasized legal arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, however, focused on their struggle

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ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates soared, and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters, though reflagging ships with European flags allowed them to continue operating unmolested. After the war, the U.S. government demanded Britain compensate it for the

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The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war due to multiple factors: severe food shortages, failing railroads, loss of control over key rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate forces. Historians agree the blockade was a major factor in ruining

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relatively few were drafted. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for men aged 18–35, with exemptions for overseers, government officials, and clergymen. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within states that could not meet their quota with volunteers. European

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asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state in October 1861. A voter turnout of 34% approved the statehood bill (96% approving). Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state, and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 federal troops for much of the war.

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The Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities, ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, films, stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. These commemorations occurred in greater numbers on the 100th

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The war is a central event in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books, and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature

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was rejected. But compensated emancipation occurred only in the District of Columbia, where Congress had the power to enact it. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, which would apply to the states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, Seward advised Lincoln to

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During the war, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement, and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based on a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. In 1861, Lincoln worried

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Deaths among former slaves has proven hard to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in areas where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. Professor

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Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in articulating the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. The Confederate government failed to get Europe involved militarily.

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and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians, but in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said "would otherwise have

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in May 1863. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the left arm and right hand by friendly fire during the battle. The

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At the war's start, a parole system operated, under which captives agreed not to fight until exchanged. They were held in camps run by their army, paid, but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners.

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Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would

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The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate

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line, by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of it, while permitting it to the south. The Compromise would likely have prevented secession, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. Lincoln stated that any compromise that would extend slavery would bring down the Union. A

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Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at

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The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war, with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The oldest

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Historians have paid more attention to the causes of the war than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns

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The war devastated the South and posed serious questions of how it would be reintegrated into the Union. The war destroyed much of the South's wealth, in part because wealth held in enslaved people (at least $ 1,000 each for a healthy adult prior to the war) was wiped off the books. All accumulated

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While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies

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river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored those they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike them, Grant chose to fight on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for

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took part. The Union suffered a serious defeat, losing 1,515 soldiers while the Confederates lost only 174. However, the 54th was hailed for its valor, which encouraged the general acceptance of the recruitment of African American soldiers into the Union Army, which reinforced the Union's numerical

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proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports critically important. It also helped turn European opinion against the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton," as U.S. grain went from a

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that traded arms and supplies from Britain, through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton. Many were lightweight and designed for speed, only carrying small amounts of cotton back to England. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned

5716:, sacrificing black American progress to white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, whose 5711:

notes that the Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery as a cause; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate

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Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of being recognized or otherwise aided by Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting the House of Representatives to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which mandated the ending of chattel slavery.

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Surdam contends that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, costing few lives in combat. The Confederate cotton crop became nearly useless, cutting off the Confederacy's primary income source. Critical imports were scarce, and coastal trade largely ended as

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The Confederates began the war short on military supplies, which the agrarian South could not produce. Northern arms manufacturers were restricted by an embargo, ending existing and future contracts with the South. The Confederacy turned to foreign sources, connecting with financiers and companies

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In the North and South, draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, about 10 percent of the total. Southern desertion was high because many

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As the Confederate states organized, the U.S. Army numbered 16,000, while Northern governors began mobilizing their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized up to 100,000 troops in February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for another 100,000 soldiers for one year or the duration, and the

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Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but quickly became one. Lincoln's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal. In contrast, the South fought to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most officers and

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were high. In the last year and a half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military died during the war. Their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers. While 15 percent of US Volunteers and just 9 percent of white

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went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited to meet state quotas. States and local communities offered higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the draft law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay

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Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended in each area when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Proclamation. The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865, celebrated as the modern holiday of Juneteenth. Slaves in the border states and

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The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease—and 50,000 civilians. J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and

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Historian Don H. Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues

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put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win." However, most historians reject the argument. McPherson, after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and

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realized emphasizing the war against slavery was the Union's most effective moral asset in swaying European public opinion. Seward was concerned an overly radical case for reunification would distress European merchants with cotton interests; even so, he supported a widespread campaign of public

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Although the Confederacy hoped Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, so they sought to bring them in as mediators. The Union worked to block this and threatened war if any country recognized the Confederacy. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton

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and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly to stay in the Union, but rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent their use for war. Lincoln responded by

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Lincoln's election in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Southern leaders feared Lincoln would stop slavery's expansion and put it on a course toward extinction. However, Lincoln would not be inaugurated until March 4, 1861, which gave the South time to secede and prepare for war

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Kentucky did not secede, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while maintaining slavery. During an invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers and delegates from 68 Kentucky

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Losses were far higher than during the war with Mexico, which saw roughly 13,000 American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between 1846 and 1848. One reason for the high number of battle deaths in the civil war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the

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terrorized the countryside, striking military installations and civilian settlements. The "Sons of Liberty" and "Order of the American Knights" attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be driven out of Missouri, until an entire

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From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies grew into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the

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Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. It stated that slaves in all states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be free. He issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, keeping his promise. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln

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Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their

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are subjects of lingering contention. The North and West grew wealthy while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the

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The naval part of the war ended more slowly. It had begun on April 11, two days after Lee's surrender, when Lincoln proclaimed that foreign nations had no further "claim or pretense" to deny equality of maritime rights and hospitalities to U.S. warships and, in effect, that rights extended to

4494:, Georgia, in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the march. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina, to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army. 3168:

to win the war with minimal bloodshed, calling for a blockade of the Confederacy to suffocate the South into surrender. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan but opted for a more active war strategy. In April 1861, Lincoln announced a blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get

3066:. The main riverine war was fought in the West, where major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually controlled the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy shelled Confederate forts and supported coastal army operations. 2944:

In the first year of the war, both sides had more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, relying on young men who came of age each year was not enough. Both sides enacted draft laws (conscription) to encourage or force volunteering, though

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was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress". A quarter of the US army—the Texas

2443:. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of 2324:

wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a

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Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it applied only in territory held by Confederates at the time it was issued. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The

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on April 1. The Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond–Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing the capital was now lost, Lee's army and the Confederate government were forced to evacuate. The Confederate capital fell on April 2–3, to the

3173:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. 5406:, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the Northern state of Ohio, when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment. 3376:

affair. His request was honored, and, as a result, the British response to the U.S. was toned down, helping avert war. In 1862, the British government considered mediating between the Union and Confederacy, though such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister

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commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The

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of 1861 rapidly expanded to 6,000 officers and 45,000 sailors by 1865, with 671 vessels totaling 510,396 tons. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, control the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British

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to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies.

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Legally, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America".

2277:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's 5445:

wait for a Union military victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". Walter Stahr, however, writes, "There are contemporary sources, however, that suggest others were involved in the decision to delay", and Stahr quotes them.

2875:, inaugurated a governor, and Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth, which at its greatest extent was over half the state, and it went into exile after October 1862. 5720:(1927) spawned "Beardian historiography". The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. 4988:

I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back .... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that

2052:. Seven Southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded 11256:

At the beginning of 1865, the Confederacy controlled one third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of

3415:. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred it from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the 3229:

the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues blockade runners provided enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to supplies like 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.

2083:, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country. To the west, the Union first destroyed the Confederacy's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and 6679:. "Alphabetical Index of Campaigns, Battles, Engagements, Actions, Combats, Sieges, Skirmishes, Reconnaissances, Scouts and Other Military Events Connected with the "War of the Rebellion" During the Period of Actual Hostilities, From April 12, 1861, to May 26, 1865" 4169:

regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide antiwar movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union, but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote to win re-election.

5692:. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used a term like "War of the Rebellion". Writers in rebel states often referred to the "War for Southern Independence". Some Southerners have described it as the "War of Northern Aggression". 4644:. This date is often cited by contemporaries and historians as the effective end date of the war. On June 2, with most of his troops having already gone home, a reluctant Kirby Smith had little choice but to sign the official surrender document. On June 23, 3233:

well. The blockade's success was not measured by the few ships that slipped through but by the thousands that never tried. European merchant ships could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports.

2562:, an alternative, not to interfere with slavery where it existed, but the South regarded it as insufficient. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy, following a no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4. 5516:

Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing the border states to remain in the Union and War Democrats to support the Union. The border states, which included Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans,

3645:. Audaciously employing rapid, unpredictable movements on interior lines, Jackson's 17,000 troops marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won minor battles as they successfully engaged three Union armies (52,000 men), including those of 4621:, near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi, under the command of Lt. General 5196:

regiments of the Union Army, as were black men who had not been slaves. The US Colored Troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll—15 percent of Union deaths from disease and less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Losses among

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shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war, but this failed. Worse, Europe turned to Egypt and India for cotton, which they found superior, hindering the South's post-war recovery.

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from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General

4246:. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches: by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each attack. A famous land attack was the 6728:, who was a prominent New York lawyer; a founder, treasurer, and member of the Executive Committee of United States Sanitary Commission throughout the war; and a diarist. A diary excerpt is published in Gienapp, William E. (ed.). 4219:

The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast as well as the southern part of the Mississippi. Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.

5592:

closed with a national consensus, except on the part of former slaves, that the war had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature, and the Jim Crow era of

5552:

investment in Confederate bonds was forfeited; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. The income per person dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, and that lasted into the 20th century. Southern influence in the

5563:

President Johnson, who took office in April 1865, took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

5258:

states that tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.

5191:

After the Emancipation Proclamation authorized freed slaves to "be received into the armed service of the United States", former slaves who escaped from plantations or were liberated by the Union Army were recruited into the

2679:

At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field

6885:, p. 397. The Supreme Court decided that the "legal end of the American Civil War had been decided by Congress to be August 20, 1866—the date of Andrew Johnson's final proclamation on the conclusion of the Rebellion." 6785:(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) where slavery was legal. Missouri and Kentucky were also claimed by the Confederacy and given full state delegations in the Confederate Congress for the duration of the war. 2471:

least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas—provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the

6879:, 76 U.S. 56 (1869), "The U.S. attorneys argued that the Rebellion had been suppressed following the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, as established in the surrender document negotiated on May 26, 1865." 4384:

intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the

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writes that between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, disguised as men. Women also served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. Women served on the Union hospital ship

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The Civil War was marked by intense and frequent battles. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, along with many smaller actions, often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. Historian

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restrictive nature on vessels of war of the United States in British ports, harbors, and waters, are now to be considered as at an end". Nonetheless, the final Confederate surrender was in Liverpool, England where

3248:

Dinçaslan argues that another outcome of the blockade was the rise of oil as a prominent commodity. The declining whale oil industry took a blow as many old whaling ships were used in blockade efforts, such as the

7026:, Archibald Dixon, and Albert G. Hodges, to discuss recruitment of African American soldiers in the state of Kentucky. In a letter dated April 4, 1864, Lincoln summarized his stance on slavery, at Hodges' request. 12636: 10904:, p. 69. "The 58-year-old Cherokee chieftain was the last Confederate general to lay down his arms. The last Confederate-affiliated tribe to surrender was the Chickasaw nation, which capitulated on 14 July." 2146:

By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the

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Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands, especially in the recently settled western

14981:– A non-profit land preservation and educational organization with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust, dedicated to preserving America's battlefields through land acquisitions. 5802:, with more than 130 battlefields in 24 states. The five major battlefield parks operated by the National Park Service had a combined 3 million visitors in 2018, down 70% from 10 million in 1970. 5706:

The memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause": that the Confederate cause was just and heroic. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations.

5440:, to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his plan of gradual compensated emancipation and 5712:

actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the

3955:

One of the early Union objectives was to capture the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of

3979:

ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans. Confederate forces abandoned the city, giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South, which allowed Union forces to move up the Mississippi.

3253:, and Confederate raiders harassed Union whalers. Oil products, especially kerosene, began replacing whale oil in lamps, increasing oil's importance long before it became fuel for combustion engines. 2254:

ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own

6651:, p. 618. "On the 26th of the same month General Kirby Smith surrendered his entire command west of the Mississippi to General Canby. With this, all military opposition to the government ended." 6000:

The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.

2320:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian 14987:– This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. 9201: 4980:

Some scholars argue the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. Historian

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The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day,

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in Maryland, along with sending in militia units. Lincoln took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing prominent figures, including arresting one-third of the members of the

6798:, although arguably there are different dates for the war's conclusion. Lee's surrender to Grant set off a wave of Confederate surrenders. The last military department of the Confederacy, the 4556:

News of Lee's April 9 surrender reached this southern newspaper (Savannah, Georgia) on April 15—after the April 14 shooting of President Lincoln. The article quotes Grant's terms of surrender.

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Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective, and he was humiliated in the

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on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen.

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characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands such as

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Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain

2604:" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: 6611: 3595:

The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the

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caused the British to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation increased the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Realizing that Washington could not intervene in

3558:, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Brigadier General 4118:, as well as the portion of Earl Van Dorn's command that included the Indian Territory and excluded the Army of the West. The Union's command was the Trans-Mississippi Division, or the 8515: 4579:. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and horse, 3169:

insurance, ending regular traffic. The South blundered by embargoing cotton exports before the blockade was fully effective; by the time they reversed this decision, it was too late. "

6744:, vol. 2 (New York: The Macmillan Company), pp. 600–601, which differs from the volume and page numbers of the original diaries; the page in Strong's original handwriting is shown at 2261:

The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially,

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only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only days or weeks later.

2965:, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who were conscripted. 2243:

on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the

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in 1899. In 1933, these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the National Park Service. Chief among modern efforts to preserve Civil War sites has been the

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proved adept and convinced Britain not to challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain, with the most famous being the

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Army of the Potomac as a threat meant that there would be a short period when he could turn on Pope's force and actually outnumber it before the merger of the two Federal armies.

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Woods, Michael E. (August 20, 2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature".

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troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this,

17615: 17442: 15157: 6986:(2006). "On the other hand, many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs, and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought." 5909:, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses had been the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war that aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance 3156:" 1861. Tightening naval blockade, forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River, Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence, idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia. 2887:

Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginians provided about 20,000 soldiers to each side in the war. A Unionist secession attempt occurred in

11017: 1981: 6645:, p. 757. "Though the war on land ceased, and the Confederate flag utterly disappeared from this continent with the collapse and dispersion of Kirby Smith's command...." 4502:

Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive

3906:(February 11 to 16, 1862), earning him the nickname of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. With these victories the Union gained control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. 5588:

to head a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed further reconstruction. The

4443:. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory and included a charge by teenage VMI cadets. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. 223: 6915:"Total Union railroad miles" aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860–1864 @ 5000, plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300. 6669:, p. 522. "General E. Kirby Smith surrendered the trans-Mississippi department on the 26th of May, leaving no other Confederate army at liberty to continue the war." 4010:. Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat, due to lack of logistical support and infantry recruits. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. 12644: 11509: 5161:

Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13–43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers

18321: 2435:'s legislature to call a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina had done more than any other state to advance the notion that a state had the right to 12719: 11295: 4232: 17677: 6094: 5815: 5600:

The war had a demonstrable impact on American politics. Many veterans on both sides were elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: Ulysses Grant,

4467:

on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the

1242: 794: 5505:. A Union victory in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the 272: 6663:, p. 663. "When the Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went home, all hostilities against the power of the Government of the United States ceased." 449: 6924:

In spite of the South's shortage of soldiers, most Southern leaders—until 1865—opposed enlisting slaves. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As

2949:

joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 in Ireland. About 50,000 Canadians served, around 2,500 of whom were black.

2867:

but was driven out after 1862. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

17125: 7006:, ch. 6. "Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861, sending thousands of soldiers to the front and suffering high casualties, especially at 4663:, bringing the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in Texas and freeing the last slaves of the Confederacy. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated as 16580: 16575: 5422: 4196:

virtual "independent fiefdom" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union, in turn, did not directly engage him. Its 1864

1104: 961: 12929: 12049:"Horace Greeley (1811–1872). "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". Stedman and Hutchinson, eds. 1891. A Library of American Literature: An Anthology in 11 Volumes" 11683: 16585: 11706: 7840:"Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River" 6422: 1532: 10069: 5673:

and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of

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In the 1890s, the government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the

2655:

The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of

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front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men.

4451:. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. 3245:

damage caused by blockade runners and raiders outfitted in British ports. Britain paid the U.S. $ 15 million in 1871, but only for commerce raiding.

18027: 17012: 16932: 15460: 4083: 4072: 2164: 1268: 1258: 494: 14221: 10857: 15194: 12091: 8875: 5771: 4336:

At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Maj. Gen.

2659:, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major 2479:, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President 1974: 1501: 1064: 4486:

Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched, with no destination set, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "

2946: 18268: 17040: 12985: 8242: 7669:"Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" 4435:

Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was repelled at the

2516: 1906: 11918: 6772:

462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6750: 5421:

those in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the

5246:, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of 2766: Union territories that permitted slavery (claimed by Confederacy) at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U.S. in 1862 2068:, the Confederacy asserted control over a third of the U.S. population in eleven states. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued. 15455: 9402: 4209: 2848: 1459: 1089: 1038: 489: 14836: 11381: 7288: 2187:, making the Civil War the deadliest military conflict in American history. The technology and brutality of the Civil War foreshadowed the coming 17230: 17205: 17007: 16915: 15465: 15199: 6626: 6039: 4568: 4313: 4002:

and the capture of the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on September 3, 1862. However, the campaign ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen.

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and central Tennessee thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.

2414: Border Southern states that permitted slavery but did not secede (both KY and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 18283: 17057: 16700: 16089: 15968: 12674:

Bob Zeller, "Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust", (2017: Knox Press)

6763:

211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6586: 5635: 4318:

The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.

4177: 4059:. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his 2538: 1234: 6724:

Among the many other contemporary sources and later historians citing May 26, 1865 as the end date for the American Civil War hostilities are

5322: Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799, completed 1827) and New Jersey (starting 1804, completed by Thirteenth Amendment, 1865) 4567:, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached the 3554:

chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. Lee's biographer,

2973:" enlisted to collect the generous bonus, deserted, then re-enlisted under a different name for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed. 18462: 18316: 17584: 16942: 16695: 16690: 16116: 8504: 6050: 5685:

and who write for the general public. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study.

5594: 3724: 2904: 2663:. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed 1967: 17764: 13056: 11203: 18173: 17815: 15948: 15018: 14921: 6534: 3134:

failed, as Britain had no interest in selling warships to a nation at war with a stronger enemy and feared souring relations with the U.S.

2183:, and mass-produced weapons were widely used. The war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of 1129: 1069: 954: 893: 871: 838: 805: 750: 706: 684: 651: 618: 585: 442: 14917: 14858:. (Vintage, 2007) Uses letters, diaries, and regimental newspapers to probe the world view of soldiers—black and white, Yankee and Rebel. 11663: 6740:. A footnote in Gienapp shows the excerpt was taken from an edited version of the diaries by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., 6709:, p. . "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war." 4575:, Lee decided the fight was hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9, 1865, during a conference at the 3785:

because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties, versus Meade's 23,000.

17505: 17035: 16084: 15843: 13966:. The Chronicles Of America Series. New Haven: Yale University Press; Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co.; London: Oxford University Press. 11779: 8391: 7477: 6539: 6061: 6010: 5729: 3309:

quarter to almost half of British imports. Meanwhile, the war created jobs for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.

3131: 2810: 1923: 1880: 1248: 1010: 17792: 12092:"A LETTER FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN.; Reply to Horace Greeley. Slavery and the Union The Restoration of the Union the Paramount Object" 7054:

Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army

6703:, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over." 4609:

Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered, as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, the same day Sergeant

3702:

into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near

2891:, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of loyalty to the Union; they were held without trial. 18336: 18326: 17822: 17599: 17462: 17447: 15878: 15494: 6564: 6544: 5286: 4173: 3378: 3212: 3182: 2923: 2571: 2285:

nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on

1578: 1523: 1496: 1074: 12316: 3425:

supported the Union, largely because it believed the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the U.K. In 1863, the

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on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, with Lincoln ignoring a ruling on June 1, 1861, by Supreme Court Chief Justice

2790:

were slave states whose people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the

18467: 18073: 18047: 17800: 17750: 17452: 17215: 17185: 16823: 16752: 15450: 15445: 7676: 6554: 5585: 3794: 3653:, preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond. The swiftness of Jackson's men earned them the nickname of " 3573:

to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.

3438: 3268: 2231:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the 2076: 2072: 1147: 1084: 1079: 1046: 1032: 967: 484: 479: 12746: 7766: 7736: 7706: 18417: 18341: 18311: 17366: 17301: 16003: 15978: 15214: 15189: 15139: 15119: 13957: 13704: 13642:

Keller, Christian B. (January 2009). "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers".

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on July 26, 1861, and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:

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landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast".

3774: 3005: 2440: 1870: 1491: 1094: 1053: 1024: 435: 15928: 11446: 10441: 6685:, p. 202. "The surrender of the forces of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865, brought the war to a definite conclusion." 5580:

him, although the Senate did not convict him. In 1868 and 1872, the Republican candidate Grant won the presidency. In 1872, the

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As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the

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of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions. This led to the

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and slavery, heroism in combat and behind the lines, and issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an "

5282:, over 32,600 of them belonged to the Union and 45,800 the Confederacy. However, other estimates place the total at 1,000,000. 5021:

economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South, than in the North.

4270: 2274: 2156: 1157: 996: 981: 15838: 12684: 11502:"The World Was Watching: America's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege" 11501: 10939: 4348:

Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Meade and

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described it as "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought," where, in many cases, the only target was the enemy's soldiers.

18351: 18331: 17947: 17757: 17082: 16074: 16069: 15933: 15833: 15084: 14780: 14759: 14737: 14716: 14689: 14596: 14506: 14480: 14459: 14336: 14249: 14193: 14172: 14128: 14103: 14082: 14063: 14042: 14021: 13999: 13911: 13890: 13858: 13837: 13818: 13794: 13735: 13714: 13629: 13608: 13587: 13566: 13547: 13528: 13504: 13483: 13420: 13401: 13382: 13361: 13340: 13312: 13266: 13209: 13187: 13144: 13107: 13086: 12974: 12953: 12907: 12855: 12619: 12497: 12396: 11429: 11249: 10922: 10886: 10769: 10535: 10508: 10340: 10111: 10028: 9764: 9737: 9698: 9124:

Neely, Mark E. (June 1986). "The Perils of Running the Blockade: The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War".

8768: 8596: 8017: 7759:"Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union" 7626: 7471: 6737: 4251: 3683:, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to 2444: 1945: 1573: 1537: 1478: 1386: 1136: 1018: 975: 783: 573: 7540:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011 7414:

Loewen, James W. (2011). "Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War".

7221: 5205: 4998:

liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864–65, most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Historian

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gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end."

3360:

and seized two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington smoothed this over after Lincoln released the two men.

2079:

the conflict was inconclusive. The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the

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fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."

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The German Element in the United States: With Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7088:"The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2" 3739:

arm was amputated, but he died of pneumonia. Lee famously said: "He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm."

3610:

Upon the urging of Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the

3240:. The smuggling of 600,000 arms enabled the Confederacy to fight on for two more years, and the commerce raiders targeted 2558:

met in Washington, proposing a solution similar the Compromise; it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed the

18447: 18290: 18258: 17693: 17331: 17321: 16972: 16680: 16043: 16008: 15903: 15481: 9435: 8481:, p. 73. "Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee." 6549: 6366: 5897:

Technological innovations during the war had a great impact on 19th-century science. The war was an early example of an "

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The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including

3536: 3262: 2689: 2460: 2060:. A wave of enthusiasm for war swept over the North and South, as military recruitment soared. Four more Southern states 1933: 1420: 1175: 555: 15958: 14958: 12166: 9523: 8720: 7322: 5910: 3975:. "The key to the river was New Orleans, the South's largest port greatest industrial center." U.S. Naval forces under 18278: 18243: 18163: 17843: 17829: 17771: 17715: 17482: 17472: 17457: 17225: 17050: 16079: 16028: 15973: 15938: 15923: 15913: 15898: 15873: 15828: 15813: 15748: 15625: 15074: 14524:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner. 11802: 9842: 9472: 7865: 7127: 6782: 6781:

The Union was the U.S. government and included the states that remained loyal to it, both the non-slave states and the

6569: 6559: 6438: 6406: 5658: 4390: 4044:, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, defeated Rosecrans, despite the defensive stand of Maj. Gen. 3782: 3341: 3069:

The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution, leading to naval innovations, notably the

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After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons, accounting for 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.

18203: 18138: 17836: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17594: 17477: 17467: 17195: 16791: 16685: 16562: 16059: 16023: 15943: 15883: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15808: 15239: 15231: 15109: 15053: 14401: 14370: 14286: 14268: 13676: 10722: 8859: 6992:. "Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities, the poor and working class 6940:

was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at

6581: 6574: 6072: 5791: 4709: 3393: 3369: 3272: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2301: 2297: 2278: 2218: 2200: 2027: 1152: 1142: 543: 4228: 18253: 18213: 15988: 15953: 15893: 15848: 15011: 14120: 12192:"Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 11691: 6470: 6021: 5795: 5787: 5713: 5453: 4591: 4572: 3983:

on June 6, 1862, and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi. Only the fortress city of

2140: 2132: 1446: 1221: 860: 203: 17857: 14912: 8638: 5462:, who were fugitive slaves, including cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews, fled to the 5175:

199,790 died of disease (75 percent was due to the war, the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway)

3192: 17922: 17554: 17539: 17421: 17381: 17280: 17265: 17250: 17245: 17077: 16982: 16013: 15908: 15868: 15589: 15425: 10084: 9228: 6621: 6352: 6309: 5689: 5459: 5402:, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 5290: 5162: 4468: 4459:

Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and

4063:

and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

3991: 3751: 3531:, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in Northern Virginia. On July 20 and 21, the 3528: 3201: 2986: 2928: 2879: 2464: 2151:

in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant

1999: 1639: 1381: 1332: 13746: 12214: 12191: 7532: 6478: 4550: 4368:

were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture

4293:

for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the

4262:, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it. 3890:. While the Confederate forces had successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West. 3664:, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. Lee and top subordinates 3539:

were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed

18208: 17579: 16898: 16662: 16018: 15983: 15888: 15594: 15124: 8671:

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

6486: 6446: 6206: 4672: 4242:(November 1861), south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing 3607:, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson's receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". 2977:

French, Prussian, and Russian armies, and without the Atlantic, could have threatened any of them with defeat.

2305: 2061: 1122: 991: 10667:"Most Glorious News of the War / Lee Has Surrendered to Grant ! / All Lee's Officers and Men Are Paroled" 9934: 9428:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World

3340:. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for politicians, where the 2038:, or be prohibited from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. 18472: 18356: 18263: 16937: 16858: 16675: 16141: 15599: 15407: 14213: 13931: 10259:

Graves, William H. (1991). "Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory".

7258:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.

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and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace

5783: 5779: 5701: 5577: 5547:, Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population. 4713: 4487: 4397:. These resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the 3241: 3195:

off Charleston. Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North's overwhelming war production.

2727: 2476: 2251: 2236: 2168: 2120: 2015: 1824: 1441: 1426: 1356: 1346: 1317: 1307: 255: 237: 176: 139: 10390: 7387:

Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2005). "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks".

3925:

ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and

3236:

To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased arms in Britain and converted British-built ships into

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In addition, there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).

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in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi and is one of the turning points of the war.

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federal laws and even secede. On December 20, 1860, the convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted

2281:

had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of

2266: 2224: 2214: 2210: 2031: 1431: 1405: 1391: 1361: 1351: 1302: 1228: 761: 521: 44: 17785: 14588:

Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860

12993: 9995: 9403:"The Trent Affair: Diplomacy, Britain, and the American Civil War – National Museum of American Diplomacy" 8250: 7164: 18392: 18148: 17641: 17389: 17140: 16977: 16967: 16962: 16920: 16344: 15643: 15094: 15004: 14649: 12665:

Timothy B. Smith, "The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation" (2008; The University of Tennessee Press).

11271: 7352: 6861: 6838: 6746: 6657:, p. 630. "With General E. K. Smith's surrender the Confederate flag no longer floated on the land." 6331: 6262: 5926: 5857:'s take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as in such film classics as 5854: 4512: 4409:

an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted

4150: 3957: 3604: 3429:'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively. 2660: 1855: 1749: 1322: 1312: 12512: 6676: 3220:

and sold, with proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen, mostly British, were released.

2969:

soldiers were more concerned about the fate of their local area than the Southern cause. In the North, "

18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18103: 18068: 17532: 17120: 16947: 16830: 16808: 16737: 16652: 15713: 15514: 15392: 15374: 14953: 14608: 14421: 14298: 13665: 13351: 11389: 11104: 11072: 11040: 8523:

With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30, 1860, the Regular Army...

7326: 7275: 6390: 6294: 6246: 6105: 5799: 5643: 5639: 5569: 4676: 4243: 3735: 3676: 3326: 2803: 2723: 2244: 2232: 2049: 2011: 1451: 1436: 1296: 162: 118: 14984: 13747:"Samuel and Saul Isaac: International Jewish Arms Dealers, Blockade Runners, and Civil War Profiteers" 10666: 5046: 3898:

The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts

3107:

inflicted significant damage on the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day, the first Union ironclad,

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Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War

12529: 12517: 6928:

said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong." Confederate generals

6519: 6174: 6116: 5885: 5865: 5557: 5467: 5415: 4476: 3680: 3524: 2958: 2953: 2933: 2827: 2576: 2500: 2080: 1860: 1789: 1754: 1327: 816: 14993:– site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War 8949: 8214: 7528:

Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas

6753:

from the original on November 16, 2022 – via New-York Historical Society Museum & Library.

5301: 2755:, was created in 1863, while KY, WV and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 2475:

made slaveholding a constitutional right. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the

2131:. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the 18452: 18402: 18397: 18371: 18143: 18113: 18012: 17662: 17527: 17411: 17336: 17311: 17306: 17270: 17190: 16888: 16873: 16454: 15738: 15703: 15638: 15579: 15574: 15304: 14926: 11922: 11748: 11627: 11204:"Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the original returns of the Eight Census" 9606: 7007: 6398: 6359: 6278: 6214: 6083: 5971: 5901:", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy. New inventions, such as the 5775: 5573: 4405: 4386: 4357: 4337: 4330: 4119: 3714: 3691:, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops. 3589: 3084: 2961:

in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the

2613: 2555: 2512: 2116: 1829: 1734: 1694: 1289: 10228:

Bohl, Sarah (2004). "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri".

9202:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 6837:

Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the

4200:

to take Shreveport, Louisiana, failed and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war.

2859:, who chased the governor and rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of Missouri (see 17515: 17135: 17103: 17098: 16796: 16769: 16161: 15658: 15648: 15420: 15415: 15269: 13047: 11767:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including

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directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize.

2223:

A consensus of historians who address the origins of the war agree that the preservation of the

18412: 18128: 18108: 18042: 18002: 17500: 17200: 16774: 16364: 16201: 16176: 15708: 15609: 15524: 15264: 15173: 13971: 13921: 12559:

Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913

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A House Divided: A Study of the Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

7448:

Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.

6815:

than in either the Union or Confederate Armies if their casualty totals are counted separately.

6254: 6222: 6016: 5752: 5568:

demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They

5470:, which Lincoln signed on January 1, 1863, more than two years before the end of the Civil War. 4725: 4640:, acting for Edmund Smith, signed a military convention surrendering Confederate forces in the 4508: 4297:

but surrendered after Vicksburg. These surrenders gave the Union control over the Mississippi.

4165: 4130: 4052: 4015: 3984: 3972: 3937: 3907: 3855: 3755: 3447: 3408: 3361: 3211:

To transport arms safely to the Confederacy, British investors built small, fast, steam-driven

3205: 2814: 2484: 2384: 2262: 2255: 2228: 2084: 1896: 1875: 1709: 1624: 1568: 640: 14586: 14032: 13848: 13784: 13598: 13577: 13518: 13372: 13134: 12897: 12609: 12489:

Belligerent Muse: Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War

9754: 9688: 9003:

Tinclads in the Civil War: Union Light-Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters, 1862–1865

8565: 8536: 8395: 7461: 6973:, resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union." 4153:(August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the 3443: 18346: 18118: 17962: 17416: 17316: 17130: 16779: 16732: 16642: 16610: 16317: 16307: 15753: 15743: 15728: 15678: 15633: 15289: 15274: 15167: 14973: 14647:

Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories".

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Assuming Union and Confederate casualties are counted together—more Americans were killed in

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brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead, following the Battle of Stones River.

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Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the

3661: 3615: 3544: 3455: 3426: 2852: 2813:, and could cut it off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army 2700:

seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to

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Of the 359,528 Union Army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served:

4598:, a Confederate sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lincoln's vice president, 3029:, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for treating the wounded during the war. 533: 18188: 18037: 17957: 17917: 17574: 17426: 17399: 16868: 16647: 16630: 16287: 15783: 15768: 15763: 15733: 15718: 15698: 15316: 15220: 15104: 13197: 12521: 12327: 11109: 11077: 11045: 6997: 6941: 6842: 6345: 6338: 6270: 5922: 5825: 5629: 5544: 5219: 4503: 4440: 4436: 4294: 4290: 4239: 4115: 4056: 4007: 3961: 3911: 3899: 3804: 3770: 3703: 3098: 3049: 3011: 2591: 2436: 2286: 2270: 2176: 2100: 1955: 1834: 1799: 1704: 1679: 1376: 1366: 673: 662: 607: 39: 14969: 10278:

Neet, J. Frederick Jr. (1996). "Stand Watie: Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation".

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generally opposed emancipation. When the draft began in the summer of 1863, they launched

5497:

Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in response to

4404:

An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the

4300:

Several small skirmishes but no major battles were fought in Florida. The biggest was the

3754:, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the 3709:

When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen.

3629: 8: 18198: 18017: 17907: 17559: 17351: 17240: 17114: 16759: 16712: 16459: 16419: 16404: 16297: 16146: 15818: 15778: 15653: 15614: 15584: 15539: 15499: 15099: 15089: 14802:

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies

14798: 14520: 13228: 11016:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10984:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10687:

Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

7758: 7728: 7698: 7023: 5743: 5601: 5565: 5490:; seen here are black and white teenaged soldiers who volunteered to fight for the Union. 4660: 4626: 4480: 4410: 4185: 4154: 4045: 3887: 3778: 3766: 3728: 3488: 3484: 3022: 2673: 2617: 2550: 2520: 2293: 2240: 2184: 2124: 1819: 1769: 1724: 1714: 1699: 1689: 1674: 1654: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1371: 1196: 1186: 596: 13456: 8828: 8318: 8144: 7801: 7500:

The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860

7045: 4511:, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at 3581:

In July 1861, in of the first highly visible battles, Union troops under the command of

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Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack

13773: 13434: 13232: 13034: 12402: 12240: 12236: 12101: 12096: 11610: 10494: 10391:"Battle for Fort Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 9780: 8880: 8688: 8341: 7969:"The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership" 7439: 7198: 7137: 7000:

that was suppressed by the military, as well as much smaller protests in other cities."

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for five famous battles, each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle.

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The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States, 1860–'65

13411:

Gallagher, Gary W.; Engle, Stephen D.; Krick, Robert K.; Glatthaar, Joseph T. (2003).

13280: 11242:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865

10309: 9903:

Whitsell, Robert D. (1963). "Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus".

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argued that the war goals had been achieved and Reconstruction should end. They chose

5388: Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment 4086:

refers to military operations west of the Mississippi, encompassing most of Missouri,

3910:

rallied nearly 4,000 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Cumberland.

3650: 414:

60,000 documented slaves, "tens of thousands" of undocumented slaves died from disease

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Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1986).

14245: 14189: 14168: 14145: 14124: 14099: 14093: 14078: 14059: 14038: 14017: 13995: 13935: 13907: 13886: 13854: 13833: 13814: 13804: 13790: 13731: 13710: 13691: 13672: 13625: 13619: 13604: 13583: 13562: 13543: 13524: 13500: 13479: 13462: 13440: 13416: 13397: 13378: 13357: 13336: 13308: 13286: 13276: 13262: 13238: 13205: 13183: 13162: 13140: 13103: 13082: 13026: 12970: 12949: 12903: 12851: 12615: 12493: 12441: 12392: 12341: 12291: 12105: 11602: 11425: 11415: 11365:

Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1991).

11245: 10918: 10882: 10765: 10728: 10718: 10531: 10504: 10423: 10415: 10346: 10336: 10191: 10107: 10024: 9848: 9838: 9760: 9733: 9694: 9468: 9431: 9423: 9232: 8855: 8764: 8592: 8013: 7988: 7984: 7622: 7467: 7431: 7369: 6733: 6238: 6198: 6127: 6110: 6099: 5914: 5902: 5760: 5678: 5609: 5605: 5518: 4994: 4614: 4595: 4580: 4491: 4464: 4381: 4301: 4161: 4011: 3926: 3879: 3840: 3695: 3600: 3596: 3566: 3401: 2836: 2587: 2504: 2282: 2092: 1951: 1774: 1729: 1669: 1644: 1599: 1542: 561: 427: 14565: 13949:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

13879: 11614: 10190:. Leavenworth papers, no. 23. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. 9675:

A Worse Place Than Hell: How the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg Changed a Nation

3588:

attacking Confederate forces led by Beauregard near Washington were repulsed at the

3122:

was a draw, proving ironclads were effective warships. The Confederacy scuttled the

18223: 18123: 17992: 17972: 17887: 16515: 16384: 16354: 16349: 16282: 16221: 16216: 16171: 15673: 15663: 15569: 15549: 15544: 15294: 15284: 15244: 14943: 14658: 14617: 14430: 14358: 14307: 13651: 13430: 13018: 12688: 12541: 12533: 12370: 12113: 12018: 11919:"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday" 11714: 11594: 11541: 10475: 10100: 9385: 9133: 8680: 8653: 7980: 7423: 7396: 7361: 7284: 6966: 6929: 5975: 5613: 5293:

in Washington. The Union flags captured by the Confederates were sent to Richmond.

5231: 5198: 4360:, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the Atlantic Ocean, Generals 4286: 4091: 4003: 3933: 3867: 3863: 3844: 3710: 3688: 3665: 3463: 3416: 3305: 3070: 3037: 2841: 2649: 2559: 2317: 2309: 2180: 2104: 1804: 1684: 1649: 1547: 1470: 1465: 947: 772: 368: 323: 217: 14705: 14639:

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary

14531: 13259:

To the Bitter End: Appomattox, Bennett Place and the Surrenders of the Confederacy

11560:"U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests" 7968: 7513:

North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

5058: 2247:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the 265: 247: 18153: 17937: 17927: 17589: 16878: 16727: 16620: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16480: 16449: 16359: 16302: 16292: 16251: 15279: 15249: 15069: 14950:"American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection 14898:(1943 and 1951; reprint 1994), two standard scholarly histories combined; 960pp. 14851: 14770: 14727: 14696:

1232 pp; 64 Topical chapters by scholars and experts; emphasis on historiography.

14495: 14239: 14183: 14139: 14053: 13989: 13975: 13808: 13725: 13476:

Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History

13330: 13302: 13154: 13097: 13076: 12943: 12457: 12087: 11174: 10915:

General Gordon Granger: The Savior of Chickamauga and the Man Behind "Juneteenth"

10858:"Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of 'Unconditional Surrender' Begins at Fort Donelson" 10761:

Understanding U.S. Military Conflicts through Primary Sources [4 volumes]

10759: 9206: 8907: 8582: 8007: 7537: 7225: 6937: 6454: 6044: 6033: 5979: 5962: 5918: 5539: 5395: 5227: 4613:

killed Booth at a tobacco barn, Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 troops of the

4603: 4429: 4369: 4349: 3859: 3412: 3237: 2534: 2489: 2321: 2112: 2065: 2045: 1865: 1809: 1764: 1664: 739: 242: 199: 13494: 11585:

Hacker, J. David (December 2011). "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead".

5652: 3641:

Also in the spring of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jackson led his

2370:

a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.

2358:

According to Lincoln, the American people had shown they had been successful in

17997: 17987: 17932: 16657: 16605: 16444: 16409: 16369: 16261: 16241: 16236: 16191: 15470: 15311: 15299: 14930: 13452: 12525: 12048: 11997:

McPherson, James M., "Lincoln and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender", in

11942: 11529: 11267: 8319:"The Field Theory: Martial Law, The Suspension Power, and The Insurrection Act" 6993: 6970: 6286: 6132: 6077: 5871: 5498: 4999: 4656: 4610: 4599: 4472: 4460: 4414: 4134: 4111: 3976: 3816: 3622:, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the 3585: 3467: 3422: 3337: 3161: 3143: 3115: 3026: 2888: 2856: 2601: 2496: 2480: 2108: 2057: 1552: 629: 474: 107: 14859: 14606:

Potter, David M. (1962). "The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa".

13166: 11545: 11009: 10977: 10195: 9935:"Death of Albert Sidney Johnston – Tour Stop #17 (U.S. National Park Service)" 5734: 2855:

called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General

2834:, not speaking for the Court, that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus ( 18386: 18366: 16925: 16525: 16520: 16510: 16485: 16394: 16389: 16231: 16226: 16211: 16181: 16151: 15489: 15114: 14888: 13985: 13939: 13514: 13466: 13444: 13394:

Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power

13242: 13030: 13022: 12513: 12321: 12295: 12132:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

12109: 12070: 10689:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 84. 10350: 9852: 9670: 9528:. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 78 and footnote 6. 8903: 8314: 8145:"Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy" 7992: 7435: 7373: 6933: 6494: 6088: 5708: 5433: 5399: 5334: Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority 5263: 5238:, and (near the end of the war for the Union) repeating firearms such as the 4618: 4425: 4107: 3918: 3883: 3743: 3718: 3699: 3582: 3551: 3517: 3165: 3153: 3016: 2970: 2863:). Early in the war the Confederacy controlled southern Missouri through the 2823: 2795: 2783: 2752: 2664: 2644: 2313: 2248: 2096: 2007: 260: 212: 194: 157: 103: 14296:

Bestor, Arthur (1964). "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis".

13695: 13221:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

12545: 12117: 10732: 8584:

African Canadians in Union Blue: Volunteering for the Cause in the Civil War

7427: 7365: 6747:"Volume 4, pages 124–125: diary entries for May 23 (continued)–June 7, 1865" 5889:(1990) is well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy. 5476: 5235: 2871:

counties organized the secession Russellville Convention, formed the shadow

2586:

Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State

2530: 2239:(known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century 2034:

should be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more

18178: 17722: 17394: 17371: 17361: 17356: 16893: 16835: 16747: 16722: 16635: 16615: 16414: 16312: 14515: 14380: 13290: 13117: 12406: 11998: 11606: 9550: 9467:. Columbia, Missouri, and London, UK: University of Missouri Press, p. 95. 9317: 6982:

for primary sources, see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds.,

6812: 6317: 5930: 5502: 5437: 4981: 4361: 4326: 3762: 3654: 3459: 3348: 3286: 3217: 3091: 2962: 2844:, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring Taney's ruling. 2609: 2566: 2343: 2160: 2152: 2035: 48: 14964: 12834:, Christopher H. Sterling (ed.) (New York: Arno Press, 1974) vol. 1 p. 63. 12375:

Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

11598: 10479: 10427: 9137: 8914:. Vol. 37, no. 5. American Seamen's Friend Society. p. 152. 8684: 8657: 7400: 5310: Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution 4993:

A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as

4340:

in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of

4172:

Small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control

3419:

further distracted the European powers and ensured they remained neutral.

3187: 18193: 18168: 18158: 18088: 16166: 15204: 15184: 14389: 12210: 11322: 10648:"Union / Victory! / Peace! / Surrender of General Lee and His Whole Army" 8876:"The Case of Dr. Walker, Only Woman to Win (and Lose) the Medal of Honor" 8301:

Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman

7526: 7217: 6925: 6166: 6066: 5993: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5662: 5247: 5243: 5155: 4649: 4444: 4353: 4274: 4189: 3812: 3773:(July 1863). This was the bloodiest battle and has been called the war's 3619: 3535:

and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the

3330: 3314: 3250: 3170: 3108: 3042: 2911: 2851:

on secession voted to remain in the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor

2831: 2819: 2621: 2605: 2053: 14880:

Nature's Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia

14362: 13520:

Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment

13038: 10978:"Proclamation 128—Claiming Equality of Rights with All Maritime Nations" 7950: 7948: 7443: 7073: 5986:

discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer

5937:

firearms. The war saw the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and

5432:

At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War

2718: 2389: 18183: 18022: 18007: 17549: 16424: 16186: 15387: 15382: 14670: 14629: 14544:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859

14442: 14319: 14279:

The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion

13655: 13298: 13009:

Blair, William A. (2015). "Finding the Ending of America's Civil War".

12446:

Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War

12437: 11129: 8692: 7619:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

6121: 6055: 5957: 5906: 5483: 5463: 4664: 4142: 3570: 3322: 3063: 3058: 2791: 2524: 2188: 2019: 882: 728: 12820:(Spring 1974). The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 51–53. 9187:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

8852:

Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women

8243:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: 8215:"Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly, Maryland State Archives" 5289:

were captured during the war by the Union. The flags were sent to the

4700: 4625:, surrendered. Confederate president Davis was captured in retreat at 3501:

The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River.

3411:

as emperor. Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of the

2107:'s command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening 18078: 17967: 16813: 14996: 14826:

Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War

14472:

Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president

14055:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays

11668: 9069: 8588: 7945: 5876: 5352: Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863 5255: 5034: 4341: 4138: 3824: 3820: 3355: 3294: 3290: 3081: 3074: 2488:

garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general,

2003: 17692: 14662: 14621: 14434: 14311: 13136:

The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A History of the South

12389:

Upheaval in Charleston: Earthquake and Murder on the Eve of Jim Crow

8918: 8777: 5382: Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, December 18, 1865 4606:, lost his nerve, so Johnson was immediately sworn in as president. 3698:. Lee led 45,000 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia across the 3513: 2155:

to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and

18361: 18248: 18218: 17942: 16818: 14388:

Gara, Larry (1964). "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox". In

11780:"The Battle of Gettysburg & the History of the Civil War Horse" 11310: 10211:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War

9166:

Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".

7839: 7545: 6697:, p. 445. "and on May 26 he surrendered and the war was over" 5942: 5487: 5358: Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 4645: 4095: 4087: 3835: 3405: 3297:, "You do what's right, my son, or I'll blow you out of the water." 2799: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2596: 14141:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

14031:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G.; White, William E. (2010).

13868:

Nolan, Alan T. (2000). Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. (eds.).

13579:

Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913

11228:

The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

10466:

Neely, Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?".

7586: 7584: 6828:

as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers.

5913:, was first used. It saw the first action involving steam-powered 5172:

110,070 were killed in action (67,000) or died of wounds (43,000).

3495:

McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond.

3454:

The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the

30: 14729:

Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War

12263: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11707:"When Necessity Meets Ingenuity: Art of Restoring What's Missing" 7643:"Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America" 7557: 5688:

Even the name used for the conflict has been controversial, with

3808: 3800: 3750:, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the 3148: 3126:

to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the

2023: 14990: 14775:. Vol. 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 12832:

The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States

11888: 11886: 11105:"Withdrawal of British Restrictions Upon American Naval Vessels" 9957: 9955: 9577: 9575: 8303:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 38–39. 7930:

Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.

5202:

Regular Army troops died, 21 percent of US Colored Troops died.

4688:, surrendered the cruiser to British authorities on November 6. 3354:, which began when U.S. Navy personnel boarded the British ship 17888:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

17616:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

14978: 14214:"Colorblindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War" 13474:

Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2002).

13353:

The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville

13182:] (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Altınordu Yayınları Press. 8789: 7581: 7323:"The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States. Primary Sources" 5674: 5364: Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War 5275: 4584: 4265:

In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander

4145:

forces to expel the Missouri Confederate forces and government.

3940:, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee. 14095:

A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865

13783:

Murray, Williamson; Bernstein, Alvin; Knox, MacGregor (1996).

12075:

Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion

11842: 9837:. Washington, DC: Center of Military History. pp. 58–72. 7175: 3943: 3347:

War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the

2806:

on June 20, 1863, though half its counties were secessionist.

14185:

The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research

11969: 11967: 11952: 11883: 11469: 11396: 11184: 10658: 10628: 10616: 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10544: 10167: 10117: 10049: 10037: 9976: 9952: 9884: 9799: 9707: 9652: 9640: 9628: 9587: 9572: 9560: 9371:

Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain

9269: 5267: 4652:

became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces.

3878:

The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the

3599:

by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A

3523:

The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the

15338: 14866:

Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences

13667:

All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies

13496:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

13410: 12747:"Debate over Ken Burns Civil War doc continues over decades" 11117:(11). New York: American News Company: 172. November 4, 1865 11010:"Proclamation 132—Ordering the Arrest of Insurgent Cruisers" 10860:. American Battlefield Trust. April 17, 2009. Archived from 10188:

Third War: Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861–1865

9298: 9296: 9093: 8265: 8171: 8113: 7907: 7883: 7569: 6700: 4717:

second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.

3987:, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river. 3285:

magazine in London ridicules American aggressiveness in the

3208:

in Britain, becoming the Confederacy's main source of arms.

3021:

and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

14643:

Provides short biographies and historiographical summaries.

14014:

Out of the Storm: The End of the Civil War, April–June 1865

13439:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 12251: 11030:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights".

10998:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights."

9915: 8985: 8983: 8067: 8065: 6730:

The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection.

5279: 5271: 4563:

Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at

4447:

in a series of battles, including a decisive defeat at the

2840:). Federal troops imprisoned a Baltimore newspaper editor, 14752:

Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859

14578:

War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865

14550:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

14528:

Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852

14258: 13830:

Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War

11964: 11364: 10290: 9465:

Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914

8760:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

8237: 8235: 4728:, who had wanted a negotiated peace with the Confederacy. 4479:, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the 4149:

The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the

3498:

Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee.

2123:. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month 14812:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

14396:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (published 1970). 13810:

Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties

13374:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

12467: 12348:(Greenwood, 1991) covers all the main events and leaders. 11898: 11632: 11153: 11141: 11085:(48). New York: American News Company: 763. July 22, 1865 11053:(44). New York: American News Company: 695. June 24, 1865 10943: 10556: 10020:

The Civil War in Kentucky: Battle for the Bluegrass State

9811: 9532: 9293: 9105: 5880: 5816:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

5165:

during the War. An estimated 60,000 soldiers lost limbs.

4632:

The final land battle was fought on May 13, 1865, at the

3882:. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General 14419:(1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". 14275:

Influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is

13078:

Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65

10826: 10717:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 188–189. 10023:. Mason City, IA: Savas Publishing Company. p. 95. 9257: 9014:

Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose,

8980: 8423: 8183: 8159: 8125: 8101: 8089: 8077: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8026: 7933: 7895: 7799: 7459: 7200:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

5763:, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. 5376: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 5370: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864 5346: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862 5340: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861 4352:

were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General

3603:

under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the

14843:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

14833:

Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65

14772:

The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations

14754:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 13727:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

12945:

By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War

12576: 12564: 11734:

Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War",

11644: 11628:

The Cost of War: Killed, Wounded, Captured, and Missing

11424:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 57. 11346: 9503: 9486:"Eastern Theater of the Civil War – Legends of America" 9445: 9440:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: A Disaster in the New World

9351: 9327: 9281: 9057: 8392:"A State of Convenience, The Creation of West Virginia" 8232: 7781: 6959:

Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861.

2292:

Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were

2167:. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the 14985:

Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College

11447:"Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days" 10790: 10240: 10155: 10143: 10104:

Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy

9045: 9021: 8801: 8545: 8460: 8394:. West Virginia Archives & History. Archived from 6936:

argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and

4036:

The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the

4029:

that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the

3385:

three times when deciding what his decision would be.

3336:, which caused considerable damage and led to serious 2565:

On March 4, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his

2467:

followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.

2402: Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861 457: 14959:

Statements of each state as to why they were seceding

13991:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy

13332:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

12877: 12712:"Civil War Battlefields Lose Ground as Tourist Draws" 10365:"Second Battle of Fort Wagner | Summary | Britannica" 10070:"The Vicksburg Campaign: A Study In Joint Operations" 9245: 9033: 8968: 8435: 7820: 6984:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

5305:

Abolition of slavery in the various states over time:

5075:

Casualties according to the US National Park Service

2408: Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861 14562:

War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863

14412:, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1964, pp. 229–240). 14030: 13789:. Cabmbridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 13461:. Vol. II. Hartford: O. D. Case & Company. 12387:

Williams, Susan Millar; Hoffius, Stephen G. (2011).

12134:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, ch. 3. 11859: 11530:"The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite" 11334: 10957: 10838: 10814: 10778: 10739: 8924: 8783: 8738: 7165:"U.S. Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991" 6824:

Historians disagree as to whether Roger Taney heard

6509: 3550:

When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861,

3130:. The Confederacy's efforts to obtain warships from 2366:

a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation:

2207:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

167: 14475:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 13782: 13473: 11675: 11499: 11328: 11316: 11135: 11041:"Withdrawal of Belligerent Rights by Great Britain" 10067: 9725: 9390:

The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861

9339: 9081: 8286:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

8195: 7729:"Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession" 7315: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 6732:New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001, pp. 313–314 5234:. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, 4289:commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid 4073:

Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War

3504:

The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas.

3458:, including Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and 14942:is available for free viewing and download at the 14704: 14637:Ritter, Charles F.; Wakelyn, Jon L., eds. (1998). 14497:This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War 14494: 14167:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 13878: 13876: 13664: 13523:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 13413:The American Civil War: This Mighty Scourge of War 12607: 12462:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 12326: 12284:"The Worth of Black Men, From Slavery to Ferguson" 12007:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 11979: 11481: 10802: 10665: 10335:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110. 8854:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 474–475. 8639:"The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion" 8636: 7954: 7866:"Abraham Lincoln imposes first federal income tax" 7563: 7551: 7274: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7098: 7046:"Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War" 6625: 5772:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 4497: 3850:The primary Union forces in this theater were the 3090:, which was not successful, and with the ironclad 2590:, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican 13754:Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society 13304:Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War 13099:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 12812:Dome, Steam (1974). "A Civil War Iron Clad Car". 12709: 11001: 10969: 10640: 10139:. American Battlefield Trust. September 17, 2014. 8756: 8625:One Million Men: the Civil War draft in the North 7453: 6423:The History Channel: Civil War – A Nation Divided 4025:Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex 3466:, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of 2483:, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the 2265:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, 18384: 17302:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 14791: 14556:War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 14538:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 13870:The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History 13540:The Last Battle of the Civil War: Palmetto Ranch 13237:. Vol. 3. New York: Harper & Brothers. 13095: 12930:Bibliography of American Civil War naval history 12325:. March 31, 2011. pp. 23–25. Archived from 12156:Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864. 11829:"Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 | A State Divided" 11527: 11273:One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895 10496:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant; Selected Letters 10442:"War in the West · Civil War · Digital Exhibits" 9677:, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2021. 7203:. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 507–508. 7181: 7150: 4704:Map of Confederate territory losses year by year 4636:in Texas. On May 26, 1865, Confederate Lt. Gen. 4210:Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War 4110:'s command of troops in Arkansas and Louisiana, 3836:Army of the Tennessee and Army of the Cumberland 3668:and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the 2707: 14726:Thornton, Mark; Ekelund, Robert Burton (2004). 14725: 14572:War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864 13877:Potter, David M.; Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1976). 13786:The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War 13688:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 13371:Frank, Joseph Allan; Reaves, George A. (2003). 13159:The Rise And Fall Of The Confederate Government 12386: 12086: 12077:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014, p. 401. 12038:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 226. 11684:"U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 11528:Dupont, Brandon; Rosenbloom, Joshua L. (2018). 11170: 11168: 10975: 10208: 10185: 9381: 9379: 9220: 8763:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 8420:, University of Pittsburgh Press, map on p. 49. 8325:. Vol. 80, no. 2. p. 391, n. 2. 8249:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from 7212: 7210: 7110: 6040:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 4732:Comparison of Union and Confederacy, 1860–1864 4602:, was unharmed, because his would-be assassin, 4587:, and a chain of Confederate surrenders began. 4314:Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War 2740: Union territories not permitting slavery 2075:, the Union made permanent gains—though in the 17126:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 14345: 13984: 13903:The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction 13161:. Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 12551: 11266: 11073:"England and the Termination of the Rebellion" 11007: 10674:. Savannah, GA. April 16, 1865. pp. 1, 4. 9998:. American Battlefield Trust. January 31, 2013 9982: 8825:Women In Military Service For America Memorial 8384: 8012:. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 27. 7090:. United States War Dept. 1900. Archived from 6794:Appomattox is referred to symbolically as the 6587:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 5952: 5209:An illustration of the war dead following the 4695: 2539:President of the Confederate States of America 1998:(April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by 17873: 17678: 15012: 14711:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14636: 14591:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14501:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13813:. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press. 13760:. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 41–79. 13730:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13709:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13513: 13499:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13307:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13102:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 12796: 12269: 9864: 9862: 9690:Generals in Blue and Gray: Lincoln's Generals 8821:"Highlights in the History of Military Women" 8707:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 7800:President James Buchanan (December 3, 1860). 7345: 7343: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7132:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. 6051:The Private History of a Campaign That Failed 5892: 4454: 4420: 4192:, the last Confederate general to surrender. 3396:as long as the Confederacy controlled Texas, 2905:Military leadership in the American Civil War 2676:to take the fort before supplies reached it. 2577:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 1975: 443: 93:(4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks) 14677: 14468: 13582:. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield. 13559:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory 13377:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 12962: 12687:. American Battlefield Trust. Archived from 12637:"Hazen's Monument a rare, historic treasure" 12431: 12281: 12257: 12065:Lincoln's letter was published first in the 11800: 11444: 11392:on March 23, 2014 – via History Today. 11165: 10917:. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2013. 10881:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 68. 10757: 10701:Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox 9376: 9313: 9311: 8721:"A Prussian Observes the American Civil War" 7926: 7924: 7922: 7816:– via The American Presidency Project. 7596:Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints 7386: 7224:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 7207: 6535:Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War 5619: 5409: 5262:It is estimated that during the war, of the 4375: 4066: 3508: 3450:map of Civil War battles by theater and year 14810:Frank, Joseph Allan, and George A. Reaves. 14684:. 2-Volume Set. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 14331:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 14281:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 14263:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 13832:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13370: 12451: 11681: 11220: 10271: 9921: 9905:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 8718: 8699: 7129:Regimental losses in the American Civil War 6540:African Americans in the American Civil War 5730:American Civil War battlefield preservation 5723: 3990:Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the 3660:Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the 2269:. This had kept a sectional balance in the 2048:, who opposed slavery's expansion, won the 2018:("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by 18337:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 18322:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 17880: 17866: 17685: 17671: 15019: 15005: 14875:(University of South Carolina Press, 1988) 14415: 14394:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction 14241:A Religious History of the American People 13955: 13744: 13621:The American Civil War: A Military History 13096:Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999). 12992:. Vol. 54, no. 1. Archived from 12899:A History of American Civil War Literature 12726: 12309: 12005:, pp. 52–54; also in McPherson, James M., 11451:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 11438: 10758:Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2016). 9859: 9835:The Civil War in the Western Theater, 1862 9463:Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie, eds. 9199: 9099: 8849: 8534: 8447: 8410: 7973:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7524: 7340: 7261: 7010:; their volunteering fell off after 1862." 6900: 6682: 6565:Native Americans in the American Civil War 6545:German Americans in the American Civil War 5181:9,058 were killed by accidents or drowning 4238:One of the earliest battles was fought at 3183:Blockade runners of the American Civil War 3002:Women in the military § United States 2924:Economic history of the American Civil War 2648:The Battle of Fort Sumter, as depicted by 2064:after the war began and, led by President 1982: 1968: 450: 436: 14489: 14449: 14326: 14181: 14098:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 14058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14051: 13920: 13723: 13702: 13173: 13017:(5). Oxford University Press: 1753–1766. 12963:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2004). 12895: 12773:"Why We Need a New Civil War Documentary" 12634: 12473: 12282:Rhodes-Pitts, Sharifa (October 9, 2014). 12235: 12023:Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths 11958: 11904: 11892: 11853: 11728: 11650: 11638: 11475: 11414: 11402: 11276:. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 111. 11196: 11190: 11159: 11147: 10634: 10622: 10610: 10598: 10586: 10574: 10562: 10550: 10523: 10414: 10173: 10123: 10055: 10043: 9961: 9890: 9817: 9805: 9713: 9658: 9646: 9634: 9593: 9581: 9566: 9544: 9308: 9302: 9275: 9263: 8912:The Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend 8429: 8288:. University Press of Kansas. p. 71. 8271: 8177: 8165: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8071: 8056: 8044: 8032: 7939: 7919: 7913: 7901: 7889: 7787: 7575: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 6969:was largely antislavery especially among 6891: 6688: 6555:Irish Americans in the American Civil War 5992:in March 1865. It currently hangs in the 4203: 3795:Western theater of the American Civil War 3637:, the Civil War's deadliest one-day fight 3439:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 3269:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 2163:. It remains the subject of cultural and 2044:over slavery were brought to a head when 337:25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons 15215:Treatment of slaves in the United States 14276: 14244:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 14237: 13946: 13706:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 13561:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 13396:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 13282:A compendium of the War of the Rebellion 13256: 13081:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 12969:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 12941: 12421:"Presidents Who Were Civil War Veterans" 11500:Fergus M. Bordewich (February 6, 2015). 10832: 10715:April 1865: the month that saved America 10106:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019. 9902: 9729:Stonewall Jackson's 1862 Valley Campaign 9509: 9075: 8989: 8611: 8535:Nicolay, John George; Hay, John (1890). 8371: 8329:from the original on September 27, 2022. 8245:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861 8005: 7466:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 7169:Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS) 7003: 6415:Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War 6062:Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South 6011:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 5956: 5921:such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, 5733: 5538: 5300: 5204: 4699: 4424: 4325: 4307: 4227: 4129: 3942: 3839: 3723: 3628: 3512: 3442: 3276: 3186: 3147: 3036: 2932:Rioters attacking a building during the 2927: 2717: 2643: 2627: 2569:, he argued that the Constitution was a 2529: 2388: 2338: 2335:1860 United States presidential election 2139:. Lincoln lived to see this victory but 2127:, gateway to the Confederate capital of 369: 324: 16958:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 15130:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 14646: 14112: 14091: 14008: 13899: 13778:. The North Carolina Historical Review. 13662: 13556: 13492: 13451: 13132: 13122:The Centennial History of the Civil War 13055:. US Army, Center of Military History. 13045: 12843: 12797:Bailey, Thomas; Kennedy, David (1987). 12485: 12346:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 11749:"American Civil War Fortifications (2)" 11704: 11698: 11512:from the original on February 21, 2017. 11352: 11288:"U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860–1880" 10901: 10796: 10684: 10420:Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! 10330: 9828: 9826: 9521: 9451: 9287: 9063: 9051: 8807: 8795: 8670: 8617: 8551: 8521:from the original on October 17, 2012. 8457:, History Press, Charleston, SC, p. 28. 8441: 8313: 7826: 7621:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. 7535:from the original on December 4, 2011. 7291:from the original on September 25, 2011 7273:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). 7192: 7190: 7052:from the original on January 30, 2016. 6882: 6872: 6642: 5812:Commemoration of the American Civil War 5466:, but were not legally freed until the 5178:24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 5040:One in thirteen veterans were amputees. 4321: 3006:Gender issues in the American Civil War 2748:Border Union states, permitting slavery 2420: Union states that banned slavery 515:This article is part of a series on the 334:230,000+ died from accidents or disease 16:1861–1865 conflict in the United States 18385: 16943:Modern display of the Confederate flag 15026: 14965:National Park Service Civil War Places 14707:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink 14699: 14605: 14357:. New York: Fordham University Press. 14295: 14224:from the original on January 19, 2018. 14162: 14144:. University of South Carolina Press. 13846: 13771: 13641: 13617: 13600:Historical Dictionary of the Civil War 13391: 13285:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co. 13227: 13196: 13116: 13074: 12926:Bibliography of the American Civil War 12883: 12208: 11973: 11916: 11656: 11584: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11379: 11239: 11020:from the original on November 16, 2022 10988:from the original on November 16, 2022 10928: 10874: 10296: 10258: 10246: 10161: 9832: 9752: 9184: 9165: 9039: 9027: 9016:The Confederate Submarine H. L. Hunley 8974: 8936: 8902: 8744: 8478: 8358: 8339: 8283: 7966: 7808:from the original on December 20, 2008 7679:from the original on February 20, 2019 7480:from the original on September 5, 2015 7413: 7272: 7196: 7059: 6976: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6944:before this plan could be implemented. 6857: 6720: 6718: 6694: 6648: 6603: 6601: 5782:in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in 1890. The 5597:and legal segregation was ushered in. 5052:Remains of both sides were reinterred. 4483:, effectively destroying Hood's army. 4273:, which guarded the river approach to 3761:Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. 3547:was merged into it on April 12, 1862. 3478: 3080:The Confederacy experimented with the 2373: 373: 328: 17861: 17666: 17161: 16550: 16114: 15337: 15140:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 15038: 15000: 14913:West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles 14821:. (Kent State University Press, 1972) 14768: 14746: 14584: 14454:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14211: 14075:The Civil War: An Illustrated History 14016:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 13970: 13867: 13803: 13767:from the original on October 9, 2022. 13596: 13575: 13542:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 13517:; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn, eds. (2007). 13429: 13349: 13328: 13297: 13261:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. 13218: 13153: 13008: 12983: 12934: 12736:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2008). 12582: 12570: 12448:(University of North Carolina Press). 12217:from the original on October 16, 2007 11985: 11877: 11865: 11487: 10934: 10712: 10527:Petersburg 1864–65: The Longest Siege 10492: 10465: 10388: 10213:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10149: 10016: 9759:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 287. 9686: 9538: 9357: 9345: 9333: 9251: 9189:. University of South Carolina Press. 9123: 9111: 8563: 8466: 8298: 8201: 8189: 7709:from the original on October 10, 2014 7616: 7349: 7309: 7246: 6989: 6706: 6666: 6660: 6654: 5714:"virulent racism" of the 19th century 4120:Military Division of West Mississippi 4018:in Tennessee, the culmination of the 3769:, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the 3565:On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel 3097:, rebuilt from the sunken Union ship 3025:, the only woman ever to receive the 2640:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2328: 2308:, Southern and Northern nationalism, 2171:. The war was among the first to use 431: 18463:Rebellions against the United States 18317:Timeline of U.S. military operations 14387: 14137: 14072: 13827: 13685: 13537: 13275: 12984:Baker, Kevin (February–March 2003). 12811: 12594:Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, 11817:– via Perseus Digital Library. 11340: 11244:. Simon & Schuster. p. 27. 10963: 10844: 10820: 10808: 10784: 10745: 10320:from the original on March 27, 2022. 10277: 10227: 9823: 9693:. Stackpole Books. pp. 237–38. 9153: 9087: 8580: 8343:Fourteen Months in American Bastiles 7793: 7769:from the original on August 11, 2011 7216: 7187: 7104: 7022:In late March 1864 Lincoln met with 6866: 6742:The Diary of George Templeton Strong 6672: 6029:Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War 5853:and 150th anniversaries of the war. 5509:added support for the proclamation. 4712:, reasons for its outcome, and even 4525:Conclusion of the American Civil War 4401:, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart. 3873: 2794:and others in the Confederate Army. 2227:was the principal aim of the eleven 2091:split the Confederacy in two at the 17297:Committee on the Conduct of the War 16973:United Daughters of the Confederacy 13335:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 12889: 12770: 11945:, "The economics of emancipation." 11516: 11382:"Why was the Confederacy Defeated?" 8950:"American Civil War: The naval war" 7832: 7125: 6947: 6715: 6598: 6550:Hispanics in the American Civil War 6367:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down 5328: The Missouri Compromise, 1821 5316: The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 4055:, which Bragg then besieged in the 3994:included initial successes such as 3263:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 3176: 2963:city's Democratic political machine 2517:slavery in the District of Columbia 2503:, a transcontinental railroad, the 2378: 2103:. Western successes led to General 379:26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons 13: 17367:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 17162: 16706:impeachment managers investigation 15085:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 14678:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (April 2014). 14230: 13963:A Chronicle of the Embattled South 13204:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12948:. United Kingdom: Hachette Books. 12710:Cameron McWhirter (May 25, 2019). 12540:, Belknap Press, pp. 385–98, 11807:Southern Historical Society Papers 11298:from the original on June 11, 2016 10976:Abraham Lincoln (April 11, 1865). 9996:"10 Facts: The Vicksburg Campaign" 9732:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93. 9522:Freeman, Douglas Southall (1934). 9442:. London: Faber & Faber, 2022. 8925:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 8784:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 7967:Harris, William C. (Winter 2000). 7739:from the original on July 14, 2011 6560:Italian Americans in the Civil War 6439:History Civil War: Secret Missions 5831:Grand Army of the Republic (Union) 4655:On June 19, 1865, Union Maj. Gen. 4413:, where the two armies engaged in 3788: 3783:high-water mark of the Confederacy 3432: 3223: 3193:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 2901:List of American Civil War battles 2873:Confederate Government of Kentucky 2865:Confederate government of Missouri 2714:Border states (American Civil War) 925: Modern Era 14: 18484: 18074:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 16792:Reconstruction military districts 15240:Abolitionism in the United States 15195:Plantations in the American South 15110:Origins of the American Civil War 14906: 14681:A Companion to the U.S. Civil War 14355:New Perspectives on the Union War 13956:Stephenson, Nathaniel W. (1919). 13772:Murray, Robert B. (Autumn 1967). 13234:History of the American Civil War 13174:Dinçaslan, M. Bahadırhan (2022). 13062:from the original on May 26, 2022 12847:Air Power in the Age of Total War 12596:The Rise of American Civilization 12538:Harvard Guide to American History 12492:. UNC Press Books. pp. 5–6. 12359:A Short History of Reconstruction 12167:"Lincoln Lore – Albert G. Hodges" 12067:Washington National Intelligencer 11803:"1.37: Confederate States' flags" 11738:, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 1947). 11705:Riordan, Teresa (March 8, 2004). 11329:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 11317:Murray, Bernstein & Knox 1996 11136:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 10077:Parameters: U.S. Army War College 6582:Outline of the American Civil War 6407:American Conquest: Divided Nation 6073:An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 5792:Gettysburg National Military Park 5718:The Rise of American Civilization 5528: 4569:village of Appomattox Court House 4518: 3529:(Confederate) Army of the Potomac 3273:France and the American Civil War 3191:Gunline of nine Union ironclads. 3137: 3114:, arrived to challenge it in the 2941:U.S. Congress responded in kind. 2549:was proposed to re-establish the 2219:Abolitionism in the United States 2201:Origins of the American Civil War 2143:on April 14, dying the next day. 2099:'s incursion north failed at the 18468:Wars involving the United States 17646: 17637: 17636: 16775:Enforcement Act of February 1871 16748:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 14931:Civil War Photographs Collection 14845:(Oxford University Press, 1997) 14817:Hesseltine, William Best (ed.). 14469:Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). 14261:Why the South Lost the Civil War 14188:. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press. 14121:Louisiana State University Press 14034:The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia 12864: 12837: 12824: 12805: 12790: 12764: 12739: 12703: 12677: 12668: 12659: 12628: 12614:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 304. 12601: 12588: 12506: 12479: 12413: 12380: 12364: 12351: 12335: 12275: 12229: 12202: 12184: 12159: 12150: 12137: 12124: 12080: 12059: 12041: 12036:Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary 12028: 12012: 11991: 11936: 11910: 11821: 11794: 11772: 11769:, Oxford University Press, 2012. 11759: 11741: 11621: 11578: 11552: 11534:Explorations in Economic History 11493: 11408: 11388:. pp. 15–20. Archived from 11373: 11367:Why the South Lost the Civil War 11358: 11280: 11260: 11233: 11097: 11065: 11033: 10907: 10895: 10868: 10850: 10751: 10706: 10693: 10678: 10530:. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. 10517: 10486: 10459: 10434: 10408: 10382: 10357: 10324: 10302: 10252: 10221: 10202: 10179: 10129: 10094: 10061: 10010: 9988: 9967: 9927: 9896: 9773: 9746: 9719: 9680: 9664: 9599: 9515: 9478: 9457: 9417: 9395: 9363: 9214: 9193: 9178: 9159: 9117: 9008: 8995: 8942: 8908:"Secretary of the Navy's Report" 8896: 8868: 8843: 8813: 8564:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909). 7016: 6918: 6909: 6848: 6831: 6512: 5838: 5824: 5805: 5796:Vicksburg National Military Park 5651: 5628: 5475: 5452: 5278:and even confiscated children's 5057: 5045: 5033: 4984:expressed this view succinctly: 4549: 4533: 3202:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company 3032: 2809:Maryland's territory surrounded 2133:Battle of Appomattox Court House 1950: 1941: 1940: 1902: 1901: 532: 264: 254: 246: 236: 211: 193: 169: 156: 29: 18418:Civil wars in the United States 17560:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 17422:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 16983:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14212:Downs, James (April 13, 2012). 14092:Weigley, Frank Russell (2004). 14037:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13932:Civil War Centennial Commission 13881:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 13478:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13415:. New York: Osprey Publishing. 12919: 12391:. University of Georgia Press. 12147:, Arcadia Publishing, 2001, 10. 11947:The Journal of Economic History 11917:Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021). 11014:The American Presidency Project 11008:Andrew Johnson (May 10, 1865). 10982:The American Presidency Project 10446:digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu 9229:University Press of Mississippi 8750: 8719:Ryan Nadeau (January 5, 2015). 8712: 8664: 8630: 8574: 8557: 8541:. Century Company. p. 264. 8528: 8497: 8484: 8472: 8455:West Virginia and the Civil War 8333: 8307: 8292: 8277: 8207: 7999: 7960: 7858: 7751: 7721: 7691: 7661: 7635: 7610: 7518: 7505: 7492: 7407: 7380: 7303: 7252: 7240: 7222:"Statistics on the War's Costs" 6818: 6805: 6788: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6622:United States Department of War 6353:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6310:Music of the American Civil War 5543:Through the supervision of the 5296: 5065:Andersonville National Cemetery 4498:The Waterloo of the Confederacy 4214: 4184:was the decisive battle of the 4077: 3992:Confederate Heartland Offensive 3830: 3752:Second Battle of Fredericksburg 3713:. Burnside was defeated at the 2987:American Civil War prison camps 2917: 2492:, who joined the Confederacy. 2028:central conflict leading to war 18352:List of anti-war organizations 16663:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 14585:Olsen, Christopher J. (2002). 14204: 13988:; Clipson, William J. (2001). 13885:. New York: Harper & Row. 13690:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 13663:Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1999). 13436:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant 13011:The American Historical Review 12902:. Cambridge University Press. 12425:Essential Civil War Curriculum 11838:– via PBS LearningMedia. 11662:Richard Wightman Fox (2008). " 10499:. Library of America. p. 10017:Brown, Kent Masterson (2000). 7955:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7564:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7552:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7080: 7038: 6624:. May 29, 1865. Archived from 6447:Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood 6374: 6207:The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 5970:portrays, from left to right, 4673:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell 4571:, they were surrounded. After 4490:". He reached the Atlantic at 4285:The following year, the Union 4040:. After Rosecrans' successful 3971:In April 1862, the Union Navy 2878:After Virginia's secession, a 2355:during the winter of 1860–61. 124: 91:April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865 1: 18458:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 18264:War against the Islamic State 17694:International response to the 17078:Ladies' Memorial Associations 16780:Enforcement Act of April 1871 16676:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 16551: 14792:Soldier life: North and South 14450:Johannsen, Robert W. (1973). 14277:Beringer, Richard E. (1988). 14182:Woodworth, Steven E. (1996). 14077:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13624:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13128:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 12966:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 12850:. Routledge. pp. 6, 24. 7460:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 7032: 6998:a major riot in New York City 6965:, p. . "Sentiment among 6471:AGEOD's American Civil War II 6003: 5784:Shiloh National Military Park 5780:Antietam National Battlefield 5702:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5695: 5126:(inc those who died as POWs) 5024: 4137:secured docks and arsenal in 4090:, most of Louisiana, and the 3527:. The Army originated as the 3473: 3366:issue diplomatic instructions 2708:Attitude of the border states 2477:Confederate States of America 2237:Confederate States of America 2169:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 418:616,222–1,000,000+ total dead 140:Confederate States of America 47:officers under Union captain 17211:Confederate revolving cannon 16953:Sons of Confederate Veterans 16824:South Carolina riots of 1876 16802:Indian Council at Fort Smith 16753:South Carolina riots of 1876 16718:Knights of the White Camelia 15210:Slavery in the United States 14970:Civil War Battlefield Places 14856:What This Cruel War Was Over 14732:. Wilmington, DE: SR Books. 14238:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (1972). 14218:Oxford University Press blog 13900:Richter, William L. (2009). 13724:McPherson, James M. (1997). 13703:McPherson, James M. (1988). 13557:Johnson, Timothy D. (1998). 13257:Dunkerly, Robert M. (2015). 13176:Amerikan İç Savaşı El Kitabı 12635:Mike West (April 27, 2007). 12608:Richard Hofstadter (2012) . 12241:"A War that Never Goes Away" 11736:The Journal of Negro History 11682:Yancey Hall (July 1, 2003). 10875:Morris, John Wesley (1977). 10654:. April 10, 1865. p. 1. 10137:"Sherman's March to the Sea" 10068:Ronald Scott Mangum (1991). 9872:. American Battlefield Trust 9726:Jonathan A. Noyalas (2010). 9200:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 9078:, pp. 288–289, 296–298. 7182:Chambers & Anderson 1999 6800:Trans-Mississippi Department 6479:Ultimate General: Gettysburg 6463:Victoria II: A House Divided 6024:, famous eulogies to Lincoln 5968:George Peter Alexander Healy 5927:Triplett & Scott carbine 5194:United States Colored Troops 4642:Trans-Mississippi Department 4380:Grant's army set out on the 4358:attack the Shenandoah Valley 4271:Forts Jackson and St. Philip 4248:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 4223: 4125: 3981:Memphis fell to Union forces 3951:, the highest two-day losses 3893: 3858:, named for the two rivers, 3815:, North Carolina, Kentucky, 3781:on July 3 is considered the 3767:second invasion of the North 3417:Polish revolt against Russia 3256: 2980: 2822:and unilaterally suspending 2431:Lincoln's election provoked 2215:Slavery in the United States 2211:Slave states and free states 2095:, while Confederate General 2087:. The successful 1863 Union 1400:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 17565:New York City riots of 1863 17390:Battle Hymn of the Republic 17141:United Confederate Veterans 16978:Children of the Confederacy 16968:United Confederate Veterans 16963:Southern Historical Society 16115: 15595:Price's Missouri Expedition 15065:Timeline leading to the War 15039: 14831:Livermore, Thomas Leonard. 14650:Journal of Southern History 14327:Gallagher, Gary W. (2011). 13906:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 13853:. New York: HarperCollins. 13644:Journal of Military History 13493:Herring, George C. (2011). 13356:. New York: Vintage Books. 13180:American Civil War Handbook 13133:Coulter, E. Merton (1950). 12896:Hutchison, Coleman (2015). 12247:. Vol. 41, no. 2. 12143:Pulling, Sr. Anne Frances, 11457:(1). University of Illinois 11240:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). 10685:Simpson, Brooks D. (1991). 9833:Bowery, Charles R. (2014). 9322:War for the Union 1862–1863 8637:Judith Lee Hallock (1983). 8570:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8416:Curry, Richard Orr (1964), 8299:White, Jonathan W. (2011). 8284:Harris, William C. (2011). 7353:Journal of American History 7197:Rhodes, James Ford (1893). 6839:Battle of Columbus, Georgia 6530:American Civil War by state 6503: 6487:Ultimate General: Civil War 6332:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6234:(miniseries; 1985–1994, US) 6135:, fictionalized account of 5953:In works of culture and art 5845:United Confederate Veterans 5786:was established in 1894 in 5184:15,741 other/unknown deaths 4696:Union victory and aftermath 4590:On April 14, 1865, Lincoln 4469:Franklin–Nashville Campaign 4252:54th Massachusetts Infantry 3605:Virginia Military Institute 3281:A December 1861 cartoon in 3118:. The resulting three-hour 2348:Portrait of Abraham Lincoln 2316:, and modernization in the 2030:was a dispute over whether 10: 18489: 18448:1860s in the United States 18254:War in North-West Pakistan 18104:Second Sumatran expedition 18069:American Revolutionary War 17533:Confederate Secret Service 17121:Grand Army of the Republic 17013:Grand Army of the Republic 16831:Southern Claims Commission 14979:American Battlefield Trust 14954:Cornell University Library 14933:at the Library of Congress 14835:(Houghton, Mifflin, 1900) 14769:Weeks, William E. (2013). 14609:American Historical Review 14422:American Historical Review 14299:American Historical Review 14116:The Civil War in Louisiana 14073:Ward, Geoffrey R. (1990). 13980:. Doubleday & Company. 13959:The Day of the Confederacy 13392:Fuller, Howard J. (2008). 13075:Canney, Donald L. (1998). 12990:American Heritage Magazine 12923: 12245:American Heritage Magazine 12145:Altoona: Images of America 12003:Lincoln, the War President 11445:Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). 10493:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). 10331:Symonds, Craig L. (2012). 10083:(3): 74–86. Archived from 9983:Symonds & Clipson 2001 9756:Robert E. Lee: A Biography 8956:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 8850:Pennington, Reina (2003). 8757:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 8538:Abraham Lincoln: A History 8009:What Caused the Civil War? 7327:American Battlefield Trust 6431:AGEOD's American Civil War 6307: 6137:Sherman's March to the Sea 5917:in naval warfare history. 5893:Technological significance 5809: 5800:American Battlefield Trust 5751:surviving monument is the 5727: 5699: 5640:Grand Army of the Republic 5532: 5413: 4522: 4455:Sherman's March to the Sea 4421:Sheridan's Valley Campaign 4311: 4207: 4100:Trans-Mississippi District 4070: 3792: 3736:Battle of Chancellorsville 3677:Northern Virginia Campaign 3576: 3487:took command of the Union 3436: 3400:in 1861 and installed the 3266: 3260: 3180: 3141: 2999: 2984: 2921: 2898: 2711: 2637: 2631: 2395:Status of the states, 1861 2382: 2332: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2050:1860 presidential election 411:50,000 free civilians died 18299: 18099:First Sumatran expedition 18061: 17900: 17893: 17810: 17703: 17632: 17608: 17521:Confederate States dollar 17493: 17435: 17380: 17332:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 17327:Emancipation Proclamation 17289: 17221:Medal of Honor recipients 17178: 17174: 17157: 17109:Confederate Memorial Hall 17091: 17070: 17028: 17000: 16991: 16911:Confederate Memorial Hall 16884:Confederate History Month 16864:Civil War Discovery Trail 16844: 16765:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 16596: 16571:Reconstruction Amendments 16561: 16557: 16546: 16468: 16337: 16330: 16270: 16134: 16127: 16123: 16110: 16052: 15799: 15792: 15623: 15479: 15438: 15406: 15373: 15366: 15362: 15333: 15230: 15180:Emancipation Proclamation 15148: 15049: 15045: 15034: 14408:(originally published in 14138:Wise, Stephen R. (1991). 14113:Winters, John D. (1963). 14052:Vinovskis, Maris (1990). 13994:. Naval Institute Press. 13947:Schecter, Barnet (2007). 13847:Nelson, James L. (2005). 13828:Neff, Stephen C. (2010). 13745:Mendelsohn, Adam (2012). 13538:Hunt, Jeffrey Wm (2015). 13046:Bradley, Mark L. (2015). 12557:Gaines M. Foster (1988), 12518:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 12486:Cushman, Stephen (2014). 12361:(1990) is a brief survey. 12270:Holzer & Gabbard 2007 11664:National Life After Death 11546:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.09.002 9753:Thomas, Emory M. (1997). 9687:Jones, Wilmer L. (2006). 9430:. New York: Basic Books. 9185:Surdam, David G. (2001). 8581:Reid, Richard M. (2014). 8512:American Military History 8346:. London: H.F. Mackintosh 7985:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104 7142:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6877:United States v. Anderson 6520:American Civil War portal 5681:" influencing the world. 5620:Memory and historiography 5570:overrode Johnson's vetoes 5558:Reconstruction Amendments 5507:War Governors' Conference 5468:Emancipation Proclamation 5436:and Generals Frémont and 5416:Emancipation Proclamation 5410:Emancipation Proclamation 5285:It is estimated that 544 5140: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5079: 4951: 4920: 4893: 4866: 4837: 4792: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4648:leader and Brig. General 4376:Grant's Overland Campaign 4084:Trans-Mississippi theater 4067:Trans-Mississippi theater 3681:Second Battle of Bull Run 3541:Army of Northern Virginia 3525:Army of Northern Virginia 3509:Army of Northern Virginia 3388:The Union victory at the 2959:New York City draft riots 2954:Emancipation Proclamation 2934:New York anti-draft riots 2828:Maryland General Assembly 2760: Confederate states 2600:head of government, the " 2556:February peace conference 2527:to help finance the war. 2499:, land grant colleges, a 2235:) and united to form the 2115:in 1864 to Union General 2081:Emancipation Proclamation 470: 407: 399:864,000+ total casualties 357:828,000+ total casualties 313: 282: 183: 149: 83: 28: 23: 18053:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 18013:Battle of Blair Mountain 17595:U.S. Sanitary Commission 17506:Battlefield preservation 17412:Marching Through Georgia 17337:Hampton Roads Conference 17312:Confiscation Act of 1862 17307:Confiscation Act of 1861 17083:U.S. national cemeteries 16889:Confederate Memorial Day 16874:Civil War Trails Program 16743:New Orleans riot of 1866 14882:(UNC Press Books, 2013) 14804:(UNC Press Books, 2018) 13972:Stern, Phillip Van Doren 13775:The End of the Rebellion 13671:. W.W. Norton & Co. 13597:Jones, Terry L. (2011). 13223:. New York: Basic Books. 12258:Asante & Mazama 2004 12209:Harper, Douglas (2003). 11801:J. William Jones (ed.). 11688:National Geographic News 11226:Carter, Susan B. (ed.). 11179:Why the Confederacy Lost 10764:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 10209:Michael Fellman (1989). 10186:James B. Martin (2012). 9607:"Overview of the Battle" 9490:www.legendsofamerica.com 9221:Kevin Dougherty (2010). 9168:Naval War College Review 8798:, pp. 165, 310–311. 8006:Hardyman, Robyn (2016). 7617:Jaffa, Harry V. (2004). 7126:Fox, William F. (1889). 7076:. National Park Service. 6592: 6360:Marching Through Georgia 6303: 6183:The Red Badge of Courage 6084:The Red Badge of Courage 5776:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia 5724:Battlefield preservation 5574:civil rights legislation 4338:William Tecumseh Sherman 4331:William Tecumseh Sherman 4151:Battle of Wilson's Creek 3715:Battle of Fredericksburg 3672:and forced his retreat. 3590:First Battle of Bull Run 2995: 2802:and was admitted to the 2513:Legal Tender Act of 1862 2275:House of Representatives 2165:historiographical debate 2135:, setting in motion the 2117:William Tecumseh Sherman 903: 881: 859: 848: 826: 815: 793: 782: 771: 760: 738: 727: 716: 694: 672: 661: 639: 628: 606: 595: 18312:Wars involving the U.S. 18149:Philippine–American War 18033:1960s ghetto rebellions 17516:Confederate war finance 17136:Southern Cross of Honor 17104:1938 Gettysburg reunion 17099:1913 Gettysburg reunion 16797:Reconstruction Treaties 16770:Enforcement Act of 1870 16653:Freedman's Savings Bank 15270:Lane Debates on Slavery 15095:Lincoln–Douglas debates 13922:Robertson, James I. Jr. 12942:Anderson, Bern (1989). 12872:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 12716:The Wall Street Journal 12171:apps.legislature.ky.gov 11506:The Wall Street Journal 10878:Ghost Towns of Oklahoma 10314:Encyclopedia Britannica 9922:Frank & Reaves 2003 8725:The Gettysburg Compiler 8453:Snell, Mark A. (2011), 7802:"Fourth Annual Message" 7416:OAH Magazine of History 6726:George Templeton Strong 6391:Sid Meier's Gettysburg! 6210:(1966, Italy-Spain-FRG) 6142: 6095:The Challenge to Sirius 5738:Beginning in 1961, the 5240:Spencer repeating rifle 4634:Battle of Palmito Ranch 4399:Battle of Yellow Tavern 4182:Battle of Glorieta Pass 4104:Confederate States Army 4051:Rosecrans retreated to 3902:(February 6, 1862) and 3160:By early 1861, General 3120:Battle of Hampton Roads 2441:a secession declaration 1421:Middle Eastern American 1243:Technology and industry 306:750,000–1,000,000 total 45:Horse Artillery Brigade 18357:Conscientious objector 18259:First Libyan Civil War 18129:Second Fiji expedition 18109:Ivory Coast expedition 18043:1992 Los Angeles riots 18003:Colorado Coalfield War 17895:Listed chronologically 17575:Richmond riots of 1863 17501:Baltimore riot of 1861 17281:U.S. Military Railroad 17201:Confederate Home Guard 16933:Historiographic issues 16899:Historical reenactment 15398:Revenue Cutter Service 15265:William Lloyd Garrison 15174:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14939:A House Divided (1960) 14896:The Life of Billy Yank 14892:The Life of Johnny Reb 14873:Soldiers Blue and Gray 14165:Refugees of Revolution 13576:Jones, Howard (2002). 13350:Foote, Shelby (1974). 13219:Doyle, Don H. (2015). 13023:10.1093/ahr/120.5.1753 12844:Buckley, John (2006). 12611:Progressive Historians 11292:Digital History Reader 10936:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 10699:William Marvel (2002) 10389:Lattimore, Ralston B. 10261:Chronicles of Oklahoma 9525:R. E. Lee: A Biography 9224:Weapons of Mississippi 8340:Howard, F. K. (1863). 7463:Atlas of World History 6223:The Outlaw Josey Wales 6017:O Captain! My Captain! 5997: 5753:Hazen Brigade Monument 5747: 5690:many names used for it 5548: 5442:voluntary colonization 5390: 5214: 5018: 4991: 4705: 4675:, to the Lords of the 4432: 4417:for over nine months. 4333: 4235: 4204:Lower Seaboard theater 4146: 4016:Battle of Stones River 3952: 3938:Albert Sidney Johnston 3908:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3856:Army of the Cumberland 3847: 3756:Battle of Salem Church 3731: 3638: 3533:Army of the Shenandoah 3520: 3451: 3298: 3206:London Armoury Company 3196: 3157: 3054: 2937: 2894: 2768: 2751:(One of these states, 2722:US Secession map. The 2652: 2545:In December 1860, the 2542: 2428: 2385:Ordinance of Secession 2351: 2267:one slave and one free 2225:institution of slavery 2071:During 1861–62 in the 2042:Decades of controversy 2014:("the North") and the 1533:Admission to the Union 184:Commanders and leaders 18327:Territorial evolution 18307:Conflicts in the U.S. 18229:Intervention in Haiti 18119:First Fiji expedition 17540:Great Revival of 1863 17417:Maryland, My Maryland 17206:Confederate railroads 16869:Civil War Roundtables 16738:Meridian riot of 1871 16733:Memphis riots of 1866 15290:George Luther Stearns 15275:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 15168:Crittenden Compromise 14974:National Park Service 14860:Interview with author 14163:Wittke, Carl (1952). 13618:Keegan, John (2009). 13198:Donald, David Herbert 12830:William Rattle Plum, 12771:Merritt, Keri Leigh. 12530:Arthur M. Schlesinger 12211:"Slavery in Delaware" 11599:10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 11380:Farmer, Alan (2005). 11331:, pp. 1207–1210. 11110:Army and Navy Journal 11078:Army and Navy Journal 11046:Army and Navy Journal 10940:"What Is Juneteenth?" 10672:Savannah Daily Herald 10480:10.1353/cwh.2004.0073 10090:on November 27, 2012. 9785:National Park Service 9138:10.1353/cwh.1986.0012 8658:10.1353/cwh.1983.0013 8505:"The Civil War, 1861" 8379:The War for the Union 8366:The War for the Union 8147:. Presidency.ucsb.edu 7844:World Digital Library 7598:. Library of Congress 7428:10.1093/oahmag/oar002 7401:10.1353/cwh.2005.0051 7366:10.1093/jahist/jas272 7276:"Recounting the Dead" 6701:Gallagher et al. 2003 6630:on September 15, 2018 6399:Sid Meier's Antietam! 6325:Battle Cry of Freedom 6151:The Birth of a Nation 5960: 5860:The Birth of a Nation 5810:Further information: 5737: 5659:Cherokee Confederates 5582:"Liberal Republicans" 5542: 5304: 5244:Henry repeating rifle 5208: 5013: 4986: 4703: 4684:, the captain of CSS 4682:James Iredell Waddell 4475:defeated Hood at the 4449:Battle of Cedar Creek 4428: 4329: 4312:Further information: 4308:Pacific Coast theater 4231: 4208:Further information: 4133: 4106:to better coordinate 4071:Further information: 4038:Battle of Chickamauga 4020:Stones River Campaign 3964:, Missouri, and then 3949:Battle of Chickamauga 3946: 3852:Army of the Tennessee 3843: 3793:Further information: 3727: 3679:, which included the 3662:Battle of Seven Pines 3632: 3601:brigade of Virginians 3545:Army of the Peninsula 3537:Army of the Northwest 3516: 3456:Appalachian Mountains 3446: 3437:Further information: 3398:France invaded Mexico 3364:left his deathbed to 3342:anti-slavery movement 3327:Charles Francis Adams 3280: 3267:Further information: 3190: 3151: 3040: 2931: 2721: 2647: 2634:Battle of Fort Sumter 2628:Battle of Fort Sumter 2547:Crittenden Compromise 2533: 2473:Fugitive Slave Clause 2392: 2342: 2205:Further information: 1524:Territorial evolution 817:Post-World War II Era 314:Casualties and losses 18473:Wars of independence 18189:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18144:Spanish–American War 18114:Mexican–American War 18038:Kent State shootings 18028:Puerto Rican revolts 17958:American Indian Wars 17427:Daar kom die Alibama 17342:National Union Party 17018:memorials to Lincoln 16938:Lost Cause mythology 16643:Eufaula riot of 1874 16631:Confederate refugees 15844:District of Columbia 15471:Union naval blockade 15317:Underground Railroad 15105:Nullification crisis 14878:Shively, Kathryn J. 14871:Robertson, James I. 14841:McPherson, James M. 14799:Carmichael, Peter S. 13977:The Confederate Navy 13329:Foner, Eric (2010). 13229:Draper, John William 12799:The American Pageant 12777:Smithsonian Magazine 12751:The Spokesman-Review 12722:on October 10, 2019. 12647:on November 18, 2018 12522:Samuel Eliot Morison 12130:White, Jonathan W., 12069:on August 23, 1862. 11856:, pp. vii–viii. 11566:. September 22, 2011 10938:(January 16, 2013). 10864:on February 7, 2016. 10422:. New York: Twayne. 10333:The Civil War at sea 10310:"Red River Campaign" 10280:Great Plains Journal 9555:Terrible Swift Sword 8591:. pp. 4–5, 40. 8514:. pp. 199–221. 8494:(1995), p. 247. 8490:Gabor Boritt (ed.). 6843:Battle of West Point 6802:disbanded on May 26. 6339:The Bonnie Blue Flag 5923:Colt revolving rifle 5744:commemorative stamps 5646:veteran organization 5423:Thirteenth Amendment 5398:("Copperheads") and 5220:Francis Amasa Walker 5163:died in prison camps 4504:Battle of Five Forks 4441:John C. Breckinridge 4437:Battle of New Market 4322:Conquest of Virginia 4295:Bayou Teche Campaign 4291:siege to Port Hudson 4233:New Orleans captured 4178:New Mexico Territory 4116:Missouri State Guard 4057:Chattanooga Campaign 4008:Battle of Perryville 3973:captured New Orleans 3917:Confederate general 3771:Battle of Gettysburg 3746:advanced across the 3464:District of Columbia 3242:U.S. Merchant Marine 3103:. On March 8, 1862, 3012:Elizabeth D. Leonard 2853:Claiborne F. Jackson 2815:rioting in Baltimore 2287:American nationalism 2177:electrical telegraph 2101:Battle of Gettysburg 2026:from the Union. The 1447:Palestinian American 663:Era of Good Feelings 608:Confederation period 545:Timeline and periods 40:Battle of Gettysburg 35:Clockwise from top: 18204:Invasion of Grenada 18199:Dominican Civil War 17585:Supreme Court cases 17352:Radical Republicans 17131:Old soldiers' homes 17115:Confederate Veteran 17041:artworks in Capitol 16760:Reconstruction acts 16621:Colfax riot of 1873 15585:Richmond-Petersburg 15190:Fugitive slave laws 15120:Popular sovereignty 15100:Missouri Compromise 15090:Kansas-Nebraska Act 14824:Linderman, Gerald. 14748:Varon, Elizabeth R. 14521:Ordeal of the Union 14491:McPherson, James M. 14417:Hofstadter, Richard 14363:10.2307/j.ctvh1dnpx 14351:Varon, Elizabeth R. 14010:Trudeau, Noah Andre 13686:Long, E.B. (1971). 13603:. Scarecrow Press. 12996:on October 19, 2010 12272:, pp. 172–174. 12090:(August 24, 1862). 11976:, pp. 417–419. 11961:, pp. 831–837. 11949:33#1 (1973): 66–85. 11895:, pp. 506–508. 11478:, pp. 382–388. 11421:The Confederate War 11405:, pp. 169–172. 11216:on August 17, 2017. 11193:, pp. 771–772. 11138:, pp. 703–706. 10713:Winik, Jay (2001). 10637:, pp. 846–847. 10625:, pp. 825–830. 10613:, pp. 812–815. 10601:, pp. 773–776. 10589:, pp. 778–779. 10577:, pp. 724–742. 10553:, pp. 724–735. 10299:, pp. 220–221. 10176:, pp. 404–405. 10126:, pp. 677–680. 10058:, pp. 480–483. 10046:, pp. 419–420. 9964:, pp. 418–420. 9893:, pp. 405–413. 9808:, pp. 653–663. 9716:, pp. 639–645. 9661:, pp. 571–574. 9649:, pp. 557–558. 9637:, pp. 543–545. 9596:, pp. 528–533. 9584:, pp. 538–544. 9569:, pp. 424–427. 9541:, pp. 464–519. 9278:, pp. 546–557. 9114:, pp. 224–225. 8709:(2006), p. 74. 8685:10.1093/sf/70.2.321 8315:Vladeck, Stephen I. 8274:, pp. 284–287. 8253:on January 11, 2008 8192:, pp. 203–204. 8180:, pp. 276–307. 8122:, pp. 273–274. 7957:, pp. 572–573. 7916:, pp. 234–266. 7892:, pp. 252–254. 7578:, pp. 254–255. 6295:Free State of Jones 5602:Rutherford B. Hayes 5566:Radical Republicans 5213:battlefield in 1862 5076: 4733: 4661:General Order No. 3 4627:Irwinville, Georgia 4481:Battle of Nashville 4411:Siege of Petersburg 4186:New Mexico Campaign 4180:for the Union. The 4166:Quantrill's Raiders 4155:Battle of Pea Ridge 4046:George Henry Thomas 4031:Battle of Vicksburg 3888:Army of Mississippi 3886:renamed the former 3489:Army of the Potomac 3485:George B. McClellan 3479:Army of the Potomac 3041:Battle between the 3023:Mary Edwards Walker 2880:Unionist government 2734: Union states 2674:P. G. T. Beauregard 2624:in South Carolina. 2551:Missouri Compromise 2521:Revenue Act of 1861 2509:United States Notes 2507:, authorization of 2485:Dred Scott decision 2374:Outbreak of the war 2256:secession documents 2185:civilian casualties 2125:Siege of Petersburg 1382:Lithuanian American 1333:Vietnamese American 597:American Revolution 383:290,000+ total dead 341:365,000+ total dead 138:Dissolution of the 18393:American Civil War 18244:War in Afghanistan 18214:Invasion of Panama 18209:Lebanese Civil War 18134:Formosa Expedition 18094:Second Barbary War 18048:2020 racial unrest 17983:Johnson County War 17978:Lincoln County War 17953:American Civil War 17948:Harpers Ferry raid 17923:Turner's Rebellion 17697:American Civil War 17406:A Lincoln Portrait 17347:Politicians killed 17271:U.S. Balloon Corps 17266:Union corps badges 17046:memorials to Davis 16916:Disenfranchisement 16787:Reconstruction era 16668:Timber Culture Act 16626:Compromise of 1877 15590:Franklin–Nashville 15260:Frederick Douglass 15163:Cornerstone Speech 15080:Compromise of 1850 15028:American Civil War 14961:, battlefields.org 14828:(Free Press, 1987) 14701:Stampp, Kenneth M. 14452:Stephen A. Douglas 14347:Gallagher, Gary W. 13930:. Washington, DC: 13656:10.1353/jmh.0.0194 13277:Dyer, Frederick H. 13126:Never Call Retreat 13049:The Civil War Ends 12935:Sources referenced 12691:on August 12, 2019 12331:on April 20, 2011. 12288:The New York Times 12102:The New York Times 12097:The New York Times 11711:The New York Times 11416:Gallagher, Gary W. 10913:Conner, Robert C. 10652:The New York Times 10524:Ron Field (2013). 10416:Trefousse, Hans L. 10369:www.britannica.com 8881:The New York Times 7763:The Avalon Project 7733:The Avalon Project 7703:The Avalon Project 7673:The Avalon Project 7511:Susan-Mary Grant, 7281:The New York Times 7024:Governor Bramlette 6875:, p. 396. In 6617:The New York Times 6191:The Horse Soldiers 6175:Gone with the Wind 6128:The March: A Novel 6106:Gone with the Wind 5998: 5919:Repeating firearms 5883:television series 5866:Gone with the Wind 5790:, followed by the 5765:William B. Hazen's 5748: 5595:disenfranchisement 5590:Compromise of 1877 5554:federal government 5549: 5535:Reconstruction era 5391: 5266:killed, including 5215: 5211:Battle of Antietam 5113:Wounded in action 5074: 5003:to fight it out." 4731: 4722:James M. McPherson 4706: 4565:Appomattox Station 4477:Battle of Franklin 4471:. Union Maj. Gen. 4433: 4366:William W. Averell 4334: 4260:Quincy A. Gillmore 4236: 4198:Red River Campaign 4147: 4102:was formed by the 4061:Knoxville Campaign 4042:Tullahoma Campaign 4027:Vicksburg Campaign 4000:Battle of Richmond 3998:'s triumph at the 3966:Memphis, Tennessee 3953: 3848: 3748:Rappahannock River 3732: 3670:Seven Days Battles 3647:Nathaniel P. Banks 3639: 3635:Battle of Antietam 3624:Peninsula campaign 3560:Joseph E. Johnston 3556:Douglas S. Freeman 3521: 3452: 3390:Battle of Antietam 3299: 3293:, at right, warns 3197: 3158: 3055: 2938: 2861:Missouri secession 2849:elected convention 2769: 2653: 2572:more perfect union 2543: 2429: 2426: Territories 2352: 2329:Lincoln's election 2179:, steamships, the 2173:industrial warfare 2149:Reconstruction era 2119:, followed by his 2089:siege of Vicksburg 2085:seized New Orleans 1996:American Civil War 1502:Transgender people 1065:Capital punishment 718:Reconstruction Era 462:American Civil War 177:Confederate States 75:Battle of Franklin 70:Richmond, Virginia 24:American Civil War 18443:Conflicts in 1865 18438:Conflicts in 1864 18433:Conflicts in 1863 18428:Conflicts in 1862 18423:Conflicts in 1861 18380: 18379: 18342:Casualties of war 18174:Russian Civil War 18139:Korean Expedition 18084:First Barbary War 17963:Brooks–Baxter War 17918:Fries's Rebellion 17913:Whiskey Rebellion 17855: 17854: 17660: 17659: 17628: 17627: 17624: 17623: 17458:Italian Americans 17443:African Americans 17400:John Brown's Body 17153: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17066: 17065: 16904:Robert E. Lee Day 16648:Freedmen's Bureau 16611:Brooks–Baxter War 16542: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16326: 16325: 16106: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16097: 15515:Northern Virginia 15461:Trans-Mississippi 15434: 15433: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15221:Uncle Tom's Cabin 15158:African Americans 14922:National Archives 14819:Civil War Prisons 14814:(Greenwood, 1989) 14782:978-1-107-00590-7 14761:978-0-8078-3232-5 14739:978-0-8420-2961-2 14718:978-0-19-503902-3 14691:978-1-444-35131-6 14598:978-0-19-516097-0 14508:978-0-19-539242-5 14482:978-0-7425-5972-1 14461:978-0-19-501620-8 14410:Civil War History 14338:978-0-674-06608-3 14251:978-0-300-01762-5 14195:978-0-313-29019-0 14174:978-1-5128-0874-2 14130:978-0-8071-0834-5 14105:978-0-253-33738-2 14084:978-0-394-56285-8 14065:978-0-521-39559-5 14044:978-1-59884-338-5 14023:978-0-316-85328-6 14001:978-1-55750-984-0 13986:Symonds, Craig L. 13913:978-0-8108-6336-1 13892:978-0-06-013403-7 13860:978-0-06-052404-3 13839:978-1-61121-252-5 13820:978-0-87462-325-3 13796:978-0-521-56627-8 13737:978-0-19-974105-2 13716:978-0-19-503863-7 13631:978-0-307-26343-8 13610:978-0-8108-7953-9 13589:978-0-8420-2916-2 13568:978-0-7006-0914-7 13549:978-0-292-73461-6 13530:978-0-8093-2764-5 13506:978-0-19-976553-9 13485:978-1-57607-382-7 13431:Grant, Ulysses S. 13422:978-1-84176-736-9 13403:978-1-59114-297-3 13384:978-0-252-07126-3 13363:978-0-394-74623-4 13342:978-0-393-34066-2 13314:978-0-19-502926-0 13268:978-1-61121-252-5 13211:978-0-684-80846-8 13189:978-6-257-61066-7 13146:978-0-8071-0007-3 13109:978-0-19-507198-6 13088:978-1-55750-519-4 12976:978-0-7619-2762-4 12955:978-0-306-80367-3 12909:978-1-316-43241-9 12857:978-1-135-36275-1 12641:Murfreesboro Post 12621:978-0-307-80960-5 12585:, pp. 28–29. 12573:, pp. 14–19. 12499:978-1-4696-1878-4 12442:Gary W. Gallagher 12398:978-0-8203-3715-9 12342:Hans L. Trefousse 12317:"Finally Passing" 12019:Oates, Stephen B. 11587:Civil War History 11431:978-0-674-16056-9 11294:. Virginia Tech. 11251:978-0-13-389115-7 10923:978-1-61200-186-9 10888:978-0-8061-1420-0 10771:978-1-61069-934-1 10537:978-1-4728-0305-4 10510:978-0-940450-58-5 10468:Civil War History 10342:978-0-19-993168-2 10112:978-1-4516-4137-0 10101:Miller, Donald L. 10030:978-1-882810-47-5 9787:. October 5, 2021 9766:978-0-393-31631-5 9739:978-1-61423-040-3 9700:978-1-4617-5106-9 9424:Shawcross, Edward 9405:. January 5, 2022 9369:Richard Huzzeym, 9360:, pp. 70–74. 9336:, pp. 69–70. 9126:Civil War History 9102:, pp. 43–44. 8770:978-0-8173-1783-6 8646:Civil War History 8598:978-0-7748-2745-4 8587:. Vancouver, BC: 8469:, pp. 10–11. 8381:(1959), 1:129–36. 8368:(1959), 1:119–29. 8323:Temple Law Review 8019:978-1-4824-5180-1 7628:978-0-8476-9953-7 7554:, pp. 44–45. 7473:978-0-19-521921-0 7389:Civil War History 7220:(June 13, 2001). 7094:on July 25, 2017. 6826:Ex parte Merryman 6813:World War II 6738:978-0-393-97555-0 6383:North & South 6346:John Brown's Body 6279:Gods and Generals 6111:Margaret Mitchell 6100:Sheila Kaye-Smith 6032:(1866) poetry by 5915:ironclad warships 5788:Shiloh, Tennessee 5761:Central Tennessee 5679:Empire of Liberty 5610:Benjamin Harrison 5606:James A. Garfield 5545:Freedmen's Bureau 5519:Norfolk, Virginia 5287:Confederate flags 5199:African Americans 5151: 5150: 5091:Killed in action 4995:E. Merton Coulter 4978: 4977: 4785:21,700,000 (98%) 4769:28,800,000 (90%) 4758:22,100,000 (71%) 4710:causes of the war 4615:Army of Tennessee 4596:John Wilkes Booth 4573:an initial battle 4439:Confederate Gen. 4382:Overland Campaign 4302:Battle of Olustee 4162:guerrilla warfare 4012:William Rosecrans 3927:Andrew Hull Foote 3880:Army of Tennessee 3874:Army of Tennessee 3696:Maryland Campaign 3597:Shenandoah Valley 3567:Thomas J. Jackson 3543:on March 14. The 3383:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3152:General Scott's " 2837:Ex parte Merryman 2588:William H. Seward 2575:than the earlier 2567:inaugural address 2515:, and the end of 2505:National Bank Act 2318:antebellum period 2294:partisan politics 2249:pseudo-historical 2175:. Railroads, the 2093:Mississippi River 1992: 1991: 1914: 1913: 1543:American frontier 1442:Lebanese American 1427:Egyptian American 1357:Estonian American 1347:Albanian American 1341:European American 1318:Japanese American 1308:Filipino American 932: 931: 905:Post-Cold War Era 562:Pre-Columbian Era 524: 508: 507: 495:Trans-Mississippi 426: 425: 145: 144: 18480: 18408:Ulysses S. Grant 18332:Military history 18291:Yemeni civil war 18224:Somali Civil War 18124:Second Opium War 17993:Homestead strike 17908:Shays' Rebellion 17882: 17875: 17868: 17859: 17858: 17846: 17839: 17832: 17825: 17823:Native Americans 17818: 17816:Foreign soldiers 17803: 17796: 17788: 17781: 17774: 17767: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17664: 17663: 17650: 17640: 17639: 17463:Native Americans 17448:German Americans 17241:Partisan rangers 17236:Official Records 17176: 17175: 17159: 17158: 17051:memorials to Lee 16998: 16997: 16559: 16558: 16548: 16547: 16335: 16334: 16132: 16131: 16125: 16124: 16112: 16111: 16085:Washington, D.C. 15879:Indian Territory 15839:Dakota Territory 15797: 15796: 15714:Chancellorsville 15505:Jackson's Valley 15495:Blockade runners 15371: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15335: 15334: 15295:Thaddeus Stevens 15285:Lysander Spooner 15245:Susan B. Anthony 15047: 15046: 15036: 15035: 15021: 15014: 15007: 14998: 14997: 14944:Internet Archive 14918:Civil War photos 14864:Mitchell, Reid. 14852:Manning, Chandra 14786: 14765: 14743: 14722: 14710: 14695: 14674: 14642: 14633: 14602: 14512: 14500: 14486: 14465: 14446: 14407: 14384: 14342: 14323: 14292: 14274: 14255: 14225: 14199: 14178: 14156:Borrow book at: 14155: 14151:978-0-8724-97993 14134: 14109: 14088: 14069: 14048: 14027: 14005: 13981: 13967: 13952: 13943: 13917: 13896: 13884: 13873: 13864: 13843: 13824: 13800: 13779: 13768: 13766: 13751: 13741: 13720: 13699: 13682: 13670: 13659: 13635: 13614: 13593: 13572: 13553: 13534: 13510: 13489: 13470: 13448: 13426: 13407: 13388: 13367: 13346: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13294: 13272: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13224: 13215: 13193: 13170: 13155:Davis, Jefferson 13150: 13129: 13113: 13092: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13061: 13054: 13042: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12980: 12959: 12914: 12913: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12841: 12835: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12814:Railroad History 12809: 12803: 12802: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12743: 12737: 12732:Gary Gallagher, 12730: 12724: 12723: 12718:. 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Oates 9383: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9315: 9306: 9300: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9238:9-7816-0473-4522 9218: 9212: 9211: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9012: 9006: 9001:Myron J. Smith, 8999: 8993: 8987: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8906:(January 1865). 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8831:on April 3, 2013 8827:. 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Walsh. 7522: 7516: 7509: 7503: 7498:John McCardell, 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7285:Associated Press 7278: 7270: 7259: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7228:on July 11, 2007 7214: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7133: 7123: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7057: 7056: 7042: 7027: 7020: 7014: 6967:German Americans 6954: 6945: 6930:Patrick Cleburne 6922: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6852: 6846: 6835: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6722: 6713: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6605: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 5842: 5828: 5740:U.S. Post Office 5655: 5632: 5614:William McKinley 5576:, and the House 5479: 5456: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5077: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5037: 4833:1,064,000 (33%) 4830:2,100,000 (67%) 4804:3,550,000 (38%) 4788:5,600,000 (62%) 4772:3,000,000 (10%) 4761:9,100,000 (29%) 4734: 4730: 4638:Simon B. Buckner 4553: 4537: 4488:March to the Sea 4287:Army of the Gulf 4240:Port Royal Sound 4174:Indian Territory 4092:Indian Territory 4004:Don Carlos Buell 3934:Battle of Shiloh 3868:Ulysses S. Grant 3864:Cumberland River 3845:Ulysses S. Grant 3779:Pickett's Charge 3729:Pickett's Charge 3711:Ambrose Burnside 3689:Army of Virginia 3666:James Longstreet 3381:reportedly read 3338:postwar disputes 3306:Cotton diplomacy 3238:commerce raiders 3213:blockade runners 3177:Blockade runners 3164:had devised the 3071:ironclad warship 2847:In Missouri, an 2842:Frank Key Howard 2811:Washington, D.C. 2765: 2759: 2746: Southern 2745: 2739: 2733: 2682:75,000 volunteer 2650:Currier and Ives 2620:in Florida, and 2560:Corwin Amendment 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2379:Secession crisis 2181:ironclad warship 2121:March to the Sea 2105:Ulysses S. Grant 1984: 1977: 1970: 1954: 1944: 1943: 1905: 1904: 1548:Manifest destiny 1538:Historic regions 1520: 1519: 1460:Native Americans 1432:Iranian American 1406:Mexican American 1392:Serbian American 1377:Italian American 1362:Finnish American 1352:English American 1303:Chinese American 1290:African American 1090:Direct democracy 1080:The Constitution 1039:Higher education 948:American Century 850:Civil Rights Era 828:Civil Rights Era 784:Great Depression 773:Roaring Twenties 641:Jeffersonian Era 551: 550: 546: 536: 522: 511: 510: 465: 464: 460:Theaters of the 452: 445: 438: 429: 428: 395:436,658 captured 392:137,000+ wounded 375: 371: 353:181,193 captured 350:282,000+ wounded 330: 326: 268: 259: 258: 250: 241: 240: 218:Ulysses S. Grant 216: 215: 198: 197: 179: 175: 173: 172: 161: 160: 128: 125:§ Aftermath 94: 85: 84: 33: 21: 20: 18488: 18487: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18478: 18477: 18453:1860s conflicts 18403:Jefferson Davis 18398:Abraham Lincoln 18383: 18382: 18381: 18376: 18295: 18154:Boxer Rebellion 18057: 17938:Bleeding Kansas 17896: 17889: 17886: 17856: 17851: 17844:Seminole Nation 17842: 17835: 17830:Cherokee Nation 17828: 17821: 17814: 17806: 17799: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17699: 17691: 17661: 17656: 17620: 17604: 17489: 17453:Irish Americans 17431: 17376: 17285: 17276:U.S. Home Guard 17216:Field artillery 17170: 17169: 17145: 17087: 17062: 17024: 16993: 16987: 16879:Civil War Trust 16846: 16840: 16728:Ethnic violence 16713:Kirk–Holden war 16592: 16553: 16530: 16464: 16322: 16266: 16119: 16094: 16048: 15801: 15788: 15619: 15600:Sherman's March 15580:Bermuda Hundred 15475: 15430: 15402: 15358: 15357: 15321: 15280:J. Sella Martin 15250:James G. Birney 15226: 15144: 15070:Bleeding Kansas 15058: 15041: 15030: 15025: 14936:The short film 14909: 14904: 14868:(Penguin, 1997) 14794: 14789: 14783: 14762: 14740: 14719: 14692: 14663:10.2307/2204926 14622:10.2307/1845246 14599: 14509: 14483: 14462: 14435:10.2307/1840850 14404: 14373: 14353:, eds. (2019). 14339: 14312:10.2307/1844986 14289: 14271: 14252: 14233: 14231:Further reading 14228: 14207: 14202: 14196: 14175: 14152: 14131: 14119:. Baton Rouge: 14106: 14085: 14066: 14045: 14024: 14002: 13914: 13893: 13861: 13840: 13821: 13797: 13764: 13749: 13738: 13717: 13679: 13632: 13611: 13590: 13569: 13550: 13531: 13507: 13486: 13453:Greeley, Horace 13423: 13404: 13385: 13364: 13343: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13269: 13247: 13245: 13212: 13190: 13147: 13110: 13089: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13052: 12999: 12997: 12977: 12956: 12937: 12932: 12924:Main articles: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12894: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12869: 12865: 12858: 12842: 12838: 12829: 12825: 12810: 12806: 12795: 12791: 12781: 12779: 12769: 12765: 12755: 12753: 12745: 12744: 12740: 12731: 12727: 12708: 12704: 12694: 12692: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12673: 12669: 12664: 12660: 12650: 12648: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12606: 12602: 12593: 12589: 12581: 12577: 12569: 12565: 12556: 12552: 12511: 12507: 12500: 12484: 12480: 12472: 12468: 12458:David W. Blight 12456: 12452: 12444:, eds. (2009), 12436: 12432: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12399: 12385: 12381: 12377:(2nd ed. 1991). 12369: 12365: 12356: 12352: 12340: 12336: 12315: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12298: 12280: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12256: 12252: 12234: 12230: 12220: 12218: 12207: 12203: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12142: 12138: 12129: 12125: 12088:Abraham Lincoln 12085: 12081: 12064: 12060: 12047: 12046: 12042: 12034:Stahr, Walter, 12033: 12029: 12017: 12013: 11996: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11972: 11965: 11957: 11953: 11941: 11937: 11927: 11925: 11915: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11884: 11876: 11872: 11864: 11860: 11852: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11799: 11795: 11785: 11783: 11782:. June 25, 2013 11778: 11777: 11773: 11764: 11760: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11733: 11729: 11719: 11717: 11703: 11699: 11680: 11676: 11661: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11637: 11633: 11626: 11622: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11526: 11517: 11498: 11494: 11486: 11482: 11474: 11470: 11460: 11458: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11413: 11409: 11401: 11397: 11378: 11374: 11363: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11339: 11335: 11327: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11265: 11261: 11252: 11238: 11234: 11230:(5 vols), 2006. 11225: 11221: 11213: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11175:Gabor S. Boritt 11173: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11071: 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11023: 11021: 11006: 11002: 10991: 10989: 10974: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10933: 10929: 10912: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10873: 10869: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10819: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10756: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10725: 10711: 10707: 10698: 10694: 10683: 10679: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10538: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10491: 10487: 10464: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10371: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10343: 10329: 10325: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10276: 10272: 10257: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10226: 10222: 10207: 10203: 10184: 10180: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10152:, p. 1476. 10148: 10144: 10135: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10099: 10095: 10087: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10031: 10015: 10011: 10001: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973:Kennedy, p. 58. 9972: 9968: 9960: 9953: 9943: 9941: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9901: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9860: 9845: 9831: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9615: 9613: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9580: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9494: 9492: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9462: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9436:978-1541-674196 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9384: 9377: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9344: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9219: 9215: 9207:The Independent 9198: 9194: 9183: 9179: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9145: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9100:Mendelsohn 2012 9098: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9013: 9009: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8806: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8786:, p. 1466. 8782: 8778: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8729: 8727: 8717: 8713: 8704: 8700: 8669: 8665: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8579: 8575: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8533: 8529: 8518: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8492:War Comes Again 8489: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8398:on May 18, 2012 8390: 8389: 8385: 8376: 8372: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8338: 8334: 8317:(Summer 2007). 8312: 8308: 8297: 8293: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8241: 8240: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8004: 8000: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7538:Elizabeth Varon 7523: 7519: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7412: 7408: 7385: 7381: 7348: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7294: 7292: 7271: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7215: 7208: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7163: 7162: 7151: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7060: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7021: 7017: 7013: 6994:Irish Catholics 6955: 6948: 6938:Jefferson Davis 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6853: 6849: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6810: 6806: 6793: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6745: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6683:Stephenson 1919 6633: 6631: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6455:Darkest of Days 6377: 6372: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6263:The Last Outlaw 6231:North and South 6145: 6117:North and South 6045:Jefferson Davis 6034:Herman Melville 6006: 5963:The Peacemakers 5955: 5895: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5818: 5808: 5732: 5726: 5704: 5698: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5633: 5622: 5537: 5531: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5480: 5472: 5471: 5457: 5418: 5412: 5396:Peace Democrats 5389: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5228:Napoleonic Wars 5135: 5130: 5125: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5027: 4895:Arms production 4698: 4604:George Atzerodt 4583:. His men were 4561: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4509:Union XXV Corps 4500: 4465:fall of Atlanta 4457: 4430:Philip Sheridan 4423: 4406:Bermuda Hundred 4378: 4350:Benjamin Butler 4324: 4316: 4310: 4304:in early 1864. 4280:Benjamin Butler 4267:David D. Porter 4250:, in which the 4226: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4128: 4094:in present-day 4080: 4075: 4069: 3921:'s invasion of 3896: 3876: 3860:Tennessee River 3838: 3833: 3823:, and parts of 3797: 3791: 3789:Western theater 3651:John C. Fremont 3643:Valley Campaign 3579: 3511: 3481: 3476: 3441: 3435: 3433:Eastern theater 3413:Monroe Doctrine 3379:Lord Palmerston 3275: 3265: 3259: 3226: 3224:Economic impact 3185: 3179: 3146: 3140: 3035: 3008: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2926: 2920: 2907: 2897: 2798:separated from 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2710: 2661:Robert Anderson 2642: 2636: 2630: 2535:Jefferson Davis 2490:David E. Twiggs 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2337: 2331: 2322:David M. Potter 2273:but not in the 2229:Southern states 2221: 2203: 2197: 2113:fall of Atlanta 2077:Eastern theater 2073:Western theater 2066:Jefferson Davis 2046:Abraham Lincoln 1988: 1916: 1915: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1414:Jewish American 1387:Polish American 1367:German American 1323:Korean American 1313:Indian American 1284: 1276: 1275: 1130:Merchant Marine 1100:Law enforcement 968:Racial violence 942: 934: 933: 740:Progressive Era 548: 544: 525: 523:History of the 509: 504: 466: 459: 458: 456: 422: 403: 388: 387: 361: 346: 345: 309: 303:360,000 at peak 297: 294:2,200,000 total 291:698,000 at peak 278: 253: 243:Jefferson Davis 235: 229: 210: 200:Abraham Lincoln 192: 170: 168: 155: 134: 122: 110: 92: 79: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18486: 18476: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18347:Peace movement 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18296: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17998:Pullman Strike 17995: 17990: 17988:Coal Creek War 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17933:Dorr Rebellion 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17904: 17902: 17898: 17897: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17885: 17884: 17877: 17870: 17862: 17853: 17852: 17850: 17849: 17848: 17847: 17840: 17837:Choctaw Nation 17833: 17819: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17805: 17804: 17801:United Kingdom 17797: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17704: 17701: 17700: 17690: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17667: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17654: 17644: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17626: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17618: 17612: 17610: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17602: 17600:Women soldiers 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17555:Naming the war 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17525: 17524: 17523: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17497: 17495: 17491: 17490: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17439: 17437: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17293: 17291: 17287: 17286: 17284: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17191:Campaign Medal 17188: 17182: 17180: 17172: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17166:Related topics 17163: 17155: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17144: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17095: 17093: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17074: 17072: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17032: 17030: 17026: 17025: 17023: 17022: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17004: 17002: 16995: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16923: 16913: 16908: 16907: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16894:Decoration Day 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16850: 16848: 16847:Reconstruction 16842: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16757: 16756: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16701:second inquiry 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16665: 16658:Homestead Acts 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16606:Alabama Claims 16602: 16600: 16598:Reconstruction 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16586:15th Amendment 16583: 16581:14th Amendment 16578: 16576:13th Amendment 16567: 16565: 16555: 16554: 16544: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16472: 16470: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16341: 16339: 16332: 16328: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16274: 16272: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16207:J. E. Johnston 16204: 16202:A. S. Johnston 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16142:R. H. Anderson 16138: 16136: 16129: 16121: 16120: 16108: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16056: 16054: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16004:South Carolina 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15979:North Carolina 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15805: 15803: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15704:Fredericksburg 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15644:Wilson's Creek 15641: 15636: 15630: 15628: 15621: 15620: 15618: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15484: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15456:Lower Seaboard 15453: 15448: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15412: 15410: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15379: 15377: 15368: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15331: 15330: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15312:Harriet Tubman 15309: 15308: 15307: 15300:Charles Sumner 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15236: 15234: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15154: 15152: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15135:States' rights 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15050: 15043: 15042: 15032: 15031: 15024: 15023: 15016: 15009: 15001: 14995: 14994: 14988: 14982: 14976: 14967: 14962: 14956: 14947: 14934: 14924: 14915: 14908: 14907:External links 14905: 14903: 14902: 14889:Wiley, Bell I. 14886: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14849: 14839: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14781: 14766: 14760: 14744: 14738: 14723: 14717: 14697: 14690: 14675: 14657:(4): 466–486. 14644: 14634: 14616:(4): 924–950. 14603: 14597: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14569: 14559: 14553: 14547: 14541: 14535: 14513: 14507: 14487: 14481: 14466: 14460: 14447: 14413: 14402: 14385: 14371: 14343: 14337: 14324: 14306:(2): 327–352. 14293: 14287: 14269: 14256: 14250: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14226: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14194: 14179: 14173: 14160: 14150: 14135: 14129: 14110: 14104: 14089: 14083: 14070: 14064: 14049: 14043: 14028: 14022: 14006: 14000: 13982: 13968: 13953: 13944: 13918: 13912: 13897: 13891: 13874: 13865: 13859: 13844: 13838: 13825: 13819: 13805:Neely, Mark E. 13801: 13795: 13780: 13769: 13742: 13736: 13721: 13715: 13700: 13683: 13677: 13660: 13650:(1): 117–145. 13639: 13630: 13615: 13609: 13594: 13588: 13573: 13567: 13554: 13548: 13535: 13529: 13515:Holzer, Harold 13511: 13505: 13490: 13484: 13471: 13449: 13427: 13421: 13408: 13402: 13389: 13383: 13368: 13362: 13347: 13341: 13326: 13313: 13295: 13273: 13267: 13254: 13225: 13216: 13210: 13194: 13188: 13171: 13151: 13145: 13130: 13114: 13108: 13093: 13087: 13072: 13043: 13006: 12986:"Violent City" 12981: 12975: 12960: 12954: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12908: 12888: 12876: 12863: 12856: 12836: 12823: 12804: 12801:. p. 434. 12789: 12763: 12738: 12725: 12702: 12676: 12667: 12658: 12627: 12620: 12600: 12587: 12575: 12563: 12550: 12526:Frederick Merk 12505: 12498: 12478: 12476:, p. 208. 12474:Woodworth 1996 12466: 12450: 12430: 12412: 12397: 12379: 12363: 12350: 12334: 12308: 12274: 12262: 12250: 12239:(March 1990). 12228: 12201: 12183: 12158: 12149: 12136: 12123: 12079: 12071:Holzer, Harold 12058: 12040: 12027: 12025:, p. 106. 12011: 11990: 11978: 11963: 11959:McPherson 1988 11951: 11943:Claudia Goldin 11935: 11909: 11907:, p. 686. 11905:McPherson 1988 11897: 11893:McPherson 1988 11882: 11870: 11858: 11854:McPherson 1988 11841: 11820: 11809:. Vol. 32 11793: 11771: 11758: 11740: 11727: 11697: 11674: 11655: 11651:Vinovskis 1990 11643: 11641:, p. 854. 11639:McPherson 1988 11631: 11620: 11593:(4): 307–348. 11577: 11551: 11515: 11492: 11480: 11476:McPherson 1988 11468: 11437: 11430: 11407: 11403:McPherson 1997 11395: 11386:History Review 11372: 11357: 11355:, p. 566. 11345: 11343:, p. 272. 11333: 11321: 11319:, p. 235. 11309: 11279: 11270:, ed. (1968). 11268:Chauncey Depew 11259: 11250: 11232: 11219: 11195: 11191:McPherson 1988 11183: 11164: 11162:, p. 855. 11160:McPherson 1988 11152: 11150:, p. 851. 11148:McPherson 1988 11140: 11128: 11096: 11064: 11032: 11000: 10968: 10966:, p. 205. 10956: 10927: 10906: 10894: 10887: 10867: 10849: 10847:, p. 692. 10837: 10835:, p. 117. 10825: 10823:, p. 690. 10813: 10801: 10789: 10787:, p. 688. 10777: 10770: 10750: 10748:, p. 685. 10738: 10723: 10705: 10703:, pp. 158–181. 10692: 10677: 10657: 10639: 10635:McPherson 1988 10627: 10623:McPherson 1988 10615: 10611:McPherson 1988 10603: 10599:McPherson 1988 10591: 10587:McPherson 1988 10579: 10575:McPherson 1988 10567: 10565:, p. 728. 10563:McPherson 1988 10555: 10551:McPherson 1988 10543: 10536: 10516: 10509: 10485: 10474:(4): 434–458. 10458: 10433: 10407: 10381: 10356: 10341: 10323: 10301: 10289: 10270: 10251: 10249:, p. 270. 10239: 10220: 10201: 10178: 10174:McPherson 1988 10166: 10164:, p. 100. 10154: 10142: 10128: 10124:McPherson 1988 10116: 10093: 10060: 10056:McPherson 1988 10048: 10044:McPherson 1988 10036: 10029: 10009: 9987: 9975: 9966: 9962:McPherson 1988 9951: 9926: 9924:, p. 170. 9914: 9895: 9891:McPherson 1988 9883: 9858: 9844:978-0160923166 9843: 9822: 9820:, p. 664. 9818:McPherson 1988 9810: 9806:McPherson 1988 9798: 9781:"Salem Church" 9772: 9765: 9745: 9738: 9718: 9714:McPherson 1988 9706: 9699: 9679: 9671:Matteson, John 9663: 9659:McPherson 1988 9651: 9647:McPherson 1988 9639: 9635:McPherson 1988 9627: 9598: 9594:McPherson 1988 9586: 9582:McPherson 1988 9571: 9567:McPherson 1988 9559: 9557:, pp. 263–296. 9543: 9531: 9514: 9502: 9477: 9473:978-0826210975 9456: 9454:, p. 261. 9444: 9438:. Also titled 9416: 9394: 9392:, p. 125. 9375: 9362: 9350: 9338: 9326: 9324:, pp. 263–264. 9307: 9305:, p. 386. 9303:McPherson 1988 9292: 9290:, p. 237. 9280: 9276:McPherson 1988 9268: 9264:Dinçaslan 2022 9256: 9254:, p. 225. 9244: 9237: 9231:. p. 87. 9213: 9192: 9177: 9158: 9143: 9132:(2): 101–118. 9116: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9066:, p. 228. 9056: 9044: 9032: 9030:, p. 345. 9020: 9007: 8994: 8992:, p. 300. 8979: 8967: 8941: 8929: 8927:, p. 462. 8917: 8904:Welles, Gideon 8895: 8884:. June 4, 1977 8867: 8860: 8842: 8812: 8810:, p. 240. 8800: 8788: 8776: 8769: 8749: 8737: 8711: 8698: 8679:(2): 321–342. 8663: 8652:(2): 123–134. 8629: 8616: 8604: 8597: 8573: 8556: 8554:, p. 308. 8544: 8527: 8496: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8446: 8434: 8432:, p. 303. 8430:McPherson 1988 8422: 8409: 8383: 8370: 8357: 8332: 8306: 8291: 8276: 8272:McPherson 1988 8264: 8231: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8178:McPherson 1988 8170: 8168:, p. 278. 8166:McPherson 1988 8158: 8136: 8134:, p. 274. 8132:McPherson 1988 8124: 8120:McPherson 1988 8112: 8110:, p. 273. 8108:McPherson 1988 8100: 8098:, p. 272. 8096:McPherson 1988 8088: 8086:, p. 268. 8084:McPherson 1988 8076: 8074:, p. 267. 8072:McPherson 1988 8061: 8059:, p. 266. 8057:McPherson 1988 8049: 8047:, p. 265. 8045:McPherson 1988 8037: 8035:, p. 264. 8033:McPherson 1988 8025: 8018: 7998: 7959: 7944: 7942:, p. 262. 7940:McPherson 1988 7932: 7918: 7914:McPherson 1988 7906: 7904:, p. 253. 7902:McPherson 1988 7894: 7890:McPherson 1988 7882: 7857: 7831: 7819: 7792: 7788:McPherson 1988 7780: 7750: 7720: 7690: 7660: 7634: 7627: 7609: 7580: 7576:McPherson 1988 7568: 7566:, p. 485. 7556: 7544: 7517: 7504: 7491: 7472: 7452: 7406: 7395:(3): 317–324. 7379: 7360:(2): 415–439. 7339: 7314: 7302: 7260: 7251: 7239: 7206: 7186: 7184:, p. 849. 7174: 7149: 7109: 7107:, p. 705. 7097: 7079: 7058: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7008:Fredericksburg 7001: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6971:Forty-Eighters 6960: 6956: 6946: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6870: 6864: 6854: 6847: 6830: 6817: 6804: 6796:end of the war 6787: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6689:Robertson 1963 6686: 6680: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6607: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6524: 6523: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6133:E. L. Doctorow 6124: 6113: 6102: 6091: 6080: 6078:Ambrose Bierce 6069: 6058: 6047: 6036: 6025: 6005: 6002: 5954: 5951: 5931:muzzle-loading 5899:industrial war 5894: 5891: 5844: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5804: 5728:Main article: 5725: 5722: 5700:Main article: 5697: 5694: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5634: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5586:Horace Greeley 5533:Main article: 5530: 5529:Reconstruction 5527: 5499:Horace Greeley 5481: 5474: 5473: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5414:Main article: 5411: 5408: 5404:1862 elections 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5291:War Department 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5063: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5000:Gary Gallagher 4976: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4839:Railroad miles 4835: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4697: 4694: 4657:Gordon Granger 4623:Richard Taylor 4617:to Sherman at 4611:Boston Corbett 4600:Andrew Johnson 4555: 4548: 4547: 4542:New York Times 4539: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523:Main article: 4520: 4519:End of the war 4517: 4513:Sayler's Creek 4499: 4496: 4473:John Schofield 4461:John Bell Hood 4456: 4453: 4445:Jubal A. Early 4422: 4419: 4415:trench warfare 4377: 4374: 4323: 4320: 4309: 4306: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4205: 4202: 4135:Nathaniel Lyon 4127: 4124: 4112:Sterling Price 4079: 4076: 4068: 4065: 3895: 3892: 3875: 3872: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3817:South Carolina 3790: 3787: 3586:Irvin McDowell 3578: 3575: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3468:North Carolina 3434: 3431: 3344:was powerful. 3261:Main article: 3258: 3255: 3225: 3222: 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3162:Winfield Scott 3144:Union blockade 3142:Main article: 3139: 3138:Union blockade 3136: 3116:Chesapeake Bay 3034: 3031: 3027:Medal of Honor 2997: 2994: 2985:Main article: 2982: 2979: 2971:bounty jumpers 2919: 2916: 2896: 2893: 2889:East Tennessee 2857:Nathaniel Lyon 2762: 2756: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2698:North Carolina 2632:Main article: 2629: 2626: 2614:Fort Jefferson 2602:prime minister 2497:Morrill Tariff 2481:James Buchanan 2433:South Carolina 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2383:Main article: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2333:Main article: 2330: 2327: 2283:white Southern 2199:Main article: 2196: 2193: 2137:end of the war 2109:naval blockade 2058:South Carolina 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1934:Historiography 1931: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1579:The West Coast 1576: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1553:Indian removal 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1482: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452:Saudi American 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Iraqi American 1434: 1429: 1417: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372:Irish American 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1297:Asian American 1293: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235:Sexual slavery 1225: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105:Postal service 1102: 1097: 1095:Foreign policy 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 984: 972: 971: 970: 958: 951: 943: 940: 939: 936: 935: 930: 929: 926: 922: 921: 919: 911: 910: 907: 900: 899: 897: 889: 888: 885: 878: 877: 875: 867: 866: 863: 856: 855: 852: 845: 844: 842: 834: 833: 830: 823: 822: 819: 812: 811: 809: 801: 800: 797: 790: 789: 786: 779: 778: 775: 768: 767: 764: 757: 756: 754: 746: 745: 742: 735: 734: 731: 724: 723: 720: 713: 712: 710: 702: 701: 698: 691: 690: 688: 680: 679: 676: 674:Jacksonian Era 669: 668: 665: 658: 657: 655: 647: 646: 643: 636: 635: 632: 630:Federalist Era 625: 624: 622: 614: 613: 610: 603: 602: 599: 592: 591: 589: 581: 580: 577: 569: 568: 565: 549: 542: 541: 538: 537: 529: 528: 518: 517: 506: 505: 503: 502: 497: 492: 490:Lower seaboard 487: 482: 477: 475:Union blockade 471: 468: 467: 455: 454: 447: 440: 432: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 412: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 396: 393: 389: 386: 385: 380: 377: 364: 362: 360: 359: 354: 351: 347: 344: 343: 338: 335: 332: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 308: 307: 304: 300: 298: 296: 295: 292: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 277: 276: 269: 251: 232: 230: 228: 227: 220: 208: 189: 186: 185: 181: 180: 165: 152: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 136: 130: 129: 116: 112: 111: 108:Atlantic Ocean 102: 100: 96: 95: 89: 81: 80: 78: 77: 72: 66: 57: 51: 42: 36: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18485: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18413:Robert E. Lee 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18390: 18388: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18367:War on terror 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18292: 18289: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18266: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18060: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17899: 17892: 17883: 17878: 17876: 17871: 17869: 17864: 17863: 17860: 17845: 17841: 17838: 17834: 17831: 17827: 17826: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17812: 17809: 17802: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17769: 17766: 17762: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17748: 17745: 17741: 17738: 17734: 17731: 17727: 17724: 17720: 17717: 17713: 17710: 17706: 17705: 17702: 17698: 17695: 17688: 17683: 17681: 17676: 17674: 17669: 17668: 17665: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17643: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17607: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17570:Photographers 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17545:Gender issues 17543: 17541: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17530: 17529: 17526: 17522: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17465: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17440: 17438: 17434: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17407: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17372:War Democrats 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17362:Union Leagues 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17288: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17261:Turning point 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17231:Naval battles 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17165: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17116: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17069: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17027: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17010: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16996: 16994:and memorials 16990: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16856: 16855: 16854:Commemoration 16852: 16851: 16849: 16843: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16696:first inquiry 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16674: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16616:Carpetbaggers 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16599: 16595: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16549: 16545: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16467: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16329: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16113: 16109: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16039:West Virginia 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15959:New Hampshire 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15919:Massachusetts 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15659:Hampton Roads 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15649:Fort Donelson 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15622: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15545:Morgan's Raid 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15490:Anaconda Plan 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15478: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15466:Pacific Coast 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15437: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15372: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15223: 15222: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15200:Positive good 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15175: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15155: 15153: 15151: 15147: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15115:Panic of 1857 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15075:Border states 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15022: 15017: 15015: 15010: 15008: 15003: 15002: 14999: 14992: 14991:The Civil War 14989: 14986: 14983: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14784: 14778: 14774: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14735: 14731: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14709: 14708: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14610: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14590: 14589: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14545: 14542: 14539: 14536: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14517: 14516:Nevins, Allan 14514: 14510: 14504: 14499: 14498: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14473: 14467: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14414: 14411: 14405: 14403:9780030796401 14399: 14395: 14391: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14372:9780823284566 14368: 14364: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14334: 14330: 14329:The Union War 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14300: 14294: 14290: 14288:9780820310770 14284: 14280: 14272: 14270:9780820308159 14266: 14262: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14210: 14209: 14197: 14191: 14187: 14186: 14180: 14176: 14170: 14166: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14147: 14143: 14142: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14117: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14076: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14057: 14056: 14050: 14046: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13950: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13927:The Civil War 13923: 13919: 13915: 13909: 13905: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13875: 13871: 13866: 13862: 13856: 13852: 13851: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13770: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13739: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13722: 13718: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13684: 13680: 13678:0-3930-4712-1 13674: 13669: 13668: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13640: 13638: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13602: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13564: 13560: 13555: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13497: 13491: 13487: 13481: 13477: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13414: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13376: 13375: 13369: 13365: 13359: 13355: 13354: 13348: 13344: 13338: 13334: 13333: 13327: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13255: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13139:. LSU Press. 13138: 13137: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13118:Catton, Bruce 13115: 13111: 13105: 13101: 13100: 13094: 13090: 13084: 13080: 13079: 13073: 13058: 13051: 13050: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13007: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12911: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12892: 12886:, p. 75. 12885: 12880: 12873: 12867: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12848: 12840: 12833: 12827: 12819: 12815: 12808: 12800: 12793: 12778: 12774: 12767: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12735: 12729: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12706: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12671: 12662: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12631: 12623: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12604: 12598:(1927), 2:54. 12597: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12572: 12567: 12560: 12554: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12514:Oscar Handlin 12509: 12501: 12495: 12491: 12490: 12482: 12475: 12470: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12390: 12383: 12376: 12372: 12367: 12360: 12357:Eric Foner's 12354: 12347: 12343: 12338: 12329: 12324: 12323: 12322:The Economist 12318: 12312: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12266: 12260:, p. 82. 12259: 12254: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12216: 12212: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12153: 12146: 12140: 12133: 12127: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12054: 12050: 12044: 12037: 12031: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11987: 11982: 11975: 11970: 11968: 11960: 11955: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11924: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11901: 11894: 11889: 11887: 11879: 11874: 11868:, p. 74. 11867: 11862: 11855: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11830: 11824: 11808: 11804: 11797: 11781: 11775: 11768: 11762: 11754: 11753:United States 11750: 11744: 11737: 11731: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11652: 11647: 11640: 11635: 11629: 11624: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11581: 11570:September 22, 11565: 11564:Science Daily 11561: 11555: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11477: 11472: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11411: 11404: 11399: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11376: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11349: 11342: 11337: 11330: 11325: 11318: 11313: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11283: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11253: 11247: 11243: 11236: 11229: 11223: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11169: 11161: 11156: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11036: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10871: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10846: 10841: 10834: 10833:Dunkerly 2015 10829: 10822: 10817: 10810: 10805: 10799:, p. 68. 10798: 10793: 10786: 10781: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10724:0-06-018723-9 10720: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10696: 10688: 10681: 10673: 10668: 10661: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10520: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10462: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10298: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10170: 10163: 10158: 10151: 10146: 10138: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10097: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10002:September 13, 9997: 9991: 9985:, p. 92. 9984: 9979: 9970: 9963: 9958: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9923: 9918: 9910: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9887: 9876:September 27, 9871: 9865: 9863: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9757: 9749: 9741: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9702: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9667: 9660: 9655: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9616:September 13, 9612: 9608: 9602: 9595: 9590: 9583: 9578: 9576: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9527: 9526: 9518: 9512:, p. 91. 9511: 9510:Anderson 1989 9506: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9404: 9398: 9391: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9266:, p. 73. 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9217: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9196: 9188: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9150: 9148: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9090:, p. 49. 9089: 9084: 9077: 9076:Anderson 1989 9072: 9065: 9060: 9054:, p. 49. 9053: 9048: 9042:, p. 36. 9041: 9036: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9011: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8990:Anderson 1989 8986: 8984: 8977:, p. 92. 8976: 8971: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8871: 8863: 8861:0-313-32708-4 8857: 8853: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8785: 8780: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8753: 8747:, p. 57. 8746: 8741: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8673:Social Forces 8667: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8620: 8613: 8612:Schecter 2007 8608: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8577: 8569: 8568: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8539: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8450: 8444:, p. 55. 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8413: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8380: 8374: 8367: 8361: 8345: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8238: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8204:, p. 21. 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8066: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7941: 7936: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7910: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7829:, p. 28. 7828: 7823: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7790:, p. 24. 7789: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7541: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7456: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7346: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7295:September 22, 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7145: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7025: 7019: 7009: 7005: 7004:Schecter 2007 7002: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6934:Robert E. Lee 6931: 6927: 6921: 6912: 6903: 6894: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869:, p. 207 6868: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6784: 6783:border states 6778: 6769: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6521: 6510: 6497: 6496: 6495:War of Rights 6492: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474:(2013, US/FR) 6473: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6434:(2007, US/FR) 6433: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271:Cold Mountain 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247:The Civil War 6244: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6089:Stephen Crane 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5886:The Civil War 5882: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5841: 5827: 5817: 5813: 5806:Commemoration 5803: 5801: 5797: 5794:in 1895, and 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5709:Alan T. Nolan 5703: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5482:In 1863, the 5478: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434:Simon Cameron 5430: 5426: 5424: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400:War Democrats 5397: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5066: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4857:29,100 (98%) 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4846:21,800 (71%) 4845: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801:490,000 (2%) 4800: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619:Bennett Place 4616: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:Ben McCulloch 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958:Island No. 10 3950: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:Leonidas Polk 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3884:Braxton Bragg 3881: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775:turning point 3772: 3768: 3765:during Lee's 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3744:John Sedgwick 3740: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3719:Joseph Hooker 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700:Potomac River 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552:Robert E. Lee 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3518:Robert E. Lee 3515: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362:Prince Albert 3359: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3166:Anaconda Plan 3163: 3155: 3154:Anaconda Plan 3150: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3132:Great Britain 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3033:Naval tactics 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:habeas corpus 2821: 2818:establishing 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:West Virginia 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:West Virginia 2781: 2777: 2773: 2754: 2753:West Virginia 2749: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2665:Fort Moultrie 2662: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608:in Virginia, 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Homestead Act 2498: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2364:administering 2361: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:nullification 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:written about 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Robert E. Lee 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:United States 2005: 2001: 1997: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1929:List of years 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1897:Urban history 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:Thai American 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176:Party Systems 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Voting rights 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 978: 977: 973: 969: 966: 965: 964: 963: 959: 957: 956: 952: 950: 949: 945: 944: 938: 937: 927: 924: 923: 920: 918: 917: 913: 912: 908: 906: 902: 901: 898: 896: 895: 891: 890: 886: 884: 880: 879: 876: 874: 873: 869: 868: 864: 862: 858: 857: 853: 851: 847: 846: 843: 841: 840: 836: 835: 831: 829: 825: 824: 820: 818: 814: 813: 810: 808: 807: 803: 802: 798: 796: 792: 791: 787: 785: 781: 780: 776: 774: 770: 769: 765: 763: 759: 758: 755: 753: 752: 748: 747: 743: 741: 737: 736: 732: 730: 726: 725: 721: 719: 715: 714: 711: 709: 708: 704: 703: 699: 697: 696:Civil War Era 693: 692: 689: 687: 686: 682: 681: 677: 675: 671: 670: 666: 664: 660: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 648: 644: 642: 638: 637: 633: 631: 627: 626: 623: 621: 620: 616: 615: 611: 609: 605: 604: 600: 598: 594: 593: 590: 588: 587: 583: 582: 578: 576: 575: 571: 570: 566: 564: 563: 558: 557: 553: 552: 547: 540: 539: 535: 531: 530: 527: 526:United States 520: 519: 516: 513: 512: 501: 500:Pacific coast 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 469: 463: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433: 430: 419: 416: 413: 410: 409: 406: 400: 397: 394: 391: 390: 384: 381: 378: 376: 366: 365: 363: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 342: 339: 336: 333: 331: 321: 320: 318: 317: 312: 305: 302: 301: 299: 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 275: 274: 273:and others... 270: 267: 262: 261:Robert E. Lee 257: 252: 249: 244: 239: 234: 233: 231: 226: 225: 224:and others... 221: 219: 214: 209: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 190: 188: 187: 182: 178: 166: 164: 163:United States 159: 154: 153: 148: 141: 137: 132: 131: 126: 120: 117: 114: 113: 109: 105: 104:United States 101: 98: 97: 90: 87: 86: 82: 76: 73: 71: 67: 65: 64: 58: 55: 52: 50: 46: 43: 41: 38: 37: 32: 27: 22: 19: 18179:World War II 17973:Hamburg riot 17952: 17696: 17511:Bibliography 17494:Other topics 17436:By ethnicity 17404: 17357:Trent Affair 17256:Signal Corps 17113: 16836:White League 16723:Ku Klux Klan 16636:Confederados 16563:Constitution 16435:D. D. Porter 16288:Breckinridge 15999:Rhode Island 15994:Pennsylvania 15749:Spotsylvania 15709:Stones River 15689:2nd Bull Run 15639:1st Bull Run 15525:Stones River 15426:Marine Corps 15393:Marine Corps 15232:Abolitionism 15219: 15172: 15027: 14938: 14895: 14891: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14855: 14842: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14801: 14771: 14751: 14728: 14706: 14680: 14654: 14648: 14638: 14613: 14607: 14587: 14577: 14571: 14561: 14555: 14549: 14543: 14537: 14527: 14519: 14496: 14471: 14451: 14429:(1): 50–55. 14426: 14420: 14409: 14393: 14390:Unger, Irwin 14354: 14328: 14303: 14297: 14278: 14260: 14240: 14217: 14184: 14164: 14140: 14115: 14094: 14074: 14054: 14033: 14013: 13990: 13976: 13962: 13958: 13948: 13926: 13902: 13880: 13869: 13849: 13829: 13809: 13785: 13774: 13757: 13753: 13726: 13705: 13687: 13666: 13647: 13643: 13637:Google Books 13620: 13599: 13578: 13558: 13539: 13519: 13495: 13475: 13457: 13435: 13412: 13393: 13373: 13352: 13331: 13318:. Retrieved 13303: 13281: 13258: 13246:. 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Retrieved 12170: 12161: 12152: 12144: 12139: 12131: 12126: 12095: 12082: 12074: 12066: 12061: 12052: 12043: 12035: 12030: 12022: 12014: 12009:, pp. 83–85. 12006: 12002: 11993: 11981: 11954: 11946: 11938: 11926:. Retrieved 11912: 11900: 11873: 11861: 11832:. Retrieved 11823: 11811:. Retrieved 11806: 11796: 11784:. Retrieved 11774: 11766: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11735: 11730: 11720:December 23, 11718:. Retrieved 11710: 11700: 11692:the original 11687: 11677: 11667: 11658: 11653:, p. 7. 11646: 11634: 11623: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11568:. Retrieved 11563: 11554: 11537: 11533: 11505: 11495: 11483: 11471: 11459:. Retrieved 11454: 11450: 11440: 11420: 11410: 11398: 11390:the original 11385: 11375: 11366: 11360: 11353:Coulter 1950 11348: 11336: 11324: 11312: 11300:. Retrieved 11291: 11282: 11272: 11262: 11241: 11235: 11227: 11222: 11211:the original 11198: 11186: 11178: 11155: 11143: 11131: 11119:. Retrieved 11114: 11108: 11099: 11087:. Retrieved 11082: 11076: 11067: 11055:. 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Retrieved 8724: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8649: 8645: 8632: 8624: 8619: 8607: 8583: 8576: 8566: 8559: 8552:Coulter 1950 8547: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8511: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8442:Weigley 2004 8437: 8425: 8417: 8412: 8400:. Retrieved 8396:the original 8386: 8378: 8373: 8365: 8360: 8348:. Retrieved 8342: 8335: 8322: 8309: 8300: 8294: 8285: 8279: 8267: 8255:. Retrieved 8251:the original 8244: 8222:. Retrieved 8218: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149:. Retrieved 8139: 8127: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8008: 8001: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7935: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7873:. Retrieved 7869: 7860: 7848:. Retrieved 7834: 7827:Winters 1963 7822: 7812:November 28, 7810:. Retrieved 7795: 7783: 7773:November 28, 7771:. Retrieved 7762: 7753: 7743:November 28, 7741:. Retrieved 7732: 7723: 7713:November 28, 7711:. Retrieved 7702: 7693: 7683:November 28, 7681:. Retrieved 7672: 7663: 7653:November 28, 7651:. Retrieved 7647:the original 7637: 7618: 7612: 7600:. 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K. Smith 16128:Confederate 16075:New Orleans 16070:Chattanooga 15934:Mississippi 15834:Connecticut 15802:territories 15793:Involvement 15754:Cold Harbor 15744:Fort Pillow 15734:Chattanooga 15729:Chickamauga 15679:Seven Pines 15669:New Orleans 15634:Fort Sumter 15575:Valley 1864 15408:Confederacy 15205:Slave Power 15185:Fire-Eaters 14927:View images 14381:j.ctvh1dnpx 14205:Web sources 14158:archive.org 13961:. Vol. 30, 13299:Foner, Eric 12884:Keegan 2009 12407:j.ctt46nc9q 12221:October 16, 12196:www.nps.gov 12176:January 20, 11974:Donald 1995 11880:, p. . 11765:Jim Downs, 11540:: 119–131. 11461:October 16, 10395:www.nps.gov 10374:January 25, 10297:Keegan 2009 10286:(1): 36–51. 10247:Keegan 2009 10236:(1): 44–51. 10162:Keegan 2009 9939:www.nps.gov 9870:"Vicksburg" 9409:January 18, 9156:, p. . 9040:Fuller 2008 9028:Nelson 2005 8975:Nelson 2005 8960:January 24, 8939:, p. . 8937:Canney 1998 8745:Keegan 2009 8614:, p. . 8479:Keegan 2009 8257:February 6, 8151:November 3, 7870:History.com 7602:January 22, 7484:October 25, 7232:October 14, 6977:Keller 2009 6963:Wittke 1952 6926:Howell Cobb 6858:Murray 1967 6695:Catton 1965 6649:Draper 1870 6490:(2016, UKR) 6482:(2014, UKR) 6375:Video games 6167:Operator 13 6159:The General 6067:Jules Verne 5994:Oval Office 5989:River Queen 5947:Gatling gun 5935:single-shot 5663:New Orleans 5661:reunion in 5460:Contrabands 5248:World War I 5236:Minié balls 4726:Copperheads 4650:Stand Watie 4629:on May 10. 4395:Cold Harbor 4372:, Alabama. 4354:Franz Sigel 4275:New Orleans 4255:advantage. 4190:Stand Watie 4053:Chattanooga 3996:Kirby Smith 3813:Mississippi 3685:John Pope's 3620:James River 3372:during the 3325:to Britain 3318:diplomacy. 3315:Carl Schurz 3251:Stone Fleet 3171:King Cotton 2912:John Keegan 2832:Roger Taney 2820:martial law 2622:Fort Sumter 2618:Fort Taylor 2606:Fort Monroe 2541:(1861–1865) 2523:introduced 2445:Mississippi 2368:maintaining 2054:Fort Sumter 2016:Confederacy 2000:other names 1848:Territories 1569:New England 1249:Agriculture 1168:Coast Guard 1163:Space Force 1011:Immigration 861:Vietnam War 762:World War I 556:Prehistoric 133:Territorial 54:Confederate 18387:Categories 18372:War crimes 18239:Kosovo War 18184:Korean War 18164:Border War 18023:Bonus Army 18018:Tulsa riot 18008:Red Summer 17928:Mormon War 17786:San Marino 17550:Juneteenth 17071:Cemeteries 16948:Red Shirts 16859:Centennial 16809:Red Shirts 16217:Longstreet 16147:Beauregard 16090:Winchester 16065:Charleston 16034:Washington 15969:New Mexico 15964:New Jersey 15824:California 15800:States and 15784:Five Forks 15769:Mobile Bay 15739:Wilderness 15719:Gettysburg 15699:Perryville 15684:Seven Days 15615:Appomattox 15540:Gettysburg 15500:New Mexico 15367:Combatants 15342:Combatants 15255:John Brown 13167:1249017603 13124:. Vol. 3, 12870:Sondhaus, 12583:Nolan 2000 12571:Nolan 2000 12546:Q118746838 12438:Joan Waugh 12118:Q116965145 11986:Baker 2003 11878:Foner 1981 11866:Foner 2010 11834:January 9, 11813:January 9, 11786:January 2, 11488:Doyle 2015 11302:August 21, 10196:1029877004 10150:Jones 2011 9539:Foote 1974 9358:Doyle 2015 9346:Doyle 2015 9334:Doyle 2015 9252:Jones 2002 9112:Stern 1962 8954:Britannica 8888:January 6, 8730:January 6, 8467:Neely 1993 8350:August 18, 8202:Jones 2011 8190:Jones 2011 7310:Downs 2012 7247:Downs 2012 7033:References 6990:Baker 2003 6942:Appomattox 6860:, p. 6841:, and the 6707:Blair 2015 6675:, p. 6667:Grant 1886 6661:Davis 1881 6655:Davis 1881 6466:(2011, US) 6458:(2009, US) 6450:(2009, US) 6442:(2008, US) 6426:(2006, US) 6418:(2006, US) 6410:(2006, US) 6402:(1999, US) 6394:(1997, US) 6386:(1989, FR) 6308:See also: 6298:(2016, US) 6290:(2012, US) 6282:(2003, US) 6274:(2003, US) 6266:(1993, US) 6258:(1993, US) 6255:Gettysburg 6250:(1990, US) 6242:(1989, US) 6226:(1976, US) 6218:(1971, US) 6202:(1965, US) 6199:Shenandoah 6194:(1959, US) 6186:(1951, US) 6178:(1939, US) 6170:(1934, US) 6162:(1926, US) 6154:(1915, US) 6131:(2005) by 6122:John Jakes 6120:(1982) by 6109:(1936) by 6098:(1917) by 6087:(1895) by 6076:(1890) by 6065:(1887) by 6056:Mark Twain 6054:(1885) by 6043:(1881) by 6020:(1865) by 6004:Literature 5778:, and the 5696:Lost Cause 5484:Union Army 5464:Union Army 5230:, such as 5025:Casualties 4946:negligible 4934:4,500,000 4930:negligible 4861:negligible 4817:1,900,000 4813:negligible 4751:Population 4686:Shenandoah 4665:Juneteenth 4659:announced 4387:Wilderness 4244:Charleston 4215:Background 4160:Extensive 4143:Union Army 4141:, leading 4078:Background 3962:New Madrid 3831:Background 3704:Sharpsburg 3616:York River 3571:Jeb Stuart 3483:Maj. Gen. 3474:Background 3370:Lord Lyons 3075:steamboats 3064:Royal Navy 3057:The small 3010:Historian 3000:See also: 2947:immigrants 2922:See also: 2899:See also: 2792:Union Army 2657:Charleston 2638:See also: 2592:nomination 2525:income tax 2252:Lost Cause 2189:World Wars 1123:Journalism 1075:Corruption 1054:Government 1005:Demography 992:Newspapers 883:Reagan Era 729:Gilded Age 567:until 1607 18079:Quasi-War 17968:Range War 17795:(as Siam) 17709:Australia 17528:Espionage 17322:Diplomacy 17290:Political 17246:POW camps 16992:Monuments 16819:Scalawags 16814:Redeemers 16552:Aftermath 16501:Pinkerton 16440:Rosecrans 16405:McClellan 16308:Memminger 16044:Wisconsin 16009:Tennessee 15929:Minnesota 15904:Louisiana 15779:Nashville 15724:Vicksburg 15654:Pea Ridge 15605:Carolinas 15560:Red River 15555:Knoxville 15535:Tullahoma 15530:Vicksburg 15510:Peninsula 15482:campaigns 15348:Campaigns 15125:Secession 14972:from the 14929:from the 13940:299955768 13467:936872302 13445:255136538 13320:April 20, 13243:830251756 13031:0002-8762 12296:0362-4331 12110:0362-4331 11341:Ward 1990 10964:Neff 2010 10925:. p. 177. 10845:Long 1971 10821:Long 1971 10809:Hunt 2015 10785:Long 1971 10746:Long 1971 10400:April 20, 10351:777948477 10216:counties. 9944:March 12, 9853:880934087 9791:March 30, 9495:April 22, 9154:Wise 1991 9088:Wise 1991 8589:UBC Press 8402:April 20, 7993:1945-7987 7436:0882-228X 7374:0021-8723 7138:cite book 7105:Long 1971 6867:Neff 2010 6673:Dyer 1908 6498:(TBD, US) 5907:telegraph 5877:Ken Burns 5855:Hollywood 5742:released 5578:impeached 5486:accepted 5256:Jim Downs 5136:(31,000) 5131:(30,192) 5124:Captured 5080:Category 5067:, Georgia 4677:Admiralty 4581:Traveller 4342:total war 4269:attacked 4139:St. Louis 3985:Vicksburg 3912:Nashville 3825:Louisiana 3821:Tennessee 3612:peninsula 3583:Maj. Gen. 3569:assigned 3404:Austrian 3331:CSS 3295:Uncle Sam 3291:John Bull 3257:Diplomacy 3109:USS 3100:Merrimack 3092:CSS 3085:CSS 3082:submarine 3059:U.S. Navy 3051:Merrimack 3043:USS 3018:Red Rover 2981:Prisoners 2952:When the 2690:Tennessee 2461:Louisiana 2314:economics 2306:secession 2279:abolition 2022:that had 2004:civil war 1574:The South 1158:Air Force 1033:Education 909:1991–2008 894:1991–2008 887:1981–1991 872:1980–1991 865:1964–1975 854:1954–1968 839:1964–1980 832:1954–1968 821:1945–1964 806:1945–1964 799:1941–1945 788:1929–1941 777:1918–1929 766:1917–1918 751:1917–1945 744:1896–1917 733:1877–1896 722:1865–1877 707:1865–1917 700:1849–1865 685:1849–1865 678:1825–1849 667:1817–1825 652:1815–1849 645:1801–1817 634:1788–1801 619:1789–1815 612:1783–1788 601:1765–1783 586:1776–1789 579:1607–1765 322:110,000+ 68:Ruins of 61:USS 59:Ironclad 56:prisoners 18362:Cold War 18279:Cameroon 18249:Iraq War 18219:Gulf War 17943:Utah War 17901:Domestic 17793:Thailand 17642:Category 17483:Seminole 17473:Cherokee 17226:Medicine 17179:Military 17092:Veterans 16926:Jim Crow 16691:timeline 16486:Ericsson 16469:Civilian 16450:Sheridan 16410:McDowell 16370:Farragut 16355:Burnside 16345:Anderson 16338:Military 16318:Stephens 16278:Benjamin 16271:Civilian 16157:Buchanan 16135:Military 16080:Richmond 16029:Virginia 15974:New York 15949:Nebraska 15939:Missouri 15924:Michigan 15914:Maryland 15899:Kentucky 15874:Illinois 15849:Delaware 15829:Colorado 15814:Arkansas 15774:Franklin 15694:Antietam 15565:Overland 15520:Maryland 15439:Theaters 15345:Theaters 14750:(2008). 14703:(1990). 14493:(2007). 14222:Archived 14012:(1994). 13974:(1962). 13924:(1963). 13807:(1993). 13762:Archived 13696:68283123 13455:(1866). 13433:(1886). 13301:(1981). 13279:(1908). 13248:July 28, 13231:(1870). 13200:(1995). 13157:(1881). 13120:(1965). 13057:Archived 13039:43697075 13000:July 29, 12542:Wikidata 12536:(1954), 12215:Archived 12114:Wikidata 11928:June 17, 11923:ABC News 11615:30195230 11607:22512048 11510:Archived 11418:(1999). 11369:. ch. 1. 11296:Archived 11121:July 25, 11089:July 25, 11057:July 25, 11024:July 25, 11018:Archived 10992:July 25, 10986:Archived 10949:June 12, 10733:46543709 10451:March 7, 10418:(1957). 10318:Archived 10230:Prologue 9426:(2021). 8835:June 22, 8516:Archived 8377:Nevins, 8364:Nevins, 8327:Archived 7875:June 12, 7850:July 16, 7806:Archived 7767:Archived 7737:Archived 7707:Archived 7677:Archived 7533:Archived 7478:Archived 7444:23210244 7289:Archived 7218:Nofi, Al 7050:Archived 6751:Archived 6634:July 29, 6570:Cherokee 6504:See also 5943:Agar gun 5911:balloons 5875:(2012). 5863:(1915), 5636:Monument 5488:Freedmen 5242:and the 5232:charging 5147:914,660 5144:821,245 5134:462,634 5129:211,411 5119:194,026 5116:275,154 5108:164,000 5105:224,580 5102:Disease 5094:110,100 4942:300,000 4827:1860–64 4823:Soldiers 4714:its name 4646:Cherokee 4592:was shot 4492:Savannah 4096:Oklahoma 4088:Arkansas 3977:Farragut 3923:Columbus 3904:Donelson 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