1376:
3693:
3571:
1368:
404:
2013:
1748:
1684:
3272:
2059:
2649:
technologies – such as boats, harpoons, and fish hooks – because many caves found in the
Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland.
2804:
2943:
3780:
2866:
10992:
11603:
3738:
3667:(AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. In 2024, the research highlighted a significant weakening of the AMOC by approximately 12% over the past two decades. If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity. Therefore, these changes in SST must be caused by human activities.
3360:
3231:
1798:
3402:
3490:
3058:
9067:
11614:
9447:
9055:
3724:
1022:
2363:
2352:
2341:
2629:
3752:
1658:(NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean – classical and upper Labrador sea water – and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sill – Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow water. Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses, especially
3794:
2162:
2709:
1898:
1910:
231:
3766:
2688:, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries: the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America; sites in northeast Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast. Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA,
741:
covers 81,760,000 km (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km (73,368,200 cu mi). The North
Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%). The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the
2378:
reconstructions in 1965. This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates.
2046:
the
Florida Peninsula. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and northwestern Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter, like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the
2697:
Pacific to South
America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path, through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast. Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories, ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed, including the
50:
3311:. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and the number of exploited species. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as
2151:
578:, or ironic understatement. It is used mostly when referring to events or circumstances "on this side of the pond" or "on the other side of the pond" or "across the pond", rather than to discuss the ocean itself. The term dates to 1640, first appearing in print in a pamphlet released during the reign of
1639:
since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to
Mediterranean water. North Atlantic central water flows into South Atlantic central water at
2460:
The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the
Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of seafloor spreading in this segment and consequent opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) to the period
2381:
Geologically, the South
Atlantic can be divided into four segments: equatorial segment, from 10°N to the Romanche fracture zone (RFZ); central segment, from RFZ to Florianopolis fracture zone (FFZ, north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise); southern segment, from FFZ to the Agulhas-Falkland fracture
2176:
The break-up of
Pangaea began in the central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging
3046:
of the North Sea, and the
Falkland Banks. Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the eastern-central and southwest Atlantic oscillate around a globally
2849:
large territories in the New World and forced the
Amerindian population into slavery in order to exploit the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of
2547:
were exposed above sea level, extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers. A small population of modern humans – probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals – survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by
2441:
in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and
2033:
The oceans are the major source of atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by
1202:
An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and
740:
Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km (41,100,000 sq mi) or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) or 23.3% of the total volume of the Earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic
2917:
trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500â1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer
2758:
harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century. Iceland was initially settled 865â930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 °C (36 °F) which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at
2124:
In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. For instance, on the North American side of the ocean, large carbonate deposits formed in warm shallow waters such as Florida and the Bahamas, while coarse river outwash sands and silt are common in
1662:
and Mediterranean overflow water. The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since human-made substances were
1646:
There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporation. Arctic intermediate water flows from the north to become the source for North Atlantic deep water, south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. These two intermediate
1304:
used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straightforward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. The deep ocean floor is thought to
2925:
Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic, urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% in 1300, 11.4% in 1500, to 17% in 1850. Likewise, GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but
2620:
on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12â11 kya-old Late Stone Age (LSA)
2377:
West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic
2307:
erupted at this time period are found on Baffin Island, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland, with ash falls in Western Europe acting as a stratigraphic marker. The opening of the North Atlantic caused a significant uplift of continental crust along the coast. For instance, despite 7 km
2045:
is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on
1999:
and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and northern Africa. Recent but disputed research suggests
1387:
Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below â2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the
3674:
plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the
1638:
with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic subarctic upper water in the northernmost North Atlantic is the source for subarctic intermediate water and North Atlantic intermediate water. North Atlantic central water can be divided into the eastern and western North Atlantic central water
2918:
than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Colonialism evolved as part of the trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, and more limited in
2850:
Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with
2696:
data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. A proposed route across the
1975:
region, that were similar to the Sargasso Sea. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the
2296:
around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. One from 62 to 58 million years ago predates the separation of Greenland from northern Europe while the second from 56 to 52 million years ago happened as the separation occurred.
2445:
In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than
1794:, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transports warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically.
2679:
migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice-free corridor in the ice sheet and "spread southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey." Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the
1097:
The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) along most of its length, but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the
1434:
melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about
1297:(8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic. There are numerous submarine canyons off northeastern North America, western Europe, and northwestern Africa. Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels.
3072:
Northeast Atlantic is schematically limited to the 40°00' west longitude (except around Greenland), south to the 36°00' north latitude, and to the 68°30' east longitude, with both the west and east longitude limits reaching to the north pole. The Atlantic's subareas include:
236:
235:
232:
2495:
in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin. Meanwhile, the
2025:
The climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates.
2771:) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement – "men ate foxes and ravens" and "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs" – and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short-season crops such as
2648:
middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new
237:
2239:, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct.
3683:
rise five times greater than today, whilst melting of glaciers, including that of the Greenland ice sheet, expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century, will likely result in a sea-level rise of 3â6 metres (9.8â19.7 ft) over a millennium.
2977:, and precious stones. Gold deposits are a mile or two underwater on the ocean floor, however, the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit.
2308:
thick basalt, Gunnbjorn Field in East Greenland is the highest point on the island, elevated enough that it exposes older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at its base, similar to old lava fields above sedimentary rocks in the uplifted Hebrides of western Scotland.
2120:
continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and is situated off the west coast of Africa and the east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic.
1809:
plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global
2468:
resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates. First, small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34â30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an
3705:
3697:
6032:
234:
1822:
which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the northeastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense
3354:
the notable exception. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in
2644:(23â13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. In contrast, 8â7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The
2589:(LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by
2284:
Seafloor spreading led to the extension of the crust and the formation of troughs and sedimentary basins. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although the rift failed along with one leading into the
2934:
The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the
3852:
3709:
2504:
in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic
2561:
meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish, fur seal, fish and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources. The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from
539:, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the
2897:
became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. The slave trade was officially abolished in the
628:(IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953, but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not recognized by various authorities, institutions, and countries, for example the
4665:
2552:
and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged. Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic
2020:
in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of
3047:
stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific.
364:, both increased in degree during the early 20th century, and while no major military conflicts took place in the Atlantic in the present day, the ocean remains a core component of trade around the world.
2577:(mtDNA) studies indicate that 80â60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid
3242:
In the Northwest Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013. During the 21st century, some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including
5975:
2034:
sea ice. Ocean currents influence the climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.
737:, and other tributary water bodies. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific.
316:
Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the
4945:
Giorgioni, Martino; Weissert, Helmut; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Hochuli, Peter A.; Keller, Christina E.; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Lukeneder, Alexander; Garcia, Therese I. (March 2015).
3299:. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new fisheries started to exploit
2208:, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5
367:
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected
1801:
In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre.
5594:"ALGUNAS CONSECUENCIAS JURĂDICAS DE LA INVOCACIĂN POR PARTE DE CHILE DE LA "TEORĂA DE LA DELIMITACIĂN NATURAL DE LOS OCĂANOS" EN EL DIFERENDO SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AUSTRAL"
233:
6750:
1839:(MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the
3812:
3456:
2685:
1851:
1806:
113:
8180:
9105:
3126:
3350:
constitute about 50% of landings with sardine reaching 0.6â1.0 million tons per year. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of
1647:
waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical
1458:, which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic, and the "Atmospheric Bridge", which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific.
6683:
6243:
3154:
3598:
Other pollution concerns include agricultural and municipal waste. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina;
2893:
had to be introduced to replace them – a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when
2457:(also known as the Cretaceous quiet period), a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals, which makes it difficult to date sea-floor spreading in this segment.
6109:
5465:
2116:
and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness
3173:
reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species.
3555:
is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture
1651:
and a large number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water.
1430:
in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3â3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and
1344:
is 3,730 m (12,240 ft), or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft).
6448:
4003:
3817:
2926:
rose by only 30% in the rest of Europe. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade.
6176:
7895:
2235:
at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the
1371:
As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
1333:. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.
1226:
Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a
6702:
Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (2002).
3447:
In the southwest Atlantic, a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the
3146:
2754:
resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies; a colder climate resulted in starvation, and the colony got economically marginalized as the
2257:
Geologically, the northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic
6969:
3587:, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of
3373:
In the western central-Atlantic, catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area,
3637:
over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. For their own safety, the crew jettisoned two nuclear bombs, which were never recovered.
9098:
7238:
6266:
5737:
3692:
2862:. They could explore the convoys leaving the Americas because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable.
3455:, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels:
2442:
onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147â49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90â60 Ma.
2277:âNorth America, EurasiaâGreenland, EurasiaâNorth America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the
7454:
6614:
Greenberg, J.H.; Turner, C.G.; Zegura, S.L. (1986). "The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence".
5353:
3150:
3118:
1791:
213:
117:
6843:
4875:
Gubbay S. 2003. Seamounts of the northeast Atlantic. OASIS (Oceanic Seamounts: an Integrated Study). Hamburg & WWF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3267:, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stocks are overfished in the northwest Atlantic.
4276:
2794:
2641:
329:
6410:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands"
4657:
3451:, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the
9482:
5876:
5756:
Als, T.D.; Hansen, M.M.; Maes, G.E.; Castonguay, M.; Riemann, L.; Aarestrup, K.I.M.; Munk, P.; Sparholt, H.; Hanel, R.; Bernatchez, L. (2011).
3332:
1274:
5945:
Bjerck, H.B. (2009). "Colonizing seascapes: comparative perspectives on the development of maritime relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia".
2750:. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, while conflicts with the local
1863:
1862:
and the Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast, the small cyclonic
1235:
7932:
6786:
1265:
Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and northeastern Europe. In the western Atlantic
9091:
5495:
2702:
3704:
Scientific researchers have proposed delimiting the boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by two different natural boundaries,
2319:
database (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) mentions 104 seamounts: 74 within national
8143:
6770:
5488:
5434:
5300:
1976:
Carpathians in the mid-20th century often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", finally showed that this assemblage originated in the
10756:
10615:
6703:
5003:"Late Aptian (Cretaceous) paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean inferred from dinocyst communities of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil"
3102:
1230:
for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Value" based on their cultural and natural criteria:
1180:. A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the
7784:
Seton, M.; MĂźller, R.D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, C.; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012).
3847:
3827:
1663:
introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from
1388:
polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7â8 °C (13â14 °F).
1110:. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other.
11653:
10942:
7033:
5974:
Blackburn, T.J.; Olsen, P.E.; Bowring, S.A.; McLean, N.M.; Kent, D.V.; Puffer, J.; McHone, G.; Rasbury, T.; Et-Touhami, M. (2013).
7334:
Marean, C.W.; Cawthra, H.C.; Cowling, R.M.; Esler, K.J.; Fisher, E.; Milewski, A.; Potts, A.J.; Singels, E.; De Vynck, J. (2014).
75:
6543:
5757:
3966:
625:
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into Asia, Europe, and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions. During the
11658:
11648:
10749:
10635:
8214:
7408:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years"
4947:"Paleoceanographic changes during the AlbianâCenomanian in the Tethys and North Atlantic and the onset of the Cretaceous chalk"
3214:
fishing catches in 2020. Main fishing EU countries are Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain. Most common species include
2582:
2581: 5â4 environmental changes. This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa, but also started to disperse
2518:
2193:
1406:
circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south
1080:
6598:
4100:
356:
while occasionally hosting naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like the
10744:
10678:
8164:
7921:
The Voyage of the 'Challenger.' The Atlantic: A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S.
7718:
7573:
7347:
7309:
7161:
7027:
6943:
6870:
6652:
6573:
6196:
5652:
5007:
4413:
4084:
3901:
2470:
185:
6949:
3570:
3169:
In the Northeast Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013.
2726:, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited.
2658:
10739:
10703:
10642:
4687:
3646:
2837:, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama,
1161:
1076:
7315:
5669:
5331:
3331:, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the
2461:
120â96 Ma. This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa.
403:
10732:
10727:
10673:
8037:
5816:
2731:
2248:
6094:
4710:
2746:
was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early
10601:
9475:
7986:
TrĂŠguier, A.M.; Theetten, S.; Chassignet, E.P.; Penduff, T.; Smith, R.; Talley, L.; Beismann, J.O.; BĂśning, C. (2005).
5473:
3664:
3415:
In the southeast Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013.
2886:
2185:
1836:
515:, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in medieval maps and also lent his name to modern
321:
317:
4763:
10683:
3656:
2612:
This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified
180:
7084:
6409:
682:
defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the
10698:
10688:
10630:
10608:
10591:
10586:
10505:
6129:
4011:
3377:, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished.
2906:
in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the
2084:
are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. Due to a consistently strong
1988:
635:
The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the
11036:
10708:
10537:
10403:
10317:
10267:
7899:
2922:, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies.
2826:
2129:. Coarse sand, boulders, and rocks were transported into some areas, such as off the coast of Nova Scotia or the
2093:
1991:. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the
32:
28:
24:
3423:
are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia
1683:
574:
is a term often used by British and American speakers in reference to the northern Atlantic Ocean, as a form of
10652:
2980:
Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills,
2089:
1410:
in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur every 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above
1239:
6579:
1952:. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former
1866:
lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced
1259:
11436:
10962:
10947:
9468:
6375:
Duarte, J.C.; Rosas, F.M.; Terrinha, P.; Schellart, W.P.; Boutelier, D.; Gutscher, M.A.; Ribeiro, A. (2013).
1367:
6992:
6204:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
4258:
3197:
and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Stocks of
611:
11576:
10995:
10647:
10277:
10004:
9709:
6938:(Report). Vol. 569. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). p. 334.
5706:
5593:
3837:
3832:
3660:
3622:; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.
3592:
3397:
are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels.
2903:
2899:
2851:
2846:
1855:
1455:
1181:
595:
6970:"The great American schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of the Central American Isthmus"
6289:
4946:
2543:(GCFR) along the coast of South Africa. During the latest glacial stages, the now-submerged plains of the
2390:
1971:. Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean, in what is now the
11581:
11566:
10134:
7407:
5976:"Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province"
5846:"Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology"
5544:
4951:
3015:
2075:
2047:
2027:
1787:
246:
6827:
6053:"Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning"
3970:
2303:
began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. Large quantities of
1231:
1215:
using echo-sounding equipment. The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of
269:, with an area of about 85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 17% of
11571:
11365:
11269:
10312:
10297:
9595:
9580:
9283:
8433:
8207:
7022:. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 111â178.
2609:. The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9â8.5 thousand years ago.
2454:
2236:
1840:
1415:
575:
10693:
10625:
10596:
10581:
10322:
10247:
7953:"A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin"
6003:
5845:
3501:
3432:
3271:
3264:
3001:
2625:
in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa.
2532:
2050:
area) and Africa's northwestern coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas.
2001:
1871:
1832:
1655:
20:
7475:"Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province"
7220:
7190:
2531:
in Africa; around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as
11588:
11415:
11400:
11395:
11309:
11299:
11238:
11228:
11208:
10282:
10199:
9782:
9495:
3436:
2228:
1949:
1811:
1451:
1380:
1208:
1064:
618:
9460:
7919:
5545:"Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds"
3698:
Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone
3559:
chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to
11638:
11536:
11360:
11355:
11314:
11264:
11087:
10929:
10620:
10527:
10204:
9914:
9909:
8385:
7915:
7295:"Coastal South Africa and the Coevolution of the Modern Human Lineage and the Coastal Adaptation"
5430:
4476:
4182:
3652:
3560:
3431:
have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of
3291:
to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of
2593:
culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the
2320:
2232:
1957:
1149:
on the ocean floor. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500
503:" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. In these uses, the name refers to
6511:
6308:
3986:
Mangas, Julio; PlĂĄcido, Domingo; ElĂcegui, Elvira Gangutia; RodrĂguez Somolinos, Helena (1998).
2997:
2838:
11375:
11279:
11274:
11259:
11233:
11223:
11198:
11148:
11072:
10906:
10713:
10307:
10110:
8706:
7592:
7215:
6324:
6095:"Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade"
5998:
3842:
2812:
2798:
2189:
2042:
1926:
The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of
1819:
1783:
1774:
In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the
1755:
1659:
1173:
870:
689:
The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the
341:
8137:
7133:
3987:
2078:. The ice season is longer in the polar regions, but there is little shipping in those areas.
11405:
11118:
10999:
10863:
10783:
10426:
10327:
9936:
8231:
8227:
8200:
7766:
7750:
6988:
6850:
5499:
5294:
4074:
3942:
3460:
3390:
2914:
2540:
2270:
1815:
1294:
1192:
1057:
461:
266:
250:
199:
8022:"Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench, the Deepest Part of the Atlantic, is Nearing Completion"
7072:
2261:. The opening of the northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the
2180:
The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent
11203:
11153:
10873:
9849:
9567:
9247:
8553:
8132:
8070:
7999:
7964:
7872:
7837:
7797:
7682:
7621:
7537:
7486:
7422:
7381:
7253:
7207:
7141:
7068:
6900:
6801:
6718:
6667:
6480:
6388:
6353:
6211:
6144:
6064:
5990:
5908:
5860:
5772:
4960:
3989:
La PenĂnsula IbĂŠrica en los autores griegos: de Homero a PlatĂłn â SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)
3807:
3687:
3630:
3626:
3452:
3424:
3328:
3086:
2974:
2890:
2870:
2859:
2823:
2698:
2664:
2586:
2578:
2536:
2030:
can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.
1972:
1945:
1130:
1122:
579:
349:
7473:
Marzoli, A.; Renne, P.R.; Piccirillo, E.M.; Ernesto, M.; Bellieni, G.; De Min, A. (1999).
3205:
are in good condition. In the Northeast Atlantic, 21% of stocks are considered overfished.
2645:
2633:
1383:. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
607:
8:
11480:
11475:
11077:
11029:
10522:
10187:
10124:
10100:
9931:
9792:
9738:
9679:
9650:
9590:
9585:
9413:
8854:
8648:
8277:
7523:"Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model"
7403:
7012:
3578:
3564:
3428:
3335:. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including
3248:
2842:
2715:
2672:
2535:
around 200 kya. The earliest evidence for the complex behavior associated with this
2474:
1768:
1764:
1664:
1640:
1440:
1436:
1411:
1341:
1337:
1243:
1227:
1185:
1177:
1107:
1103:
1072:
1053:
954:
683:
652:
583:
544:
500:
391:. The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, the northern and southern Atlantic, by the
8074:
8003:
7968:
7876:
7841:
7801:
7686:
7625:
7541:
7490:
7426:
7385:
7257:
7211:
7198:
Mann, M.E.; Emanuel, K.A. (2006). "Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change".
7145:
6904:
6855:
Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition
6805:
6722:
6671:
6484:
6392:
6357:
6215:
6148:
6068:
5994:
5912:
5864:
5821:"The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging"
5776:
4964:
1142:
11607:
11490:
11485:
11340:
11294:
11289:
10810:
10431:
10394:
10272:
9718:
9640:
9600:
9575:
8849:
8746:
8390:
8252:
8096:
7705:
7647:
7560:
7446:
7178:
7120:
6819:
6742:
6639:
6631:
6528:
6498:
6440:
6377:"Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic? Evidence from the southwest Iberia margin"
6285:
6235:
6168:
6024:
5962:
5926:
5796:
3743:
3651:
North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased
2907:
2681:
2081:
1844:
1668:
1290:
1266:
1216:
1118:
1092:
1041:
746:
671:
629:
353:
195:
151:
9083:
8059:"Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment"
6679:
5612:
5591:
4634:, Abstract; Biogeographic Significance of the "Quasi-Sargasso" Assemblage, pp. 303â304
2803:
2759:
1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). The
1113:
The MAR rises 2â3 km (1.2â1.9 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and its
11470:
11380:
11213:
11188:
11143:
11138:
11082:
10891:
10510:
10337:
10302:
10163:
10158:
10139:
9948:
9775:
9535:
9373:
9252:
8608:
8558:
8350:
8292:
8160:
8088:
8021:
7977:
7952:
7785:
7738:
7710:
7639:
7565:
7502:
7438:
7343:
7335:
7305:
7157:
7124:
7023:
6939:
6912:
6866:
6734:
6643:
6569:
6568:(Report). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA). 2016.
6493:
6468:
6432:
6376:
6366:
6341:
6262:
6227:
6160:
6052:
6016:
5966:
5930:
5896:
5820:
5788:
5784:
5675:
5648:
5620:
5347:
4976:
4741:
4409:
4270:
4080:
3680:
3615:
3320:
3316:
3244:
3202:
3178:
3007:
2942:
2919:
2894:
2834:
2574:
2324:
2266:
2074:
are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the
2058:
978:
774:
722:
656:
591:
516:
508:
504:
452:
333:
324:
in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an
221:
8100:
7809:
7651:
7609:
7474:
7450:
6823:
6746:
6502:
6444:
6239:
6028:
5872:
4972:
3853:
Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc
3327:
in the area was recognized as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on
1850:
The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre. The
11541:
11390:
11385:
11370:
11350:
11345:
11335:
11218:
11183:
11178:
11158:
11123:
11108:
10972:
10967:
10957:
10886:
10563:
10517:
10460:
10389:
10252:
10146:
10095:
10073:
9926:
9873:
9812:
8869:
8721:
8272:
8192:
8152:
8078:
8007:
7972:
7880:
7845:
7805:
7746:
7700:
7690:
7667:
7629:
7555:
7545:
7522:
7494:
7430:
7389:
7271:
7261:
7239:"On the Movements of the North Atlantic Subpolar Front in the Preinstrumental Past"
7225:
7149:
7112:
7076:
6984:
6908:
6858:
6809:
6726:
6704:"Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa"
6675:
6623:
6488:
6424:
6396:
6361:
6281:
6219:
6172:
6152:
6072:
6008:
5954:
5916:
5868:
5780:
5729:
5721:
5016:
4968:
4108:
3771:
3552:
3448:
3378:
3284:
3252:
2936:
2855:
2788:
2762:
2622:
2554:
2316:
2197:
1977:
1356:
1326:
561:
560:, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. During the
552:
408:
325:
274:
6928:
4291:"World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World Including Geography Facts and Flags"
4232:
4105:
Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Synonyms, and Spanish to English Translator
3893:
3779:
3655:(SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural
3591:
and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. The
1984:
to the central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea.
11643:
11551:
11410:
11284:
11254:
11163:
10858:
10359:
10347:
10332:
10287:
10237:
10177:
10119:
10080:
10068:
10061:
9970:
9787:
9770:
9745:
9288:
9217:
9212:
9196:
9155:
8989:
8959:
8939:
8859:
8523:
8518:
8503:
8473:
8438:
8360:
8257:
7668:"Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies"
7498:
7434:
4757:"Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States - Geologic Background"
3468:
3336:
3198:
3138:
2558:
2528:
2501:
2486:
2394:
2300:
2278:
1403:
1352:
1322:
1220:
1099:
1037:
1008:
984:
930:
906:
540:
512:
203:
9398:
8633:
7294:
4695:
3544:), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.
3057:
2865:
2491:
An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The
2453:
around 118 Ma. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the
387:
in the south. Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to
11546:
11441:
11330:
11304:
11168:
11133:
11128:
11113:
11103:
11022:
11003:
10952:
10851:
10815:
10778:
10718:
10482:
10374:
10352:
10342:
10194:
10172:
10056:
10051:
10036:
10031:
9958:
9904:
9856:
9827:
9733:
9723:
9428:
9418:
9237:
9222:
8929:
8909:
8874:
8864:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8663:
8653:
8543:
8528:
8262:
8239:
8186:
7302:
Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement
7080:
5668:
SantibaĂąez, Rafael (1969). "El Canal Beagle y la delimitaciĂłn de los ocĂŠanos".
5323:
5001:
De A. Carvalho, Marcelo; Bengtson, Peter; Lana, CecĂlia C. (23 November 2015).
3785:
3757:
3676:
3611:
3607:
3464:
3416:
3394:
3211:
3134:
3011:
2970:
2784:
2747:
2722:
2676:
2549:
2274:
2258:
2201:
1964:
1396:
1310:
1286:
1278:
1247:
1169:
1126:
996:
864:
786:
780:
742:
714:
706:
636:
520:
384:
345:
337:
107:
8041:
7634:
7304:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer. pp. 421â440.
7153:
7116:
6888:
6862:
5707:"The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth"
4172:
4076:
The English Atlantic, 1675â1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community
2449:
In the central segment, rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the
11632:
11618:
11602:
11561:
11556:
11506:
11057:
11045:
10977:
10846:
10838:
10805:
10542:
10492:
10384:
10379:
10369:
10219:
10182:
10090:
10085:
9987:
9892:
9451:
9388:
9358:
9328:
9318:
9293:
9242:
9232:
9150:
9071:
9059:
8879:
8771:
8741:
8726:
8716:
8696:
8623:
8593:
8548:
8538:
8513:
8493:
8463:
8443:
8355:
8330:
7290:
7266:
7103:
Lovejoy, P.E. (1982). "The volume of the Atlantic slave trade: A synthesis".
5725:
5322:
Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.
4980:
4718:
3737:
3729:
3634:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3374:
3359:
3260:
3230:
3142:
3078:
3019:
2981:
2954:
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2735:
2492:
2465:
2286:
2262:
2130:
2067:
2012:
1859:
1797:
1779:
1318:
1306:
1300:
In 1922, a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred. The USS
1282:
1270:
1138:
1134:
1049:
948:
918:
876:
852:
804:
798:
792:
768:
730:
710:
698:
644:
640:
376:
357:
348:. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both
290:
286:
242:
90:
77:
8108:
8083:
8058:
7695:
7550:
7336:"Stone age people in a changing South African greater Cape Floristic Region"
6730:
6012:
5392:
4756:
3943:"An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic"
11516:
11420:
11193:
11014:
10881:
10820:
10800:
10790:
10500:
10472:
10227:
9965:
9899:
9868:
9817:
9689:
9618:
9555:
9545:
9423:
9408:
9393:
9368:
9353:
9348:
9313:
9298:
9268:
9227:
9165:
9160:
8924:
8799:
8751:
8736:
8731:
8711:
8678:
8658:
8643:
8628:
8603:
8588:
8578:
8533:
8488:
8478:
8468:
8453:
8418:
8340:
8322:
8247:
8187:"Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida"
8092:
7714:
7643:
7569:
7506:
7442:
6738:
6436:
6231:
6223:
6164:
6020:
5792:
5679:
5613:"El Arco de Scotia, separaciĂłn natural de los ocĂŠanos PacĂfico y AtlĂĄntico"
3799:
3405:
3401:
3363:
3351:
3347:
3296:
3292:
3170:
3039:
3031:
3023:
2985:
2755:
2617:
2613:
2563:
2544:
2506:
2450:
2293:
2205:
2126:
1996:
1992:
1953:
1887:
1828:
1392:
1348:
1293:(8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and
1165:
990:
972:
942:
924:
912:
900:
894:
816:
810:
762:
718:
702:
675:
660:
380:
372:
298:
7053:
6428:
1967:, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the
1375:
11173:
10937:
10896:
10827:
10532:
10421:
10364:
10292:
10242:
10129:
10105:
9994:
9832:
9750:
9728:
9704:
9550:
9540:
9403:
9378:
9333:
9278:
9180:
9002:
8974:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8899:
8894:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8779:
8691:
8686:
8638:
8613:
8428:
8380:
8375:
8345:
8335:
8312:
8282:
7885:
7860:
7850:
7826:"Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons"
7825:
7394:
7365:
7340:
Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region, 164
7229:
6077:
5021:
5002:
3671:
3324:
3193:
which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of
3082:
3074:
3043:
2594:
2590:
2385:
In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133â130 Ma) intensive
2134:
2038:
2017:
1941:
1940:) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the
1875:
1867:
1775:
1444:
1154:
1146:
1114:
1025:
966:
648:
419:
368:
254:
6156:
5733:
4158:
Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I
3985:
3688:
Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
3489:
3381:
was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished.
3339:, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier.
2833:
reached India under the Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the
1391:
From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the
1157:) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep.
588:
Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in The Reign of Charles I
11455:
11049:
10467:
10436:
10262:
10257:
9921:
9882:
9844:
9762:
9635:
9520:
9515:
9433:
9363:
9338:
9323:
9303:
9273:
9170:
9145:
9129:
9038:
9012:
8979:
8969:
8914:
8794:
8701:
8668:
8598:
8568:
8563:
8508:
8498:
8458:
8448:
8423:
8395:
8370:
8302:
8287:
7743:
Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
6635:
6051:
BĂśning, C.W.; Scheinert, M.; Dengg, J.; Biastoch, A.; Funk, A. (2006).
5958:
4717:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
4130:
3822:
3818:
List of rivers of the Americas by coastline § Atlantic Ocean coast
3556:
3386:
3280:
3174:
3106:
2606:
2598:
2548:
these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the
2497:
2438:
2085:
1635:
1045:
1033:
1002:
888:
882:
858:
846:
840:
822:
734:
690:
679:
388:
11613:
9446:
9054:
8012:
7987:
7861:"On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean"
6597:
5758:"All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea"
4392:
3723:
1593:
Deep and abyssal waters (1,500 mâbottom or 4,900 ftâbottom)
1021:
49:
11511:
10914:
10573:
10547:
10477:
10455:
10448:
10232:
10009:
9943:
9839:
9662:
9645:
9530:
9525:
9499:
9383:
9343:
9308:
9175:
8934:
8904:
8829:
8809:
8804:
8789:
8761:
8618:
8583:
8573:
8483:
8400:
8307:
8267:
8136:
8107:
7275:
6814:
6400:
5217:, Introduction, pp. 12â13; The Norse in The North Atlantic, pp. 13â14
4330:
3619:
3533:
3529:
3162:
3130:
3110:
3090:
3035:
2743:
2602:
2386:
2224:
10 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.
2161:
2150:
1928:
1767:
occupies the northern Atlantic, and the counter-clockwise warm-water
1198:
discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or:
1056:. Expeditions to explore the bathymertry of the Atlantic include the
960:
936:
834:
828:
726:
694:
664:
606:
For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see
557:
470:
466:
423:
294:
278:
270:
59:
7666:
Patterson, W.P.; Dietrich, K.A.; Holmden, C.; Andrews, J.T. (2010).
6562:
6130:"Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N"
5921:
4711:"Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience tropical cyclones?"
4658:"Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream?"
2628:
1426:
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water
10441:
10046:
9982:
9953:
9863:
9822:
9630:
9610:
9490:
9007:
8997:
8964:
8919:
8889:
8884:
8784:
8365:
8297:
7768:
The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge
6627:
5433:. Michigan State University, Animal Legal & Historical Center.
3525:
3312:
3304:
3219:
3186:
3177:
reached its lowest levels in the 1960sâ1980s but is now recovered.
3094:
3027:
2958:
2878:
2668:
2621:
middens found on every inhabited continent, the 50â45 kya-old
2362:
2351:
2340:
2312:
1858:
originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region, near the
1824:
1427:
1314:
1044:(MAR). It runs from 87°N or 300 km (190 mi) south of the
590:, where "great Pond" is used in reference to the Atlantic Ocean by
282:
7236:
6701:
5083:
4944:
4556:
2446:
130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis RidgeâRio Grande Rise.
651:. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the
632:. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas vary.
10413:
10151:
10041:
9999:
9887:
9699:
9694:
9623:
8756:
7988:"The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high-resolution models"
7985:
5674:(in Spanish). Santiago: Editorial AndrĂŠs Bello. pp. 95â109.
5592:
Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor; Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (2021).
4568:
4406:
The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger
4178:
3793:
3521:
3382:
3308:
3300:
3288:
3256:
3215:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3122:
3114:
2882:
2739:
2671:
connected Siberia to Alaska. In 1973, late American geoscientist
2181:
2071:
1450:
The high surface salinity in the Atlantic, on which the Atlantic
1431:
670:
In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The
536:
531:
523:
sailors and in ancient Greek mythological literature such as the
392:
7951:
Torsvik, T.H.; Rousse, S.; Labails, C.; Smethurst, M.A. (2009).
7786:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma"
5455:
Sebastian A. Gerlach "Marine Pollution", Springer, Berlin (1975)
4443:, Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26â27
1831:. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the
1747:
133:
North Atlantic: 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi),
10919:
10023:
9977:
9684:
9671:
8057:
Webster, P.J.; Holland, G.J.; Curry, J.A.; Chang, H.R. (2005).
7665:
7610:"The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier"
5645:
El delirio armado: Argentina-Chile, la guerra que evitĂł el Papa
5226:
3537:
3158:
2966:
2772:
2304:
2117:
2113:
2109:
1981:
1467:
Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses
1150:
412:
361:
310:
302:
55:
7366:"Stability of the thermohaline circulation under millennial CO
7051:
6307:
5035:
4290:
3878:
3813:
List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean
2708:
2675:
proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization of the Americas by which
1540:
Intermediate waters (500â1,500 m or 1,600â4,900 ft)
1207:
The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the
564:, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the
320:
were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the
135:
South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi)
10770:
10665:
10209:
9507:
9491:
9028:
8223:
7950:
7472:
7052:
Livermore, R.; Nankivell, A.; Eagles, G.; Morris, P. (2005).
6323:
5895:
Bigg, G.R.; Jickells, T.D.; Liss, P.S.; Osborn, T.J. (2003).
5815:
Avery, G.; Halkett, D.; Orton, J.; Steele, T.; Tusenius, M.;
4932:
4857:
4803:
4209:
3888:
3886:
3223:
3098:
2751:
2693:
2684:. These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the
2105:
1786:, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the
1330:
525:
8020:
7138:
Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology
6374:
6050:
5047:
4580:
4220:
2429:
10 sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8
2004:
to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults.
1827:) current which flows around the continental margins of the
9804:
7824:
Smethie, W.M.; Fine, R.A.; Putzka, A.; Jones, E.P. (2000).
7237:
Marchal, O.; Waelbroeck, C.; Colin de Verdière, A. (2016).
6853:. In Bianchetti, S.; Cataudella, M.; Gehrke, H.-J. (eds.).
5973:
5543:
Marine, Rosenstiel School of; Atmospheric; Science, Earth.
4994:
4791:
3696:
Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "
3420:
2962:
2845:. Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly
2808:
2689:
2252:
1897:
1648:
1407:
306:
7370:
forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity"
7364:
Marsh, R.; Hazeleger, W.; Yool, A.; Rohling, E.J. (2007).
6889:"The beginnings of the Sargasso assemblage in the Tethys?"
5000:
4845:
4833:
3883:
3595:
is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.
2315:, most of them situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The
9033:
7783:
7363:
7333:
7140:. Vol. 36. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 222â225.
6934:. Review of the state of world marine fishery resources.
6127:
5530:
5059:
4917:
4827:
4779:
4493:
4308:
3679:. 21st-century global warming will probably result in an
3541:
3263:, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod,
3051:
2829:
in 1492, sailing under the Spanish flag. Six years later
2742:
began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on
1909:
418:
The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from
8056:
7925:
During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876
7338:. In Allsopp, N.; Colville, J.F.; Verboom, G.A. (eds.).
6128:
Bryden, H.L.; Longworth, H.R.; Cunningham, S.A. (2005).
5568:
1870:. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4â8.5 years.
1778:
which flows north-east from the North American coast at
1160:
The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the
171:
111,866 km (69,510 mi) including marginal seas
9113:
6660:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
5814:
5755:
5704:
5280:
5131:
5074:, Environmental Context on the South Coast, pp. 423â425
4643:
3210:
This zone makes almost three-quarters (72.8 %) of
2815:
and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("
249:. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of
7823:
5894:
5579:
4544:
4532:
2265:, and spread from the central Atlantic in six stages:
2184:, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the
1987:
The location of the spawning ground for European eels
1963:
Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the
253:
over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over
6613:
6407:
5214:
5167:
2953:
The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish,
8222:
7741:. In Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (eds.).
6977:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
6886:
6514:. Boulder, CO: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
5542:
5292:
5146:, The Long-Term History of Marine Resources, pp. 4â5
4928:
4926:
4742:"The geological history of the North Atlantic Ocean"
4715:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
4631:
3719:
1176:, on either side of the Azores microplate, near the
273:
and about 24% of its water surface area. During the
7893:
7764:
6194:
4899:
4383:, Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113â114
4061:
4038:
3054:partitioned the Atlantic into major fishing areas:
535:, this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as
7300:. In Bicho, N.F.; Haws, J.A.; Davis, L.G. (eds.).
6408:Dugmore, A.J.; Keller, C.; McGovern, T.H. (2007).
5647:(in Spanish). Editorial Sudamericana. p. 48.
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
2382:zone (AFFZ); and Falkland segment, south of AFFZ.
2323:. Of these seamounts, 46 are located close to the
1454:is dependent, is maintained by two processes: the
1258:For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see
1242:, United Kingdom; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands:
667:, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa.
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
6893:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6339:
5431:"Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet"
4938:
4923:
4516:
4514:
4475:
4440:
4428:
3275:Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons
3010:of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest
2819:"), which would be developed in subsequent years.
2188:(CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous
1634:The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper
752:
422:around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211):
11630:
8147:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855â857.
7607:
6195:Bullard, E.; Everett, J.E.; Smith, A.G. (1965).
5705:Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; Robinson, J. (2005).
5202:
5190:
5178:
4740:Fitton, Godfrey; Larsen, Lotte Melchior (1999).
4557:Marchal, Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016
3979:
2104:The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense
1447:regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.
163:310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi)
114:List of bordering countries (not drainage basin)
68:
7675:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7530:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6197:"The fit of the continents around the Atlantic"
5610:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
4904:
4883:
4881:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4170:
3712:the former being more current than the latter.
2795:List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean
2760:
2713:
2640:The same development can be seen in Europe. In
2041:and its northern extension towards Europe, the
1960:, floating in the ocean for millions of years.
1805:North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic
1483:Upper waters (0â500 m or 0â1,600 ft)
1137:plates in the South Atlantic. The MAR produces
499:) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the
330:colonization of the Americas by European powers
131:85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi)
7858:
6653:"Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic"
6340:DeMets, C.; Gordon, R.G.; Argus, D.F. (2010).
5843:
5143:
4935:, General setting and magmatism, pp. 1316â1318
4592:
4511:
4403:
3577:strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic
3333:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
2877:In the colonies of the Americas, depredation,
2413:10 cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2
2099:
16:Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
11030:
9476:
9099:
8208:
7593:"History of NOAA Ocean Exploration: Timeline"
6936:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper
6509:
5293:Kubesh, K.; McNeil, N.; Bellotto, K. (2008).
5268:, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, pp. 213â215
4034:
4032:
3929:
2841:reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the
2667:covered most of northern North America while
1236:Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture
11044:
7200:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
6650:
6563:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture
6526:
5496:Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
5360:
5352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5276:
5274:
5237:
5235:
4878:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4762:(Report). US Geological Survey. p. 16.
4739:
4604:
4520:
4505:
4469:
4369:
4360:
4358:
4055:
3663:. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic
2703:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
2311:The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810
1260:List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean
8157:Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories
7197:
7010:
6512:"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1"
6102:Boston University International Law Journal
5518:
4744:. pp. 10, 15 – via ResearchGate.
4615:
4613:
4380:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4275:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4194:
4192:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
612:Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean
11037:
11023:
9483:
9469:
9106:
9092:
8215:
8201:
8151:
7591:
5667:
5642:
5466:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too"
5321:
4464:
4393:The Geological Society: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4326:
4324:
4322:
4155:
4066:
4029:
4004:"áźĎΝινĎÎŻĎ, DGE Diccionario Griego-EspaĂąol"
2480:
2170:Opening of the central Atlantic 200-170 Ma
1746:
1710:
1359:is found off the eastern coast of Canada.
617:For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see
265:is the second-largest of the world's five
8111:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2007â2008
8082:
8036:
8011:
7976:
7884:
7849:
7704:
7694:
7633:
7559:
7549:
7393:
7265:
7219:
6813:
6492:
6365:
6261:
6076:
6002:
5920:
5271:
5241:
5232:
5020:
4364:
4331:World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4257:June 2010, Remy Melina 04 (4 June 2010).
4256:
3848:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
1414:some eastâwest oscillation, known as the
619:Southern Ocean § Definitions and use
6989:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815
6771:"Perseus Under Philologic: Hdt. 1.202.4"
6768:
6529:"Global water masses-summary and review"
5486:
5428:
4610:
4335:
4189:
4024:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3865:
3691:
3569:
3400:
3358:
3270:
3229:
3056:
3014:. The most productive areas include the
2941:
2873:1525â1863 (first and last slave voyages)
2864:
2802:
2707:
2627:
2062:Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean
2057:
2011:
1796:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1028:map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin
1020:
402:
229:
8131:
7914:
7830:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
7520:
7102:
6967:
6887:JerzmaĹska, A.; Kotlarczyk, J. (1976).
5531:Bryden, Longworth & Cunningham 2005
5514:
5512:
5253:
5095:
4815:
4708:
4452:
4319:
4156:Wellington, Nehemiah (1 January 1869).
4079:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
3992:. Editorial Complutense. pp. 283â.
3967:International Hydrographic Organization
3475:
3165:. There are also two defunct subareas.
2869:Embarked and disembarked slaves in the
2471:EoceneâOligocene climatic deterioration
2192:in Earth's history associated with the
1758:World map of the five major ocean gyres
1269:dominate large areas, for example, the
626:International Hydrographic Organization
11631:
7765:Ripley, G.; Anderson Dana, C. (1873).
7751:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.059
7402:
7289:
7131:
6469:"New angles on South Atlantic opening"
6466:
5944:
5155:
5119:
5071:
4887:
4688:"About International Ice Patrol (IIP)"
4619:
4185:from the original on 22 November 2021.
4072:
3547:
3520:Endangered marine species include the
3439:have improved to fully fished in 2013.
3346:In the eastern central-Atlantic small
2397:resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5
2391:ParanĂĄâEtendeka Large Igneous Province
1903:Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea
1737:
1728:
1719:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1305:be fairly flat with occasional deeps,
1081:United States Navy Hydrographic Office
443:
371:, it is connected in the north to the
11018:
9464:
9087:
8196:
8189:from 1639 via the Library of Congress
7898:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
7739:"The resettlement of northern Europe"
7736:
7136:. In Yarish, C.; Kirkman, H. (eds.).
6848:
6092:
5844:Bailey, G N.; Flemming, N.C. (2008).
5437:from the original on 25 November 2011
5303:from the original on 21 December 2016
5281:Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson 2005
5265:
5107:
5008:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
4754:
4655:
4259:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas"
4049:
3916:
3904:from the original on 15 February 2017
3480:
3459:has not yet reached fully fished but
2998:Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean
2887:indigenous population of the Americas
2597:volcanic eruption, the inundation of
1956:and has, if so, maintained itself by
1835:(NADW). The NADW, in turn, feeds the
1355:form barriers to ocean currents. The
1129:plates in the North Atlantic and the
1086:
7054:"Paleogene opening of Drake passage"
6542:(4): 383â391 (PDF pages scrambled).
6510:Eakins, B.W.; Sharman, G.F. (2010).
6342:"Geologically current plate motions"
5901:International Journal of Climatology
5509:
4769:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4535:, Formation of NADW, pp. 14299â14300
3940:
3647:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
3484:
2464:About 50 Ma the opening of the
749:, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft).
663: – and, in turn, the
241:This video was taken by the crew of
7938:from the original on 9 October 2022
7745:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7724:from the original on 9 October 2022
7608:O'Rourke, D.H.; Raff, J.A. (2010).
7579:from the original on 9 October 2022
7460:from the original on 9 October 2022
7321:from the original on 9 October 2022
7090:from the original on 9 October 2022
7061:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
7039:from the original on 9 October 2022
6955:from the original on 9 October 2022
6926:
6785:
6756:from the original on 9 October 2022
6689:from the original on 9 October 2022
6651:Gordon, A.L.; Bosley, K.T. (1991).
6585:from the original on 9 October 2022
6561:
6549:from the original on 9 October 2022
6454:from the original on 9 October 2022
6249:from the original on 9 October 2022
6182:from the original on 9 October 2022
6115:from the original on 9 October 2022
6038:from the original on 9 October 2022
5897:"The role of the oceans in climate"
5882:from the original on 9 October 2022
5743:from the original on 9 October 2022
5611:Barros GonzĂĄlez, Guillermo (1987).
5416:
5379:
5215:Dugmore, Keller & McGovern 2007
5168:Greenberg, Turner & Zegura 1986
4692:U. S. Coast Guard Navigation Center
4198:
2249:Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean
2140:
13:
8125:
7011:Levin, L.A.; Gooday, A.J. (2003).
6851:"The Sea of the Greeks and Romans"
6311:. CIA World Factbook. 27 June 2016
6286:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x
5671:Los derechos de Chile en el Beagle
5334:from the original on 31 March 2016
5205:, Beringian Scenarios, pp. 205â206
4668:from the original on 19 April 2017
4583:, Introduction, p. 1; Fig. 2, p. 2
4431:, The Azores microplate, pp. 24â25
3879:CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean
3665:meridional overturning circulation
3528:, sea lions, turtles, and whales.
2194:TriassicâJurassic extinction event
2186:Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
2053:
1837:meridional overturning circulation
1771:appears in the southern Atlantic.
1036:of the Atlantic is dominated by a
801: – 1.205 million km
795: – 1.383 million km
789: – 1.550 million km
777: – 2.510 million km
771: – 2.754 million km
608:List of seas § Atlantic Ocean
601:
322:expedition of Christopher Columbus
277:, it was known for separating the
14:
11670:
8174:
7957:Geophysical Journal International
7859:Stramma, L.; England, M. (1999).
6527:Emery, W.J.; Meincke, J. (1986).
6473:Geophysical Journal International
6346:Geophysical Journal International
6327:. CIA World Factbook. 1 June 2016
5582:, Sea-level change, pp. 1128â1129
5393:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture"
5193:, Conclusions and Outlook, p. 206
4900:Bullard, Everett & Smith 1965
4210:CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean
3657:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
3640:
3034:, the waters around Iceland, the
2778:
2371:The opening of the South Atlantic
2330:
2242:
909: – 116,300 km
903: – 138,000 km
897: – 150,000 km
891: – 169,000 km
885: – 214,000 km
879: – 223,000 km
873: – 226,000 km
867: – 275,000 km
861: – 300,000 km
855: – 320,000 km
849: – 350,000 km
843: – 377,000 km
837: – 436,000 km
831: – 575,000 km
825: – 689,000 km
819: – 780,000 km
813: – 841,000 km
783: – 2.35 million km
411:depicted in a 1710 French map of
54:The Atlantic Ocean excluding its
11612:
11601:
10991:
10990:
10323:West South Central United States
9445:
9066:
9065:
9053:
7992:Journal of Physical Oceanography
7978:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04137.x
7896:"How the oceans got their names"
6494:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03206.x
6367:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
5785:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x
5661:
5636:
5604:
5585:
5573:
5562:
4782:, Central Atlantic, pp. 218, 220
4632:JerzmaĹska & Kotlarczyk 1976
4221:USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench
4171:Brown, Laurence (8 April 2018).
3828:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
3792:
3778:
3764:
3750:
3736:
3722:
3488:
2361:
2350:
2339:
2216:10 sq mi) of which 2.5
2160:
2149:
2094:South Atlantic tropical cyclones
1908:
1896:
1741: gyre
1682:
1281:except at a few locations where
1277:. The Atlantic is surrounded by
1162:AzoresâGibraltar Transform Fault
1077:LamontâDoherty Earth Observatory
1005: – 10,000 km
999: – 11,350 km
993: – 15,000 km
987: – 16,000 km
981: – 17,840 km
975: – 36,800 km
969: – 39,000 km
963: – 46,000 km
957: – 47,000 km
951: – 57,000 km
945: – 66,000 km
939: – 68,300 km
933: – 75,000 km
927: – 80,000 km
921: – 93,000 km
915: – 95,000 km
765: – 3.5 million km
48:
11654:Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean
10538:Latin America and the Caribbean
10404:Latin America and the Caribbean
7865:Journal of Geophysical Research
7810:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002
5873:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.012
5536:
5524:
5480:
5458:
5449:
5422:
5410:
5385:
5315:
5286:
5259:
5247:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5062:, pp. 164â166, fig. 8.2, p. 166
5053:
5050:, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 842
5041:
5029:
4973:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.005
4893:
4869:
4821:
4818:, Abstract, Introduction, p. 64
4809:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4748:
4733:
4709:Landsea, Chris (13 July 2005).
4702:
4680:
4656:Marks, Andrea (17 April 2017).
4649:
4637:
4625:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4499:
4487:
4458:
4446:
4441:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010
4434:
4429:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010
4422:
4397:
4386:
4301:
4283:
4250:
4225:
4214:
4203:
4164:
4149:
4123:
4093:
4062:Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873
4043:
3941:Dean, Josh (21 December 2018).
3706:by the Shackleton Fracture Zone
3234:Banks of the northwest Atlantic
3061:Banks of the northeast Atlantic
2523:
2437:10 sq mi) in Africa.
1881:
1854:originates in this gyre, while
1847:, the upper layers of the MOC.
1843:, are especially pronounced in
1814:. Its eastern portion includes
1582:Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW)
1461:
1083:conduct research on the ocean.
1011: – 8,300 km
543:in Morocco and the sea off the
33:Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)
29:South Atlantic (disambiguation)
25:North Atlantic (disambiguation)
7105:The Journal of African History
5472:. 2 March 2010. Archived from
4408:. Princeton University Press.
4018:
3996:
3960:
3934:
3633:, Delaware was carrying three
2539:has been found in the Greater
2090:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1253:
1240:Gough and Inaccessible Islands
807: – 1 million km
753:Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean
519:. On the other hand, to early
469:around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4):
1:
11659:Oceans surrounding Antarctica
11649:History of the Atlantic Ocean
6680:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80015-X
5324:"Is there gold in the ocean?"
4920:, South Atlantic, pp. 217â218
4559:, Introduction, pp. 1545â1547
4523:, Atlantic Ocean, pp. 384â386
3858:
3463:is overfished. The sea snail
3185:are considered fully fished;
2519:History of the Atlantic Ocean
2125:shallow shelf areas like the
1611:Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
1016:
659: – one of its
155:8,376 m (27,480 ft)
143:3,646 m (11,962 ft)
10005:Middle East and North Africa
9710:Middle East and North Africa
7499:10.1126/science.284.5414.616
7435:10.1126/science.179.4077.969
7374:Geophysical Research Letters
6913:10.1016/0031-0182(76)90009-2
6057:Geophysical Research Letters
5714:The American Economic Review
4073:Steele, Ian Kenneth (1986).
3838:Piracy in the Atlantic World
3675:oceans which contributes to
3661:anthropogenic climate change
3593:North Atlantic garbage patch
2991:
2939:of the continental shelves.
2652:
2605:), and the formation of the
2569:
2455:Cretaceous Normal Superchron
2292:Spreading began opening the
1989:remained unknown for decades
1980:from where it migrated over
1856:Antarctic Intermediate Water
1852:South Atlantic Central Water
1807:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre
1182:Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone
1172:, intersects the MAR at the
655:(where it connects with the
582:, and reproduced in 1869 in
547:and the West African coast.
471:
424:
7:
8183:. Cartage.org.lb (archived)
8040:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
7342:. Oxford University Press.
6787:"Limits of Oceans and Seas"
5299:. In the Hands of a Child.
5122:, Introduction, pp. 118â119
4952:Global and Planetary Change
4830:, Northern Atlantic, p. 220
4135:Online Etymology Dictionary
3715:
3532:fishing can kill dolphins,
3127:Northwest Coast of Scotland
3016:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
2100:Geology and plate tectonics
2076:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
2048:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
1421:
1164:, the boundary between the
398:
10:
11675:
10298:Northeastern United States
9284:American Mediterranean Sea
8434:American Mediterranean Sea
7894:Thomas, S. (8 June 2015).
7081:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.027
5853:Quaternary Science Reviews
5697:
5643:Passarelli, Bruno (1998).
5144:Bailey & Flemming 2008
4593:Stramma & England 1999
4160:. London: Richard Bentley.
3644:
3137:, and eastern and western
2995:
2929:
2792:
2782:
2686:settlement of the Americas
2656:
2516:
2512:
2484:
2246:
2237:Great American Interchange
2070:produces frequent storms.
2007:
1885:
1874:flows southward below the
1841:North Atlantic oscillation
1621:
1610:
1597:
1581:
1570:
1560:Intermediate Water (EASIW)
1558:Eastern Atlantic Subarctic
1557:
1547:Intermediate Water (WASIW)
1545:Western Atlantic Subarctic
1544:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1416:North Atlantic oscillation
1347:In the South Atlantic the
1257:
1090:
616:
605:
476:
429:
383:in the southeast, and the
222:not a well-defined measure
18:
11597:
11529:
11499:
11463:
11454:
11429:
11323:
11247:
11096:
11065:
11056:
10986:
10928:
10905:
10872:
10836:
10769:
10663:
10571:
10562:
10491:
10412:
10218:
10022:
9803:
9761:
9670:
9661:
9609:
9566:
9506:
9442:
9261:
9205:
9189:
9138:
9122:
9047:
9021:
8988:
8770:
8677:
8409:
8321:
8238:
7635:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051
7154:10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.1066
7117:10.1017/S0021853700021319
7013:"The Deep Atlantic Ocean"
6863:10.1163/9789004284715_003
6857:. Brill. pp. 21â42.
3972:Limits of Oceans and Seas
3930:Eakins & Sharman 2010
3457:Whitehead's round herring
3433:southern African pilchard
3002:Fishing down the food web
2177:from 200 to 170 Ma.
2108:oceanic crust made up of
1878:of the subtropical gyre.
1872:North Atlantic Deep Water
1833:North Atlantic Deep Water
1763:The clockwise warm-water
1656:North Atlantic deep water
1622:Arctic Bottom Water (ABW)
1592:
1539:
1482:
1102:near the Equator and the
219:
209:
191:
179:
175:
167:
159:
147:
139:
127:
123:
106:
67:
47:
42:
21:Atlantic (disambiguation)
11589:Thermohaline circulation
10779:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
9783:Transantarctic Mountains
8240:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8109:"The Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
7771:. Appleton. pp. 69â
7267:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0509.1
7018:. In Tyler, P.A. (ed.).
6929:"B1. Northwest Atlantic"
6601:. The Geological Society
5726:10.1257/0002828054201305
5203:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
5191:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
5179:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
4864:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4852:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4840:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4605:Gordon & Bosley 1991
4547:, Introduction, p. 14297
4521:Emery & Meincke 1986
4506:Emery & Meincke 1986
4477:Hamilton-Paterson, James
4039:Oxford Dictionaries 2015
3449:Argentine shortfin squid
3370:Western central-Atlantic
3343:Eastern central-Atlantic
3155:Northeast Atlantic South
2988:of toxic wastes at sea.
2881:and other diseases, and
2321:exclusive economic zones
2229:Central American Isthmus
1950:North Equatorial Current
1812:thermohaline circulation
1674:
1571:Mediterranean Water (MW)
1452:thermohaline circulation
1381:thermohaline circulation
1038:submarine mountain range
350:an eponymous slave trade
11537:Atmospheric circulation
11088:Transpolar Drift Stream
10528:Caribbean South America
8386:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
8144:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
8084:10.1126/science.1116448
7696:10.1073/pnas.0902522107
7551:10.1073/pnas.0510792103
7073:2005E&PSL.236..459L
7020:Ecosystems of the World
6773:. University of Chicago
6731:10.1126/science.1067575
6267:"State-organized crime"
6013:10.1126/science.1234204
5519:Mann & Emanuel 2006
5487:HR Lease (March 1986).
5283:, Abstract; pp. 546â551
5084:Henshilwood et al. 2002
4404:Kenneth J. HsĂź (1987).
4381:Levin & Gooday 2003
3898:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3653:sea surface temperature
3471:and remains overfished.
3429:shallow-water Cape hake
2889:to the extent that the
2847:conquered and colonized
2481:Closure of the Atlantic
2233:Central American Seaway
2196:, one of Earth's major
2190:large igneous provinces
2000:that eels possibly use
1336:The mean depth between
686:by the Southern Ocean.
11608:Environment portal
11562:Marine garbage patches
11376:Indonesian Throughflow
11280:Indonesian Throughflow
10308:Southern United States
10111:Scandinavian Peninsula
8707:Great Australian Bight
8138:"Atlantic Ocean"
8038:"Atlantic Ocean Facts"
6968:Lessios, H.A. (2008).
6224:10.1098/rsta.1965.0020
5181:, Introduction, p. 202
4890:, Introduction, p. 353
4571:, Introduction, p. 757
3843:Transatlantic crossing
3701:
3581:
3563:and the creation of a
3408:
3395:American cupped oyster
3366:
3319:, witch flounder, and
3276:
3235:
3062:
2950:
2874:
2820:
2813:Portuguese discoveries
2799:Battle of the Atlantic
2761:
2727:
2714:
2712:Based on the medieval
2637:
2473:and the growth of the
2063:
2022:
2002:Earth's magnetic field
1820:North Atlantic Current
1802:
1784:North Atlantic Current
1660:Antarctic bottom water
1514:Eastern North Atlantic
1501:Western North Atlantic
1384:
1372:
1205:
1174:Azores Triple Junction
1029:
871:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
415:
379:in the southwest, the
258:
11437:Antarctic Circumpolar
10784:Antarctic Convergence
10328:Western United States
9114:Marginal seas of the
8133:Dickson, Henry Newton
7931:. London: Macmillan.
7790:Earth-Science Reviews
6429:10.1353/arc.2011.0038
5429:Eisenbud, R. (1985).
5328:oceanservice.noaa.gov
5244:, Piracy, pp. 184â188
5227:Patterson et al. 2010
5134:, Introduction, p. 66
5036:Livermore et al. 2005
4792:Blackburn et al. 2013
4755:Emery, K. O. (1962).
4237:Five Deeps Expedition
3695:
3681:equilibrium sea-level
3573:
3461:Cunene horse mackerel
3404:
3391:northern brown shrimp
3362:
3274:
3233:
3189:is overfished as was
3129:, and North Ireland;
3060:
2945:
2920:absolutist monarchies
2915:Industrial Revolution
2913:From Columbus to the
2868:
2806:
2720:sagas, including the
2711:
2631:
2557:and the Indian Ocean
2541:Cape Floristic Region
2227:The formation of the
2061:
2015:
1800:
1516:Central Water (ENACW)
1503:Central Water (WNACW)
1456:Agulhas Leakage/Rings
1378:
1370:
1363:Water characteristics
1295:South Sandwich Trench
1200:
1024:
674:, running south from
406:
240:
9850:Greater Central Asia
9248:Gulf of St. Lawrence
8554:Gulf of St. Lawrence
8159:. HarperCollins UK.
8024:. USGS. October 2003
7886:10.1029/1999JC900139
7851:10.1029/1999JC900274
7521:Mellars, P. (2006).
7395:10.1029/2006GL027815
7230:10.1029/2006eo240001
6616:Current Anthropology
6599:"Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
6093:Bravo, K.E. (2007).
6078:10.1029/2006GL026906
5505:on 18 December 2008.
5229:, pp. 5308â5309
5022:10.1002/2014PA002772
4569:TrĂŠguier et al. 2005
4496:, Introduction, p. 1
3808:Atlantic Revolutions
3631:Dover Air Force Base
3536:and other seabirds (
3476:Environmental issues
3453:Brazilian sardinella
3329:international waters
2975:polymetallic nodules
2891:Atlantic slave trade
2885:quickly reduced the
2871:Atlantic slave trade
2860:Alexandre Exquemelin
2839:Pedro Ălvares Cabral
2827:reached the Americas
2824:Christopher Columbus
2699:Solutrean hypothesis
2665:Laurentide Ice Sheet
2587:Last Glacial Maximum
2537:behavioral modernity
2043:North Atlantic Drift
1946:North Atlantic Drift
1665:nuclear weapon tests
1625:â1.8 to â0.5 °C
1529:Central Water (SACW)
1048:to the subantarctic
733:, almost all of the
11481:South Atlantic Gyre
11476:North Atlantic Gyre
10996:Continents of Earth
10523:Brazilian Highlands
9932:Indian subcontinent
9793:Antarctic Peninsula
9591:Southern Hemisphere
9586:Northern Hemisphere
9414:Sea of the Hebrides
8855:Gulf of Carpentaria
8649:Sea of the Hebrides
8278:King Haakon VII Sea
8075:2005Sci...309.1844W
8069:(5742): 1844â1846.
8004:2005JPO....35..757T
7969:2009GeoJI.177.1315T
7877:1999JGR...10420863S
7871:(C9): 20863â20883.
7842:2000JGR...10514297S
7836:(C6): 14297â14323.
7802:2012ESRv..113..212S
7687:2010PNAS..107.5306P
7626:2010CBio...20.R202O
7542:2006PNAS..103.9381M
7491:1999Sci...284..616M
7427:1973Sci...179..969M
7386:2007GeoRL..34.3605M
7258:2016JCli...29.1545M
7212:2006EOSTr..87..233M
7146:1991LimOc..36.1066M
7132:LĂźning, K. (1990).
6905:1976PPP....20..297J
6806:1953Natur.172R.484.
6800:(4376): 484. 1953.
6794:Special Publication
6723:2002Sci...295.1278H
6717:(5558): 1278â1280.
6672:1991DSRA...38S.323G
6485:2007GeoJI.168..353E
6467:Eagles, G. (2007).
6417:Arctic Anthropology
6393:2013Geo....41..839D
6358:2010GeoJI.181....1D
6295:on 12 November 2016
6216:1965RSPTA.258...41B
6157:10.1038/nature04385
6149:2005Natur.438..655B
6069:2006GeoRL..3321S01B
5995:2013Sci...340..941B
5947:Arctic Anthropology
5913:2003IJCli..23.1127B
5865:2008QSRv...27.2153B
5777:2011MolEc..20.1333A
5569:Webster et al. 2005
5470:National Geographic
4965:2015GPC...126...46G
4933:Torsvik et al. 2009
4804:Marzoli et al. 1999
4698:on 5 December 2021.
4662:Scientific American
4545:Smethie et al. 2000
4533:Smethie et al. 2000
3833:Atlantic hurricanes
3579:Inaccessible Island
3548:Waste and pollution
3389:are overfished and
3249:yellowtail flounder
3133:, West of Ireland,
2843:South Atlantic Gyre
2663:During the LGM the
2659:Brendan of Clonfert
2475:Antarctic ice sheet
1769:South Atlantic Gyre
1765:North Atlantic Gyre
1468:
1267:carbonate platforms
1244:Fernando de Noronha
1228:World Heritage Site
1184:, approximately at
1104:Gibbs Fracture Zone
1073:Columbia University
955:Sea of the Hebrides
653:Strait of Gibraltar
584:Nehemiah Wallington
566:Great Western Ocean
545:Strait of Gibraltar
501:pillars of Heracles
87: /
11491:South Pacific Gyre
11486:North Pacific Gyre
11366:Equatorial Counter
11270:Equatorial Counter
10811:Great Barrier Reef
10432:Mainland Australia
10140:Apennine Peninsula
9601:Western Hemisphere
9576:Eastern Hemisphere
8850:Gulf of California
8747:Mozambique Channel
8391:Queen Victoria Sea
8253:Bellingshausen Sea
7929:(PDF, 384 MB)
7737:Riede, F. (2014).
7246:Journal of Climate
6927:Kulka, D. (2011).
6849:Janni, P. (2015).
6833:on 20 October 2016
5959:10.1353/arc.0.0019
5521:, pp. 233â241
5476:on 28 August 2019.
5060:Marean et al. 2014
5048:Duarte et al. 2013
4622:, pp. 223â225
4581:BĂśning et al. 2006
4014:on 1 January 2018.
3744:Environment portal
3702:
3582:
3500:. You can help by
3481:Endangered species
3444:Southwest Atlantic
3412:Southeast Atlantic
3409:
3367:
3277:
3239:Northwest Atlantic
3236:
3066:Northeast Atlantic
3063:
2951:
2875:
2821:
2769:Book of Settlement
2728:
2682:Bering Land Bridge
2638:
2632:Excavation of the
2555:Benguela Upwelling
2066:Every winter, the
2064:
2023:
1845:Labrador Sea Water
1803:
1705:North Atlantic
1698:North Atlantic
1691:North Atlantic
1490:Upper Water (ASUW)
1488:Atlantic Subarctic
1466:
1399:, and Baltic Sea.
1385:
1373:
1291:Puerto Rico Trench
1250:Reserves, Brazil.
1217:seafloor spreading
1191:In the 1870s, the
1139:basaltic volcanoes
1119:divergent boundary
1093:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1087:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1042:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1030:
747:Puerto Rico Trench
630:CIA World Factbook
596:Secretary of State
425:AtlantikĂ´i pelĂĄgei
416:
354:Columbian exchange
326:age of exploration
259:
152:Puerto Rico Trench
31:, and
11626:
11625:
11619:Oceans portal
11525:
11524:
11471:Indian Ocean Gyre
11450:
11449:
11012:
11011:
10892:Mediterranean Rim
10765:
10764:
10704:Mediterranean Sea
10558:
10557:
10511:Amazon Rainforest
10338:Canadian Prairies
10303:Pacific Northwest
10164:Iberian Peninsula
9949:Arabian Peninsula
9776:Antarctic Plateau
9536:Three/Four Worlds
9458:
9457:
9452:Oceans portal
9374:Mediterranean Sea
9253:Gulf of Venezuela
9081:
9080:
9060:Oceans portal
8609:Mediterranean Sea
8559:Gulf of Venezuela
8351:East Siberian Sea
8293:Riiser-Larsen Sea
8166:978-0-00-734137-5
8153:Winchester, Simon
8013:10.1175/JPO2720.1
7681:(12): 5306â5310.
7536:(25): 9381â9386.
7485:(5414): 616â618.
7421:(4077): 969â974.
7349:978-0-19-967958-4
7311:978-1-4419-8219-3
7163:978-0-471-62434-9
7029:978-0-444-82619-0
6945:978-92-5-107023-9
6872:978-90-04-28471-5
6575:978-92-5-109185-2
6536:Oceanologica Acta
6143:(7068): 655â657.
5989:(6135): 941â945.
5907:(10): 1127â1159.
5859:(23): 2153â2165.
5765:Molecular Ecology
5654:978-9-5007-1469-3
5621:Revista de Marina
5132:Avery et al. 2008
4918:Seton et al. 2012
4866:, pp. 23â24.
4828:Seton et al. 2012
4780:Seton et al. 2012
4494:Marsh et al. 2007
4415:978-0-691-02406-6
4177:(Digital video).
4086:978-0-19-503968-9
3976:, pages 4 and 13.
3710:by the Scotia Arc
3616:Mediterranean Sea
3518:
3517:
3465:perlemoen abalone
3317:Greenland halibut
3283:became the first
3245:Greenland halibut
3203:Norwegian lobster
3147:Portuguese Waters
3012:fishing resources
2937:sedimentary rocks
2835:Cape of Good Hope
2817:Carreira da Ăndia
2723:GrĹnlendinga saga
2575:Mitochondrial DNA
2325:Iberian Peninsula
2198:extinction events
1958:vegetative growth
1667:in the 1960s and
1632:
1631:
1600:Deep Water (NADW)
979:Gulf of Venezuela
775:Mediterranean Sea
723:Mediterranean Sea
672:20° East meridian
657:Mediterranean Sea
592:Francis Windebank
472:Atlantis thalassa
430:áźĎΝινĎΚκῡ ĎξΝΏγξΚ
267:oceanic divisions
238:
228:
227:
11666:
11617:
11616:
11606:
11605:
11542:Boundary current
11461:
11460:
11416:South Equatorial
11401:North Korea Cold
11396:North Equatorial
11310:South Equatorial
11300:North Madagascar
11239:West Spitsbergen
11229:South Equatorial
11209:North Equatorial
11063:
11062:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11016:
11015:
10994:
10993:
10973:Global Southwest
10968:Global Southeast
10958:Global Northwest
10953:Global Northeast
10943:Global Heartland
10887:Indian Ocean Rim
10569:
10568:
10461:Island Melanesia
10152:Balkan Peninsula
9927:Himalayan states
9874:Russian Far East
9668:
9667:
9596:Water Hemisphere
9485:
9478:
9471:
9462:
9461:
9450:
9449:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9085:
9084:
9069:
9068:
9058:
9057:
8990:Endorheic basins
8870:Gulf of Thailand
8722:Gulf of Khambhat
8217:
8210:
8203:
8194:
8193:
8170:
8148:
8140:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8104:
8086:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8017:
8015:
7982:
7980:
7963:(3): 1315â1333.
7947:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7930:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7890:
7888:
7855:
7853:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7723:
7708:
7698:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7637:
7620:(4): R202âR207.
7604:
7602:
7600:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7563:
7553:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7459:
7412:
7399:
7397:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7299:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7269:
7252:(4): 1545â1571.
7243:
7233:
7223:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7128:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7058:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7017:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6991:. Archived from
6974:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6954:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6832:
6826:. Archived from
6817:
6815:10.1038/172484b0
6791:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6755:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6657:
6647:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6567:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6533:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6506:
6496:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6414:
6404:
6401:10.1130/G34100.1
6371:
6369:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6309:"Atlantic Ocean"
6304:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6288:. Archived from
6271:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6006:
6004:10.1.1.1019.4042
5980:
5970:
5953:(1â2): 118â131.
5941:
5939:
5937:
5924:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5802:on 9 August 2017
5801:
5795:. Archived from
5771:(7): 1333â1346.
5762:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5711:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5617:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5589:
5583:
5580:Bigg et al. 2003
5577:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5498:. Archived from
5493:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5426:
5420:
5419:, pp. 22â23
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5389:
5383:
5382:, pp. 39â41
5377:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4921:
4915:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4694:. Archived from
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4473:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4401:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4367:
4362:
4333:
4328:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4233:"Atlantic Ocean"
4229:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4174:Lost in The Pond
4168:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4137:. Douglas Harper
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4107:. Archived from
4097:
4091:
4090:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4036:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4010:. Archived from
4008:dge.cchs.csic.es
4000:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3977:
3974:, 3rd ed. (1953)
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3894:"Atlantic Ocean"
3890:
3881:
3876:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3772:Geography portal
3769:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3553:Marine pollution
3513:
3510:
3492:
3485:
3379:Round sardinella
3285:Western European
3253:Atlantic halibut
2856:Henry Mainwaring
2789:Atlantic history
2766:
2732:Norse settlement
2719:
2701:and some of the
2623:Enkapune Ya Muto
2566:, South Africa.
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:produced by the
2365:
2354:
2343:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2164:
2153:
2141:Central Atlantic
1978:Carpathian Basin
1915:Sargassum fish (
1912:
1900:
1818:branches of the
1750:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1614:â0.9â1.7 °C
1585:â1.5â3.0 °C
1574:2.6â11.0 °C
1532:5.0â18.0 °C
1519:8.0â18.0 °C
1469:
1465:
1357:Laurentian Abyss
1143:EyjafjallajĂśkull
757:Top large seas:
562:Age of Discovery
558:Ancient Ethiopia
556:", derived from
553:Aethiopian Ocean
498:
495:
494:the Atlantic sea
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:áźĎΝινĎá˝śĎ Î¸ÎŹÎťÎąĎĎÎą
475:(Ancient Greek:
474:
458:
455:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:the Atlantic sea
435:
431:
428:(Ancient Greek:
427:
409:Aethiopian Ocean
275:Age of Discovery
239:
220:Shore length is
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
70:
52:
40:
39:
11674:
11673:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11629:
11628:
11627:
11622:
11611:
11600:
11593:
11552:Ekman transport
11521:
11495:
11446:
11425:
11361:East Korea Warm
11356:East Australian
11319:
11315:West Australian
11265:East Madagascar
11243:
11092:
11078:North Icelandic
11052:
11043:
11013:
11008:
10982:
10924:
10901:
10868:
10832:
10761:
10750:South China Sea
10659:
10602:Central America
10554:
10487:
10408:
10360:Northern Mexico
10348:Northern Canada
10333:Atlantic Canada
10288:Mountain states
10214:
10069:European Russia
10062:Southern Russia
10018:
9971:Iranian Plateau
9799:
9788:West Antarctica
9771:East Antarctica
9757:
9657:
9605:
9581:Land Hemisphere
9562:
9502:
9489:
9459:
9454:
9444:
9438:
9289:Archipelago Sea
9257:
9218:Gulf of Finland
9213:Gulf of Bothnia
9201:
9197:English Channel
9185:
9156:Bay of Campeche
9134:
9118:
9112:
9082:
9077:
9052:
9043:
9017:
8984:
8960:South China Sea
8940:Seto Inland Sea
8860:Gulf of Fonseca
8766:
8673:
8524:Gulf of Finland
8519:Gulf of Bothnia
8504:English Channel
8474:Bay of Campeche
8439:Archipelago Sea
8405:
8361:Gulf of Boothia
8317:
8258:Cooperation Sea
8234:
8221:
8177:
8167:
8128:
8126:Further reading
8123:
8114:
8112:
8047:
8045:
8044:on 2 March 2001
8027:
8025:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7905:
7903:
7814:
7812:
7774:
7772:
7755:
7753:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7670:
7656:
7654:
7614:Current Biology
7598:
7596:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7525:
7511:
7509:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7410:
7369:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7297:
7280:
7278:
7241:
7221:10.1.1.174.4349
7206:(24): 233â241.
7186:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7056:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7015:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6972:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6931:
6917:
6915:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6789:
6776:
6774:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6706:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6655:
6604:
6602:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6565:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6531:
6517:
6515:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6412:
6330:
6328:
6325:"Pacific Ocean"
6314:
6312:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6269:
6263:Chambliss, W.J.
6252:
6250:
6246:
6210:(1088): 41â51.
6199:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6132:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6097:
6083:
6081:
6041:
6039:
6035:
5978:
5935:
5933:
5922:10.1002/joc.926
5885:
5883:
5879:
5848:
5834:
5832:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5760:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5709:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5427:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5361:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4905:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4721:on 12 June 2018
4707:
4703:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4650:
4644:Als et al. 2011
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4508:, Table, p. 385
4504:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4169:
4165:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4019:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3984:
3980:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3947:Popular Science
3939:
3935:
3928:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3866:
3861:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3690:
3649:
3643:
3550:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3498:needs expansion
3483:
3478:
3469:illegal fishing
3467:is targeted by
3425:deep-water hake
3337:American plaice
3199:northern shrimp
3139:English Channel
3004:
2994:
2971:placer deposits
2932:
2811:influenced the
2801:
2791:
2783:Main articles:
2781:
2716:ĂslendingasĂśgur
2661:
2655:
2636:middens in 1880
2572:
2559:Agulhas Current
2526:
2521:
2517:Main category:
2515:
2502:Caribbean Plate
2489:
2487:Pangaea Proxima
2483:
2434:
2433:10 km (3.1
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:10 km (4.6
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:10 km (3.6
2402:
2398:
2395:Tristan hotspot
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2279:Iceland hotspot
2255:
2245:
2221:
2220:10 km (9.7
2217:
2213:
2212:10 km (1.7
2209:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2102:
2056:
2054:Natural hazards
2010:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:Histrio histrio
1913:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1603:1.5â4.0 °C
1599:
1563:3.0â9.0 °C
1559:
1550:3.0â9.0 °C
1546:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1493:0.0â4.0 °C
1489:
1464:
1424:
1404:Coriolis effect
1365:
1353:Rio Grande Rise
1279:passive margins
1263:
1256:
1221:plate tectonics
1203:the New Worlds.
1170:Eurasian plates
1145:, Iceland, and
1100:Romanche Trench
1095:
1089:
1019:
1014:
1009:Archipelago Sea
985:Bay of Campeche
931:English Channel
907:Gulf of Bothnia
755:
622:
615:
604:
602:Extent and data
541:Atlas Mountains
513:Greek mythology
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
456:
450:
447:
439:
436:
433:
401:
332:, most notably
271:Earth's surface
230:
186:List of islands
154:
134:
132:
110: countries
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
63:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11672:
11662:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11639:Atlantic Ocean
11624:
11623:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11577:North Atlantic
11574:
11569:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11547:Coriolis force
11544:
11539:
11533:
11531:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11467:
11465:
11458:
11452:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11442:Tasman Outflow
11439:
11433:
11431:
11430:Southern Ocean
11427:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11275:Indian Monsoon
11272:
11267:
11262:
11260:Agulhas Return
11257:
11251:
11249:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11236:
11234:West Greenland
11231:
11226:
11224:South Atlantic
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11199:North Atlantic
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11149:East Greenland
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11100:
11098:
11097:Atlantic Ocean
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11073:East Greenland
11069:
11067:
11060:
11054:
11053:
11046:Ocean currents
11042:
11041:
11034:
11027:
11019:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11006:
11004:Physical Earth
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10934:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10911:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10878:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10855:
10854:
10843:
10841:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10816:Mariana Trench
10813:
10803:
10798:
10796:Atlantic Ocean
10793:
10788:
10787:
10786:
10775:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10757:Southern Ocean
10754:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10745:East China Sea
10737:
10736:
10735:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10679:Atlantic Ocean
10676:
10670:
10668:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10584:
10578:
10576:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10508:
10497:
10495:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10483:Remote Oceania
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10464:
10463:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10418:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10353:Western Canada
10350:
10345:
10343:Eastern Canada
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10224:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10166:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10132:
10127:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10057:South Caucasus
10054:
10052:North Caucasus
10044:
10034:
10028:
10026:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9985:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9959:South Caucasus
9951:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9902:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9828:Aralkum Desert
9825:
9815:
9809:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9767:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9736:
9726:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9682:
9676:
9674:
9665:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9619:Africa-Eurasia
9615:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9572:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9488:
9487:
9480:
9473:
9465:
9456:
9455:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9429:Tyrrhenian Sea
9426:
9421:
9419:Sea of Marmara
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9238:Gulf of Mexico
9235:
9230:
9225:
9223:Gulf of Guinea
9220:
9215:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9126:
9124:
9120:
9119:
9116:Atlantic Ocean
9111:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9088:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9063:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8994:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8930:Sea of Okhotsk
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8910:Philippine Sea
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8875:Gulf of Tonkin
8872:
8867:
8865:Gulf of Panama
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8845:Gulf of Anadyr
8842:
8840:Gulf of Alaska
8837:
8835:East China Sea
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8664:Tyrrhenian Sea
8661:
8656:
8654:Sea of Marmara
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8544:Gulf of Mexico
8541:
8536:
8531:
8529:Gulf of Guinea
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8469:Bay of Bothnia
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8415:
8413:
8411:Atlantic Ocean
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8263:Cosmonauts Sea
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8220:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8184:
8181:Atlantic Ocean
8176:
8175:External links
8173:
8172:
8171:
8165:
8149:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8105:
8054:
8034:
8018:
7998:(5): 757â774.
7983:
7948:
7912:
7902:on 9 June 2015
7891:
7856:
7821:
7796:(3): 212â270.
7781:
7762:
7734:
7663:
7605:
7589:
7518:
7470:
7400:
7367:
7361:
7348:
7331:
7310:
7287:
7234:
7195:
7187:|journal=
7162:
7134:"Sargasso Sea"
7129:
7111:(4): 473â501.
7100:
7067:(1): 459â470.
7049:
7028:
7008:
6998:on 10 May 2017
6965:
6944:
6924:
6899:(4): 297â306.
6884:
6871:
6846:
6783:
6766:
6699:
6648:
6628:10.1086/203472
6622:(5): 477â497.
6611:
6595:
6574:
6559:
6524:
6507:
6479:(1): 353â361.
6464:
6405:
6387:(8): 839â842.
6372:
6337:
6321:
6305:
6280:(2): 183â208.
6259:
6192:
6125:
6090:
6063:(21): L21S01.
6048:
5971:
5942:
5892:
5841:
5825:Goodwin Series
5812:
5753:
5720:(3): 546â579.
5701:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5660:
5653:
5635:
5603:
5584:
5572:
5561:
5535:
5523:
5508:
5479:
5457:
5448:
5421:
5409:
5384:
5359:
5314:
5296:Ocean Habitats
5285:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5242:Chambliss 1989
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5110:, pp. 1â2
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5040:
5028:
4993:
4937:
4922:
4903:
4892:
4877:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4747:
4732:
4701:
4679:
4648:
4646:, p. 1334
4636:
4624:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4481:The Great Deep
4468:
4465:NOAA: Timeline
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4414:
4396:
4385:
4368:
4365:U.S. Navy 2001
4334:
4318:
4313:listofseas.com
4309:"List of seas"
4300:
4282:
4249:
4224:
4213:
4202:
4188:
4163:
4148:
4122:
4111:on 14 May 2021
4092:
4085:
4065:
4054:
4042:
4028:
4017:
3995:
3978:
3959:
3933:
3915:
3882:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3789:
3786:Weather portal
3775:
3761:
3758:Ecology portal
3747:
3733:
3717:
3714:
3689:
3686:
3677:sea level rise
3642:
3641:Climate change
3639:
3629:aircraft from
3612:Lake Maracaibo
3608:Gulf of Mexico
3549:
3546:
3516:
3515:
3495:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3417:Horse mackerel
3413:
3399:
3398:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3348:pelagic fishes
3344:
3269:
3268:
3265:witch flounder
3240:
3228:
3227:
3212:European Union
3207:
3206:
3151:Azores Grounds
3135:Porcupine Bank
3119:Faroes Grounds
3070:
3069:
3067:
2993:
2990:
2955:marine mammals
2931:
2928:
2900:British Empire
2785:Atlantic world
2780:
2779:Atlantic World
2777:
2748:Little Ice Age
2677:Clovis hunters
2673:Paul S. Martin
2654:
2651:
2571:
2568:
2550:Cape Fold Belt
2529:Humans evolved
2525:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2482:
2479:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:South Atlantic
2329:
2259:Eurasian Basin
2244:
2243:North Atlantic
2241:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2101:
2098:
2055:
2052:
2009:
2006:
1965:sargassum fish
1914:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1792:Subpolar Front
1754:
1753:
1745:
1739:South Atlantic
1688:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:North Atlantic
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:South Atlantic
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:7.0â20 °C
1504:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1423:
1420:
1397:Denmark Strait
1364:
1361:
1307:abyssal plains
1283:active margins
1255:
1252:
1248:Atol das Rocas
1131:South American
1123:North American
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1071:; as of 2001,
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
997:Sea of Marmara
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
865:Tyrrhenian Sea
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
787:Gulf of Mexico
784:
781:Gulf of Guinea
778:
772:
766:
759:
754:
751:
743:Milwaukee Deep
715:Gulf of Mexico
709:, part of the
707:Denmark Strait
637:Denmark Strait
603:
600:
594:, Charles I's
400:
397:
385:Southern Ocean
346:United Kingdom
263:Atlantic Ocean
226:
225:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
200:South Sandwich
193:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
111:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
43:Atlantic Ocean
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11671:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11621:
11620:
11615:
11609:
11604:
11596:
11590:
11587:
11583:
11582:South Pacific
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11567:Great Pacific
11565:
11564:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11557:Marine debris
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11528:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11507:Beaufort Gyre
11505:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11406:North Pacific
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11324:Pacific Ocean
11322:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11119:Baffin Island
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11040:
11035:
11033:
11028:
11026:
11021:
11020:
11017:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10989:
10988:
10985:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10806:Pacific Ocean
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10758:
10755:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10741:
10740:Pacific Ocean
10738:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10726:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10694:Caribbean Sea
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10662:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10636:by population
10634:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10609:South America
10607:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10592:North America
10590:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10561:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10543:Southern Cone
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10518:Andean States
10516:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10493:South America
10490:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10454:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10402:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10220:North America
10217:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10183:Low Countries
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10171:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10159:South-western
10157:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10147:South-eastern
10145:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10135:South-central
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10125:Mediterranean
10123:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10091:British Isles
10089:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9989:
9988:Levantine Sea
9986:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9865:
9862:
9858:
9855:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9680:Mediterranean
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9565:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9486:
9481:
9479:
9474:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9453:
9448:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9389:Norwegian Sea
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9359:Levantine Sea
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9329:Greenland Sea
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9319:Caribbean Sea
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9294:Argentine Sea
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9243:Gulf of Sidra
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9233:Gulf of Maine
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9151:Bay of Biscay
9149:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9109:
9104:
9102:
9097:
9095:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9074:
9073:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8880:Halmahera Sea
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8772:Pacific Ocean
8769:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8742:Laccadive Sea
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Gulf of Kutch
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8717:Gulf of Aqaba
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8697:Bay of Bengal
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8624:Norwegian Sea
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8594:Levantine Sea
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8549:Gulf of Sidra
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8539:Gulf of Maine
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8514:Greenland Sea
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8494:Caribbean Sea
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8464:Bay of Biscay
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8444:Argentine Sea
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8356:Greenland Sea
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8331:Amundsen Gulf
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8273:D'Urville Sea
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8211:
8206:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8145:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7934:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7822:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7770:
7769:
7763:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7664:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7606:
7594:
7590:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7519:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7380:(3): L03605.
7379:
7375:
7371:
7362:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7180:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7009:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6784:
6772:
6767:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6666:: S323âS343.
6665:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6600:
6596:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6564:
6560:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6525:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6326:
6322:
6310:
6306:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5754:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5607:
5600:(in Spanish).
5599:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5565:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5489:"DoD Mishaps"
5483:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5452:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4854:, p. 10.
4853:
4848:
4842:, p. 15.
4841:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4806:, p. 616
4805:
4800:
4794:, p. 941
4793:
4788:
4781:
4776:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4461:
4455:, p. 290
4454:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3730:Oceans portal
3725:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3635:nuclear bombs
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:Caribbean Sea
3601:
3600:oil pollution
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:Marine debris
3580:
3576:
3575:Marine debris
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3509:December 2020
3503:
3499:
3496:This section
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:Gulf menhaden
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3261:spiny dogfish
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:Arctic saithe
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:Bay of Biscay
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:Norwegian Sea
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:Scotian Shelf
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:marine debris
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:and whales),
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:United States
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:Vasco da Gama
2828:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:The Atlantic
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:Faroe Islands
2733:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:La Riera Cave
2635:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:shell middens
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:out of Africa
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:modern humans
2530:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2493:Gibraltar Arc
2488:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:Drake Passage
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:Bay of Biscay
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:Iapetus Ocean
2260:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2207:
2203:
2200:. Theoliitic
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2163:
2152:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:Gulf of Maine
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Icelandic Low
2060:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:Precipitation
2019:
2016:Waves in the
2014:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1911:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Drake Passage
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Cape Hatteras
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1685:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Blake Plateau
1268:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1153:; 8,900
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:Bouvet Island
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:Gulf of Sidra
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:Gulf of Maine
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:Bay of Biscay
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:Levantine Sea
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:Argentine Sea
803:
800:
799:Greenland Sea
797:
794:
793:Norwegian Sea
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:Caribbean Sea
767:
764:
761:
760:
758:
750:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:Norwegian Sea
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:Drake Passage
708:
704:
700:
699:Caribbean Sea
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
661:marginal seas
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Norwegian Sea
642:
641:Greenland Sea
638:
633:
631:
627:
620:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
473:
468:
464:
463:
462:The Histories
454:
426:
421:
414:
410:
405:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Pacific Ocean
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
358:United States
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:South America
288:
287:North America
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
252:
248:
245:on board the
244:
243:Expedition 29
223:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
140:Average depth
138:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
100:
72:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
11610:
11599:
11572:Indian Ocean
11517:Weddell Gyre
11421:Tasman Front
11248:Indian Ocean
11204:North Brazil
11154:East Iceland
11066:Arctic Ocean
11002: /
11000:List of seas
10998: /
10963:Global South
10948:Global North
10882:Atlantic Rim
10821:Ring of Fire
10801:Indian Ocean
10795:
10791:Arctic Ocean
10733:Persian Gulf
10728:Indian Ocean
10709:Adriatic Sea
10674:Arctic Ocean
10506:Amazon Basin
10501:Amazon Plain
10473:Near Oceania
10278:Mid-Atlantic
10228:Aridoamerica
10188:Northwestern
10101:Northwestern
10074:Southeastern
9966:Greater Iran
9905:Southeastern
9900:Pacific Asia
9869:Pacific Asia
9857:Northeastern
9813:AsiaâPacific
9556:Fourth World
9546:Second World
9424:Thracian Sea
9409:Sea of Crete
9399:Sea of Ă
land
9394:Sargasso Sea
9369:Ligurian Sea
9354:Labrador Sea
9349:Irminger Sea
9314:Bothnian Sea
9299:Balearic Sea
9269:Adriatic Sea
9228:Gulf of Lion
9166:Bothnian Bay
9161:Bay of Fundy
9115:
9070:
9051:
8925:Sea of Japan
8800:Bismarck Sea
8752:Persian Gulf
8737:Gulf of Suez
8732:Gulf of Oman
8712:Gulf of Aden
8679:Indian Ocean
8659:Thracian Sea
8644:Sea of Crete
8634:Sea of Ă
land
8629:Sargasso Sea
8604:Ligurian Sea
8589:Labrador Sea
8579:Irminger Sea
8534:Gulf of Lion
8489:Bothnian Sea
8479:Bay of Fundy
8454:Balearic Sea
8419:Adriatic Sea
8410:
8341:Beaufort Sea
8323:Arctic Ocean
8248:Amundsen Sea
8156:
8142:
8113:. Retrieved
8066:
8062:
8046:. Retrieved
8042:the original
8026:. Retrieved
7995:
7991:
7960:
7956:
7940:. Retrieved
7924:
7920:
7904:. Retrieved
7900:the original
7868:
7864:
7833:
7829:
7813:. Retrieved
7793:
7789:
7773:. Retrieved
7767:
7754:. Retrieved
7742:
7726:. Retrieved
7678:
7674:
7655:. Retrieved
7617:
7613:
7597:. Retrieved
7595:. NOAA. 2013
7581:. Retrieved
7533:
7529:
7510:. Retrieved
7482:
7478:
7462:. Retrieved
7418:
7414:
7404:Martin, P.S.
7377:
7373:
7353:. Retrieved
7339:
7323:. Retrieved
7301:
7291:Marean, C.W.
7279:. Retrieved
7249:
7245:
7203:
7199:
7167:. Retrieved
7137:
7108:
7104:
7092:. Retrieved
7064:
7060:
7041:. Retrieved
7019:
7000:. Retrieved
6993:the original
6980:
6976:
6957:. Retrieved
6935:
6916:. Retrieved
6896:
6892:
6876:. Retrieved
6854:
6835:. Retrieved
6828:the original
6797:
6793:
6775:. Retrieved
6758:. Retrieved
6714:
6710:
6691:. Retrieved
6663:
6659:
6619:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6587:. Retrieved
6551:. Retrieved
6539:
6535:
6516:. Retrieved
6476:
6472:
6456:. Retrieved
6423:(1): 12â36.
6420:
6416:
6384:
6380:
6349:
6345:
6329:. Retrieved
6313:. Retrieved
6297:. Retrieved
6290:the original
6277:
6273:
6251:. Retrieved
6207:
6203:
6184:. Retrieved
6140:
6136:
6117:. Retrieved
6105:
6101:
6082:. Retrieved
6060:
6056:
6040:. Retrieved
5986:
5982:
5950:
5946:
5934:. Retrieved
5904:
5900:
5884:. Retrieved
5856:
5852:
5833:. Retrieved
5828:
5824:
5804:. Retrieved
5797:the original
5768:
5764:
5745:. Retrieved
5734:1721.1/64034
5717:
5713:
5683:. Retrieved
5670:
5663:
5644:
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5624:(in Spanish)
5619:
5606:
5597:
5587:
5575:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5548:
5538:
5526:
5500:the original
5482:
5474:the original
5469:
5460:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5424:
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5396:
5387:
5336:. Retrieved
5327:
5317:
5305:. Retrieved
5295:
5288:
5261:
5254:Lovejoy 1982
5249:
5222:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5163:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5103:
5096:Mellars 2006
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5012:
5006:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4956:
4950:
4940:
4895:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4816:Lessios 2008
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4750:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4719:the original
4714:
4704:
4696:the original
4691:
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4661:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4501:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4460:
4453:Thomson 1877
4448:
4436:
4424:
4405:
4399:
4388:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4263:Live Science
4262:
4252:
4240:. Retrieved
4236:
4227:
4216:
4205:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4134:
4125:
4115:28 September
4113:. Retrieved
4109:the original
4104:
4095:
4075:
4068:
4057:
4052:, p. 27
4045:
4025:Hdt. 1.202.4
4020:
4012:the original
4007:
3998:
3988:
3981:
3971:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:
3936:
3906:. Retrieved
3897:
3800:Water portal
3703:
3669:
3659:(AMO) or to
3650:
3624:
3597:
3583:
3551:
3519:
3506:
3502:adding to it
3497:
3406:Agulhas Bank
3364:Bahama Banks
3352:Cape Bojador
3297:Newfoundland
3293:Atlantic cod
3278:
3171:Blue whiting
3071:
3049:
3040:Bay of Fundy
3032:Bahama Banks
3024:Georges Bank
3005:
2986:incineration
2979:
2969:aggregates,
2952:
2933:
2924:
2912:
2876:
2822:
2816:
2768:
2756:Great Plague
2729:
2721:
2662:
2639:
2618:Ysterfontein
2611:
2573:
2564:Blombos Cave
2545:Agulhas Bank
2527:
2524:Human origin
2507:Wilson cycle
2490:
2463:
2459:
2451:Benue Trough
2448:
2444:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2310:
2299:
2294:Labrador Sea
2291:
2283:
2271:Newfoundland
2256:
2226:
2179:
2175:
2127:Georges Bank
2123:
2103:
2080:
2065:
2036:
2032:
2024:
1997:American eel
1986:
1968:
1962:
1954:Tethys Ocean
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1888:Sargasso Sea
1882:Sargasso Sea
1849:
1829:Labrador Sea
1823:(40â50
1804:
1773:
1762:
1653:
1645:
1636:water masses
1633:
1462:Water masses
1449:
1425:
1401:
1393:Labrador Sea
1390:
1386:
1379:Path of the
1349:Walvis Ridge
1346:
1335:
1301:
1299:
1275:Bermuda Rise
1264:
1238:, Portugal;
1225:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1159:
1121:between the
1112:
1096:
1066:
1058:
1031:
991:Gulf of Lion
973:Bothnian Bay
943:Bothnian Sea
925:Ligurian Sea
913:Sea of Crete
901:Adriatic Sea
895:Balearic Sea
817:Irminger Sea
811:Labrador Sea
763:Sargasso Sea
756:
739:
719:Labrador Sea
703:Davis Strait
688:
684:60° parallel
676:Cape Agulhas
669:
634:
623:
587:
571:
570:
565:
551:
549:
530:
524:
484:Sea of Atlas
460:
417:
381:Indian Ocean
373:Arctic Ocean
366:
315:
299:Afro-Eurasia
262:
260:
251:Newfoundland
168:Shore length
160:Water volume
128:Surface area
37:
11500:Other gyres
11464:Major gyres
11174:Gulf Stream
10978:Global West
10938:Global East
10897:Pacific Rim
10839:waterbodies
10828:World Ocean
10653:New Zealand
10533:The Guianas
10422:Australasia
10365:West Indies
10293:New England
10273:Great Lakes
10243:Mesoamerica
10130:Middle East
10106:Scandinavia
9995:Middle East
9833:Caspian Sea
9739:Great Lakes
9719:Sub-Saharan
9705:Middle East
9568:Hemispheres
9551:Third World
9541:First World
9494:'s primary
9404:Sea of Azov
9379:Myrtoan Sea
9334:Icarian Sea
9279:Alboran Sea
9181:Pottles Bay
9003:Caspian Sea
8975:Visayan Sea
8955:Solomon Sea
8950:Sibuyan Sea
8945:Shantar Sea
8900:Molucca Sea
8895:Mar de Grau
8825:Chilean Sea
8820:Celebes Sea
8815:Camotes Sea
8780:Arafura Sea
8692:Arabian Sea
8687:Andaman Sea
8639:Sea of Azov
8614:Myrtoan Sea
8429:Alboran Sea
8381:Pechora Sea
8376:Lincoln Sea
8346:Chukchi Sea
8336:Barents Sea
8313:Weddell Sea
8283:Lazarev Sea
8048:12 November
7916:Thomson, W.
7728:12 November
7094:20 November
7002:20 November
6959:27 November
6837:28 December
6769:Herodotus.
6352:(1): 1â80.
6299:12 November
6274:Criminology
6186:13 November
6119:13 November
5936:20 November
5886:26 November
5835:26 November
5747:13 November
5397:www.fao.org
5156:Martin 1973
5120:Bjerck 2009
5072:Marean 2011
5015:(1): 2â26.
4888:Eagles 2007
4620:LĂźning 1990
3952:22 December
3908:20 December
3672:mixed layer
3534:albatrosses
3325:Overfishing
3161:; and East
3157:; North of
3087:Bear Island
3083:Spitzbergen
3075:Barents Sea
3044:Dogger Bank
2947:Cod fishery
2763:LandnĂĄmabĂłk
2595:Laacher See
2591:Magdalenian
2439:Dyke swarms
2231:closed the
2135:Pleistocene
2133:during the
2088:and a weak
2039:Gulf Stream
2021:hurricanes.
2018:trade winds
1942:Gulf Stream
1934:S. fluitans
1876:thermocline
1868:Ekman layer
1864:Angola Gyre
1788:Grand Banks
1776:Gulf Stream
1475:Temperature
1445:subtropical
1329:, and some
1254:Ocean floor
1234:, Iceland;
1147:pillow lava
1115:rift valley
1040:called the
1026:False color
967:Sea of Azov
649:Barents Sea
420:Stesichorus
369:World Ocean
293:) from the
255:South Sudan
210:Settlements
196:Puerto Rico
94: /
69:Coordinates
11633:Categories
11341:California
11295:Mozambique
11290:Madagascar
10719:Ionian Sea
10714:Aegean Sea
10684:Baltic Sea
10616:Antarctica
10468:Micronesia
10437:New Guinea
10395:Portuguese
10318:West Coast
10268:East Coast
10263:Bible Belt
10258:Appalachia
9937:Subregions
9845:Inner Asia
9763:Antarctica
9663:Continents
9636:Antarctica
9611:Landmasses
9521:Down Under
9516:Arab World
9500:subregions
9434:Wadden Sea
9364:Libyan Sea
9339:Ionian Sea
9324:Celtic Sea
9304:Baltic Sea
9274:Aegean Sea
9171:Hudson Bay
9146:Baffin Bay
9130:Foxe Basin
9039:Superocean
9013:Salton Sea
8980:Yellow Sea
8970:Tasman Sea
8915:Salish Sea
8795:Bering Sea
8702:Flores Sea
8669:Wadden Sea
8599:Libyan Sea
8569:Ionian Sea
8564:Hudson Bay
8509:Foxe Basin
8499:Celtic Sea
8459:Baltic Sea
8449:Baffin Bay
8424:Aegean Sea
8396:Wandel Sea
8371:Laptev Sea
8303:Scotia Sea
8288:Mawson Sea
7942:21 October
7923:Challenger
7815:23 October
7756:30 October
7657:30 October
7599:21 October
7583:6 November
7512:23 October
7464:6 November
7355:5 November
7325:5 November
7281:15 October
6760:6 November
6693:15 October
6589:3 December
6553:16 October
6458:7 November
6253:23 October
6084:15 October
6042:23 October
5533:, Abstract
5441:27 October
5307:5 December
5266:Bravo 2007
5256:, Abstract
5158:, Abstract
5108:Riede 2014
5098:, Abstract
5086:, Abstract
5038:, Abstract
4986:2 December
4607:, Abstract
4595:, Abstract
4295:WorldAtlas
4242:24 January
4141:1 February
4050:Janni 2015
3859:References
3823:Seven Seas
3670:The ocean
3645:See also:
3557:fertilizer
3321:grenadiers
3287:since the
3281:John Cabot
3175:Arctic cod
3107:Baltic Sea
2996:See also:
2984:, and the
2793:See also:
2657:See also:
2607:Baltic Sea
2599:Doggerland
2498:Scotia Arc
2485:See also:
2247:See also:
2137:ice ages.
2096:are rare.
2086:wind shear
2082:Hurricanes
1973:Carpathian
1790:; and the
1628:34.9â34.9
1617:34.6â34.7
1606:34.8â35.0
1588:34.7â34.9
1577:35.0â36.2
1566:34.4â35.3
1553:34.0â35.1
1535:34.3â35.8
1522:35.2â36.7
1509:35.0â36.7
1496:34.0â35.0
1472:Water mass
1418:, occurs.
1285:form deep
1232:Ăingvellir
1213:expedition
1196:expedition
1194:Challenger
1069:expedition
1061:expedition
1059:Challenger
1046:North Pole
1034:bathymetry
1017:Bathymetry
1003:Wadden Sea
889:Ionian Sea
883:Aegean Sea
859:Celtic Sea
847:Libyan Sea
841:Baltic Sea
823:Baffin Bay
735:Scotia Sea
691:Baltic Sea
680:Antarctica
550:The term "
389:Antarctica
344:, and the
148:Max. depth
11512:Ross Gyre
11381:Kamchatka
11214:Norwegian
11189:Lomonosov
11144:Caribbean
11139:Cape Horn
11083:Norwegian
10915:Antarctic
10699:Irish Sea
10689:Black Sea
10648:Australia
10597:Caribbean
10574:continent
10548:Patagonia
10478:Polynesia
10456:Melanesia
10449:Zealandia
10427:Australia
10313:Southwest
10233:Caribbean
10010:Near East
9651:submerged
9646:Zealandia
9641:Australia
9531:Old World
9526:New World
9384:North Sea
9344:Irish Sea
9309:Black Sea
9176:James Bay
8935:Seram Sea
8905:Moro Gulf
8830:Coral Sea
8810:Bohol Sea
8805:Bohai Sea
8790:Banda Sea
8762:Timor Sea
8619:North Sea
8584:James Bay
8574:Irish Sea
8484:Black Sea
8401:White Sea
8308:Somov Sea
8268:Davis Sea
8115:2 October
8028:1 October
7906:1 October
7276:1912/7903
7216:CiteSeerX
7189:ignored (
7179:cite book
7169:9 October
7125:155078187
7043:8 October
6983:: 63â91.
6918:9 October
6878:1 October
6777:1 October
6644:144209907
6605:2 October
6518:1 October
6331:2 October
6315:2 October
5999:CiteSeerX
5967:128404669
5931:128837630
5817:Klein, R.
5806:8 October
4981:0921-8181
4959:: 46â61.
3620:North Sea
3565:dead zone
3530:Drift net
3279:In 1497,
3195:redfishes
3163:Greenland
3131:Irish Sea
3111:North Sea
3091:Skagerrak
3036:Irish Sea
2992:Fisheries
2949:in Norway
2908:Civil War
2744:Greenland
2653:New World
2646:Ertebølle
2634:Ertebølle
2616:found in
2603:North Sea
2601:(now the
2570:Old World
2425:10 to 6.2
2417:10 to 1.6
2409:10 to 4.8
2401:10 to 2.0
2387:magmatism
2313:seamounts
2275:Porcupine
1969:Sargassum
1929:Sargassum
1478:Salinity
1437:25° north
1412:40° North
1315:seamounts
961:Irish Sea
937:James Bay
835:Black Sea
829:North Sea
727:North Sea
695:Black Sea
665:Black Sea
580:Charles I
467:Herodotus
459:) and in
375:, to the
295:Old World
279:New World
60:Antarctic
11391:Mindanao
11386:Kuroshio
11371:Humboldt
11351:Davidson
11346:Cromwell
11336:Aleutian
11219:Portugal
11184:Labrador
11179:Irminger
11159:Falkland
11124:Benguela
11109:Antilles
11058:Currents
10442:Tasmania
10390:Hispanic
10253:Northern
10200:Germanic
10178:Atlantic
10120:Southern
10081:Northern
10047:Caucasus
9983:Dead Sea
9954:Caucasus
9922:Southern
9915:Maritime
9910:Mainland
9883:Northern
9864:Far East
9823:Aral Sea
9746:Southern
9690:Northern
9190:Channels
9072:Category
9008:Dead Sea
8998:Aral Sea
8965:Sulu Sea
8920:Savu Sea
8890:Koro Sea
8885:Java Sea
8785:Bali Sea
8366:Kara Sea
8298:Ross Sea
8155:(2010).
8135:(1911).
8101:35666312
8093:16166514
7933:Archived
7918:(1877).
7775:15 April
7719:Archived
7715:20212157
7652:14479088
7644:20178768
7574:Archived
7570:16772383
7507:10213679
7455:Archived
7451:10395314
7443:17842155
7406:(1973).
7316:Archived
7293:(2011).
7085:Archived
7034:Archived
6950:Archived
6824:36029611
6751:Archived
6747:31169551
6739:11786608
6684:Archived
6580:Archived
6544:Archived
6503:29158845
6449:Archived
6445:10030083
6437:21847839
6265:(1989).
6244:Archived
6240:27169876
6232:17801943
6177:Archived
6165:16319889
6110:Archived
6033:Archived
6029:15895416
6021:23519213
5877:Archived
5819:(2008).
5793:21299662
5738:Archived
5685:22 March
5628:22 March
5554:19 April
5549:phys.org
5435:Archived
5417:FAO 2011
5402:7 August
5380:FOA 2016
5348:cite web
5338:30 March
5332:Archived
5301:Archived
4764:Archived
4672:18 April
4666:Archived
4479:(1992).
4271:cite web
4199:IHO 1953
4183:Archived
3902:Archived
3716:See also
3387:snappers
3383:Groupers
3305:mackerel
3220:mackerel
3187:Sand eel
3103:Belt Sea
3095:Kattegat
3028:Cape Cod
2902:and the
2879:smallpox
2854:such as
2669:Beringia
2072:Icebergs
1993:European
1428:salinity
1422:Salinity
1323:plateaus
1311:trenches
1287:trenches
1127:Eurasian
1079:and the
1063:and the
572:The pond
529:and the
399:Toponymy
352:and the
334:Portugal
283:Americas
204:Romanche
192:Trenches
91:0°N 25°W
11530:Related
11411:Oyashio
11285:Leeuwin
11255:Agulhas
11164:Florida
10643:Oceania
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