2176:. They showed a Protestant religious tone and "promoted the principles of hard work, obedience, generosity, humility, and piety; trumpeted the benefits of family cohesion; and furnished mild adventure stories, innocent entertainment, and instruction". Their pages featured factual information and anecdotes about the war along with related quizzes, games, poems, songs, short oratorical pieces for "declamation", short stories and very short plays that children could stage. They promoted patriotism and the Union war aims, fostered kindly attitudes toward freed slaves, blackened the Confederates cause, encouraged readers to raise money for war-related humanitarian funds, and dealt with the death of family members. By 1866, the Milton Bradley Company was selling "The Myriopticon: A Historical Panorama of the Rebellion" that allowed children to stage a neighborhood show that would explain the war. It comprised colorful drawings that were turned on wheels and included pre-printed tickets, poster advertisements, and narration that could be read aloud at the show.
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1235:. It was a joint committee of both houses that was dominated by the Radical Republicans, who took a hard line against the Confederacy. During the 37th and 38th Congresses, the committee investigated every aspect of Union military operations, with special attention to finding commanders culpable for military defeats. It assumed an inevitable Union victory. Failure was perceived to indicate evil motivations or personal failures. The committee distrusted graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point, since many of the academy's alumni were leaders of the enemy army. Members of the committee much preferred political generals with a satisfactory political record. Some of the committee suggested that West-Pointers who engaged in strategic maneuver were cowardly or even disloyal. It ended up endorsing incompetent but politically correct generals.
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temporary new volunteer army that was formed, with expectations that their experience would lead to rapid promotions. The problem with volunteering, however, was its serious lack of planning, leadership, and organization at the highest levels. Washington called on the states for troops, and every northern governor set about raising and equipping regiments, and sent the bills to the War
Department. The men could elect the junior officers, while the governor appointed the senior officers, and Lincoln appointed the generals. Typically, politicians used their local organizations to raise troops and were in line (if healthy enough) to become colonel. The problem was that the War Department, under the disorganized leadership of
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711:, the Union, or the United States, is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was often called "the South". The Union (the United States) never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy's secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States. In foreign affairs, the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term "Union" occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the
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1561:. There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water, inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps, and dirty camp hospitals took their toll. This was a common scenario in wars from time immemorial, and conditions faced by the Confederate army were even worse. What was different in the Union was the emergence of skilled, well-funded medical organizers who took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department, and the
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Glenwood and Cedar Falls. The state government funded pensions for the widows and children of soldiers. Orphan schools like the
Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphan School, also spoke of the broader public welfare experiment that began as part of the aftermath of the Civil War. These orphan schools were created to provide housing, care, and education for orphans of Civil War soldiers. They became a matter of state pride, with orphans were paraded around at rallies to display the power of a patriotic schooling.
1718:. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit. With the South gone and Northern Democrats weak, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for most of the rest. Economic historians attribute the remainder of the cost of the war to inflation. Congress wrote an elaborate program of economic
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government regardless of their politics. By contrast the
Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit, while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots.
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system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to
Confederate prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.
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legitimate opposition force unfairly treated by the government, adding that the draft was in disrepute and that the
Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons. Copperheadism was a major issue in the 1864 presidential election—its strength waxed when Union armies were doing poorly and waned when they won great victories. After the fall of
1768:. State banks lost their power to issue banknotes. Only national banks could do that and Chase made it easy to become a national bank; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks. Chase numbered them, so that the first one in each city was the "First National Bank". Third, the government printed paper money called "
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machinery and other implements. The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient, even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army. Many wives took their place and often consulted by mail on what to do; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help.
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notice, the army forced almost 20,000 people, mostly women, children and the elderly, to leave their homes. Many never returned and the affected counties were economically devastated for years after the end of the war. Families passed along stories of their bitter experiences down through several generations—future U.S. President
2614:†Had two state governments, one Unionist one Confederate, both claiming to be the legitimate government of their state. Kentucky's and Missouri's Confederate governments never had significant control after 1862, though the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war.
2239:. Likewise, large pockets of eastern Kentucky were Unionist and helped keep the state from seceding. In western Virginia the counties that bordered Ohio and Pennsylvania were Unionist strongholds, though the interior counties supported Richmond and the Confederacy. With the aid of the Union army, and support in Congress, a
1498:(1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state lost track of men who enlisted after 1861; it had no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees, and there was no inventory of weaponry and supplies.
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of the war, so it would not bitterly divide their membership. The
Quakers, while giving strong support to the abolitionist movement on a personal level, refused to take a denominational position. Some clergymen who supported the Confederacy were denounced as Copperheads, especially in the border regions.
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All the northern states had free public school systems before the war but not the border states. West
Virginia set up its system in 1863. Over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves. Thousands of black refugees poured into St. Louis,
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The
Protestant clergy in America took a variety of positions. In general, the pietistic denominations such as the Methodists, Northern Baptists and Congregationalists strongly supported the war effort. Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans and conservative Presbyterians generally avoided any discussion
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Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war. Prices were high, pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from
Britain (which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports). The war acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn
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The calls for more and more soldiers continued, so states and localities responded by offering cash bonuses. By 1863, a draft law was in effect, but few men actually were drafted and served, since the law was designed to get them to volunteer or hire a substitute. Others hid away or left the country.
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The
Copperheads were a large faction of northern Democrats who opposed the war, demanding an immediate peace settlement. They said they wanted to restore "the Union as it was" (that is, with the South and with slavery) but they realized that the Confederacy would never voluntarily rejoin the U.S. The
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the "political genius" of Abraham Lincoln's performance as president. His first priority was military victory. This required that he master entirely new skills as a strategist and diplomat. He oversaw supplies, finances, manpower, the selection of generals, and the course of overall strategy. Working
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At the time, Northerners were right to wonder at the near unanimity that so quickly followed long months of bitterness and discord. It would not last throughout the protracted war to come—or even through the year—but in that moment of unity was laid bare the common Northern nationalism usually hidden
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Unlike the Confederacy, the loyal areas of the United States had a relatively large industrialized and urbanized area in the Northeast, and more advanced commercial, transportation and financial systems than the rural slaveholding South. Additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of five
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with their hard line toward the white South. Dissident Methodists left the church. During Reconstruction the Methodists took the lead in helping form Methodist churches for Freedmen and moving into Southern cities even to the point of taking control, with Army help, of buildings that had belonged to
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The North's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion. Even more important, the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds. Thereby the nation monetized
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Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's
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Michigan was especially eager to send thousands of volunteers. A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by
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ravaged the countryside. Prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers' wives, widows, and orphans, and for the
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The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the
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Historian Stephen M. Frank reports that what it meant to be a father varied with status and age. He says most men demonstrated dual commitments as providers and nurturers and believed that husband and wife had mutual obligations toward their children. The war privileged masculinity, dramatizing and
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but Lincoln quickly overruled this show of anti-semitism. Critics said the cotton trade helped the South, prolonged the war and fostered corruption. Lincoln decided to continue the trade for fear that Britain might intervene if its textile manufacturers were denied raw material. Another goal was to
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The Treasury started buying cotton during the war, for shipment to Europe and northern mills. The sellers were Southern planters who needed the cash, regardless of their patriotism. The Northern buyers could make heavy profits, which annoyed soldiers like Ulysses Grant. He blamed Jewish traders and
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Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues. These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed the support of
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The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a very large army and navy. The Republicans in Washington had a Whiggish vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories, productive farms, all national banks, all knit together by a modern railroad system, to
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grew stronger and generated fears of corruption in high places. Voters became afraid of power being centralized in Washington, extravagant spending, and war profiteering. Democratic candidates emphasized these fears. The candidates added that rapid modernization was putting too much political power
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The Army learned many lessons and modernized its procedures, and medical science—especially surgery—made many advances. In the long run, the wartime experiences of the numerous Union commissions modernized public welfare, and set the stage for large—scale community philanthropy in America based on
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sent agents into the Army camps to provide psychological support as well as books, newspapers, food and clothing. Through prayer, sermons and welfare operations, the agents ministered to soldiers' spiritual as well as temporal needs as they sought to bring the men to a Christian way of life. Most
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and some recent German immigrants. It was a Democratic stronghold and few men dared speak out in favor of conscription. Local politicians denounced Lincoln and Congress as despotic, seeing the draft law as a violation of their local autonomy. In June 1863, small-scale disturbances broke out; they
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On the whole, the national, state, and local governments handled the avalanche of paperwork effectively. Skills developed in insurance and financial companies formed the basis of systematic forms, copies, summaries, and filing systems used to make sense of masses of human data. The leader in this
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While business had been slow or depressed in spring 1861, because of war fears and Southern boycotts, by fall business was hiring again, offering young men jobs that were an alternative way to help win the war. Nonpartisanship was the rule in the first year, but by summer 1862, many Democrats had
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Pennsylvania, for example, had acute problems. When Washington called for 10 more regiments, enough men volunteered to form 30. However, they were scattered among 70 different new units, none of them a complete regiment. Not until Washington approved gubernatorial control of all new units was the
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Year by year, the rebel Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources and population. Meanwhile, the United States turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force. However, much of the US strength had to be used to garrison former-Confederate
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in 1863, and evacuated areas of Jackson, Cass, and Bates counties. They forced the residents out to reduce support for the guerrillas. Union cavalry could sweep through and track down Confederate guerrillas, who no longer had places to hide and people and infrastructure to support them. On short
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Caring for war orphans was an important function for local organizations as well as state and local government. A typical state was Iowa, where the private "Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home Association" operated with funding from the legislature and public donations. It set up orphanages in Davenport,
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The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms (80 to 200 acres) at low prices with extended credit. In addition the government sponsored fresh information, scientific methods and the latest techniques
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of 1861 was designed to raise revenue. The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports. Furthermore, it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers, and as a
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for the 1864 presidential but imposed an anti-war platform on him. In terms of Congress the opposition against the war was nearly powerless—as was the case in most states. In Indiana and Illinois pro-war governors circumvented anti-war legislatures elected in 1862. For 30 years after the war the
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promoted Christian family activism. Its articles provided moral uplift to women and children. It portrayed the War as a great moral crusade against a decadent Southern civilization corrupted by slavery. It recommended activities that family members could perform in order to aid the Union cause.
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showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy. Many new taxes were imposed and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb. The government paid for supplies in real money, which encouraged people to sell to the
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Both sides operated prison camps; they handled about 400,000 captives, but many other prisoners were quickly released and never sent to camps. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861–63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange
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called for an end to the use of the term "Union", writing "The employment of 'Union' instead of 'United States,' implicitly supports the Lost Cause, Confederate view of secession wherein the nation of the United States collapsed In reality, however, the United States never ceased to exist The
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The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land (mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846). The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt. Land grants went to
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of July 13 to July 16, 1863. Irish Catholic and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Initially focused on the draft, the protests quickly expanded into violent attacks on blacks in New York City, with many killed on the
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In the first few months, men wore low quality uniforms made of "shoddy" material, but by fall, sturdy wool uniforms—in blue—were standard. The nation's factories were converted to produce the rifles, cannons, wagons, tents, telegraph sets, and the myriad of other special items the army needed.
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for inspiration—with ideals that promoted an agrarian rather than industrialized concept of society. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies. However, other historians say the Copperheads were a
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was able to maintain control of the state's contribution to the war effort despite the Democratic majority. Washington was especially helpful in 1864 in arranging furloughs to allow Hoosier soldiers to return home so they could vote in elections. Across the North in 1864, the great majority of
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was deeply split. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war. However, the party increasingly split down the middle between the moderates who supported the war effort, and the peace element, including Copperheads, who did not. It scored major gains in the 1862 elections, and elected the moderate
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The Union used hundreds of thousands of animals. The Army had plenty of cash to purchase them from farmers and breeders but especially in the early months the quality was mixed. Horses were needed for cavalry and artillery. Mules pulled the wagons. The supply held up, despite an unprecedented
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Enthusiastic young men clamored to join the Union army in 1861. They came with family support for reasons of patriotism and excitement. Washington decided to keep the small regular army intact; it had only 16,000 men and was needed to guard the frontier. Its officers could, however, join the
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home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.
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Even before the Civil War began the phrase "preserve the Union" was commonplace, and a "union of states" had been used to refer to the entire United States of America. Using the term "Union" to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the
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in April 1862, Ohio sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals equipped with doctors, nurses, and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to 11 hospital ships, and the state set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes, to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.
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Missouri was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between Union and Confederate forces, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands. Western Missouri was the scene of brutal guerrilla warfare during the Civil War. Roving insurgent bands such as
2376:. To pacify Kentucky, Burbridge rigorously suppressed disloyalty and used economic pressure as coercion. His guerrilla policy, which included public execution of four guerrillas for the death of each unarmed Union citizen, caused the most controversy. After a falling out with Governor
4922:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner; vol 1–4 cover 1848–61; vol 5. The Improvised War, 1861–62; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–63; 7. The Organized War, 1863–64; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–65
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provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies and financing the war. They provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, and training camps. Army hospitals were also set up across the Union. Most Northern states had
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As the federal draft laws tightened, there was serious unrest among Copperhead strongholds, such as the Irish in the Pennsylvania coal mining districts. The government needed the coal more than the draftees, so it ignored the largely non-violent draft dodging there. The violent
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In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small-scale operations of the government through land sales and customs based on a low tariff. Peacetime revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war but the Treasury Department under Secretary
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soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered in order to escape the draft and to take advantage of generous cash bounties on offer from states and localities. Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially in parts of
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railroad construction companies to open up the western plains and link up to California. Together with the free lands provided farmers by the Homestead Law the low-cost farm lands provided by the land grants sped up the expansion of commercial agriculture in the West.
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areas, and to protect railroads and other vital points. The loyal states’ great advantages in population and industry would prove to be vital long-term factors in its victory over the rebel Confederacy, but it took the a long while to fully mobilize these resources.
2118:. Carwardine argues that for many Methodists, the victory of Lincoln in 1860 heralded the arrival of the kingdom of God in America. They were moved into action by a vision of freedom for slaves, freedom from the persecutions of godly abolitionists, release from the
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The new recruits spent their time drilling in company and regiment formations. The combat in the first year, though strategically important, involved relatively small forces and few casualties. Sickness was a much more serious cause of hospitalization or death.
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Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3
1152:, the Confederate capital, and his wit smoothed many rough edges. Lincoln's cabinet proved much stronger and more efficient than Davis's, as Lincoln channeled personal rivalries into a competition for excellence rather than mutual destruction. With
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Press noted that it was replacing usages of the word "Union" with "Federal Government" or "U.S. Government". The Army University Press stated this was "more historically accurate" as "the term 'Union' always referred to all the states together."
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exaggerating, father-son bonds. Especially at five critical stages in the soldier's career (enlistment, blooding, mustering out, wounding and death) letters from absent fathers articulated a distinctive set of 19th-century ideals of manliness.
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The Christian Commission comprised 6,000 volunteers who aided chaplains in many ways. For example, its agents distributed Bibles, delivered sermons, helped with sending letters home, taught men to read and write, and set up camp libraries.
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problem resolved. Allan Nevins is particularly scathing of this in his analysis: "A President more exact, systematic and vigilant than Lincoln, a Secretary more alert and clearheaded than Cameron, would have prevented these difficulties."
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The hygiene of the camps was poor, especially at the beginning of the war when men who had seldom been far from home were brought together for training with thousands of strangers. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of
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foster latent Unionism in Southern border states. Northern textile manufacturers needed cotton to remain in business and to make uniforms, while cotton exports to Europe provided an important source of gold to finance the war.
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Apart from taxes, the second major source of income was government bonds. For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people, with publicity and patriotism as key factors, as designed by banker
1255:, who were strongest in the Midwest and wanted to allow Confederate secession. In the East, opposition to the war was strongest among Irish Catholics, but also included business interests connected to the South typified by
2227:. Confederates sometimes styled them "Homemade Yankees". However, Southern Unionists were not necessarily northern sympathizers and many of them, although opposing secession, supported the Confederacy once it was formed.
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The United States needed $ 3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War—over $ 400 million just in 1862 alone. Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from
1502:(1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned.
1100:... Anger swept the land. From every side came news of mass meetings, speeches, resolutions, tenders of business support, the muster of companies and regiments, the determined action of governors and legislatures.
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More soldiers died of disease than from battle injuries, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease, and accidents. The Union responded by building army hospitals in every state.
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By the end of 1861, 700,000 soldiers were drilling in Union camps. The first wave in spring was called up for only 90 days, then the soldiers went home or reenlisted. Later waves enlisted for three years.
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terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements. Because of the widespread attacks and the protection offered by Confederate sympathizers, Federal leaders issued
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The Sanitary Commission collected enormous amounts of statistical data, and opened up the problems of storing information for fast access and mechanically searching for data patterns. The pioneer was
2251:, in 1863. The new state government however had control of no more than half its territory. The Union army remained in West Virginia until 1869, dealing with unrest and resistance to the new state.
1148:) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. Lincoln's charm and willingness to cooperate with political and personal enemies made Washington work much more smoothly than
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648:". The Democrats made major electoral gains in 1862 in state elections, most notably in New York. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. In 1864, the Republicans campaigned under the
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The United States had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war, and the ratio grew steadily in favor of the United States. In the chart, "cauc men" means white men (
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West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864.
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in Ohio. He was defeated in an intense election for governor in 1863. Republican prosecutors in the Midwest accused some Copperhead activists of treason in a series of trials in 1864.
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called the war a failure, and it became an increasingly partisan Republican effort. Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.
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churches made an effort to support their soldiers in the field and especially their families back home. Much of the political rhetoric of the era had a distinct religious tone.
1577:. Systematic funding appeals raised public consciousness as well as millions of dollars. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet
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In the context of the Civil War, "Union" is also often used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government". In this meaning, the Union included 20
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Military and reconstruction issues were another matter. Lincoln, as the leader of the moderate and conservative factions of the Republican Party, often crossed swords with the
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The Republican Congress passed many major laws that reshaped the nation's economy, financial system, tax system, land system, and higher education system. These included: the
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dichotomy of 'Union v. Confederacy' lends credibility to the Confederate experiment and undermines the legitimacy of the United States as a political entity." In 2021, the
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in the hands of Eastern financiers and industrialists. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North.
2262:, which served as William Sherman's personal escort on his march to the sea. Southern Unionists were extensively used as anti-guerrilla paramilitary forces. During the
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2342:. Vigilante groups appeared in remote areas where law enforcement was weak, to deal with the lawlessness left over from the guerrilla warfare phase. For example, the
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pre-existing political entity. Before the American Civil War, the United States was known as the "United States' federal union", a union of states controlled by the
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1204:. Lincoln paid relatively little attention to this legislation as he focused on war issues but he worked smoothly with powerful Congressional leaders such as
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the potential wealth represented by farms, urban buildings, factories, and businesses, and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs.
1639:; he also figured out how to mechanically analyze data by turning it into numbers and punching onto the computer punch card, later developed by his student
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Bruce Tap, "Inevitability, masculinity, and the American military tradition: the committee on the conduct of the war investigates the American Civil War",
2122:'s evil grip on the American government and the promise of a new direction for the Union. Methodists formed a major element of the popular support for the
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1490:. Nevertheless, old-fashioned methodology had to be recognized and overcome. An illustrative case study came in New Hampshire, where the critical post of
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6346:"The Peoples Contest: A Civil War era digital archiving project", access to primary sources from Pennsylvania, especially newspapers and other resources
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Democrats carried the burden of having opposed the martyred Lincoln, who was viewed by many as the salvation of the Union and the destroyer of slavery.
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1827:, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. In the South, the Union army shot all the horses it did not need to keep them out of Confederate hands.
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banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket against Democratic candidate
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1569:, as well as smaller private agencies, such as the Women's Central Association of Relief for Sick and Wounded in the Army (WCAR), founded in 1861 by
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Frank, Stephen M. (1992). "'Rendering Aid and Comfort': Images of Fatherhood in the Letters of Civil War Soldiers from Massachusetts and Michigan".
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Smith, Michael T.; Engle, Stephen D. (2018). "Review of 'Gathering to Save a Nation : Lincoln and the Union's War Governors', EngleStephen D".
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was given command over the state of Kentucky. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with
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of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union
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1616:(1820–1905), the manager of the Chicago branch of the US Sanitary Commission, used her newfound organizational skills to mobilize support for
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197:) though Missouri and Kentucky both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments, and West Virginia was claimed by the Confederacy
1354:. Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the
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The 1862 election for the Indiana legislature was especially hard-fought. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were
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5916:
States at War, Volume 1: A Reference Guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War
5741:
Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War",
4802:
1025:
381:
55:
9088:
8921:
8451:
7500:
7259:
2286:. In states bitterly divided, neighbors frequently used the excuse of war to settle personal grudges and took up arms against neighbors.
2258:
during the Civil War and Unionist regiments were raised from every Confederate state except for South Carolina. Among such units was the
1180:
of determined men. Except for monitoring major appointments and decisions, Lincoln gave them free rein to end the Confederate rebellion.
1005:
751:. Confederates generally saw the Union as being opposed to slavery, occasionally referring to them as abolitionists, in reference to the
6237:, an extensive collection of reports on each state, Congress, military activities and many other topics; annual issues from 1861 to 1901
3736:
Hovde, David M. (1989). "The U.S. Christian Commission's Library and Literacy Programs for the Union Military Forces in the Civil War".
9015:
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1628:
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68:
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governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64. The
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8601:
8239:
8168:
6866:
6861:
1232:
3553:
Robert E., Mitchell, "Civil War Recruiting and Recruits from Ever-Changing Labor Pools: Midland County, Michigan, as a Case Study",
1620:
after the war. She argued that women needed more education and job opportunities to help them fulfill their role of serving others.
1596:
who won office on a coalition "Union Party" ticket with Republicans, Ohio acted vigorously. Following the unexpected carnage at the
1439:
taking effect in January 1863, localities could meet their draft quota by sponsoring regiments of ex-slaves organized in the South.
8782:
8717:
7419:
7394:
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6605:
6555:
6535:
4906:
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1455:
1862 the casualties were mounting, and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union.
1165:
1035:
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7454:
7334:
6545:
4617:
F. Talbott, "Some Legislative and Legal Aspects of the Negro Question in West Virginia during the Civil War and Reconstruction",
3762:
Frank R. Freemon, "Lincoln finds a surgeon general: William A. Hammond and the transformation of the Union Army Medical Bureau."
3621:
States at war: a reference guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War
2594:
2527:
2512:
2479:
2248:
1807:
1467:
Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer, and die over four years:
972:
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896:
876:
736:
693:
563:
7344:
1231:, led by Stevens and Sumner. Author, Bruce Tap, shows that Congress challenged Lincoln's role as commander-in-chief through the
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2426:
926:
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2364:
In response to the growing problem of locally organized guerrilla campaigns throughout 1863 and 1864, in June 1864, Maj. Gen.
8498:
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7485:
7349:
7249:
6500:
5919:
5440:
Grant, S.-M. "'Mortal in this season': Union Surgeons and the Narrative of Medical Modernisation in the American Civil War."
5182:(University of North Carolina Press, 2011); covers the U.S. and the Confederate constitutions and their role in the conflict.
2405:
1790:
major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs.
836:
411:
5135:
8757:
8461:
8433:
7672:
7480:
7449:
7379:
7239:
6813:
6387:
4126:
Huston, James L. (1983). "A Political Response to Industrialism: The Republican Embrace of Protectionist Labor Doctrines".
2571:
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2539:
2517:
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2400:
2259:
1690:
Small-scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts, and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads.
1040:
901:
831:
649:
502:
2334:
Some marauding units became organized criminal gangs after the war. In 1882, the bank robber and ex-Confederate guerrilla
1565:, a new private agency. Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the
1350:
Copperheadism was a grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well as some urban ethnic
9118:
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8388:
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Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes
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2544:
2500:
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2449:
1121:
Republicans responded with charges of defeatism. They indicted Copperheads for criminal conspiracies to free Confederate
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7229:
7164:
7041:
6490:
6360:
5301:
4491:
Kathleen L. Endres, "A Voice for the Christian Family: The Methodist Episcopal 'Ladies' Repository' in the Civil War",
3804:
Wendy Hamand Venet, "The Emergence of a Suffragist: Mary Livermore, Civil War activism, and the Moral Power of Women",
3604:
3203:
Robert Cook, "Stiffening Abe: William Pitt Fessenden and the Role of the Broker Politician in the Civil War Congress",
2608:
2588:
2522:
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2416:
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1966:
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881:
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846:
841:
606:
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574:
336:
294:
194:
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4173:
Sarah T. Phillips et al. "Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture",
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States could use their own tax money to support their troops, as Ohio did. Under the energetic leadership of Governor
9010:
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2114:) and religion was a powerful force in their lives. No denomination was more active in supporting the Union than the
1562:
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1020:
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84:
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and played on the spirit of nationalism and the growing hatred of the slave owners, as the guilty party in the war.
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861:
489:
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6104:
Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865",
1793:
Customs revenue from tariffs totaled $ 345 million from 1861 through 1865 or 43% of all federal tax revenue.
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7005:
6841:
5608:
Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations",
5518:
Kamphoefner, Walter D. "German-Americans and Civil War Politics: A Reconsideration of the Ethnocultural Thesis."
4298:
4216:
J.L. Anderson, "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865",
3465:
Lewis J. Wertheim, "The Indianapolis Treason Trials, the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press."
2709:
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1411:
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1010:
866:
239:
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Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era." (2018). 288 pp.
4608:
James Marten, "Children and Youth during the Civil War Era", (New York University Press) Winter 2012, pp 188–195
3566:
Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865",
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7304:
7010:
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6311:
6054:
5969:
5694:
3820:
James H. Cassedy, "Numbering the North's Medical Events: Humanitarianism and Science in Civil War Statistics",
2534:
2433:
2213:
1971:
911:
856:
559:
246:
5941:
3370:
Dupree, A. Hunter; Fishel, Leslie H. (1960). "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863".
2231:
never supported the Confederacy fully, and Unionists there became powerful state leaders, including governors
1399:, also authorized local and private groups to raise regiments. The result was widespread confusion and delay.
8353:
8274:
8091:
7557:
7015:
6823:
6019:
5781:
4162:
American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 GI Bill
2331:'s grandparents were caught up in the raids, and he would tell of how they were kept in concentration camps.
2323:
1941:
1134:
697:
547:
463:
262:
185:
6142:
Giesberg, Judith Ann. "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War",
4552:
James Marten, "For the good, the true, and the beautiful: Northern children's magazines and the Civil War",
2184:
where the Freedmen's Relief Society, the Ladies Union Aid Society, the Western Sanitary Commission, and the
8626:
8368:
8158:
8133:
7845:
6920:
6625:
6565:
5854:
5586:
5237:(1997), pp. 67–88; a scholarly history of the munitions industry; concludes profits were not excessive
1991:
1632:
1284:
570:
277:
3579:
Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan",
1304:
soldiers voted Republican. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican.
9057:
8805:
8556:
8393:
8383:
8378:
8336:
7760:
7059:
6510:
6420:
5929:
4829:
3994:
1956:
1901:
1837:
137:
5724:
Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments",
5461:
4089:
A history of the greenbacks: with special reference to the economic consequences of their issue: 1862–65
1752:
laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end.
1585:, a famous landscape architect, was the highly efficient executive director of the Sanitary Commission.
8948:
8536:
8363:
8246:
8224:
8153:
8068:
7129:
6930:
6808:
5172:
2115:
1748:—that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several
1351:
716:
624:
4670:
Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868
2380:, Burbridge was dismissed in February 1865. Confederates remembered him as the "Butcher of Kentucky".
1627:(1838–1913). A senior surgeon in the war, Billings built two of the world's most important libraries,
1486:, later developed a system of mechanically storing, sorting, and counting numerical information using
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7020:
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Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." in by Maggi M. Morehouse and Zoe Trodd, eds.,
2359:
2295:
2220:
2016:
1683:
1436:
1309:
1288:
712:
677:
669:
450:
437:
5671:
Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War."
2742:
804:
688:
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8827:
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8727:
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7119:
7054:
6995:
6990:
6720:
5816:
The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872
5676:
3003:
The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies
628:
620:. Keeping the southern border states in the Union was considered essential to its winning the war.
6181:"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History",
6097:"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History",
3854:
1682:
law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. By far the most important were the
8931:
8551:
8519:
8514:
8212:
8185:
7577:
7074:
7064:
6836:
6831:
6685:
2244:
2011:
1636:
5025:(2011), emphasizes that the North fought primarily for nationalism and preservation of the Union
8916:
8616:
8190:
7780:
7617:
7592:
7124:
7025:
6940:
6680:
6589:
5342:
This grand experiment: When women entered the federal workforce in Civil War–Era Washington, DC
4245:
Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War",
3809:
3540:
2472:
2339:
2314:
2111:
2046:
1951:
1891:
1491:
1456:
1333:
1221:
728:
398:
394:
4352:
Carwardine, Richard (2000). "Methodists, Politics, and the Coming of the American Civil War".
4007:
3594:
3288:
3263:
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8732:
8546:
8195:
8148:
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7723:
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6705:
6690:
6583:
3514:
3067:
2021:
1986:
1582:
1570:
1252:
645:
424:
3318:
3102:
8990:
8842:
8815:
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8063:
8046:
7703:
7199:
7184:
7179:
7149:
7134:
7114:
6732:
6636:
6520:
4658:
A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia
2674:
2656:
2365:
2318:
2041:
1926:
1886:
1431:
stopped supporting the war effort, and volunteering fell off sharply in their strongholds.
1359:
1340:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1177:
5657:
Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment",
5387:
Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front
4720:
Sarah Bohl, "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri",
3918:
Kenneth H. Wheeler, "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio",
1312:
of 1863 were suppressed by the U.S. Army firing grape shot down cobblestone city streets.
8:
8975:
8767:
8656:
8530:
8175:
8128:
7875:
7835:
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7562:
7234:
7194:
7069:
7030:
7000:
6955:
6915:
6515:
6505:
5166:
4918:
4259:
Sharrer, G. Terry (1995). "The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861–1866: A Civil War Legacy".
3900:
3431:
Cowden, Joanna D. (1983). "The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut".
2719:
2377:
2236:
2123:
1921:
1911:
1851:
1691:
1670:
1617:
1316:
1228:
653:
476:
5987:
5180:
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War
5159:
A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution
4092:
3989:
Jane Flaherty, "'The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury' on the Eve of the Civil War",
3848:
1113:
Historian Michael Smith argues that as the war ground on year after year, the spirit of
640:
strongly supported the war at the beginning in 1861, but by 1862, was split between the
616:
was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular
62:
8821:
8691:
8217:
8202:
8083:
8041:
8013:
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7815:
7662:
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7139:
7109:
7099:
6975:
6970:
6950:
6945:
6925:
6675:
6578:
6495:
6443:
6374:
6340:
6029:
5770:
5682:
5596:
5479:
The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union
5215:
5008:
4951:
4902:
4878:
4857:
4522:
4474:
4439:
4404:
4377:
4369:
4268:
4143:
3745:
3718:
3533:
3528:
3448:
3387:
2839:
2645:
2629:
2263:
2036:
1906:
1769:
1722:
that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy.
1695:
1624:
1483:
1145:
821:
756:
752:
708:
701:
617:
551:
167:
7795:
4293:
David S. Surdam, "Traders or traitors: Northern cotton trading during the Civil War",
9113:
9063:
8319:
7921:
7855:
7790:
7693:
7612:
7572:
7174:
6980:
6935:
6550:
6335:
6085:
6043:
6003:
5993:
5965:
5690:
5207:
5019:
5000:
4861:
4849:
4381:
4276:
4038:
4013:
3867:
Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War", in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.
3791:
Robert H. Bremner, "The Impact of the Civil War on Philanthropy and Social Welfare",
3600:
3350:
3294:
3267:
3256:
3192:
Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress
3156:
3149:
3073:
2891:
2864:
2831:
2802:
2700:
saw its own civil war, as the major tribes held slaves and endorsed the Confederacy.
2685:
2661:
2305:
2283:
2224:
2197:
2066:
1931:
1861:
1856:
1785:
protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in the bill's drafting. The
1516:
1442:
1153:
990:
660:
5666:
Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments
3889:
The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America
3507:
3095:
1096:
The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment
7931:
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5983:
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118.2 (2003): 519–548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers.
5320:(2011) details on Treasury Department, government contracting, and the cotton trade
5199:
5104:
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
4992:
4841:
4514:
4466:
4431:
4361:
4135:
3978:
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
3944:
Shannon M. Smith, "Teaching Civil War Union Politics: Draft Riots in the Midwest."
3907:
3710:
3440:
3379:
2697:
2650:
2639:
2634:
2219:
People loyal to the U.S. federal government and opposed to secession living in the
2051:
2031:
2001:
1640:
1597:
1300:
1205:
1157:
740:
229:
204:
5643:
Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review."
4457:
Morrow, Ralph E. (1954). "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction".
2208:
1545:. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment, bringing
161:
9005:
8294:
8143:
8036:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7865:
7775:
7718:
7708:
7667:
6695:
6665:
6485:
6381:
6364:
6252:
Tragic Years, 1860–1865: A Documentary History of the American Civil War – Vol. 1
6240:
5864:
5766:
5650:
Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War",
5311:
5262:
5111:
5033:
4897:
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History
3965:
3876:
3780:
Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science
3416:
3344:
3242:
2885:
2858:
2714:
2679:
2373:
2071:
2026:
1946:
1936:
1896:
1866:
1745:
1732:
1265:
1161:
1122:
768:
555:
367:
325:
313:
268:
98:
4774:
The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah
4595:
George Gallarno, "How Iowa Cared for Orphans of Her Soldiers of the Civil War",
1367:
in September 1864, military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed.
8073:
8021:
7860:
7825:
7785:
7677:
7657:
7652:
7607:
6886:
6727:
6715:
5428:
2232:
2228:
1996:
1786:
1749:
1613:
1538:
1499:
1256:
1213:
1209:
1189:
785:
748:
355:
283:
115:
5390:
9082:
8341:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7901:
7810:
7805:
7647:
7642:
7627:
7597:
7567:
6905:
6530:
5527:
The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture
5211:
5062:
The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture
5004:
4853:
4422:
Sweet, William W. (1915). "Methodist Church Influence in Southern Politics".
4395:
Morrow, Ralph E. (1956). "Methodists and "Butternuts" in the Old Northwest".
3775:
2835:
2767:
2343:
1916:
1871:
1719:
1554:
1495:
1396:
1193:
1169:
744:
665:
641:
536:
520:
176:
6357:
5451:
Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission
3660:
Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission
3409:
A respectable minority: the Democratic Party in the Civil War era, 1860–1868
2223:(where slavery was legal) and states under Confederate control, were termed
1279:
1144:
closely with state and local politicians, he rallied public opinion and (at
727:, for the United States of America, is then repeated in such clauses as the
8810:
8787:
8777:
8772:
8309:
8251:
8163:
8138:
8051:
8031:
7830:
7728:
6007:
5380:
So Conceived and So Dedicated: Intellectual Life in the Civil War Era North
4913:
4280:
2973:
Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation
2328:
2061:
2056:
2006:
1976:
1593:
1578:
1574:
1320:
1273:
1149:
1089:
540:
6266:
The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants.
6082:
Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction
5541:
Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War.
5332:
The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865.
5298:
Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War
5242:
Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat
4759:
Louis De Falaise, "General Stephen Gano Burbridge's Command in Kentucky",
4337:
God's Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War
1755:
7582:
6620:
6600:
5871:
Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War.
4518:
3404:
2369:
2335:
2119:
1876:
1844:
1530:
1085:
673:
644:
and the anti-war element known as Peace Democrats, led by the extremist "
6205:
6188:
Giesberg, Judith. "Mary Elizabeth Massey and the Civil War Centennial."
6137:
5926:
States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War
5802:
The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870
5489:
5335:
5069:
Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North
4873:
4408:
3749:
3027:"A Proposal to Change the Words We Use When Talking About the Civil War"
2843:
2093:
The Protestant religion was quite strong in the North in the 1860s. The
8965:
7840:
7602:
6803:
6798:
5617:
5425:
Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War
5397:
The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union
5291:
5287:
5252:
5219:
5187:
5145:
5012:
4980:
4966:
4845:
4830:""The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury" on the Eve of the Civil War"
4526:
4478:
4443:
4373:
4272:
4147:
3722:
3391:
2255:
1981:
1961:
1487:
1376:
815:
613:
5041:
Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War.
4696:
The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
3452:
3331:
Deserter Country:Civil War Opposition in the Pennsylvania Appalachians
2824:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
1390:
Union soldiers on the Mason's Island (Theodore Roosevelt Island), 1861
659:
The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and
601:
both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments with the
8229:
6412:
6388:"Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North" visual exhibit at the
6193:
5603:
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
5583:
Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources
4931:
Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900
3933:
Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources
3592:
2300:
2282:
Besides organized military conflict, the border states were beset by
2267:
1881:
1765:
1589:
1550:
543:
5773:. Each year 1861 to 1902 includes several pages on each U.S. state.
5729:
5548:
American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869
5273:
5247:
Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865",
5203:
4996:
4645:
Sister States, Enemy States: The Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee
4470:
4435:
4365:
4139:
4105:
Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War
4076:
Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War
3714:
3701:
Cannon, M. Hamlin (1951). "The United States Christian Commission".
3383:
3118:
Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession
2928:
Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc
1088:
rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian
8234:
5532:
Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.
5411:
Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War
4709:
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War
4630:
Lawrence O. Christensen, "Black Education in Civil War St. Louis",
3850:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864–1866
3444:
3290:
Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln
2771:
2110:
Many Northerners had only recently become religious (following the
1824:
1546:
1276:
but Republicans retained control of both the House and the Senate.
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
208:
6369:
6345:
6259:
The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition
6165:
Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front.
5496:
Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War
5259:
Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War
5142:
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North
4309:
Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.
4188:
Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War
3962:
Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War
3835:
Order out of chaos: John Shaw Billings and America's coming of age
3480:
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North
3050:
1772:". They led to endless controversy because they caused inflation.
1386:
6200:
Rodgers, Thomas E. "Hoosier Women and the Civil War Home Front",
5948:
Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War
5118:
A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era
4973:
Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union's War Governors
4541:
Children for the Union: The War Spirit of the Northern Home Front
2988:
Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization
1558:
1542:
1364:
6134:
Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front
5809:
The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876
5578:(University of Chicago Press, 2013) 193 pp. heavily illustrated.
5404:
The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880
5347:
Zonderman, David A. "White Workers and the American Civil War."
5188:"The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order"
4735:
Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks
4565:
James Marten, "History in a Box: Milton Bradley's Myriopticon",
3346:
The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
2346:
were the term for several law-and-order vigilante groups in the
9032:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
6118:
Bahde, Thomas. "'I never wood git tired of wrighting to you.'"
5788:
Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War
5562:
Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War.
3313:
Arnold Shankman, "Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania."
2911:
Stampp, Kenneth M. (1980). "The Concept of a Perpetual Union".
2798:
The Papers And Writings Of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 2: 1860–1865
2347:
2970:
2913:
The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War
6301:
The Civil War: Primary Documents on Events from 1860 to 1865.
5097:
The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War
2395:
List of Knowledge articles on Union states and major cities:
1534:
780:
6754:
6125:
Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War"
5977:
A History of Chicago, Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871
5318:
The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North
5132:
The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North
3904:
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City
3134:
The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North
6212:
Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War.
6158:
Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography
5435:
War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North
4890:
Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front
4815:
The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War
3069:
The American Civil War: The War in the East 1861 – May 1863
2350:. In some cases, they too turned to illegal gang activity.
1109:
by the fierce battles more typical of the political arena."
5712:
Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War
2964:
2270:", a derogatory term for white Southern supporters of the
2191:
1612:
Additionally, women gained new public roles. For example,
1520:
Field hospital after the Battle of Savage's Station (1862)
550:(CSA), also known as the Confederacy or South, during the
6403:"First Plans for Emancipation", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
6113:
Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War
6070:(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013). x, 248 pp.
5308:
Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade
3632:
Kenneth Link, "Potomac Fever: The Hazards of Camp Life",
2960:. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. pp. 1–2.
193: Southern slave states which remained in the Union (
184: Southern slave states which seceded and formed the
6325:
Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History
5687:
Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy
5083:
The Divided Union: Party Conflict in the Civil War North
4683:
Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy
3509:
War for the Union: Vol. 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862
3122:
pp. 254–274 provide details of support across the North.
1243:
5750:
The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union
5705:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
5030:
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
3151:
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
5844:
The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873
5765:(1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries;
5092:(1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration
2254:
Nearly 100,000 Unionists from the South served in the
1845:
Industrial and business leaders and military inventors
6287:
The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction
5363:
The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War
5268:
Hammond, Bray. "The North's Empty Purse, 1861–1862",
4229:
Gervase Phillips, "Warhorses of the U.S. Civil War",
3175:
3146:
3131:
2625:
The Union-controlled territories in April 1861 were:
562:, and sought to preserve the nation a constitutional
2925:
1270:
They gained 28 seats in the House of Representatives
747:
of independent states, functioning similarly to the
175: Northern and Western free states loyal to the
6408:"Emancipation Announced", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
4975:(University of North Carolina Press, 2016). 725 pp.
3593:Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor, ed. (2010).
3527:
3253:
3115:
3097:
The War for the Union: The Improvised War 1861–1862
2975:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 21, 27.
2944:. George Dearborn & Company. 1841. p. 202.
743:This was opposite to the CSA's first government, a
6219:A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore.
5719:The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home
5325:The northern railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865
5050:(Southern Illinois University Press, 2013) 162 pp.
4822:This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath
3673:Genius of Place: The Life of Frederick Law Olmsted
3596:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
3532:
3506:
3255:
3148:
3094:
2910:
2152:There were numerous children's magazines, such as
203: U.S. territories, with the exception of the
6172:Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War
5778:American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia
5568:
4220:, Summer/Fall 2007, Vol. 66 Issue 3/4, pp 241–265
3846:
3286:
3065:
2919:
9080:
8718:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
5902:Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War
5605:(1991), new social history; quantitative studies
5513:Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union Ethnic Regiments
5349:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
4870:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction.
4748:Bald Knobbers: Vigilantes on the Ozarks Frontier
4397:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
2985:
1573:, a Unitarian minister, and the social reformer
6393:"Financial Measures", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
6323:Smith, Charles Winston and Charles Judah, eds.
5962:A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875
5272:, October 1961, Vol. 67 Issue 1, pp. 1–18
4567:Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth
3493:Lincoln's Critics: The Copperheads of the North
8542:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
6398:"Lincoln Reelected", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
6294:Civil War America: Voices from the Home Front.
6174:(1966), overview North and South; reissued as
5885:State of the Union: New York and the Civil War
5475:Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War
5171:(Oxford University Press, 1991); won the 1992
4883:The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front
3315:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1609:fund raising campaigns and private donations.
713:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.
6428:
6068:"Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War
5878:Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862–1863
5795:A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War.
5664:Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds.
5638:We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War
5576:Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North
5370:Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North
5125:No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North
5064:(1979), statistical study of voting patterns.
4347:
4345:
3696:
3694:
3504:
3092:
3051:Donald, David Herbert; Randall, J.G. (1961).
2979:
2934:
2266:(1865–1877), many Southern Unionists became "
1060:
6250:Angle, Paul M. and Earl Schenck Miers, eds.
6151:Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia.
5689:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
5378:Foote, Lorien and Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai.
5355:
5278:Hill, Joseph A. "The Civil War Income Tax",
5235:Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America
4824:(2nd ed. 2007), 544 page university textbook
4803:Bibliography of American Civil War homefront
4660:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pp. 46–54
3795:, December 1966, Vol. 12 Issue 4, pp 293–303
3369:
1694:was an isolated parochial area dominated by
240:Federal presidential constitutional republic
6318:The Civil War Era: An Anthology of Sources.
6280:Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865
6261:(5 vols), 2006; online at many universities
5989:A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War
5151:
4872:(2005). 518 pp. 23 essays by scholars
4761:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
4621:, January 1963, Vol. 24 Issue 2, pp 110–133
4599:, January 1926, Vol. 15 Issue 3, pp 163–193
4495:, January 1995, Vol. 33 Issue 2, pp. 84–97,
4339:(University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
4297:, Winter 1999, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp 299–310
3342:
2954:
6435:
6421:
6332:Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents
6308:Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents
6221:(U. of Massachusetts Press, 2005). 322 pp.
6051:Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents
5892:Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents
5837:The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky
5823:A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865
5389:(2015) how civilians defined their roles.
4787:The American Civil War in Indian Territory
4351:
4342:
4324:The Politics of Faith during the Civil War
3824:, Summer 1992, Vol. 66 Issue 2, pp 210–233
3691:
2821:
2737:
2735:
1709:Economic history of the American Civil War
1494:was held in 1861–64 by elderly politician
1462:
1247:Anti-Lincoln Copperhead pamphlet from 1864
1067:
1053:
221:Recognized government of the United States
160:
9109:History of the Northeastern United States
6247:, thorough coverage of the events of 1863
5938:Indiana's War: The Civil War in Documents
5936:Nation, Richard F. and Stephen E. Towne.
5502:
4763:, April 1971, Vol. 69 Issue 2, pp 101–127
4634:, April 2001, Vol. 95 Issue 3, pp 302–316
3808:, June 2002, Vol. 48 Issue 2, pp 143–164
3426:
3424:
2971:Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007).
2304:Quantrill's 1863 raid burned the town of
2188:(AMA) set up schools for their children.
1699:ended when the Army sent in armed units.
1233:Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
672:and in some remote districts such as the
166:Map of the division of the states in the
16:Civil War term for northern United States
9094:Social history of the American Civil War
6631:Treatment of slaves in the United States
6026:Banners South: Northern Community at War
6016:Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents
5982:
5593:Banners South: Northern Community at War
5581:Morehouse, Maggi M. and Zoe Trodd, eds.
4907:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
4895:Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler, eds,
4827:
4459:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
4424:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
4326:(Louisiana State University Press, 2013)
4059:A financial history of the United States
4032:
4012:. Oxford University Press. p. 331.
3703:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3372:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3258:This Great Struggle: America's Civil War
2299:
2207:
2204:Unionist politician (American Civil War)
1810:and the Morrill Land Grant College Act.
1754:
1669:
1515:
1441:
1405:
1385:
1381:
1278:
1242:
779:
687:
9104:History of the Midwestern United States
8374:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
6546:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
6316:Sizer, Lyde Cullen and Jim Cullen, ed.
6273:Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents.
6075:Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880
5681:
5626:(Michigan State University Press, 2014)
5185:
4910:(1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
4724:, April 2004, Vol. 36 Issue 1, pp 44–51
4556:, March 1995, Vol. 41 Issue 1, pp 57–75
4258:
3636:, April 1983, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 69–88
2948:
2743:"Books and Manuscript Submission Guide"
2732:
2212:Confederate soldiers hanging pro-Union
2192:Unionists in Southern and Border states
1629:Library of the Surgeon General's Office
1410:Union soldiers before Marye's Heights,
9081:
8359:Modern display of the Confederate flag
6442:
5851:Ohio's war: the Civil War in documents
5555:The Civil War as a Theological Crisis.
5458:The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine
4456:
4394:
4125:
3700:
3647:The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865
3430:
3421:
3024:
3006:. 1. Vol. 14. pp. 185–1, 015
2883:
2856:
503:Ceasefire Agreement of the Confederacy
8577:
7966:
7530:
6753:
6556:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
6454:
6416:
6289:(1962), excerpts from primary sources
6268:(1950), excerpts from primary sources
6061:Indiana Politics during the Civil War
5169:: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
4504:
4421:
4005:
3735:
3235:Indiana Politics during the Civil War
3025:Landis, Michael (September 9, 2015).
2990:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214.
1505:
1448:Fourth United States Colored Infantry
1339:most prominent Copperhead was Ohio's
6233:American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861
5707:(1998), based on letters and diaries
5624:Food in the Civil War Era: The North
5585:(2013), 29 short essays by scholars
5186:Paludan, Phillip S. (October 1972).
4978:
4892:(2010), essays on specialized issues
4313:(Oxford University Press, 1998) p. 4
3262:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
2620:
2277:
1838:expelled them from his lines in 1862
1725:
1476:
1128:
775:
9099:Social history of the United States
8713:Committee on the Conduct of the War
8389:United Daughters of the Confederacy
6091:
5763:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863
5534:Religion and the American Civil War
5437:(University of Chicago Press, 2012)
5071:(University Press of Kansas, 2002).
4311:Religion and the American Civil War
3822:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3222:American Nineteenth Century History
3205:American Nineteenth Century History
2794:
2127:the southern branch of the church.
1650:
13:
9089:Politics of the American Civil War
8783:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
8578:
8122:impeachment managers investigation
6501:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6225:
5863:(Columbia University Press, 1912)
5830:The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870
5756:
5368:Brownlee, Peter John et al., eds.
4672:, John Frew, Wheeling, 1868, p. 10
3853:. Harper & Brothers. pp.
2784:"Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation"
2095:United States Christian Commission
1967:William Mason (locomotive builder)
1567:United States Christian Commission
1512:Medicine in the American Civil War
1343:, a Congressman and leader of the
607:Confederate government of Missouri
603:Confederate government of Kentucky
14:
9130:
8208:Reconstruction military districts
6656:Abolitionism in the United States
6611:Plantations in the American South
6526:Origins of the American Civil War
6351:
5909:Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865
5090:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
3178:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
3072:. Osprey Publishing. p. 22.
1563:United States Sanitary Commission
1220:(on land grants and tariffs) and
1079:
755:as the "abolition fleet" and the
731:clause in Article IV, Section 3.
9062:
9053:
9052:
8191:Enforcement Act of February 1871
8164:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
6341:diaries, journals. reminiscences
5992:. Boston: E.P. Dutton & Co.
5300:(2022); major scholarly survey;
5286:4 (July 1894), pp. 416–452
4779:
4766:
4753:
4740:
4727:
4714:
4701:
4688:
4675:
4663:
4650:
4637:
4624:
4611:
4249:, (April 2010), 74#2 pp 357–377,
3349:. University Press of Kentucky.
3053:The Civil War and Reconstruction
2774:and became another border state.
2247:was able to create a new state,
2077:George Worthington (businessman)
1297:unable to impede the war effort.
803:
793:to two at the start of the war.
490:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
147:
125:
77:
61:
54:
8976:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
8838:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
8399:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
5861:Politics of Michigan, 1865–1878
5127:(Oxford University Press, 2006)
5048:Lincoln and the Union Governors
4796:
4602:
4589:
4576:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4498:
4485:
4450:
4415:
4388:
4329:
4316:
4303:
4295:Business & Economic History
4287:
4252:
4239:
4223:
4210:
4197:
4180:
4167:
4154:
4128:The Journal of American History
4119:
4110:
4097:
4081:
4068:
4051:
4026:
3999:
3983:
3970:
3954:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3894:
3881:
3861:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3798:
3785:
3769:
3756:
3729:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3521:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3398:
3363:
3336:
3323:
3307:
3280:
3247:
3227:
3214:
3197:
3184:
3169:
3140:
3125:
3109:
3086:
3059:
3044:
3018:
2994:
2801:. Jazzybee Verlag. p. 94.
2710:American Civil War prison camps
2642:(disputed with the Confederacy)
2383:
2186:American Missionary Association
1830:
1716:United States Military Railroad
1657:American Civil War prison camps
1645:International Business Machines
8079:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
6204:97#2 (2001), pp. 105–128
5673:Quarterly Journal of Economics
5616:1 (June 1989), pp. 34–58
5569:Social and demographic history
5280:Quarterly Journal of Economics
5192:The American Historical Review
4985:The American Historical Review
3535:The North Fights the Civil War
3176:Paludsn, Phillip Shaw (1994).
3147:Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005).
3132:Smith, Michael Thomas (2011).
3055:(2nd ed.). pp. 3–13.
2904:
2877:
2850:
2815:
2788:
2777:
2760:
2130:The Methodist family magazine
1972:William Metcalf (manufacturer)
1813:
1806:through the newly established
1796:
1665:
1327:
560:president of the United States
1:
8494:Ladies' Memorial Associations
8196:Enforcement Act of April 1871
8092:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
7967:
6185:(2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
6129:(2017) 81#1 pp. 199–204.
6101:(2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
6036:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873,
5950:(Yale University Press, 1965)
5647:32 (September 1986): 208–228.
5630:
5574:Brownlee, Peter John, et al.
5251:(1924) 29#4 pp. 700–715
5055:Lincoln and the War Governors
4958:(1943), details on each state
4746:Elmo Ingenthron and Hartman,
4205:Agriculture and the Civil War
3901:The New York City Draft Riots
2926:Charles Daniel Drake (1864).
2105:
1942:Robert Knight (industrialist)
1643:. Hollerith's company became
1287:for the first reading of the
1238:
1135:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
670:anti-draft riots of July 1863
548:Confederate States of America
8627:Confederate revolving cannon
8369:Sons of Confederate Veterans
8240:South Carolina riots of 1876
8218:Indian Council at Fort Smith
8169:South Carolina riots of 1876
8134:Knights of the White Camelia
6626:Slavery in the United States
6358:Lincoln Administration links
6285:Hesseltine, William B., ed.
6264:Commager, Henry Steele, ed.
6046:, Detailed scholarly history
5736:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873
5728:73 (December 1986): 695–701
5265:, old but still quite useful
4828:Flaherty, Jane (June 2009).
4785:John Spencer and Adam Hook,
4009:Salmon P. Chase: a biography
3686:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873
3254:Steven E. Woodworth (2011).
3116:McClintock, Russell (2008).
2930:. p. 219–220, 222, 241.
2887:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography
2884:Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008).
2860:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography
2857:Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008).
2260:1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment
1992:Daniel Pratt (industrialist)
1633:National Library of Medicine
1208:(on taxation and spending),
683:
412:Abraham Lincoln inauguration
7:
8981:New York City riots of 1863
8806:Battle Hymn of the Republic
8557:United Confederate Veterans
8394:Children of the Confederacy
8384:United Confederate Veterans
8379:Southern Historical Society
7531:
7011:Price's Missouri Expedition
6481:Timeline leading to the War
6455:
6214:(Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp.
6202:Indiana Magazine of History
6127:Journal of Military History
6120:Journal of Illinois History
5726:Journal of American History
5610:Journal of American History
5423:Adams, George Worthington.
5227:
4981:"Lincoln and the Patronage"
4979:Fish, Carl Russell (1902).
4965:(1999) the best biography;
4945:The Congressman's Civil War
4937:
4733:Michael R. Gardner, et al.
4247:Journal of Military History
4190:, (1910) pp 1–23; Paludan,
3467:Indiana Magazine of History
2703:
2353:
2289:
2214:bridge-burning conspirators
2147:
2088:
1957:John Lenthall (shipbuilder)
1902:John Crerar (industrialist)
1370:
1274:Speaker of the House's seat
1183:
10:
9135:
9119:Union (American Civil War)
8949:Confederate Secret Service
8537:Grand Army of the Republic
8429:Grand Army of the Republic
8247:Southern Claims Commission
6167:Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 209 pp.
5786:Aley, Ginette et al. eds.
5659:Missouri Historical Review
5486:The Negro in the Civil War
5477:(1982); first edition was
5456:Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.
5449:Maxwell, William Quentin.
5443:Social History of Medicine
5417:
5270:American Historical Review
5249:American Historical Review
5173:Pulitzer Prize for History
5078:(1944) on election of 1860
5076:The first Lincoln campaign
4807:
4800:
4632:Missouri Historical Review
4164:(U of Georgia Press, 2008)
4037:. Pickering & Chatto.
3993:, (2009) 55#2 pp. 244–277
3847:James Ford Rhodes (1904).
3581:Michigan Historical Review
3568:Michigan Historical Review
3557:, 35 (Spring 2009), 29–60.
3555:Michigan Historical Review
3293:. LSU Press. p. 116.
3287:Jonathan W. White (2014).
3066:Gary W. Gallagher (2001).
2890:. SIU Press. p. 428.
2863:. SIU Press. p. 377.
2357:
2293:
2201:
2195:
2158:The Student and Schoolmate
2116:Methodist Episcopal Church
2083:
1779:
1706:
1702:
1654:
1509:
1374:
1331:
1132:
508:April 9 – November 6, 1865
9048:
9024:
8937:Confederate States dollar
8909:
8851:
8796:
8748:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
8743:Emancipation Proclamation
8705:
8637:Medal of Honor recipients
8594:
8590:
8573:
8525:Confederate Memorial Hall
8507:
8486:
8444:
8416:
8407:
8327:Confederate Memorial Hall
8300:Confederate History Month
8280:Civil War Discovery Trail
8260:
8181:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
8012:
7987:Reconstruction Amendments
7977:
7973:
7962:
7884:
7753:
7746:
7686:
7550:
7543:
7539:
7526:
7468:
7215:
7208:
7039:
6895:
6854:
6822:
6789:
6782:
6778:
6749:
6646:
6596:Emancipation Proclamation
6564:
6465:
6461:
6450:
5887:(2002) Essays by scholars
5743:Journal of Social History
5661:76 (October 1981): 53–77.
5601:Vinovskis, Maris A., ed.
5488:(1953), standard history
5356:Intellectual and cultural
5102:Richardson, Heather Cox.
4956:Lincoln and the Patronage
4864:– via Project MUSE.
4507:Journal of Social History
3658:William Quentin Maxwell,
3433:The New England Quarterly
2986:John T. Ishiyama (2011).
2360:Kentucky in the Civil War
2308:and killed 164 defenders.
2296:Missouri in the Civil War
2138:
2017:Christopher Miner Spencer
1808:Department of Agriculture
1684:New York City draft riots
1678:Discontent with the 1863
1674:New York City draft riots
1437:Emancipation Proclamation
1310:New York City draft riots
1289:Emancipation Proclamation
1268:as governor of New York.
1251:The opposition came from
1176:, Lincoln had a powerful
678:Northeastern Pennsylvania
516:
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
451:New York City draft riots
447:
438:Emancipation Proclamation
434:
421:
408:
391:
387:
377:
373:
361:
349:
345:
335:
331:
319:
307:
303:
293:
289:
274:
259:
255:
245:
235:
225:
217:
159:
110:
93:
50:
45:
23:
9011:U.S. Sanitary Commission
8922:Battlefield preservation
8828:Marching Through Georgia
8753:Hampton Roads Conference
8728:Confiscation Act of 1862
8723:Confiscation Act of 1861
8499:U.S. national cemeteries
8305:Confederate Memorial Day
8290:Civil War Trails Program
8159:New Orleans riot of 1866
6330:Voss-Hubbard, Mark, ed.
6235:(N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864)
6053:(2009), primary sources
5940:(2009), primary sources
5900:Karamanski, Theodore J.
5853:(2006), primary sources
5769:; for online copies see
5344:(UNC Press Books, 2017).
5152:Constitutional and legal
5034:excerpts and text search
4820:Fellman, Michael et al.
4643:Kent Dollar et al. eds.
4233:, (December 2005) 55#12
3976:Heather Cox Richardson,
3922:, (1999) 45@2 pp 147–158
3619:Richard F. Miller, ed.,
3599:. Cengage. p. 178.
2725:
2653:(became a state in 1864)
2372:authorized by President
1315:The Democrats nominated
531:, colloquially known as
482:March 29 – April 9, 1865
138:My Country, 'Tis of Thee
30:United States of America
8932:Confederate war finance
8552:Southern Cross of Honor
8520:1938 Gettysburg reunion
8515:1913 Gettysburg reunion
8213:Reconstruction Treaties
8186:Enforcement Act of 1870
8069:Freedman's Savings Bank
6686:Lane Debates on Slavery
6511:Lincoln–Douglas debates
6363:August 1, 2015, at the
6312:excerpt and text search
6138:excerpt and text search
6073:Thornbrough, Emma Lou.
6055:excerpt and text search
6020:excerpt and text search
5942:excerpt and text search
5924:Miller, Richard F. ed.
5914:Miller, Richard F. ed.
5896:excerpt and text search
5855:excerpt and text search
5654:30 (June 1984): 157–171
5490:excerpt and text search
5467:
5462:excerpt and text search
5429:excerpt and text search
5395:Fredrickson, George M.
5336:excerpt and text search
5316:Smith, Michael Thomas.
5161:(Alfred A. Knopf, 1973)
5146:excerpt and text search
5130:Smith, Michael Thomas.
5053:Hesseltine, William B.
5028:Goodwin, Doris Kearns.
4967:excerpt and text search
4961:Donald, David Herbert.
4874:excerpt and text search
4207:(1965) covers 1850–1870
4177:(2013) 87#3 pp 314–367.
4033:Flaherty, Jane (2009).
3948:(2013) 27#2 pp: 33–36.
3946:OAH Magazine of History
3738:Libraries & Culture
2012:Horace Smith (inventor)
1637:New York Public Library
1463:Motivations of soldiers
1341:Clement L. Vallandigham
1291:draft on July 22, 1862.
759:as "abolition forces".
554:. The Union was led by
8991:Richmond riots of 1863
8917:Baltimore riot of 1861
8697:U.S. Military Railroad
8617:Confederate Home Guard
8349:Historiographic issues
8315:Historical reenactment
6814:Revenue Cutter Service
6681:William Lloyd Garrison
6590:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6375:Abraham Lincoln online
6257:Carter, Susan B., ed.
6192:61.4 (2015): 400–406.
6176:Women in the Civil War
5911:(1941), Pulitzer Prize
5865:online at Google books
5828:Cole, Arthur Charles.
5503:Religion and ethnicity
5036:, on Lincoln's cabinet
4584:Children for the Union
4035:The revenue imperative
3875:June 18, 2018, at the
3869:The American Civil War
3505:Nevins, Allan (1959).
3155:. Simon and Schuster.
3093:Nevins, Allan (1959).
2340:Saint Joseph, Missouri
2309:
2216:
2112:Second Great Awakening
2047:Ezra Warner (inventor)
1952:David Leavitt (banker)
1892:William Wesley Cornell
1760:
1675:
1521:
1492:state adjutant general
1474:
1451:
1415:
1391:
1334:Copperheads (politics)
1292:
1248:
1222:William Pitt Fessenden
1212:(on foreign affairs),
1141:overwhelmingly praised
1115:American republicanism
1111:
1102:
789:
729:Admission to the Union
707:In the context of the
704:
8956:Great Revival of 1863
8833:Maryland, My Maryland
8622:Confederate railroads
8285:Civil War Roundtables
8154:Meridian riot of 1871
8149:Memphis riots of 1866
6706:George Luther Stearns
6691:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
6584:Crittenden Compromise
6380:May 14, 2011, at the
6217:Venet, Wendy Hamand.
6038:History of Ohio, vol.
5776:Tucker, Spencer, ed.
5622:Veit, Helen Zoe, ed.
5402:Stevenson, Louise A.
5385:Gallman, J. Matthew.
5257:Fite, Emerson David.
5110:May 25, 2012, at the
4950:Carman, Harry J. and
4888:Gallman, J. Matthew.
4619:West Virginia History
3833:Carleton B. Chapman,
3766:(1987) 33#1 pp: 5–21.
3583:(2005) 31#2 pp 43–66.
3415:May 25, 2012, at the
3241:May 25, 2012, at the
3224:, (2004) 5#2 pp 19–46
3211:8 Issue 2, pp 145–167
2747:Army University Press
2611:with slavery in 1861
2303:
2211:
2022:George Luther Stearns
1987:Robert Parker Parrott
1758:
1707:Further information:
1673:
1583:Frederick Law Olmsted
1571:Henry Whitney Bellows
1519:
1469:
1450:at Fort Lincoln, 1865
1445:
1409:
1389:
1382:Recruiting volunteers
1283:Lincoln met with his
1282:
1246:
1106:
1094:
783:
691:
539:when eleven Southern
425:Battle of Fort Sumter
8843:Daar kom die Alibama
8758:National Union Party
8434:memorials to Lincoln
8354:Lost Cause mythology
8059:Eufaula riot of 1874
8047:Confederate refugees
7260:District of Columbia
6887:Union naval blockade
6733:Underground Railroad
6521:Nullification crisis
6306:Siddali, Silvana R.
6271:Dee, Christine, ed.
6144:Pennsylvania History
6049:Siddali, Silvana R.
5960:Parrish, William E.
5953:O'Connor, Thomas H.
5869:Gallman, Matthew J.
5859:Dilla, Harriette M.
5849:Dee, Christine, ed.
5842:Current, Richard N.
5835:Coulter, E. Merton.
5780:(2 vol 2015) 1019pp
5734:Roseboom, Eugene H.
5494:Voegeli, V. Jacque.
5473:McPherson, James M.
5074:Luthin, Reinhard H.
4813:Cashin, Joan E. ed.
4694:James Alex Baggett,
4681:Richard N. Current,
4261:Agricultural History
4175:Agricultural History
4116:Richardson, 100, 113
4087:Wesley C. Mitchell,
4006:Niven, John (1995).
3960:Emerson David Fite,
3684:Eugene E. Roseboom,
3570:(1992) 18#1 pp 28–69
3469:1989 85(3): 236–250.
3343:Adrian Cook (1974).
3317:(1977) pp: 190–204.
3031:Smithsonian Magazine
2955:W. W. Gaunt (1864).
2682:(split off in 1863)
2675:Washington Territory
2657:New Mexico Territory
2366:Stephen G. Burbridge
2324:General Order No. 11
2319:Bloody Bill Anderson
2170:Forrester's Playmate
2042:Cornelius Vanderbilt
1927:Benjamin Tyler Henry
1887:George Henry Corliss
1714:be mobilized by the
1457:Copperhead Democrats
1360:Jacksonian Democracy
1358:. It looked back to
1299:Republican Governor
1253:Copperhead Democrats
1218:Justin Smith Morrill
1202:National Banking Act
1198:Pacific Railroad Act
1006:District of Columbia
982:Territories and D.C.
650:National Union Party
295:Speaker of the House
9001:Supreme Court cases
8768:Radical Republicans
8547:Old soldiers' homes
8531:Confederate Veteran
8457:artworks in Capitol
8176:Reconstruction acts
8037:Colfax riot of 1873
7001:Richmond-Petersburg
6606:Fugitive slave laws
6536:Popular sovereignty
6516:Missouri Compromise
6506:Kansas-Nebraska Act
6292:Marten, James, ed.
6278:Freidel Frank, ed.
6156:McDevitt, Theresa.
6146:(2005). 72: 159–191
6059:Stampp, Kenneth M.
5710:Miller, William J.
5683:Current, Richard N.
5522:37 (1991): 232–246.
5511:Burton, William L.
5484:Quarles, Benjamin.
5433:Clarke, Frances M.
5296:Lowenstein, Roger.
5240:Clark Jr., John E.
5178:Neely Jr., Mark E.
5167:The Fate of Liberty
5164:Neely Jr., Mark E.
5140:Weber, Jennifer L.
5088:Paludan, Philip S.
5046:Harris, William C.
4903:McPherson, James M.
4879:Gallman, J. Matthew
4868:Ford, Lacy K., ed.
4569:, Winter 2009, Vol.
4322:Timothy L. Wesley.
4192:A People's Contest"
3871:(1996), pp 466–478
3529:Gallman, J. Matthew
3478:Jennifer L. Weber,
3233:Kenneth M. Stampp,
2942:The New-York Review
2720:Central Confederacy
2688:(split off in 1864)
2664:(split off in 1863)
2378:Thomas E. Bramlette
2315:Quantrill's Raiders
2241:Unionist government
2237:William G. Brownlow
2174:The Little Corporal
2124:Radical Republicans
1922:William P. Halliday
1912:James Buchanan Eads
1852:Matthias W. Baldwin
1692:Holmes County, Ohio
1229:Radical Republicans
1216:(on legal issues),
1104:McClintock states:
762:In 2015, historian
668:, with its massive
654:George B. McClellan
575:border slave states
477:Appomattox campaign
8822:A Lincoln Portrait
8763:Politicians killed
8687:U.S. Balloon Corps
8682:Union corps badges
8462:memorials to Davis
8332:Disenfranchisement
8203:Reconstruction era
8084:Timber Culture Act
8042:Compromise of 1877
7006:Franklin–Nashville
6676:Frederick Douglass
6579:Cornerstone Speech
6496:Compromise of 1850
6444:American Civil War
6370:Civil War Soldiers
6299:Risley, Ford, ed.
6149:Harper, Judith E.
6132:Giesberg, Judith.
6122:(2009). 12:129–155
6108:(2007) 66: 241–265
6034:Roseboom, Eugene.
6030:Cortland, New York
5832:(1919) on Illinois
5814:Bradley, Erwin S.
5771:Annual Cyclopaedia
5703:McPherson, James.
5597:Cortland, New York
5539:Miller, Robert J.
5222:– via JStor.
5123:Smith, Adam I. P.
5039:Green, Michael S.
5020:Gallagher, Gary W.
5015:– via JStor.
4971:Engle, Stephen D.
4952:Reinhard H. Luthin
4846:10.1353/cwh.0.0058
4656:Curry, Richard O.
4519:10.1353/jsh/26.1.5
4057:Jerry W. Markham,
3491:Frank L. Klement,
3329:Robert M. Sandow,
3190:Leonard P. Curry,
2795:Lincoln, Abraham.
2646:Nebraska Territory
2630:Colorado Territory
2310:
2264:Reconstruction era
2217:
2166:The Little Pilgrim
2132:Ladies' Repository
2037:John Edgar Thomson
1907:Charles I. du Pont
1761:
1696:Pennsylvania Dutch
1676:
1625:John Shaw Billings
1541:, and especially,
1522:
1506:Medical conditions
1484:John Shaw Billings
1452:
1416:
1392:
1293:
1249:
1168:, and (from 1862)
822:American Civil War
790:
737:federal government
709:American Civil War
705:
702:American Civil War
700:states during the
573:and four southern
552:American Civil War
382:American Civil War
168:American Civil War
9076:
9075:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9039:
8874:Italian Americans
8859:African Americans
8816:John Brown's Body
8569:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8482:
8481:
8320:Robert E. Lee Day
8064:Freedmen's Bureau
8027:Brooks–Baxter War
7958:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7742:
7741:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7513:
6931:Northern Virginia
6877:Trans-Mississippi
6850:
6849:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6637:Uncle Tom's Cabin
6574:African Americans
6190:Civil War History
6183:Civil War History
6099:Civil War History
5984:Schouler, William
5907:Leech, Margaret.
5745:(2008) 41:843–866
5652:Civil War History
5645:Civil War History
5546:Moorhead, James.
5520:Civil War History
5340:Ziparo, Jessica.
5306:Merk, Frederick.
5292:appendix in JSTOR
5233:Brandes, Stuart.
5095:Rawley, James A.
5067:Lawson, Melinda.
4919:War for the Union
4834:Civil War History
4707:Michael Fellman,
4573:2 Issue 1, pp 5–7
4554:Civil War History
4493:Methodist History
4335:George C. Rable,
4160:Harold M. Hyman,
3991:Civil War History
3920:Civil War History
3887:Barnet Schecter,
3806:Civil War History
3793:Civil War History
3764:Civil War History
3675:(2011) pp 178–230
3645:Mary C. Gillett,
3623:(2013) 1: 366–367
3207:, June 2007, Vol.
3180:. pp. 21–48.
2686:Montana Territory
2662:Arizona Territory
2621:Union territories
2284:guerrilla warfare
2278:Guerrilla warfare
2198:Southern Unionist
2067:Oliver Winchester
1932:Gouverneur Kemble
1862:John Jacob Bausch
1857:Benjamin Bates IV
1726:Financing the war
1477:The paperwork war
1129:President Lincoln
1077:
1076:
776:Size and strength
661:guerrilla warfare
526:
525:
464:Savannah campaign
430:April 12–13, 1861
363:• 1864–1865
351:• 1861–1864
321:• 1863–1865
309:• 1861–1863
152:
132:
71:Bottom: 1863–1865
9126:
9066:
9056:
9055:
8879:Native Americans
8864:German Americans
8657:Partisan rangers
8652:Official Records
8592:
8591:
8575:
8574:
8467:memorials to Lee
8414:
8413:
7975:
7974:
7964:
7963:
7751:
7750:
7548:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7528:
7527:
7501:Washington, D.C.
7295:Indian Territory
7255:Dakota Territory
7213:
7212:
7130:Chancellorsville
6921:Jackson's Valley
6911:Blockade runners
6787:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6751:
6750:
6711:Thaddeus Stevens
6701:Lysander Spooner
6661:Susan B. Anthony
6463:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6414:
6413:
6160:(Praeger, 2003).
6092:Women and family
6086:full text online
6041:
6024:Raus, Edmund J.
6014:Ponce, Pearl T.
6011:
5975:Pierce, Bessie.
5955:Civil War Boston
5883:Holzer, Harold.
5821:Castel, Albert.
5717:Mitchell; Reid.
5700:
5615:
5591:Raus, Edmund J.
5560:Stout, Harry S.
5525:Kleppner, Paul.
5427:(1996), 253 pp;
5409:Wilson, Edmund.
5334:(2006). 306 pp.
5330:Wilson, Mark R.
5285:
5223:
5198:(4): 1013–1034.
5060:Kleppner, Paul.
5016:
4943:Bogue, Allan G.
4865:
4790:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4587:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4349:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3958:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3908:Leslie M. Harris
3906:, 1626–1863, by
3898:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3428:
3419:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2698:Indian Territory
2651:Nevada Territory
2640:Indian Territory
2635:Dakota Territory
2390:Washington, D.C.
2272:Republican Party
2052:Daniel B. Wesson
2032:Ezekiel A. Straw
2002:Christian Sharps
1742:new excise taxes
1651:Prisoners of war
1641:Herman Hollerith
1618:women's suffrage
1598:battle of Shiloh
1496:Anthony C. Colby
1446:Soldiers of the
1356:Republican Party
1345:Democratic Party
1317:George McClellan
1301:Oliver P. Morton
1272:, including the
1261:Democratic Party
1206:Thaddeus Stevens
1139:Historians have
1123:prisoners of war
1099:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1016:Indian Territory
950:Dual governments
807:
800:
799:
741:Washington, D.C.
722:
692:The division of
638:Democratic Party
535:, refers to the
456:July 13–16, 1863
230:Washington, D.C.
205:Indian Territory
202:
192:
183:
174:
164:
154:
153:
134:
133:
104:Out of many, one
81:
65:
58:
35:
21:
20:
9134:
9133:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9036:
9020:
8905:
8869:Irish Americans
8847:
8792:
8701:
8692:U.S. Home Guard
8632:Field artillery
8586:
8585:
8561:
8503:
8478:
8440:
8409:
8403:
8295:Civil War Trust
8262:
8256:
8144:Ethnic violence
8129:Kirk–Holden war
8008:
7969:
7946:
7880:
7738:
7682:
7535:
7510:
7464:
7217:
7204:
7035:
7016:Sherman's March
6996:Bermuda Hundred
6891:
6846:
6818:
6774:
6773:
6737:
6696:J. Sella Martin
6666:James G. Birney
6642:
6560:
6486:Bleeding Kansas
6474:
6457:
6446:
6441:
6382:Wayback Machine
6365:Wayback Machine
6354:
6320:(2005). 434 pp.
6303:(2004). 320 pp.
6296:(2003). 346 pp.
6275:(2007). 244 pp.
6228:
6226:Primary sources
6163:Marten, James.
6153:(2004). 472 pp.
6115:(1998). 294 pp.
6111:Attie, Jeanie.
6094:
6080:Ware, Edith E.
6039:
6000:
5890:Hubbard, Mark.
5876:Hall, Susan G.
5800:Baker, Jean H.
5797:(2004). 239 pp.
5759:
5757:State and local
5748:Wiley, Bell I.
5697:
5636:Geary James W.
5633:
5613:
5571:
5564:(2006). 544 pp.
5557:(2006). 199 pp.
5505:
5470:
5420:
5361:Aaron, Daniel.
5358:
5323:Weber, Thomas.
5283:
5230:
5204:10.2307/1859506
5157:Hyman, Harold.
5154:
5112:Wayback Machine
5043:(2004). 400 pp.
4997:10.2307/1832574
4940:
4925:Resch, John P.
4810:
4805:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4784:
4780:
4772:Ray C. Colton,
4771:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4693:
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4680:
4676:
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4664:
4655:
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4638:
4629:
4625:
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4612:
4607:
4603:
4594:
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4581:
4577:
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4538:
4534:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4471:10.2307/1895802
4455:
4451:
4436:10.2307/1886955
4420:
4416:
4393:
4389:
4366:10.2307/3169398
4350:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4292:
4288:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4211:
4203:Paul W. Gates,
4202:
4198:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4140:10.2307/1890520
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4098:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3995:in Project MUSE
3988:
3984:
3975:
3971:
3959:
3955:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3913:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3877:Wayback Machine
3866:
3862:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3815:
3810:in Project MUSE
3803:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3734:
3730:
3715:10.2307/1898252
3699:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3671:Justin Martin,
3670:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3640:
3634:Vermont History
3631:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3548:
3526:
3522:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3429:
3422:
3417:Wayback Machine
3403:
3399:
3384:10.2307/1888878
3368:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3252:
3248:
3243:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3145:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2969:
2965:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2770:separated from
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2715:Perpetual Union
2706:
2680:Idaho Territory
2623:
2605:
2386:
2374:Abraham Lincoln
2362:
2356:
2317:and the men of
2298:
2292:
2280:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2162:Our Young Folks
2150:
2141:
2108:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2072:John F. Winslow
2027:Henry J. Steere
1947:Benedict Lapham
1937:Benjamin Knight
1897:Erastus Corning
1867:Andrew Carnegie
1847:
1833:
1816:
1799:
1782:
1759:1862 Greenbacks
1746:value added tax
1733:Salmon P. Chase
1728:
1711:
1705:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1647:(IBM) in 1911.
1514:
1508:
1479:
1465:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1336:
1330:
1266:Horatio Seymour
1241:
1224:(on finances).
1186:
1162:Salmon P. Chase
1137:
1131:
1097:
1082:
1073:
828:
820:
818:
778:
769:Army University
720:
715:The subsequent
686:
556:Abraham Lincoln
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
443:January 1, 1863
440:
427:
414:
401:
395:Southern states
368:Salmon P. Chase
364:
352:
326:Schuyler Colfax
322:
314:Galusha A. Grow
310:
280:
269:Abraham Lincoln
265:
213:
212:
200:
198:
190:
188:
181:
179:
172:
155:
148:
145:
136:
135:
126:
123:
106:
99:E pluribus unum
89:
88:
87:
82:
74:
73:
70:
66:
59:
41:
40:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9132:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9060:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9016:Women soldiers
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8971:Naming the war
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8802:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8607:Campaign Medal
8604:
8598:
8596:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:Related topics
8579:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8420:
8418:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8329:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8310:Decoration Day
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8266:
8264:
8263:Reconstruction
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8117:second inquiry
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8081:
8074:Homestead Acts
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8022:Alabama Claims
8018:
8016:
8014:Reconstruction
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8002:15th Amendment
7999:
7997:14th Amendment
7994:
7992:13th Amendment
7983:
7981:
7971:
7970:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7757:
7755:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7623:J. E. Johnston
7620:
7618:A. S. Johnston
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7558:R. H. Anderson
7554:
7552:
7545:
7537:
7536:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:South Carolina
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7395:North Carolina
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:Fredericksburg
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7060:Wilson's Creek
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6872:Lower Seaboard
6869:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6728:Harriet Tubman
6725:
6724:
6723:
6716:Charles Sumner
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6551:States' rights
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6372:
6367:
6353:
6352:External links
6350:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6310:(2009), 256pp
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6210:Silber, Nina.
6208:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6170:Massey, Mary.
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6106:Annals of Iowa
6102:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6071:
6066:Taylor, Paul.
6064:
6057:
6047:
6032:
6022:
6012:
5998:
5980:
5973:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5857:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5793:Bak, Richard.
5791:
5784:
5774:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5695:
5679:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5606:
5599:
5595:(2011), about
5589:
5579:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5553:Noll, Mark A.
5551:
5544:
5543:(2007). 260 pp
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5482:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5447:
5438:
5431:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5383:
5376:
5366:
5365:(2nd ed. 1987)
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5312:online edition
5304:
5294:
5276:
5266:
5263:online edition
5255:
5245:
5238:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5183:
5176:
5162:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5121:
5116:Silbey, Joel.
5114:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5026:
5017:
4976:
4969:
4959:
4948:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4923:
4911:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4885:(1994), survey
4876:
4866:
4840:(2): 244–277.
4825:
4818:
4809:
4806:
4801:Main article:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4778:
4765:
4752:
4739:
4726:
4713:
4700:
4687:
4674:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4601:
4597:Annals of Iowa
4588:
4575:
4558:
4545:
4539:James Marten,
4532:
4497:
4484:
4465:(2): 197–218.
4449:
4430:(4): 546–560.
4414:
4387:
4360:(3): 578–609.
4354:Church History
4341:
4328:
4315:
4302:
4286:
4251:
4238:
4222:
4218:Annals of Iowa
4209:
4196:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4118:
4109:
4096:
4093:online edition
4080:
4074:Bray Hammond,
4067:
4061:(2001) vol 3 p
4050:
4043:
4025:
4018:
3998:
3982:
3969:
3966:online edition
3953:
3937:
3924:
3911:
3893:
3880:
3860:
3839:
3826:
3813:
3797:
3784:
3768:
3755:
3744:(3): 295–316.
3728:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3606:978-0618875207
3605:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3520:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:10.2307/365104
3439:(4): 538–554.
3420:
3397:
3378:(3): 472–479.
3362:
3355:
3335:
3322:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3272:
3246:
3226:
3213:
3196:
3183:
3168:
3161:
3139:
3124:
3120:. p. 255.
3108:
3085:
3078:
3058:
3043:
3017:
2993:
2978:
2963:
2947:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2896:
2876:
2869:
2849:
2830:(3): 361–363.
2814:
2807:
2787:
2776:
2759:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2672:
2670:Utah Territory
2667:
2666:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2358:Main article:
2355:
2352:
2338:was killed in
2294:Main article:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2233:Andrew Johnson
2229:East Tennessee
2196:Main article:
2193:
2190:
2154:Merry's Museum
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2107:
2104:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:George Pullman
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1829:
1815:
1812:
1798:
1795:
1787:Morrill Tariff
1781:
1778:
1750:Morrill tariff
1727:
1724:
1704:
1701:
1667:
1664:
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1614:Mary Livermore
1539:whooping cough
1510:Main article:
1507:
1504:
1500:Nathaniel Head
1478:
1475:
1464:
1461:
1412:Fredericksburg
1383:
1380:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1257:August Belmont
1240:
1237:
1214:Lyman Trumbull
1210:Charles Sumner
1190:Morrill tariff
1185:
1182:
1174:War Department
1154:William Seward
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1084:The attack on
1081:
1080:Public opinion
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
985:
984:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
952:
951:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
825:
824:
809:
808:
777:
774:
764:Michael Landis
749:European Union
685:
682:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
500:
497:
496:
495:April 14, 1865
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
445:
444:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
422:
419:
418:
415:
409:
406:
405:
402:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
378:Historical era
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
359:
358:
356:Roger B. Taney
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
286:
284:Andrew Johnson
281:
275:
272:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
199:
189:
180:
171:
165:
157:
156:
146:
124:
116:Hail, Columbia
108:
107:
102:
91:
90:
83:
76:
75:
69:Top: 1861–1863
67:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
38:
37:
36:
31:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9131:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9059:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8986:Photographers
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8961:Gender issues
8959:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8788:War Democrats
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8778:Union Leagues
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8677:Turning point
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8647:Naval battles
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8410:and memorials
8406:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8270:Commemoration
8268:
8267:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:first inquiry
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:Carpetbaggers
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7965:
7961:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7525:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:West Virginia
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:New Hampshire
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:Massachusetts
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:Hampton Roads
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Fort Donelson
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Morgan's Raid
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:Anaconda Plan
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Pacific Coast
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:Positive good
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
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6587:
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6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
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6544:
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6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Panic of 1857
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:Border states
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6453:
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6426:
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6415:
6409:
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6399:
6396:
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6389:
6386:
6383:
6379:
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6371:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:online review
6333:
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6319:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6305:
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6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6282:(2 vol. 1967)
6281:
6277:
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6263:
6260:
6256:
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6199:
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6121:
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6110:
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6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
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6048:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6031:
6028:(2011) about
6027:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5999:9781582180014
5995:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5946:Niven, John.
5945:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5922:
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5910:
5906:
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5779:
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5751:
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5709:
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5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:online review
5388:
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5375:
5374:online review
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5309:
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5303:
5302:online review
5299:
5295:
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5289:
5281:
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5264:
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5136:online review
5133:
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5119:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5081:Neely, Mark.
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:The Union War
5021:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
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4977:
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4953:
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4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4914:Nevins, Allan
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:(2002) 2740pp
4898:
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4375:
4371:
4367:
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4348:
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4332:
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4296:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4231:History Today
4226:
4219:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4157:
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4113:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4044:9781851968985
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4019:9780195364385
4015:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3967:
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3957:
3951:
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3928:
3921:
3915:
3909:
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3902:
3897:
3890:
3884:
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3864:
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3843:
3836:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3776:Shauna Devine
3772:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3688:(1944) p. 396
3687:
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3401:
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3377:
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3356:9780813112985
3352:
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3326:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3300:9780807154588
3296:
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3291:
3283:
3275:
3273:9781442210875
3269:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3244:
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3223:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3179:
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3162:9780684824901
3158:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3089:
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3079:9781841762395
3075:
3071:
3070:
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3032:
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3005:
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2997:
2989:
2982:
2974:
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2959:
2951:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2915:. p. 30.
2914:
2907:
2899:
2897:9780809328871
2893:
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2870:9780809328871
2866:
2862:
2861:
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2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2808:9783849679682
2804:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2768:West Virginia
2763:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2687:
2684:
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2668:
2663:
2660:
2659:
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2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Border states
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:West Virginia
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:New York City
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:New Hampshire
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Massachusetts
2478:
2474:
2471:
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2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
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2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:Bald Knobbers
2341:
2337:
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2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:West Virginia
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:border states
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:John Ericsson
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Gardner Colby
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1723:
1721:
1720:modernization
1717:
1710:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1663:
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1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
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1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:typhoid fever
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:Simon Cameron
1388:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
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1322:
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1311:
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1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Homestead Act
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Edwin Stanton
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1110:
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1093:
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1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1048:
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1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
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1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
983:
980:
979:
974:
973:West Virginia
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
953:
949:
948:
943:
940:
938:
937:West Virginia
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:New Hampshire
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Massachusetts
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
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814:
811:
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806:
802:
801:
798:
794:
787:
782:
773:
770:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:confederation
742:
738:
732:
730:
726:
718:
714:
710:
703:
699:
695:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:New York City
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:War Democrats
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
564:federal union
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
537:United States
534:
530:
522:
521:United States
519:
517:Today part of
515:
511:
507:
504:
498:
494:
491:
485:
481:
478:
472:
468:
465:
459:
455:
452:
446:
442:
439:
433:
429:
426:
420:
417:March 4, 1861
416:
413:
407:
403:
400:
396:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
360:
357:
354:
348:
344:
340:
338:
337:Chief Justice
334:
330:
327:
324:
318:
315:
312:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
273:
270:
267:
264:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
196:
195:border states
187:
178:
177:United States
170:(1861–1865).
169:
163:
158:
143:
139:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
96:
92:
86:
80:
72:
64:
57:
49:
44:
32:
29:
28:
27:
26:
22:
19:
8927:Bibliography
8910:Other topics
8852:By ethnicity
8820:
8773:Trent Affair
8672:Signal Corps
8529:
8252:White League
8139:Ku Klux Klan
8052:Confederados
7979:Constitution
7851:D. D. Porter
7704:Breckinridge
7415:Rhode Island
7410:Pennsylvania
7165:Spotsylvania
7125:Stones River
7105:2nd Bull Run
7055:1st Bull Run
6941:Stones River
6842:Marine Corps
6809:Marine Corps
6790:
6648:Abolitionism
6635:
6588:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6241:
6232:
6218:
6211:
6201:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6050:
6035:
6025:
6015:
5988:
5976:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5937:
5925:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5807:Baum, Dale.
5801:
5794:
5787:
5777:
5762:
5749:
5742:
5738:(1944), Ohio
5735:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5686:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5623:
5612:Vol. 76, No.
5609:
5602:
5592:
5582:
5575:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5495:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5424:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5386:
5379:
5369:
5362:
5348:
5341:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5279:
5269:
5258:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5195:
5191:
5179:
5165:
5158:
5141:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5029:
5022:
4991:(1): 53–69.
4988:
4984:
4972:
4962:
4955:
4944:
4930:
4926:
4917:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4869:
4837:
4833:
4821:
4814:
4797:Bibliography
4786:
4781:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4708:
4703:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4543:(2004) p. 17
4540:
4535:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4403:(1): 34–47.
4400:
4396:
4390:
4357:
4353:
4336:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4294:
4289:
4267:(1): 79–97.
4264:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4134:(1): 35–57.
4131:
4127:
4121:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4058:
4053:
4034:
4028:
4008:
4001:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3961:
3956:
3945:
3940:
3935:(2013) ch. 1
3932:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3868:
3863:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3709:(1): 61–80.
3706:
3702:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3534:
3523:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3436:
3432:
3408:
3400:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3314:
3309:
3289:
3282:
3257:
3249:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3096:
3088:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
3002:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2886:
2879:
2859:
2852:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2797:
2790:
2779:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2695:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2606:
2579:Rhode Island
2567:Philadelphia
2557:Pennsylvania
2427:Indianapolis
2394:
2384:Union states
2363:
2333:
2329:Harry Truman
2311:
2281:
2253:
2218:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2131:
2129:
2109:
2100:
2092:
2062:Amos Whitney
2057:Rollin White
2007:David Sinton
1977:Samuel Morse
1834:
1831:Cotton trade
1823:epidemic of
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1738:
1729:
1712:
1689:
1677:
1660:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1594:War Democrat
1587:
1579:Walt Whitman
1575:Dorothea Dix
1527:
1523:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1401:
1393:
1349:
1337:
1321:War Democrat
1314:
1306:
1294:
1250:
1226:
1187:
1138:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:Allan Nevins
1083:
927:Rhode Island
922:Pennsylvania
812:
795:
791:
761:
733:
724:
717:Constitution
706:
658:
622:
611:
568:
546:to form the
541:slave states
532:
528:
527:
141:
119:
111:
103:
97:
95:Motto:
94:
85:Coat of arms
18:
8733:Copperheads
8445:Confederate
8337:Black Codes
7663:E. K. Smith
7544:Confederate
7491:New Orleans
7486:Chattanooga
7350:Mississippi
7250:Connecticut
7218:territories
7209:Involvement
7170:Cold Harbor
7160:Fort Pillow
7150:Chattanooga
7145:Chickamauga
7095:Seven Pines
7085:New Orleans
7050:Fort Sumter
6991:Valley 1864
6824:Confederacy
6621:Slave Power
6601:Fire-Eaters
5282:Vol. 8, No.
4737:(2003) p. 4
4586:pp 107, 166
4513:(1): 5–31.
3539:. pp.
3405:Joel Silbey
3101:. pp.
3036:January 30,
2406:Connecticut
2370:martial law
2336:Jesse James
2120:Slave Power
1877:Samuel Colt
1814:Agriculture
1797:Land grants
1744:—a sort of
1666:Draft riots
1531:chicken pox
1488:punch cards
1328:Copperheads
1086:Fort Sumter
837:Connecticut
698:Confederate
674:Coal Region
646:Copperheads
571:free states
558:, the 16th
186:Confederacy
9083:Categories
8966:Juneteenth
8487:Cemeteries
8364:Red Shirts
8275:Centennial
8225:Red Shirts
7633:Longstreet
7563:Beauregard
7506:Winchester
7481:Charleston
7450:Washington
7385:New Mexico
7380:New Jersey
7240:California
7216:States and
7200:Five Forks
7185:Mobile Bay
7155:Wilderness
7135:Gettysburg
7115:Perryville
7100:Seven Days
7031:Appomattox
6956:Gettysburg
6916:New Mexico
6783:Combatants
6758:Combatants
6671:John Brown
6084:, (1916).
5970:0826201482
5696:0195084659
4194:pp 159–169
3513:. p.
2572:Pittsburgh
2562:Harrisburg
2540:Cincinnati
2518:New Jersey
2455:Louisville
2401:California
2256:Union Army
2202:See also:
2106:Methodists
1982:Asa Packer
1962:Henry Lomb
1770:greenbacks
1635:) and the
1414:, May 1863
1377:Union Army
1239:Opposition
1200:, and the
1146:Gettysburg
1041:Washington
1031:New Mexico
902:New Jersey
832:California
634:Republican
614:Union Army
236:Government
8944:Espionage
8738:Diplomacy
8706:Political
8662:POW camps
8408:Monuments
8235:Scalawags
8230:Redeemers
7968:Aftermath
7917:Pinkerton
7856:Rosecrans
7821:McClellan
7724:Memminger
7460:Wisconsin
7425:Tennessee
7345:Minnesota
7320:Louisiana
7195:Nashville
7140:Vicksburg
7070:Pea Ridge
7021:Carolinas
6976:Red River
6971:Knoxville
6951:Tullahoma
6946:Vicksburg
6926:Peninsula
6898:campaigns
6764:Campaigns
6541:Secession
6042:4 (1944)
5212:0002-8762
5005:0002-8762
4862:144177006
4854:1533-6271
4382:154489893
4103:Hammond,
3010:March 19,
2836:0024-6816
2766:In 1863,
2752:April 28,
2601:Wisconsin
2545:Cleveland
2501:St. Louis
2490:Minnesota
2473:Baltimore
2450:Lexington
2268:Scalawags
2225:Unionists
1882:Jay Cooke
1766:Jay Cooke
1687:streets.
1631:(now the
1590:David Tod
1551:dysentery
1435:With the
942:Wisconsin
887:Minnesota
786:Caucasian
757:U.S. Army
753:U.S. Navy
684:Etymology
625:Northeast
618:U.S. Army
593:, though
533:the North
529:The Union
404:1860–1861
399:secession
397:declared
263:1861–1865
247:President
46:1861–1865
9114:Unionism
9058:Category
8899:Seminole
8889:Cherokee
8642:Medicine
8595:Military
8508:Veterans
8342:Jim Crow
8107:timeline
7902:Ericsson
7885:Civilian
7866:Sheridan
7826:McDowell
7786:Farragut
7771:Burnside
7761:Anderson
7754:Military
7734:Stephens
7694:Benjamin
7687:Civilian
7573:Buchanan
7551:Military
7496:Richmond
7445:Virginia
7390:New York
7365:Nebraska
7355:Missouri
7340:Michigan
7330:Maryland
7315:Kentucky
7290:Illinois
7265:Delaware
7245:Colorado
7230:Arkansas
7190:Franklin
7110:Antietam
6981:Overland
6936:Maryland
6855:Theaters
6761:Theaters
6378:Archived
6361:Archived
6206:in JSTOR
5986:(1868).
5964:(1973) (
5730:in JSTOR
5685:(1992).
5668:. (2002)
5631:Soldiers
5618:in JSTOR
5288:in JSTOR
5274:in JSTOR
5253:in JSTOR
5228:Economic
5108:Archived
4938:Politics
4722:Prologue
4582:Marten,
4409:40189481
4281:11639801
3873:Archived
3750:25542169
3531:(1994).
3413:Archived
3239:Archived
2844:26564816
2772:Virginia
2704:See also
2589:Virginia
2523:New York
2495:Missouri
2485:Michigan
2467:Maryland
2444:Kentucky
2417:Illinois
2411:Delaware
2354:Kentucky
2306:Lawrence
2290:Missouri
2245:Wheeling
2148:Children
2089:Religion
1825:glanders
1547:diarrhea
1482:effort,
1371:Soldiers
1184:Congress
1166:Treasury
1150:Richmond
1092:writes:
1026:Nebraska
996:Colorado
968:Virginia
963:Missouri
958:Kentucky
907:New York
882:Michigan
872:Maryland
847:Illinois
842:Delaware
605:and the
599:Kentucky
595:Missouri
591:Missouri
587:Kentucky
583:Maryland
579:Delaware
209:Oklahoma
142:de facto
120:de facto
9025:Related
8894:Choctaw
8884:Catawba
8667:Rations
8612:Cavalry
8474:Removal
8102:efforts
8086:of 1873
7932:Stevens
7927:Stanton
7912:Lincoln
7871:Sherman
7806:Halleck
7796:Frémont
7781:Du Pont
7719:Mallory
7678:Wheeler
7613:Jackson
7593:Forrest
7533:Leaders
7476:Atlanta
7440:Vermont
7360:Montana
7300:Indiana
7275:Georgia
7270:Florida
7235:Arizona
7225:Alabama
7175:Atlanta
7090:Corinth
7042:battles
6986:Atlanta
6966:Bristoe
6867:Western
6862:Eastern
6767:Battles
6566:Slavery
6470:Origins
6456:Origins
6384:, texts
6334:(2013)
6178:(1994)
6136:(2009)
6018:(2011)
6008:2662693
5930:excerpt
5928:(2014)
5920:excerpt
5918:(2013)
5904:(1993).
5894:(2012)
5846:(1976).
5839:(1926),
5782:excerpt
5721:(1993).
5640:(1991).
5587:excerpt
5550:(1978).
5529:(1979).
5498:(1967).
5481:(1965),
5460:(2012)
5418:Medical
5372:(2013)
5351:(2021).
5310:(1916)
5261:(1910)
5220:1859506
5144:(2006)
5134:(2011)
5120:(1977).
5099:(1974).
5032:(2005)
5013:1832574
4963:Lincoln
4817:(2001),
4808:Surveys
4527:3788810
4479:1895802
4444:1886955
4374:3169398
4273:3744026
4148:1890520
4107:(1970).
4091:(1903)
4078:(1970).
3964:(1910)
3782:(2014).
3723:1898252
3411:(1977)
3392:1888878
3237:(1949)
2584:Vermont
2422:Indiana
2084:Society
1780:Tariffs
1703:Economy
1559:malaria
1543:measles
1365:Atlanta
1285:Cabinet
1178:cabinet
1172:at the
1164:at the
1021:Montana
991:Arizona
932:Vermont
852:Indiana
819:in the
629:Midwest
544:seceded
501:•
488:•
475:•
462:•
449:•
436:•
423:•
410:•
393:•
276:•
261:•
226:Capital
207:(later
112:Anthem:
9068:Portal
9006:Tokens
7942:Welles
7922:Seward
7907:Hamlin
7876:Thomas
7811:Hooker
7776:Butler
7729:Seddon
7714:Hunter
7699:Bocock
7673:Taylor
7668:Stuart
7658:Semmes
7638:Morgan
7598:Gorgas
7578:Cooper
7469:Cities
7405:Oregon
7370:Nevada
7310:Kansas
7280:Hawaii
7180:Crater
7080:Shiloh
7040:Major
7026:Mobile
6896:Major
6770:States
6721:Caning
6327:(1966)
6245:(1864)
6194:online
6077:(1965)
6063:(1949)
6044:online
6040:
6006:
5996:
5979:(1940)
5968:
5957:(1999)
5880:(2008)
5873:(1990)
5825:(1958)
5818:(1964)
5811:(1984)
5804:(1973)
5790:(2013)
5767:online
5752:(1952)
5714:(1990)
5693:
5677:online
5614:
5536:(1998)
5515:(1998)
5453:(1956)
5445:(2014)
5413:(1962)
5406:(1991)
5399:(1993)
5382:(2015)
5327:(1999)
5284:
5244:(2004)
5218:
5210:
5106:(1997)
5085:(2002)
5057:(1948)
5011:
5003:
4947:(1989)
4933:(2005)
4927:et al.
4860:
4852:
4789:(2006)
4776:(1984)
4750:(1988)
4711:(1989)
4698:(2003)
4685:(1994)
4647:(2009)
4571:
4525:
4477:
4442:
4407:
4380:
4372:
4299:online
4279:
4271:
4235:online
4186:Fite,
4146:
4063:
4041:
4016:
3980:(1997)
3950:online
3891:(2005)
3837:(1994)
3748:
3721:
3662:(1956)
3649:(1987)
3603:
3495:(1999)
3482:(2006)
3453:365104
3451:
3390:
3353:
3333:(2009)
3319:online
3297:
3270:
3209:
3194:(1968)
3159:
3076:
2894:
2867:
2842:
2834:
2805:
2552:Oregon
2508:Nevada
2439:Kansas
2348:Ozarks
2139:Family
1557:, and
1259:. The
1196:, the
1192:, the
1098:
1001:Dakota
917:Oregon
892:Nevada
862:Kansas
816:states
721:
589:, and
341:
299:
251:
218:Status
201:
191:
182:
173:
114:
8811:Dixie
8798:Music
8417:Union
8261:Post-
8097:trial
7897:Chase
7892:Adams
7861:Scott
7836:Meigs
7831:Meade
7801:Grant
7791:Foote
7766:Buell
7747:Union
7709:Davis
7653:Price
7643:Mosby
7588:Ewell
7583:Early
7568:Bragg
7430:Texas
7325:Maine
7285:Idaho
6791:Union
5216:JSTOR
5009:JSTOR
4858:S2CID
4523:JSTOR
4475:JSTOR
4440:JSTOR
4405:JSTOR
4378:S2CID
4370:JSTOR
4269:JSTOR
4144:JSTOR
3746:JSTOR
3719:JSTOR
3541:56–73
3449:JSTOR
3388:JSTOR
3103:74–75
2840:JSTOR
2726:Notes
2462:Maine
1680:draft
1535:mumps
1352:wards
1158:State
1011:Idaho
867:Maine
813:Union
725:Union
723:..."
694:Union
34:Union
8996:Salt
8602:Arms
8452:List
8424:List
7937:Wade
7846:Pope
7816:Hunt
7648:Polk
7608:Hood
7603:Hill
7435:Utah
7400:Ohio
7305:Iowa
6837:Navy
6832:Army
6804:Navy
6799:Army
6254:1960
6243:1863
6004:OCLC
5994:ISBN
5966:ISBN
5691:ISBN
5468:Race
5208:ISSN
5001:ISSN
4850:ISSN
4277:PMID
4039:ISBN
4014:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3038:2022
3012:2016
2892:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2832:ISSN
2803:ISBN
2754:2021
2696:The
2535:Ohio
2434:Iowa
2235:and
2172:and
1592:, a
1319:, a
1036:Utah
912:Ohio
857:Iowa
696:and
627:and
623:The
612:The
597:and
469:1864
278:1865
7841:Ord
7628:Lee
5200:doi
4993:doi
4842:doi
4515:doi
4467:doi
4432:doi
4362:doi
4136:doi
4065:220
3857:–8.
3855:507
3711:doi
3515:235
3441:doi
3380:doi
3264:311
2497:†*
2446:†*
2243:in
1156:at
739:in
676:of
9085::
6002:.
5290:;
5214:.
5206:.
5196:77
5194:.
5190:.
5007:.
4999:.
4987:.
4983:.
4954:.
4929:,
4916:.
4881:.
4856:.
4848:.
4838:55
4836:.
4832:.
4521:.
4511:26
4509:.
4473:.
4463:41
4461:.
4438:.
4426:.
4401:49
4399:.
4376:.
4368:.
4358:69
4356:.
4344:^
4275:.
4265:69
4263:.
4142:.
4132:70
4130:.
3778:,
3742:24
3740:.
3717:.
3707:38
3705:.
3693:^
3447:.
3437:56
3435:.
3423:^
3407:,
3386:.
3376:47
3374:.
3266:.
3029:.
2838:.
2828:59
2826:.
2745:.
2734:^
2607:*
2591:†*
2469:*
2274:.
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