Earth - Knowledge

5320: 4671: 40: 22843: 22697: 20251: 5124: 3643: 4129: 2997: 2384: 1807: 5382: 3988: 4095:. The annual change in the Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.8% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere. 2640: 1976: 4721:. The amount of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial), 5431: 2510: 4653: 5417: 22915: 17736: 4740:, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology. Places close to oceans typically have colder summers and warmer winters, due to the fact that oceans can store large amounts of heat. The wind transports the cold or the heat of the ocean to the land. Atmospheric circulation also plays an important role: San Francisco and Washington DC are both coastal cities at about the same latitude. San Francisco's climate is significantly more moderate as the prevailing wind direction is from sea to land. Finally, temperatures 22927: 3754: 3234: 4813: 23057: 5254: 2668: 21052: 18580: 18431: 18232: 22879: 20626: 20614: 18592: 22955: 23023: 4503: 4358: 22831: 23040: 23006: 2460:(150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. 17558: 22989: 22855: 5009: 3513: 4920: 4241: 22891: 22673: 20227: 22972: 18604: 22685: 20239: 22903: 3857: 2252: 3957:, of Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than that of the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun. Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the 22867: 4168:, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust. Computer simulations suggest that two blob-like remnants of this prototype could be inside the Earth. 3702:. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic 2433:. A lack of vegetation would result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making current animal life impossible. Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a 3903:. With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the 4381:

Earth's hydrosphere is the sum of Earth's water and its distribution. Most of Earth's hydrosphere consists of Earth's global ocean. Earth's hydrosphere also consists of water in the atmosphere and on land, including clouds, inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The mass of the oceans is

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recognizes the lowercase form as the more common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name, such as a description of the "Earth's atmosphere", but employs the lowercase when it is preceded by "the", such as "the atmosphere of the

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of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (3.5% salt). Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks. The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life

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than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among the Solar System's planetary-sized objects, Earth is

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and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends on dissolved nutrients washed down from the land. In 2019, 39 million km (15 million sq mi) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 12 million km (4.6 million sq mi) was shrub and

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The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,900 mi), in

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Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, gradually becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface; this lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and

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under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is

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after Earth's formation. There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance: (1) a relatively steady growth up to the present day, which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid

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And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of

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state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the

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is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and

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atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth. In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.

2597:. Such a geoid shape is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but gravitational irregular geoid surface, providing a mean sea level (MSL) as a reference level for topographic measurements. 4390:

or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km (320 million cu mi).

5269:, are only replenished over geological timescales. Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral 5293:

grassland, 40 million km (15 million sq mi) were used for animal feed production and grazing, and 11 million km (4.2 million sq mi) were cultivated as croplands. Of the 12–14% of ice-free land that is used for croplands, 2

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are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

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advancing at a rate of 75 mm/a (3.0 in/year) and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/a (2.0–2.7 in/year). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the South American Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 10.6 mm/a (0.42 in/year).

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are thought to have passed the safe threshold. As of 2018, no country meets the basic needs of its population without transgressing planetary boundaries. It is thought possible to provide all basic physical needs globally within sustainable levels of resource use.

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process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a

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thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The

4608:, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is the 6231: 2895:

is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Earth has an estimated 16.7 million km (6.4 million sq mi) of cropland and 33.5 million km (12.9 million sq mi) of pastureland.

1096:. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the 3686:

at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average). The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes

4179:: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the 2804:

Earth's land covers 29.2%, or 149 million km (58 million sq mi) of Earth's surface. The land surface includes many islands around the globe, but most of the land surface is taken by the four continental

13493: 13067: 3551:). Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately 2681:

Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere, and the solid Earth and oceans. Defined in this way, it has an area of about 510 million km (197 million sq mi). Earth can be divided into two

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Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as

5993: 5181:, with 68% of the world's land mass being in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, since the 19th century humans have increasingly converged into urban areas with the majority living in urban areas by the 21st century. 5161:

has since the 19th century grown exponentially to seven billion in the early 2010s, and is projected to peak at around ten billion in the second half of the 21st century. Most of the growth is expected to take place in

10710: 5196:. The human population virtually completely remains on Earth's surface, fully depending on Earth and the environment it sustains. Since the second half of the 20th century, some hundreds of humans have temporarily 9873: 4210:

applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting large changes over millions of years, as is the case for Mars, though this is disputed.

9110: 5914: 5035:), occurs over most of Earth's surface and has a large impact on life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year. Many places are subject to earthquakes, 3486:, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are 8354: 4222:) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth. 7749:(2011). "Late Heavy Bombardment". In Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Prof Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves II, Henderson James (Jim); Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Prof Daniele L.; Viso, Michel (eds.). 3388:, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a 5468:, emphasizing its beauty, uniqueness and apparent fragility. In particular, this caused a realization of the scope of effects from human activity on Earth's environment. Enabled by science, particularly 3623:

is approximately 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as

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If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km (1.68 to 1.74 mi). About 97.5% of the water is

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are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates. The ring current is defined by medium-energy

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more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases. The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially

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Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the

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Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady

17243: 4187:, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/a (1.5 in/year). Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 3930:. Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth's north poles, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's 3999:. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the 13294: 5203:

Earth has been subject to extensive human settlement, and humans have developed diverse societies and cultures. Most of Earth's land has been territorially claimed since the 19th century by

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image of Earth, with its different types of surface discernible: Earth's surface dominating Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of

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species gained the ability to stand upright. This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the

17273: 3377:. The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the 17546: 13483: 14669: 13059: 4053:

is about 22 or 23 September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.

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and climate. It is estimated that global temperatures in the year 2020 were 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) warmer than the preindustrial baseline. This increase in temperature, known as

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varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km (5 mi) at the poles to 17 km (11 mi) at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.

8506: 3838:, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same. 16814: 5458:, developed in the mid-20th century, compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability. 4206:

evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the

4068:. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This 16133: 15538: 14104: 5530:

were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.

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for life. Earth's life developed in Earth's early bodies of water some hundred million years after Earth formed. Earth's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular

22600: 22174: 20154: 19728: 8732: 16435: 15720: 8610:"The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)" 5669:

is almost exactly 40,000 km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.

2725:. Indeed, in Earth's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely. The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, 22570: 20124: 16643: 5570: 12843: 5526:

to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and

3938:), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between 17547: 10822: 9865: 6110: 3800: 17396: 9082: 22371: 19925: 16773: 5323:

Change in average surface air temperature and drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.

4476:. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. Despite some 15979: 15918: 4037:

By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the

2931:, sediments and metamorphic rocks. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the mass of the crust. 13122:"A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests - Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon" 92: 16403: 16065: 15787: 14012: 13586: 2713:

Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km (139 million sq mi). This vast pool of salty water is often called the

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Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".

3663:. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 16837: 12400: 10848: 6434: 14585: 13754: 9536: 8846:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia" 23092: 16332: 8667: 6740: 10954: 10874: 10312: 17166: 16091: 15233: 14781: 13324: 13037: 11589: 10182: 6004:

Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% of the energy at aphelion.

5731:, some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections, whereas much of the planet, including the 5327:

Human activities have impacted Earth's environments. Through activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, humans have been increasing the amount of

5281:, erosion, and plate tectonics. These metals and other elements are extracted by mining, a process which often brings environmental and health damage. 4485: 17235: 13001: 11732: 13818: 9784: 8637: 4018:

During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. Above the

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occasionally is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry

16943:"What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it" 14134: 9173: 8086: 7684:

Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (4 August 2014). "On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact".

4164:. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's. The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the 4060:; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, 22607: 20161: 13286: 12209: 11022: 10079: 4784:), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation. Surface 4324:

makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.

2130:, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago. 16368: 6031: 5931: 3918:

every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the

10990: 2437:, within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years. Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the 1190:

Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon's gravity helps stabilize Earth's axis, causes

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). SPM-7.

15956: 13263: 11096: 10985: 6292: 5464:, particularly during the Apollo program, have been credited with altering the way that people viewed the planet that they lived on, called the 4687:

the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is

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Therefore, life has impacted Earth, significantly altering Earth's atmosphere and surface over long periods of time, causing changes like the

4752:. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This 4091:

around 4 July. These dates shift over time due to precession and changes to the orbit, the latter of which follows cyclical patterns known as

22159: 20402: 19713: 15128:"World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)" 12810: 11285: 10373: 14679: 13131: 12700: 11475: 10679: 17167:"Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth" 15636: 14948: 14845: 12674: 6166: 5461: 15856:; Skuce, Andrew G.; Green, Sarah A.; Nuccitelli, Dana; Jacobs, Peter; Richardson, Mark; Winkler, Bärbel; Painting, Rob; Rice, Ken (2016). 15508: 10740: 10533: 10148: 7468: 4472:

The abundance of water, particularly liquid water, on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the

3726:, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's 22304: 19858: 18192: 14531: 12131: 11868: 10644: 10572: 9074: 8494: 6718: 6676: 6208: 1849: 1210: 16804: 15079: 13981: 12932: 10343: 10281: 10043: 8289: 6945: 6913: 5851: 4153:, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although 4064:

around in a complete circle over each 25,800-year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a

17202:"We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened?" 15434: 14430: 13721: 13354: 7593: 5818:

Aoki, S.; Kinoshita, H.; Guinot, B.; Kaplan, G. H.; McCarthy, D. D.; Seidelmann, P. K. (1982). "The new definition of universal time".

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Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

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Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. Initial belief in a

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in the Arctic covers an area about as big as the United States, although it is quickly retreating as a consequence of climate change.

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at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.

3424: 2324: 16181: 15574: 13460: 18268: 14815: 14616: 12959: 10444: 10242: 9618: 8743: 6874: 6517: 5197: 2574:(8,848 metres or 29,029 feet above local sea level) lengthens it by only 0.14%. Since Earth's surface is farthest out from Earth's 14740: 12647: 11154: 6785: 3601:. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans. 18467: 14328: 11919:; Hurter, Suzanne J.; Johnson, Jeffrey R. (August 1993). "Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set". 11498: 11123: 7792: 6343: 6114: 4873:, defined as 100 km (62 mi) above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and 2126:

regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The

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Daver, G.; Guy, F.; Mackaye, H. T.; Likius, A.; Boisserie, J.-R.; Moussa, A.; Pallas, L.; Vignaud, P.; Clarisse, N. D. (2022).

4670: 1899:, collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 21137: 21122: 18691: 18676: 16632: 15662: 11208: 3483: 2868:, snow, ice, artificial structures or vegetation. Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation, but considerable amounts of land are 1288: 22169: 21902: 21865: 21860: 21131: 20598: 20588: 19723: 19456: 19419: 19414: 18685: 17508: 17483: 17458: 17382: 17343: 17313: 17047: 17019: 16985: 16680: 16528: 16291: 16261: 16164: 15821: 15781: 15754: 15706: 15110: 15058: 15033: 15008: 14983: 14931: 14649: 14565: 14226: 14190: 14165: 13851: 12835: 12784: 12623: 12598: 12431: 12375: 12192: 11851: 11688: 11529: 11055: 10638: 10566: 10275: 9661: 9229: 9204: 8188: 7946: 7766: 7397: 7060: 7031: 6999: 6907: 6712: 6670: 6447: 6391: 6276: 6202: 5650: 4785: 3418: 2950:

depth of 4 km, and is as varied as the terrain above sea level. Earth's surface is continually being shaped by internal

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Liungman, Carl G. (2004). "Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines".

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As of 4 January 2018, the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects, mostly debris. See:

4954:, which are inhabited by comparatively similar plants and animals. The different biomes developed at distinct elevations or 2335:

triggered the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects,

23107: 22595: 22532: 22186: 21907: 21845: 21840: 21130: 20149: 20086: 19740: 19461: 19399: 19394: 18684: 18197: 13776: 6574: 6565: 4797: 3883:. Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which is the basis for the 3406: 2529: 1144: 65: 21128: 21125: 21121: 21117: 18682: 18679: 18675: 18671: 16781: 16223: 14243: 13200: 9106:"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions" 4445:

form over land in polar regions. The flow of glaciers erodes the surface, changing it dramatically, with the formation of

23097: 22943: 22749: 21850: 20472: 20303: 19404: 14714: 9834: 9078: 7513: 3954: 21135: 21127: 18689: 18681: 15987: 15926: 11442: 10603: 7314: 4466: 21124: 18678: 15287: 8502: 7973: 7818: 7746: 7412: 2504: 21142: 21138: 18696: 18692: 16057: 12340: 1374:, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as 21998: 21971: 21133: 20395: 19552: 19525: 18687: 17212: 16953: 16391: 15771: 15256: 14004: 13975: 13576: 12552: 12526: 7545:"Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples" 6335: 5756: 3714:

that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the

870: 12901: 3543:. At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 2260: 22386: 21143: 20663: 19940: 18697: 16700: 16494: 8316:"Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle" 5701:

datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice sheets of

4864:. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the 3718:

are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but contained in the magnetosphere. During

2071:

of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form

17333: 13090: 8975: 7494:"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal–Silicate Partitioning" 5354:

was introduced to quantify humanity's impact on Earth. Of the nine identified boundaries, five have been crossed:

4761: 4677: 3995:

The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the

3991:

Earth's axial tilt causing different angles of seasonal illumination at different orbital positions around the Sun

18608: 18492: 18434: 17938: 17665: 16606: 5310: 3507: 2582:

in Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) is its farthest point out. Parallel to the rigid land topography

2360: 2287:, with the Moon still orbiting Earth half as far as it is today, appearing 2.8 times larger and producing strong 1238: 328: 21914: 19468: 15346: 15321: 12392: 11412: 10844: 9682:"The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?" 8795: 8770: 5170: 5055:, and other calamities and disasters. Human impact is felt in many areas due to pollution of the air and water, 4214:

Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The

22565: 21981: 21815: 20119: 19535: 19369: 18358: 17767: 17427: 13744: 9544: 6421: 5340: 5224: 5096: 3374: 3152:, although zircons have been found preserved as clasts within Eoarchean sedimentary rocks that give ages up to 2156: 1911:

caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.

1391:

earth". It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?"

1319:, dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman 832: 168: 16322: 14589: 8708: 6748: 5816:

The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—

5173:

varies greatly around the world with the majority living in south to eastern Asia and 90% inhabiting only the

4569: 3860:

Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (

22090: 21986: 19644: 19540: 17626: 17177: 16095: 13814: 10962: 10870: 10304: 9653:

The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World

9104:

Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017).

8967: 7927:

Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate

7787: 7347:(September 2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". 5560: 4481: 3688: 2356: 2174:) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective 24: 22503: 20057: 15225: 14777: 13027: 12866: 11561: 4056:

The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo

4030:, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a 1884:, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form. 1612:

There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. The word "earthly" is derived from "Earth". From the

23112: 22590: 22145: 22125: 22020: 20388: 20144: 19699: 19679: 19574: 18261: 16709: 16249: 13316: 12990: 12317: 11916: 10170: 4104: 2408: 22508: 21140: 20062: 18694: 15288:"Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics" 14126: 13806: 9446:

Wilkinson, B. H.; McElroy, B. J. (2007). "The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation".

9357: 8609: 2155:

led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the

2044:, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported by isotopic evidence from 22665: 22191: 22120: 22085: 21118: 21112: 20754: 20748: 20219: 19745: 19674: 19639: 18672: 18666: 18460: 18277: 18109: 18031: 16359: 12482: 9643: 9165: 8058: 6430: 5400: 4340: 4138: 3221: 2311:, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following the Cambrian explosion, 1948:. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric 1920: 1786: 1468:, while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings, like the 980: 22105: 19659: 11018: 10069: 8315: 5005:

from water, soils and the atmosphere. These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species.

3104:. These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at 2570:(10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level), only shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and 1092:), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of 22821: 22580: 22381: 22264: 22247: 22213: 21139: 21081: 20134: 19935: 19818: 19801: 19767: 18693: 18635: 18036: 16354: 15809: 13843:

Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes]

13121: 12263: 6807: 6016: 5694: 5575: 5144: 4793: 4083:

Earth's annual orbit is elliptical rather than circular, and its closest approach to the Sun is called

3892: 3620: 3381:

are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates.

7964:"Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere" 6895: 4461:

forms. Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large

22423: 22398: 22208: 20572: 19977: 19952: 19762: 18487: 18041: 17582: 17563: 16430: 15892: 14457:"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites" 13227: 11680: 11674: 11092: 10995: 9866:"I've always wondered: why are the stars, planets and moons round, when comets and asteroids aren't?" 7287: 7253: 7219: 7185: 7151: 7117: 7083: 6543: 6300: 5639:

is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.—

5421: 5092: 4773: 4128: 3637: 3589:, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce 3451: 2434: 2237: 2143: 2056:

in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale

1965: 1221:

within it. Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the

21136: 18690: 15948: 15394: 12157: 11706: 8462: 8276: 7782: 5184:

Beyond Earth's surface humans have lived on a temporary basis, with only a few special-purpose deep

4202:

The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.

3132:, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates. 22714: 22319: 20437: 20268: 19873: 18378: 18373: 17843: 17757: 15692: 14455:

King, Michael D.; Platnick, Steven; Menzel, W. Paul; Ackerman, Steven A.; Hubanks, Paul A. (2013).

12753: 11869:"Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle" 11763: 10897: 8815: 8534: 8382:"Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth" 6870: 6781: 5376: 5332: 5212: 5123: 5013: 4711: 4465:. Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the 4264: 3715: 2939: 2849:. The elevation of the land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the 2583: 2490: 2378: 1937: 1881: 1140: 1022: 1011: 685: 641: 11277: 10365: 1864:, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and 22403: 22230: 21877: 21781: 21688: 21388: 21238: 21129: 21120: 20940: 19957: 19784: 19431: 19335: 19242: 18942: 18792: 18683: 18674: 18584: 18368: 18363: 18254: 17295: 14837: 12801: 12723: 11465: 10671: 9938: 8377: 7925:

Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. (2002). Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan (ed.).

7325: 7292: 7258: 7224: 7190: 7156: 7122: 7088: 7052: 6983: 6162: 5232: 4688: 4276: 4165: 3597:. More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with 3392:

that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid

3389: 3101: 3000: 2912: 2525: 2185:) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the 2017:

in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the

1953: 1888: 1132: 1101: 667: 395: 264: 238: 148: 129: 17236:"ESPI Evening Event "Seeing Our Planet Whole: A Cultural and Ethical View of Earth Observation"" 15597: 14952: 10140: 5319: 4950:. Earth's life has also over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to have different 4616:

emitted from the surface, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide,

3619:

that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface,

22408: 22346: 22294: 22284: 22269: 22220: 22080: 22010: 21426: 21114: 20548: 19962: 19900: 19848: 19838: 19823: 19774: 19634: 19564: 18980: 18668: 18453: 15500: 15461: 15389: 15317: 14923: 14917: 12670: 12084: 10732: 10208: 9568:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere" 8850: 8457: 8271: 7864:"Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites" 7432: 5262: 4979: 4936: 4585: 4374: 4235: 3816: 3777:). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to 3758: 3675: 3268: 2778: 2352: 2268: 1908: 1806: 1533: 1308: 1176: 964: 20: 22329: 21134: 21126: 21123: 19883: 18688: 18680: 18677: 17011: 17005: 14523: 12013:(1981). "Oceans and Continents: Similarities and Differences in the Mechanisms of Heat Loss". 11899: 10703:"Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions" 10626: 10556: 6702: 6660: 6192: 3357:

Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their

23082: 22847: 22774: 22701: 22575: 22428: 22391: 22279: 22274: 21074: 20497: 20328: 20255: 20129: 19982: 19945: 19833: 19828: 18628: 18596: 18510: 18416: 18340: 18335: 17810: 17305: 16245: 15075: 14639: 13957: 12936: 12874: 11233:; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada". 10265: 10036: 8248: 7300: 7266: 7232: 7198: 7164: 7130: 7096: 6935: 6897: 6324: 5284:

Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, wood,

4947: 4041:, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, 3548: 3494:

is composed of various oxides of eleven elements, principally oxides containing silicon (the

3397: 3346: 3333: 3180: 3067: 2241: 2198: 1222: 1034: 770: 359: 22443: 19997: 17211: 17176: 16952: 15438: 15372:(2001). "Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth". 14421: 13673: 13446: 13382:"Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit" 13358: 11887: 8742: 7838: 7601: 6082: 5831: 4580:

the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of

4280: 4080:. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation. 22336: 22289: 21946: 21398: 21363: 21358: 21252: 21203: 21176: 21132: 21111: 20656: 20564: 19890: 19843: 19500: 18952: 18917: 18912: 18806: 18757: 18730: 18686: 18665: 18399: 17971: 17923: 17695: 17578: 17126: 17075: 16884: 16739: 16470: 15869: 15858:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming" 15473: 15381: 15333: 15188: 15139: 14884: 14468: 13695: 13635: 13442: 13393: 13239: 13168: 13032: 12715: 12498: 12221: 12099: 12057: 12022: 11967: 11928: 11883: 11782: 11627: 11573: 11509: 11361: 11320: 11242: 11177: 10912: 10771: 10408: 10335: 10114: 10000: 9989:"The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans" 9803: 9742: 9693: 9582: 9507: 9455: 9392: 9333: 9261: 9119: 9018: 8914: 8859: 8782: 8684: 8621: 8586: 8449: 8393: 8330: 8263: 8213: 8135: 8070: 7934: 7875: 7834: 7703: 7642: 7556: 7505: 7444: 7356: 6991: 6823: 6612: 6371: 6078: 5827: 5765: 5411: 5385: 5351: 4530: 4418:(covering only 2.8% of Earth's land) and other small forms of fresh water deposits such as 4253: 4245: 4073: 3987: 3904: 3692: 3307: 3294: 3184: 3164: 3093: 3078: 3034: 2971: 2908: 2683: 2186: 1991: 1359: 1351: 1167:

is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing

1125: 853: 499: 188: 21115: 21113: 18669: 18667: 17424:

The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more

12048:

Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies".

11309:"Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame" 5709:

are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.

5430: 4076:. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the 4015:

faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere.

3116:, two plates slide past one another laterally. Along these plate boundaries, earthquakes, 2639: 8: 22978: 22895: 22788: 22677: 22515: 22488: 22438: 22242: 21700: 21393: 21245: 20867: 20802: 20511: 20342: 20231: 20069: 20042: 19992: 19796: 19254: 18947: 18799: 18505: 18322: 18306: 18114: 18071: 17905: 17848: 17690: 17682: 17658: 15853: 15688: 15560: 14674: 13581: 13430: 11470: 10074: 9324: 8962: 8675: 8115: 5393: 5174: 4975: 4777: 4565: 4497: 4311: 4150: 4092: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3851: 3748: 3203:

in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between

3105: 2695: 2691: 2656: 2547: 2521: 2480: 2320: 2127: 2068: 2067:, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over 1975: 1925: 1815: 1465: 1246: 1160: 1053: 960: 277: 21596: 21475: 19150: 19029: 17130: 17079: 16888: 16474: 15882: 15873: 15857: 15485: 15477: 15385: 15337: 15192: 15143: 14888: 14807: 14612: 14472: 13699: 13639: 13397: 13243: 13172: 12719: 12502: 12225: 12103: 12069: 12061: 12026: 11971: 11932: 11786: 11631: 11585: 11577: 11513: 11365: 11324: 11246: 10916: 10775: 10412: 10234: 10004: 9807: 9746: 9697: 9586: 9567: 9511: 9459: 9396: 9337: 9265: 9123: 9022: 8918: 8863: 8786: 8688: 8625: 8453: 8397: 8334: 8267: 8217: 8139: 8119: 8074: 7938: 7931:

ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments

7879: 7707: 7646: 7560: 7509: 7448: 7360: 6859: 6827: 6616: 6513: 6422:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004).

6375: 5769: 5454:

in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities. The

5416: 4852:

The upper atmosphere, the atmosphere above the troposphere, is usually divided into the

987:. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of 22907: 22768: 22638: 22585: 22463: 22433: 22341: 22154: 21285: 21116: 20593: 20491: 20322: 20192: 20139: 20017: 19987: 19895: 19708: 18839: 18670: 18555: 17983: 17590: 17206: 17171: 17144: 16947: 16908: 16699:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 16572: 16486: 15949:"Introduction to Human Evolution | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program" 15628: 15415: 14773: 14748: 14504: 14206: 13880: 13713: 13685: 13653: 13625: 13516: 13411: 13192: 13126: 12701:"The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets" 12643: 12511: 12486: 12255: 12123: 11991: 11955: 11839: 11806: 11258: 11146: 11119: 10795: 10507: 10452: 9930: 9821: 9793: 9760: 9647: 9605: 9471: 9297: 9284: 9249: 9142: 9105: 9049: 9006: 8938: 8880: 8845: 8737: 8558: 8529: 8475: 8414: 8381: 8161: 8031: 7996: 7907: 7847: 7822: 7727: 7693: 7666: 7460: 7213: 6770: 6638: 5527: 5477: 5185: 5163: 4924: 4881: 4757:

temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

4703: 4577: 4553:

around two-thirds of Earth's surface, more so over oceans than land. The height of the

4184: 4146: 3880: 3879:

Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the

3778: 3731: 3144:

old. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be

3109: 2822: 2707: 2703: 2536: 2513:

Earth's western hemisphere showing topography relative to Earth's center instead of to

2426: 2332: 2308: 2267:, which are early oxygen-producing forms of life from billions of years ago. After the 2218: 1869: 1861: 1214: 1195: 21569: 21532: 19123: 19086: 16482: 14332: 13926: 12991:"Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?" 11740: 11650: 11615: 11535: 11384: 11349: 9345: 8696: 8342: 7633:(2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". 6442:. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. p. 12. 6106: 5686:, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the 3482:(1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to 2887:

is the outermost layer of Earth's land surface and is composed of soil and subject to

22628: 22198: 22140: 21931: 21820: 21746: 21681: 21410: 20625: 20613: 20411: 20182: 19752: 19694: 19485: 19374: 19300: 19235: 18964: 18591: 18404: 18296: 18202: 18179: 18099: 18066: 17504: 17479: 17454: 17388: 17378: 17339: 17309: 17148: 17091: 17087: 17043: 17015: 16981: 16912: 16900: 16868: 16676: 16576: 16564: 16524: 16287: 16257: 16189: 16160: 16026: 15897: 15817: 15777: 15750: 15712: 15702: 15620: 15407: 15369: 15206: 15157: 15106: 15054: 15029: 15004: 14979: 14927: 14645: 14561: 14508: 14496: 14385: 14301: 14278: 14222: 14186: 14161: 13971: 13847: 13717: 13648: 13613: 13547: 13255: 13196: 13184: 13154: 12780: 12619: 12594: 12437: 12427: 12371: 12259: 12247: 12188: 12115: 11983: 11895: 11847: 11798: 11684: 11655: 11525: 11389: 11262: 11061: 11051: 10799: 10787: 10634: 10562: 10511: 10499: 10491: 10426: 10271: 10018: 9816: 9779: 9711: 9657: 9610: 9559: 9475: 9416: 9408: 9380: 9349: 9315: 9289: 9245: 9225: 9200: 9147: 9054: 9036: 8930: 8905: 8885: 8700: 8563: 8479: 8419: 8229: 8184: 8153: 8082: 8036: 8018: 7942: 7911: 7899: 7891: 7762: 7731: 7719: 7658: 7574: 7464: 7393: 7281: 7056: 7027: 6995: 6903: 6841: 6708: 6666: 6642: 6630: 6443: 6397: 6387: 6272: 6266: 6198: 5777: 5646: 5595: 5555: 5469: 5381: 5355: 5347:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas. 5298: 5189: 5103:, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas. 4971: 4609: 4581: 4477: 4231: 4123: 4050: 3884: 3835: 3590: 3559: 3366: 2920: 2758: 2742: 2738: 2648: 2606: 2559: 2532: 2457: 2445: 2421: 2276: 2229: 2214: 2152: 2057: 2010: 1968:

was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the

1457: 1332: 1280: 1179: 1097: 432: 376: 119: 80: 21652: 19206: 16872: 16278: 15419: 14355: 14213:. Marine science series (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 35. 13657: 13415: 13251: 12460: 12127: 11810: 10421: 10396: 10013: 9988: 9904: 9825: 9764: 9301: 8942: 8633: 8471: 8165: 5288:, oxygen, and the recycling of organic waste. The land-based ecosystem depends upon 2509: 1233:

in Africa and have spread across every continent on Earth. Humans depend on Earth's

1163:

around its own axis in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes).

22883: 22871: 22689: 22493: 22483: 22376: 22351: 21761: 21731: 21576: 21450: 21290: 21155: 20855: 20744: 20714: 20617: 20243: 20047: 20037: 19930: 19905: 19315: 19285: 19130: 19004: 18844: 18709: 18291: 18225: 18220: 18126: 17993: 17978: 17855: 17835: 17777: 17338:. Indianapolis, IN and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 53. 17301: 17134: 17083: 16938: 16892: 16556: 16478: 15887: 15877: 15666: 15632: 15612: 15481: 15399: 15341: 15196: 15147: 14892: 14803: 14486: 14476: 14214: 13963: 13906: 13896: 13703: 13643: 13539: 13450: 13401: 13247: 13223: 13176: 13159: 12506: 12237: 12229: 12107: 12065: 12030: 11995: 11975: 11936: 11891: 11790: 11645: 11635: 11581: 11517: 11379: 11369: 11328: 11250: 11204: 10920: 10779: 10483: 10416: 10008: 9811: 9750: 9701: 9600: 9590: 9515: 9463: 9400: 9341: 9279: 9269: 9137: 9127: 9044: 9026: 8998: 8971: 8922: 8875: 8867: 8790: 8692: 8629: 8553: 8543: 8467: 8409: 8401: 8346: 8338: 8281: 8221: 8143: 8111: 8078: 8026: 8008: 7883: 7842: 7754: 7711: 7670: 7650: 7630: 7564: 7452: 7364: 7344: 7247: 6987: 6831: 6620: 6379: 5773: 5565: 5540: 5504: 5473: 5372: 5294: 5244: 5158: 5155:

had been the last continent to see a first and until today limited human presence.

5076: 5024: 4994: 4870: 4765: 4718: 4523: 4307: 4303: 4061: 4023: 4004: 3927: 3847: 3707: 3610: 3495: 3491: 3401: 3281: 3089: 2904: 2766: 2675: 2555: 2438: 2316: 2272: 2194: 2164: 2025: 2002: 1998: 1957: 1782: 1737: 1701: 1654: 1625: 1586: 1560: 1496: 1469: 1426: 1400: 1355: 1156: 1093: 1046: 984: 746: 629: 303: 112: 22914: 20367: 14035: 8225: 7758: 7456: 7179: 7111: 4837: 4652: 23102: 22560: 22458: 22366: 22257: 22235: 22032: 21976: 21966: 21756: 21736: 21705: 21693: 21647: 21635: 21539: 21522: 21482: 21460: 21455: 21055: 20930: 20885: 20779: 20774: 20764: 20649: 20114: 20012: 19920: 19811: 19789: 19586: 19530: 19520: 19310: 19290: 19259: 19247: 19201: 19189: 19093: 19076: 19036: 19014: 19009: 18550: 18383: 18330: 18121: 18104: 18061: 18051: 17943: 17329: 17266:"Two early images of Earth that bolstered the environmental movement – CBC Radio" 17139: 17114: 16516: 15742: 15365: 14553: 14448: 14065: 13543: 13455: 11979: 11045: 10204: 10136: 9962:"Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model" 9961: 9651: 9075:"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago" 7715: 7428: 7385: 7077: 6539: 6487: 6339: 5698: 5492: 5465: 5455: 5447: 5435: 5425: 5204: 5178: 5128: 5112: 5068: 4914: 4893: 4714:

that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.

4605: 4446: 4438: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4077: 4046: 4042: 3996: 3625: 3598: 3192: 3176: 3113: 3056: 2991: 2946:

of Earth's land surface. The submarine terrain of the ocean floor has an average

2774: 2770: 2551: 2494: 2372: 2348: 2303:, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed " 2233: 2147: 2123: 2064: 1857: 1554: 1476: 1387: 1336: 1320: 1136: 1026: 995: 818: 653: 614: 45: 22926: 16018:"World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests" 13784: 11508:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. 7145: 6370:. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. 4943:

on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere.

4927:

vegetation on land (low in brown; heavy in dark green) and phytoplankton at the

3753: 3654:

The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a

510: 23087: 22919: 22859: 22835: 22544: 22324: 22314: 22252: 22115: 22042: 22003: 21924: 21897: 21751: 21725: 21615: 21586: 21564: 21554: 21544: 21497: 20098: 19878: 19868: 19806: 19669: 19596: 19557: 19478: 19451: 19305: 19279: 19169: 19140: 19118: 19108: 19098: 19051: 18235: 18154: 18144: 18008: 18003: 17762: 17752: 17651: 17162: 17063: 17035: 16590: 16364: 16219: 16117: 15849: 14251: 13609: 13180: 12010: 11354:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

11230: 10762:

Obu, J. (2021). "How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?".

10482:(6534). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1088–1089. 9842: 9404: 9254:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9250:"Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history" 8659: 6940: 6896:

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008).

6582: 5683: 5523: 5515: 5488: 5443: 5359: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5314: 5285: 5228: 5220: 5100: 5088: 5080: 4889: 4737: 4613: 4462: 3966: 3923: 3719: 3558:, twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing the rates of 3168: 3125: 3045: 2951: 2888: 2857:. The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m (2,615 ft). 2762: 2726: 2652: 2575: 2567: 2528:, with an average diameter of 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi), making it the 2514: 2304: 2296: 2163:

allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant

2160: 2072: 1949: 1896: 1887:

Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A

1873: 1545: 1539: 1350:

Historically, "Earth" has been written in lowercase. Beginning with the use of

1284: 1266: 1258: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1085: 1081: 906: 204: 102: 39: 17614: 17608: 16896: 16087: 15152: 15127: 14897: 14872: 14702: 14481: 14456: 12111: 9706: 9681: 8440:(2011). "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle". 8285: 8124:"Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 ga" 7569: 7544: 7493: 4691:

that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.

4662:'s band of clouds over the Eastern Pacific and the Americas as seen from space 3831:. Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. 23076: 22643: 22623: 22203: 21936: 21919: 21740: 21657: 21620: 21591: 21581: 21549: 21527: 21507: 21470: 21443: 21438: 21433: 20739: 20197: 20177: 19757: 19490: 19473: 19294: 19211: 19174: 19145: 19135: 19103: 19081: 19061: 19024: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18476: 18311: 18164: 18094: 18046: 18013: 17885: 17875: 17865: 17825: 17820: 17392: 17110: 17095: 16904: 16544: 16193: 16030: 15901: 15841: 15716: 15361: 15313: 15210: 15161: 14913: 14500: 14423:

Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5–9

13520: 13259: 12441: 12251: 11434: 11065: 10791: 10595: 10495: 10430: 10022: 9715: 9412: 9040: 9007:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" 8934: 8766: 8437: 8022: 7988: 7895: 7723: 7578: 7536: 7408: 6845: 6634: 6356: 5736: 5728: 5666: 5550: 5508: 5451: 5216: 5193: 5064: 5017: 4983: 4928: 4812: 4781: 4749: 4707: 4621: 4511: 4430: 4415: 4335:, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked 4176: 4154: 4065: 4019: 3982: 3943: 3939: 3919: 3900: 3820: 3699: 3655: 3554: 3544: 3521: 3385: 3320: 3233: 3188: 3172: 3160: 3129: 3023: 3012: 2923:

crust. Beneath the ocean-floor sediments, the oceanic crust is predominantly

2916: 2865: 2854: 2798: 2782: 2750: 2746: 2730: 2571: 2498: 2245: 2206: 2119: 2018: 1328: 1242: 1230: 1199: 1148: 1117: 1105: 1038: 976: 861: 250: 16560: 15403: 15291: 14491: 13901: 13884: 13708: 13674:"Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3, the smallest and closest Earth quasi-satellite" 12034: 11640: 10487: 9755: 9730: 9595: 9274: 9132: 9031: 8548: 8148: 8123: 8013: 7963: 7887: 7329: 5988:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01} 5087:. Human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which cause 4537:

of about 8.5 km (5.3 mi). A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084%

3585:. A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by 2399:

Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next

2363:

and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day.

22931: 22721: 22707: 22498: 22453: 22110: 21993: 21887: 21827: 21810: 21630: 21608: 21559: 21517: 21502: 21487: 21353: 21312: 21277: 21097: 20963: 20949: 20629: 20444: 20430: 20275: 20261: 20052: 20007: 19664: 19547: 19441: 19381: 19364: 19184: 19162: 19113: 19071: 19056: 19041: 18907: 18866: 18831: 18651: 18560: 18545: 18318: 18301: 18207: 18169: 18159: 18149: 18089: 17870: 17715: 17705: 16568: 16012: 15624: 15565: 15411: 13572: 13431:"A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth" 13346: 13188: 12344: 12119: 11987: 11846:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 11802: 11794: 11659: 11393: 11374: 10896:

Hooke, Roger LeB.; Martín-Duque, José F.; Pedraza, Javier (December 2012).

10503: 9614: 9420: 9293: 9151: 9058: 8889: 8841: 8704: 8567: 8423: 8405: 8233: 8157: 8040: 7903: 7662: 7540: 7015: 6698: 6656: 6188: 5749: 5732: 5358:, climate change, chemical pollution, destruction of wild habitats and the 4955: 4861: 4853: 4841: 4825: 4730: 4534: 4519: 4473: 4411: 4395: 4362: 4336: 4284: 4249: 4215: 4203: 4158: 4119: 4069: 4031: 3888: 3670: 3616: 3594: 3586: 3563: 3532: 3378: 3200: 2810: 2540: 2486: 2264: 2225: 1904: 1891:

is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a

1877: 1853: 1823: 1811: 1379: 1275: 1206: 1152: 972: 17372: 15696: 15264: 14467:(7). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 3826–3852. 14218: 12564: 12530: 12242: 11254: 9353: 8871: 8771:"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere" 7863: 7433:"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved" 6514:"Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)" 5253: 5147:

and with the advent of agriculture in the 10th millennium BC increasingly

4816:

Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands of

3642: 2996: 2927:, while the continental crust may include lower density materials such as 1084:

and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly

76: 22762: 22756: 22539: 22527: 22522: 22473: 22448: 22418: 22413: 22361: 22356: 22181: 22095: 22054: 22015: 21892: 21717: 21640: 21603: 21492: 20922: 20797: 20556: 20540: 20485: 20479: 20316: 20310: 20093: 20081: 20076: 20027: 20002: 19972: 19967: 19915: 19910: 19735: 19649: 19608: 19569: 19446: 19271: 19194: 19157: 19046: 18565: 18540: 17966: 17772: 17700: 17566:

was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2021

16323:"What are the consequences of the overexploitation of natural resources?" 15845: 15201: 15176: 14868: 14665: 13406: 13381: 12233: 11762:

Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vočadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002).

11333: 11308: 10783: 9563: 8837: 8728: 8530:"Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition" 7626: 7023: 6332: 5845: 5545: 5519: 5274: 5266: 5200:, a tiny fraction of whom have reached another celestial body, the Moon. 5060: 4874: 4821: 4753: 4695: 4602: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4533:

at Earth's sea level averages 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi), with a

4507: 4423: 4399: 4370: 4366: 4352: 4219: 4199:) there were 400±7 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.9±0.4 hours. 4188: 4180: 4027: 3950: 3784: 3540: 3536: 3208: 3196: 3097: 2955: 2947: 2900: 2892: 2722: 2718: 2667: 2644: 2634: 2175: 2139: 2111: 1983: 1941: 1865: 1797: 1383: 1270: 1245:, threatening the livelihood of humans and many other forms of life, and 1218: 1073: 1061: 1018: 979:. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 968: 893: 783: 762: 752: 16490: 16458: 12286: 8204:

Hurley, P. M.; Rand, J. R. (June 1969). "Pre-drift continental nuclei".

4584:

and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent

3520:

from Earth's interior to the surface of Earth's crust, mostly along the

3156:, indicating that at least some continental crust existed at that time. 22781: 22728: 22468: 22047: 21625: 21014: 20895: 20580: 20504: 20451: 20335: 20282: 20022: 19601: 19179: 18530: 18525: 18056: 18023: 17998: 17800: 17710: 17115:"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis" 16838:"Chemical pollution has passed safe limit for humanity, say scientists" 16805:"We've crossed four of nine planetary boundaries. What does this mean?" 16668: 16399: 16058:"MAP OF THE DAY: Pretty Much Everyone Lives In The Northern Hemisphere" 14951:. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from 13350: 10924: 8663: 6836: 6811: 6601:"Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation" 5702: 5687: 5500: 5496: 5484: 5152: 5072: 4998: 4857: 4832:(pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowest 4829: 4801: 4789: 4741: 4722: 4699: 4442: 4419: 4387: 4332: 4315: 4172: 4087:. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its 4084: 3962: 3931: 3915: 3792: 3727: 3647: 3429: 3393: 3136: 2963: 2943: 2935: 2884: 2873: 2861: 2853:, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of 2818: 2790: 2660: 2630: 2618: 2610: 2579: 2563: 2469: 2383: 2201:

by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest

1969: 1933: 1077: 1042: 1003: 720: 450: 22961: 17476:

An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter

16598: 13287:"Tidally locked exoplanets may be more common than previously thought" 11940: 11408: 3934:

some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the

2558:; its diameter is 43 kilometres (27 mi) longer there than at its 1303: 1056:, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most 22742: 22735: 22164: 22130: 21961: 21882: 21805: 21800: 21771: 21512: 21465: 21334: 21317: 20973: 20935: 20890: 20880: 20820: 20641: 20465: 20458: 20296: 20289: 19718: 19684: 19515: 19436: 19359: 19354: 19325: 19066: 19019: 18888: 18871: 18535: 18246: 17988: 17933: 17918: 17890: 17860: 17787: 17720: 16594: 16327: 16121: 13911: 13749: 13155:"Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies" 9467: 9002: 8926: 8350: 7654: 5706: 5679: 5599: 5278: 5261:

Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed

5148: 5056: 5036: 5028: 4940: 4910: 4865: 4817: 4726: 4561: 4506:

A view of Earth with different layers of its atmosphere visible: the

4484:, with possibly even more volume than Earth's ocean, all of them are 4328: 4299: 4192: 3970: 3958: 3896: 3865: 3703: 3567: 3517: 3479: 3463: 3446: 3117: 2959: 2869: 2826: 2794: 2734: 2699: 2449: 2392: 2280: 2210: 2190: 2053: 2035: 2022: 1929: 1837: 1340: 1234: 1057: 1007: 988: 821: 50: 23063: 21766: 20380: 19320: 17599: 17419: 15745:; Fleming, Lora; Solo-Gabriele, Helena; Gerwick, William H. (2011). 12779:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 291–292. 11958:(1989). "Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails". 7368: 5507:

until the 16th century, when scientists first concluded that it was

4710:

are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the

4502: 4437:, bodies of ice that flow under the influence of their own gravity. 4357: 2197:

became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful

23029: 22878: 22830: 22795: 22633: 22100: 21956: 21941: 21676: 21383: 21231: 21024: 20968: 20900: 20835: 20721: 20709: 20681: 20518: 20349: 20187: 19654: 19510: 19495: 19230: 18937: 18785: 17297:

Earthly Things: Immanence, New Materialisms, and Planetary Thinking

16809: 15616: 13967: 13690: 13488: 11733:"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought" 9520: 9495: 8110: 7968: 7823:"Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth" 6625: 6600: 5273:

bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of

5248: 5215:

exist today, with only parts of Antarctica and a few small regions

5052: 5048: 5002: 4963: 4959: 4885: 4545:, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. 4538: 4457: 4327:

As of September 2021, there are 4,550 operational, human-made

4289: 4088: 4057: 3935: 3926:, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all 3873: 3861: 3723: 3711: 3439: 3362: 3358: 2850: 2846: 2814: 2806: 2754: 2687: 2407:

by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the

2236:

found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The

2221: 2084: 1860:

by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a

1065: 991: 936: 879: 317: 23046: 23012: 15177:"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica" 13672:

Marcos, C. de la Fuente; Marcos, R. de la Fuente (8 August 2016).

13630: 11521: 9798: 7698: 6383: 5909:{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}} 5008: 4919: 3765:

Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is

3512: 2339:, lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over the past 22995: 22037: 22025: 21951: 21344: 21322: 21197: 21182: 21019: 21007: 20945: 20875: 20850: 20810: 20789: 20759: 19591: 19579: 19505: 18898: 18876: 18751: 18736: 18520: 18515: 18081: 17958: 17928: 17744: 17725: 16866: 16523:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294. 14670:"Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask" 14558:

Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation

12960:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate" 12878: 10725: 10558:

The New World History: A Field Guide for Teachers and Researchers

10358: 9381:"Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad" 9103: 6812:"Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth" 5603: 5407: 5289: 5136: 5084: 5044: 5040: 5032: 4833: 4642: 4638: 4617: 4515: 4450: 4434: 4407: 4403: 4331:

orbiting Earth. There are also inoperative satellites, including

4240: 4072:

has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed

4038: 3922:, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the 3869: 3730:, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing an 3528: 3475: 3459: 3370: 3121: 2975: 2967: 2928: 2842: 2830: 2786: 2671: 2590: 2284: 2256: 2103: 2092: 2080: 2045: 2041: 1987: 1030: 930: 924: 602: 487: 413: 122: 18445: 15816:. MIT Press. pp. 52, 66, 69, 137, 142, 185, 202, 355, 366. 15741: 13514: 13228:"Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the Earth–Moon system" 12313: 11707:"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core" 10474:

Voosen, Paul (9 March 2021). "Ancient Earth was a water world".

5754:

Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system".

2891:

processes. Soil is crucial for land to be arable. Earth's total

2825:. These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the 2083:, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form 1241:. Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is 1159:, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. 22478: 21669: 21664: 21378: 21373: 21339: 21327: 21272: 21224: 21217: 21192: 21187: 21066: 21002: 20995: 20704: 20699: 20673: 20032: 19223: 19218: 18932: 18927: 18893: 18881: 18826: 18778: 18771: 18746: 18741: 18620: 17948: 17815: 17795: 17618: 15105:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 159. 14429:. NASA/Langley Research Center. p. 6. NP-2006-08-97-LaRC. 9680:

Mello, Fernando de Sousa; Friaça, Amâncio César Santos (2020).

9319: 8375: 7319: 6979: 5208: 4987: 4845: 4207: 4171:

The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes

3660: 3471: 3467: 3455: 2924: 2877: 2834: 2729:, and Arctic Ocean, from largest to smallest. The ocean covers 2336: 2202: 2049: 2014: 1801: 1168: 1069: 1014: 952: 918: 886: 737: 562: 466: 17633:

Interactive 3D visualization of the Sun, Earth and Moon system

17377:(1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 26–31. 16126:"What share of people will live in urban areas in the future?" 15053:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 46. 15028:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 34. 15003:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 32. 14978:(fourth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 49. 14420:

Exline, Joseph D.; Levine, Arlene S.; Levine, Joel S. (2006).

12646:. NASA. See the apparent diameters on the Sun and Moon pages. 11278:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center" 8958:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth" 7498:

Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets

6733: 4997:

can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain a

4976:

forests, particularly in equatorial, warm and humid conditions

4429:

In Earth's coldest regions, snow survives over the summer and

3498:), aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium. 2833:

of the land surface varies greatly and consists of mountains,

1752: 1716: 1634: 1505: 1409: 22937: 21795: 21368: 21295: 21210: 21160: 21032: 20990: 20983: 20978: 20815: 20769: 20689: 19349: 18922: 18849: 18764: 18714: 18136: 17913: 17895: 17735: 17637: 9158: 7861: 7817: 5514:

It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized

5439: 5118: 4951: 4897: 4744:

causing mountainous areas to be colder than low-lying areas.

4625: 4542: 4161: 3562:

and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon

3487: 3207:. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the 2838: 2622: 2594: 2028:

suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as

2006: 1945: 1613: 1526: 1461: 1299: 1226: 1187: 1172: 999: 900: 347: 235: 72: 17200:

Boulton, Matthew Myer; Heithaus, Joseph (24 December 2018).

16280:

Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance

16157:

Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center

14356:"Tour of Water in the Solar System – U.S. Geological Survey" 14097:"How Much Water is There on Earth? – U.S. Geological Survey" 14005:"Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater is Used for Agriculture" 13428: 11019:"Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects" 8495:"When and how did the ice age end? Could another one start?" 5691: 4026:

there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a

3868:) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points, the 3373:

solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the

3128:

formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of the

2456:. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 2307:", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the 1940:

into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids,

21421: 21305: 21170: 20910: 20845: 20840: 20830: 20825: 20694: 18975: 18859: 18724: 18187: 17805: 17594: 16747: 16696: 16628: 15347:

10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1118:TAOHIT>2.0.CO;2

14866: 14710: 10526:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: GalAPAGoS: Where Ridge Meets Hotspot" 10178: 10070:"Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations: Scale of the Himalayas" 8796:

10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2

6235: 5606:

of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.

5571:

Table of physical properties of planets in the Solar System

5389: 4769: 4659: 4549:

content varies between 0.01% and 4% but averages about 1%.

4133: 4115: 3965:

from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the

3856: 3706:

precedes the day-side magnetosphere within the solar wind.

2979: 2614: 2403:, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 2288: 2060:, particularly during the early stages of Earth's history. 1892: 1758: 1755: 1743: 1707: 1684: 1681: 1669: 1660: 1637: 1601: 1595: 1575: 1569: 1521: 1511: 1441: 1435: 1412: 1382:, though "earth" and forms with "the earth" remain common. 1358:

as "the globe" was expressed as "the earth". By the era of

1344: 1324: 1316: 1191: 1183: 1151:, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight 912: 581: 382: 84: 16978:

Symbols – Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms

16867:

O'Neill, Daniel W.; Fanning, Andrew L.; Lamb, William F.;

16254:

The Discretely Plumper Second QI Book of General Ignorance

15913: 15911: 14454: 12287:"Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock" 9935:"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data" 9494:

Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993).

8902: 7994: 6111:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

4736:

Further factors that affect a location's climates are its

3801:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

3698:

The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the

3400:. Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher 3148:

old. By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is

2566:

variations. Though the largest local variations, like the

2251: 1818:

from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed

1502: 21150: 18704: 15570: 15322:"The Aeronomy of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of the Earth" 15257:"Stratosphere and Weather; Discovery of the Stratosphere" 14871:; Pilewskie, Peter; Snow, Martin; Lindholm, Doug (2016). 12618:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 56. 12593:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 48. 12485:; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (November 2008). 12207: 11761: 8836: 7534: 6864: 6775: 6239: 6015:

Anz-Meador, Phillip; Shoots, Debi, eds. (February 2018).

5817: 5718:

Source for minimum, mean, and maximum surface temperature

5270: 4993:

Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex

4694:

The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the

4612:: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture 4377:

regions, its hydrosphere forms larger areas of ice cover.

3808: 2872:(10%, not including the equally large area of land under 2626: 2418:

concentration to levels lethally low for current plants (

2388: 2387:

Conjectured illustration of the scorched Earth after the

2344: 1952:

kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun

1592: 1566: 1080:

that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a

956: 289: 17643: 17449:

Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (2007).

15839: 15835: 15833: 15290:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 13955: 13777:"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)" 13221: 12208:

Ganushkina, N. Yu; Liemohn, M. W.; Dubyagin, S. (2018).

11953: 11202: 10895: 10815:"What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?" 10388: 10257: 9557: 9493: 8313: 1202:

has made the Moon always face Earth with the same side.

16182:"Space: how far have we gone – and where are we going?" 16110: 15908: 15125: 12699:

Vázquez, M.; Rodríguez, P. Montañés; Palle, E. (2006).

12359: 11866: 11276:

Meschede, Martin; Barckhausen, Udo (20 November 2000).

10555:

Dunn, Ross E.; Mitchell, Laura J.; Ward, Kerry (2016).

8996: 8583:"Paleoclimatology – The Study of Ancient Climates" 8106: 8104: 5752:, which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: 4049:

is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and

3772: 3365:) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct 16094:. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Archived from 15464:(1976). "Hydrogen loss from the terrestrial planets". 13745:"First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last" 13339: 12935:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Archived from 11506:

Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants

10694: 10267:

Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact

8527: 7933:. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 6902:. New York: United Nations (published 2010). Table 1. 6368:

Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants

5410:

have developed many views of the planet. The standard

4433:. This accumulated snow and ice eventually forms into 4402:. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in 4279:. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including 4225: 2593:

employs an idealized Earth producing a shape called a

2589:

To measure the local variation of Earth's topography,

2441:, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges. 2193:. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within 2075:

that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately

1452:

has been used to denote personification of the Earth.

1100:

receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive

22819: 17448: 15830: 15701:(First ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand & Company. 13525:"Equilibrium rotational stability and figure of Mars" 12698: 12481: 12008: 11047:

Earth's Evolving Systems: The History of Planet Earth

9729:

Bounama, Christine; Franck, S.; Von Bloh, W. (2001).

9728: 9378: 8812:"Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land" 8314:

De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. (2000).

7995:

Trainer, Melissa G.; et al. (28 November 2006).

7621: 7619: 7211: 5934: 5928:

is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about

5854: 5678:

Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding

5602:. The quantities given are the values at the instant 5476:

globally, acknowledging the impact of humans and the

4244:

A computer-generated image mapping the prevalence of

4175:

on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its

2319:

and many minor ones. Apart from the proposed current

2040:

growth in the volume of continental crust during the

1761: 1719: 1672: 1640: 1444: 17478:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–118. 16537: 15776:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. 14058: 12694: 12692: 12187:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. 11947: 11915: 11562:"Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core" 11490: 11464:

Micalizio, Caryl-Sue; Evers, Jeannie (20 May 2015).

10670:

Center, National Geophysical Data (19 August 2020).

9777: 8733:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted" 8172: 8101: 7535:

Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme;

5366: 4844:(invisible). Continuing with green and red bands of 4698:

in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the

2240:

on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old

1895:-sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named 1749: 1740: 1713: 1704: 1687: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1631: 1438: 1432: 1406: 20372: 15980:"Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide" 13601: 12747: 12343:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from 11755: 11616:"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury" 11275: 10701:Carlowicz, Michael; Simmon, Robert (15 July 2019). 10672:"Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1" 10270:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 20. 9771: 7594:"Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History" 7491: 7279: 6581:Special Publication 330. p. 52. Archived from 6349: 6156: 6154: 6152: 5179:

hemispherical predominance of the world's land mass

2970:driven by ice, water, wind and temperature; and by 2578:at its equatorial bulge, the summit of the volcano 1746: 1710: 1663: 1628: 1589: 1563: 1499: 1429: 1403: 1343:("Earth"), a giantess often given as the mother of 1237:and natural resources for their survival, but have 1205:Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, 19:"Planet Earth" redirects here. For other uses, see 16016: 15561:"Interdependency between animal and plant species" 15360: 14911: 14905: 14701:Erickson, Kristen; Doyle, Heather (28 June 2019). 14613:"Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)" 14461:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 14419: 12591:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 12366:Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Treumann, Rudolf A. (1997). 12365: 11666: 11609: 11607: 11111: 11084: 8585:. Page Paleontology Science Center. Archived from 8528:Chalk, Thomas B.; et al. (12 December 2007). 7616: 7336: 7280: 7246: 7212: 7178: 7144: 7110: 7076: 6707:(4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p. 244. 6507: 6505: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 5987: 5908: 2745:to a lesser extent. The oceanic crust forms large 1025:combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving 17374:Flat earth : the history of an infamous idea 16873:"A good life for all within planetary boundaries" 16667: 16392:"How Are Fossil Fuels Extracted From the Ground?" 15067: 14515: 13678:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13618:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12689: 11306: 10548: 9785:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9656:. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. 9636: 9537:"Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?" 7683: 7245: 6361:"Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" 5238: 4935:Earth is the only known place that has ever been 3135:As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is 23074: 17335:Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History 17108: 16999: 16997: 16426:"Electricity generation – what are the options?" 16148: 15354: 14354:Center, Astrogeology Science (14 October 2021). 13091:"Curious Kids: Why is the moon called the moon?" 12662: 12149: 11838: 11698: 11300: 10633:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. 10554: 9445: 8369: 8179:Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004). 7753:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 909–912. 7744: 7437:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 7177: 7109: 6852: 6014: 5495:, which was attributed to both the philosophers 4990:are relatively barren of plant and animal life. 21110: 18664: 17503:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–18. 17411: 17199: 17066:(1972). "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere". 16702:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 16244: 16092:"Distribution of landmasses of the Paleo-Earth" 16007: 16005: 15687: 15598:"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient" 15589: 15132:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 14877:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 14604: 14119: 13927:"Third rock from the Sun – restless Earth" 13614:"A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth" 12924: 12582: 12553:"Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation" 12529:. Time Service Department, USNO. Archived from 11867:Vlaar, N; Vankeken, P.; Vandenberg, A. (1994). 11775:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 11620:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11604: 11229: 11169: 10991:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 10700: 9987:Stewart, Heather A.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2019). 9986: 9953: 9835:"Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death" 9780:"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited" 9575:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9222:Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion 9197:Climate Change and the Course of Global History 8765: 8723: 8721: 8197: 8001:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7955: 7543:; Snape, Joshua F.; Weiss, Benjamin P. (2019). 7075: 6763: 6502: 6129: 4488:under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer. 3646:A schematic view of Earth's magnetosphere with 3419:Abundance of the chemical elements § Earth 2133: 1848:the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in 17605:Earth – Videos – International Space Station: 16931: 16640:IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land 15698:Ecology environmental science and conservation 15286:de Córdoba, S. Sanz Fernández (21 June 2004). 14940: 14796: 14768: 14766: 14579: 14577: 14552: 14546: 14415: 14413: 14411: 13872: 13222:Coughenour, Christopher L.; Archer, Allen W.; 12568:(.DAT file (displays as plaintext in browser)) 12210:"Current Systems in the Earth's Magnetosphere" 11679:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 11463: 11400: 11341: 11307:Argus, D.F.; Gordon, R.G.; DeMets, C. (2011). 10764:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 10596:"Geography Facts about the World's Continents" 9778:Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008). 8803: 7585: 7539:; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.; 7143: 6701:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 6659:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 6191:; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). 5257:Earth's land use for human agriculture in 2019 4824:in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the 4339:. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the 4191:/yr—add up to significant changes. During the 3239:Illustration of Earth's cutaway, not to scale 1239:increasingly impacted the planet's environment 1041:capable of deflecting most of the destructive 21271: 21082: 20657: 20396: 18825: 18636: 18461: 18262: 17659: 16994: 16969: 15978:Gomez, Jim; Sullivan, Tim (31 October 2011). 15977: 15466:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15459: 15306: 14812:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 14734: 14732: 14700: 14631: 14521: 13878: 13839: 13607: 13146: 13113: 12858: 12741: 12614:Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). 12613: 12475: 12050:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11196: 11138: 10946: 10587: 10437: 10103:"Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain" 9928: 9675: 9673: 9551: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9448:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 9439: 9063:Early edition, published online before print. 8658: 8178: 7342: 6424:"General Definitions and Numerical Standards" 6007: 5998: 5742: 5304: 4524:altitude of 100 km, at the edge of space 4514:blue sky at the horizon, and a line of green 2785:is covered by seasonally variable amounts of 2079:, one of the earliest known supercontinents, 1997:As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it 1029:, which interact to produce mountain ranges, 17300:. Fordham University Press. 3 October 2023. 16589: 16116: 16002: 15848:; Anderegg, William R. L.; Verheggen, Bart; 15279: 15248: 15181:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 15101:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). 15049:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. 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University of British Columbia, Okanagan. 5838: 5672: 4426:in the atmosphere, biological binding, etc. 3823:(when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is 3369:solid crust, which is underlain by a highly 3232: 3199:off the west coast of South America and the 2584:the Ocean exhibits a more dynamic topography 2395:phase, about 5–7 billion years from now 2343:, and several million years ago, an African 2209:fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old 16796: 15814:The Human Impact on the Natural Environment 15499:Rutledge, Kim; et al. (24 June 2011). 15453: 15426: 15226:"Upper atmosphere Definition und Bedeutung" 14842:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive 14763: 14574: 14408: 14320: 14293: 14235: 13422: 13153:Yuan, Qian; et al. (1 November 2023). 13028:"What's so special about our Moon, anyway?" 12933:"Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates" 12637: 12635: 12607: 12384: 12155: 11909: 11553: 11118:Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (5 May 1999). 10624: 10561:. Univ of California Press. pp. 232–. 10327: 10263: 10227: 9924: 9922: 9857: 9722: 9679: 8759: 8122:; Holden, P.; Mojzsis, S. (December 2005). 7997:"Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth" 7924: 7811: 6965: 6963: 4848:stretching over several hundred kilometers. 4510:with its clouds casting shadows, a band of 3895:. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean 2463: 2063:New continental crust forms as a result of 1598: 1572: 1549:) is rare, though the alternative spelling 1508: 1164: 1116:, and a range of weather phenomena such as 23093:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 21089: 21075: 20664: 20650: 20403: 20389: 18643: 18629: 18468: 18454: 18269: 18255: 17666: 17652: 17498: 17010:. 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Archived from 10898:"Land transformation by humans: A review" 10420: 10094: 10037:"Is a Pool Ball Smoother than the Earth?" 10012: 9815: 9797: 9754: 9705: 9604: 9594: 9528: 9519: 9308: 9283: 9273: 9141: 9131: 9048: 9030: 8879: 8794: 8557: 8547: 8461: 8413: 8275: 8246: 8147: 8030: 8012: 7846: 7697: 7568: 7427: 7392:. California: Stanford University Press. 7384: 6899:Sources and effects of ionizing radiation 6835: 6624: 6532: 6477: 6320: 6318: 6232:"Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion" 5753: 5640: 5219:. Most of these states together form the 4836:, at about one hundred kilometers at the 4034:, where the sun remains visible all day. 3976: 2263:after Earth's formation, featuring round 1298:was used to translate the many senses of 22608:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 20162:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 17574:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 17557: 17062: 17034: 16975: 16456: 15498: 14873:"A Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record" 14610: 13523:; Richards, Mark A. (22 November 2007). 13379: 13025: 12893: 12864: 12708:Lecture Notes and Essays in Astrophysics 12668: 12641: 12632: 12182: 11496: 11427: 11151:Online Astronomy eText Table of Contents 11144: 10296: 10135: 9959: 9919: 9073:Tyrell, Kelly April (18 December 2017). 8608:Turner, Chris S.M.; et al. 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Exploitation of Natural Resources" 16256:. Faber & Faber. pp. 116–117. 15665:. NASA, Lockheed Martin. Archived from 15654: 15437:. Ohio State University. Archived from 15073: 14780:. University of California, San Diego. 14205: 14180: 14155: 14033: 14002: 13519:; Matsuyama, Isamu; Perron, J. Taylor; 12902:"Animation of precession of moon orbit" 12867:"The Lengths of the Seasons (on Earth)" 12748:Astrophysicist team (1 December 2005). 12669:Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). 12642:Williams, David R. (10 February 2006). 12487:"The Physical Basis of the Leap Second" 12390: 12312:Gallagher, Dennis L. (14 August 2015). 12076: 11704: 10977: 10770:(5). 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Earth's shape furthermore has local 2315:, there have been at least five major 1538: 21070: 20645: 20589:History of the center of the Universe 20410: 20384: 20371: 18624: 18449: 18250: 17647: 17451:Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth 17352:from the original on 14 December 2023 16803:DiGirolamo, Mike (8 September 2021). 16649:from the original on 17 February 2020 16521:Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World 16276: 16037:from the original on 4 September 2020 15660: 15541:from the original on 17 November 2023 15254: 15236:from the original on 21 February 2023 14738: 14664: 14583: 14299: 14076:from the original on 28 February 2023 13984:from the original on 29 November 2020 13811:Nuclear Weapons & Global Security 13736: 13571: 13119: 13088: 13007:from the original on 7 September 2021 12912:from the original on 31 December 2010 12454: 12316:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. 11559: 11407:Robertson, Eugene C. (26 July 2001). 11093:"SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates" 11091:Brown, W. 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Plants and other organisms take up 4717:Earth receives 1361 W/m of 4480:showing signs of large reservoirs of 4369:, which dominate Earth's surface and 4045:currently occurs around 21 December; 3761:of Earth's rotation showing axis tilt 3737: 3215: 2789:that often connects with polar land, 2095:, which also began to break apart at 1557:, in which case its pronunciation is 1544: 1076:is widely present in the atmosphere, 329:Longitude of ascending node 22944: 18603: 18198:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 17501:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth 17328: 17276:from the original on 27 January 2022 17246:from the original on 27 January 2022 16919:from the original on 1 February 2022 16817:from the original on 27 January 2022 16738:Lindsey, Rebecca (14 January 2009). 16695: 16627: 16543: 16497:from the original on 6 November 2020 16303:from the original on 17 October 2020 16136:from the original on 29 October 2020 16068:from the original on 19 January 2018 16055: 15959:from the original on 8 November 2023 15433:Abedon, Stephen T. 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Humans use 4807: 4788:around 55 °C (131 °F) in 4226:Asteroids and artificial satellites 3187:. Other notable plates include the 2907:, which together with parts of the 2809:, which are (in descending order): 2717:, and makes Earth with its dynamic 2224:found in 3.7 billion-year-old 1850:the Solar System formed and evolved 1378:, by analogy with the names of the 1143:of about 40,000 km. It is the 998:. Most of Earth's land is somewhat 13: 21106: 18660: 17544: 17399:from the original on 31 March 2021 16848:from the original on 12 April 2022 16609:from the original on 11 April 2019 16155:Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (2005). 15986:. Associated Press. Archived from 15723:from the original on 31 March 2021 15175:Turner, John; et al. 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Water vapor from these sources 1822:The oldest material found in the 1207:formed 4.5 billion years ago 710:Equatorial rotation velocity 23055: 23038: 23021: 23004: 22987: 22970: 22953: 22925: 22913: 22901: 22889: 22877: 22865: 22853: 22841: 22829: 22695: 22683: 22671: 21096: 21051: 21050: 20624: 20612: 20249: 20237: 20225: 18650: 18602: 18590: 18579: 18578: 18430: 18429: 18374:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle) 18369:660 discontinuity (upper mantle) 18364:410 discontinuity (upper mantle) 18231: 18230: 17734: 17556: 17492: 17467: 17442: 17364: 17322: 17288: 17258: 17228: 17193: 17155: 17102: 17056: 17028: 16860: 16829: 16766: 16731: 16689: 16661: 16621: 16509: 16450: 16418: 16383: 16347: 16315: 16270: 16238: 16220:"Member States | United Nations" 16212: 16173: 16080: 16049: 15971: 15941: 15802: 15763: 15735: 15681: 15553: 15523: 15511:from the original on 28 May 2022 15492: 15217: 15168: 15119: 15094: 15042: 15017: 14992: 14967: 14860: 14830: 14694: 14658: 14436:from the original on 28 May 2018 14378: 14327:Sample, Sharron (21 June 2005). 14185:. 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The first 1928:and oceans were formed by 1918: 1795: 1780: 1527: 1287:has been reconstructed as 18: 22702:Earth sciences portal 22661: 22616: 22553: 22424:Interplanetary dust cloud 22303: 22139: 22069: 21780: 21716: 21409: 21262: 21104: 21046: 20959: 20918: 20909: 20866: 20788: 20730: 20680: 20607: 20533: 20418: 20378: 20256:Earth sciences portal 20215: 20170: 20107: 19978:Interplanetary dust cloud 19857: 19693: 19623: 19334: 19270: 18963: 18816: 18658: 18574: 18501: 18483: 18425: 18392: 18351: 18284: 18216: 18178: 18135: 18080: 18022: 17957: 17904: 17834: 17786: 17743: 17681: 17673: 17474:Henshaw, John M. (2014). 16897:10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4 16431:World Nuclear Association 15770:Alexander, David (1993). 15153:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 14898:10.1175/bams-d-14-00265.1 14739:Moran, Joseph M. (2005). 14530:. 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Springer. p. 294. 5446:that is also the primary 5422:four corners of the world 5403:on 11 September 2010 5339:, has contributed to the 5207:(countries) separated by 5139:in Eastern Africa 300,000 5135:Originating from earlier 5023:Extreme weather, such as 4968:Earth's species diversity 4601:. The ozone layer blocks 4541:, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% 4361:A view of Earth with its 4310:around the Sun. The tiny 4304:Lagrange triangular point 3827:of mean solar time (UT1) 3716:Van Allen radiation belts 3527:The major heat-producing 3375:Mohorovičić discontinuity 3231: 3227:Geologic layers of Earth 2899:The land surface and the 2522:Earth has a rounded shape 2435:runaway greenhouse effect 2366: 2244:rocks showing fossils of 2144:Earliest known life forms 1209:from gas and dust in the 869: 850: 845: 830: 816: 777: 761: 736: 718: 708: 683: 665: 651: 639: 612: 599: 580: 561: 508: 473: 449: 430: 411: 393: 388: 375: 357: 345: 326: 276: 262: 247: 205:Orbital period (sidereal) 202: 187: 166: 147: 128: 118: 111: 101: 91: 63: 58: 37: 16:Third planet from the Sun 22715:Local Interstellar Cloud 21427:other near-Earth objects 20438:Local Interstellar Cloud 20269:Local Interstellar Cloud 18981:other near-Earth objects 18412:Gutenberg (upper mantle) 18393:Regional discontinuities 18203:Location in the Universe 18145:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 17844:List of sovereign states 15919:"Global Warming Effects" 15661:Staff (September 2003). 15074:Various (21 July 1997). 14584:Staff (8 October 2003). 13807:"UCS Satellite Database" 13608:Christou, Apostolos A.; 12491:The Astronomical Journal 11180:. 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By 1327:, Earth may have been a 1273:noun most often spelled 1165:Earth's axis of rotation 833:Absolute magnitude 767:255 K (−18 °C) 686:Sidereal rotation period 642:Moment of inertia factor 389:Physical characteristics 22678:Solar System portal 22404:Giant-impact hypothesis 22011:Trans-Neptunian objects 20232:Solar System portal 19958:Giant-impact hypothesis 19565:Trans-Neptunian objects 17617:on YouTube – Earth and 17068:Atmospheric Environment 16710:Sixth Assessment Report 16561:10.1126/science.1080679 15747:Oceans and Human Health 15404:10.1126/science.1061976 14638:Gaan, Narottam (2008). 13962:. Publications Office. 13902:10.5670/oceanog.2010.51 13447:2004A&A...428..261L 13380:Williams, G.E. 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The remaining 30% is 4267:population consists of 4166:giant-impact hypothesis 4109: 3983:Axial tilt § Earth 2773:, and a globe-spanning 2550:it has the shape of an 2526:hydrostatic equilibrium 1225:two billion years ago. 668:Synodic rotation period 348:Time of perihelion 113:Orbital characteristics 22566:Possible dwarf planets 22409:Gravitational collapse 22347:Circumstellar envelope 21146: 20550:To the Moon and Beyond 20120:Possible dwarf planets 19963:Gravitational collapse 19901:Circumstellar envelope 18700: 18417:Lehmann (upper mantle) 18352:Global discontinuities 17640:(University of Sydney) 17552: 17528:Listen to this article 15852:; Carlton, J. Stuart; 15695:; Gupta, S.R. (2013). 15663:"Astrobiology Roadmap" 15076:"The Hydrologic Cycle" 14588:. NASA. Archived from 14331:. NASA. Archived from 14181:Hendrix, Mark (2019). 14156:Hendrix, Mark (2019). 14127:"Freshwater Resources" 13879:Charette, Matthew A.; 13357:. NASA. Archived from 12900:Lin, Haosheng (2006). 12752:. NASA. Archived from 12459:. NASA. Archived from 11795:10.1098/rsta.2002.0992 11676:The Inaccessible Earth 11375:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192 11348:Jordan, T. H. (1979). 11178:"Pacific Plate Motion" 10707:NASA Earth Observatory 10530:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov 10209:National Ocean Service 8814:. NASA. Archived from 8406:10.1098/rsta.2017.0403 7962:Staff (4 March 2010). 7821:; et al. (2000). 7747:Morbidelli, Alessandro 6810:; Harpham, C. (2013). 5989: 5920:is the mass of Earth, 5910: 5739:, would feel smoother. 5404: 5324: 5258: 5132: 5059:, loss of vegetation ( 5043:, volcanic eruptions, 5020: 4932: 4849: 4774:humid middle latitudes 4526: 4378: 4260: 4236:Claimed moons of Earth 4142: 3992: 3977:Axial tilt and seasons 3876: 3762: 3691:of the main field and 3676:magnetic dipole moment 3651: 3638:Earth's magnetic field 3547:(52 million 3524: 3237: 3085: 2678: 2664: 2556:bulging at its Equator 2518: 2409:inorganic carbon cycle 2405:3.5 billion years 2401:1.1 billion years 2396: 2292: 2269:Late Heavy Bombardment 1994: 1966:Earth's magnetic field 1909:Late Heavy Bombardment 1819: 1155:away from the Sun and 971:, the only one in the 703:(23h 56 m 4.100s) 21:Earth (disambiguation) 22775:Laniakea Supercluster 22392:Sample-return mission 21145: 20568:(1968 and 1977 films) 20498:Laniakea Supercluster 20329:Laniakea Supercluster 19946:Sample-return mission 18699: 18511:Environmental science 17924:Biogeochemical cycles 17849:dependent territories 17551: 16877:Nature Sustainability 16869:Steinberger, Julia K. 16459:"The Genesis of Ores" 15535:astrobiology.nasa.gov 15370:McKay, Christopher P. 14219:10.1201/9781420038484 13709:10.1093/mnras/stw1972 13386:Reviews of Geophysics 13232:Earth-Science Reviews 12875:University of Toronto 12214:Reviews of Geophysics 11921:Reviews of Geophysics 11560:Deuss, Arwen (2014). 11255:10.1007/s004100050465 10955:"Layers of the Earth" 10107:Professional Surveyor 9993:Earth-Science Reviews 9560:Kirschvink, Joseph L. 9500:Astrophysical Journal 9166:"Earth-Moon Dynamics" 8872:10.1089/ast.2013.1030 8442:Earth-Science Reviews 7549:Space Science Reviews 7322:UK English Dictionary 6338:11 March 2020 at the 6325:World Geodetic System 6017:"Satellite Box Score" 5990: 5911: 5697:26 March 2015 at the 5434:. Earth is sometimes 5384: 5333:Earth's energy budget 5322: 5256: 5127:A composite image of 5126: 5011: 4948:Great Oxidation Event 4922: 4815: 4505: 4486:large bodies of water 4449:and other landforms. 4360: 4246:artificial satellites 4243: 4131: 4103:Further information: 3990: 3859: 3756: 3645: 3515: 3417:Further information: 3236: 3106:convergent boundaries 3068:Indo-Australian Plate 2999: 2731:Earth's oceanic crust 2702:into the continental 2670: 2642: 2605:Further information: 2512: 2491:Earth's circumference 2485:Further information: 2468:Further information: 2386: 2254: 2205:evidence for life is 2199:ultraviolet radiation 1978: 1809: 1796:Further information: 1727:, and from the Latin 1223:Great Oxidation Event 1108:, producing a global 871:Composition by volume 771:blackbody temperature 22690:Astronomy portal 22591:Solar System objects 22337:Circumplanetary disk 20931:Evolutionary history 20244:Astronomy portal 20145:Solar System objects 19891:Circumplanetary disk 18379:Core–mantle boundary 17972:Computer cartography 17696:Prebiotic atmosphere 17591:Earth – Profile 17583:More spoken articles 17165:(21 December 2018). 16941:(24 December 2018). 15854:Lewandowsky, Stephan 15202:10.1029/2009JD012104 14668:(20 December 2018). 14586:"Earth's Atmosphere" 14072:. 28 February 2016. 13817:. 1 September 2021. 13407:10.1029/1999RG900016 13224:Lacovara, Kenneth J. 13066:. 19 December 2019. 12234:10.1002/2017RG000590 11709:. UC Berkeley News. 11334:10.1029/2011GC003751 10784:10.1029/2021jf006123 10205:"What is the geoid?" 10068:Tewksbury, Barbara. 7390:The Age of the Earth 6699:Allen, Clabon Walter 6657:Allen, Clabon Walter 6189:Allen, Clabon Walter 5932: 5852: 5412:astronomical symbols 5386:Tracy Caldwell Dyson 5352:planetary boundaries 5192:presences and a few 5051:, floods, droughts, 4988:extremely arid areas 4742:decrease with height 4531:atmospheric pressure 4265:co-orbital asteroids 4074:quasiperiodic motion 3924:celestial north pole 3807:of mean solar time ( 3769:of mean solar time ( 3413:Chemical composition 3114:transform boundaries 3110:divergent boundaries 3079:South American Plate 3035:North American Plate 3001:Earth's major plates 2972:biological processes 2954:processes including 2823:Australia (landmass) 2651:(grey) covering the 2454:5 billion years 2411:, possibly reducing 1482:. The Latinate form 1360:Early Modern English 1352:Early Middle English 1054:a dynamic atmosphere 1021:, lakes, rivers and 23113:Terrestrial planets 22789:Observable universe 22586:Solar System models 22516:Protoplanetary disk 22439:Interstellar medium 22399:Frost/Ice/Snow line 20868:Natural environment 20512:Observable universe 20343:Observable universe 20140:Solar System models 20070:Protoplanetary disk 19993:Interstellar medium 19953:Frost/Ice/Snow line 18506:Atmospheric science 18384:Inner-core boundary 18307:Lithospheric mantle 18115:Geologic time scale 17836:Culture and society 17691:Atmosphere of Earth 17131:1974Tell...26....2L 17080:1972AtmEn...6..579L 16889:2018NatSu...1...88O 16784:on 29 November 2023 16517:Lunine, Jonathan I. 16475:1991SciAm.264e..84B 16463:Scientific American 15953:humanorigins.si.edu 15923:National Geographic 15874:2016ERL....11d8002C 15605:American Naturalist 15505:National Geographic 15478:1976AREPS...4..265H 15441:on 29 November 2012 15386:2001Sci...293..839C 15338:1974JAtS...31.1118L 15193:2009JGRD..11424102T 15144:2013BAMS...94..199E 14889:2016BAMS...97.1265C 14867:Coddington, Odele; 14774:Berger, Wolfgang H. 14751:on 13 December 2010 14675:National Geographic 14473:2013ITGRS..51.3826K 14275:"Oceanic Processes" 14207:Kennish, Michael J. 14036:"The World's Water" 13881:Smith, Walter H. F. 13700:2016MNRAS.462.3441D 13640:2011MNRAS.414.2965C 13582:Scientific American 13517:Mitrovica, Jerry X. 13398:2000RvGeo..38...37W 13353:(7 February 2007). 13244:2009ESRv...97...59C 13173:2023Natur.623...95Y 12998:Columbia University 12881:on 18 December 2008 12720:2006LNEA....2...49V 12503:2008AJ....136.1906M 12483:McCarthy, Dennis D. 12463:on 14 February 2013 12347:on 15 November 2016 12226:2018RvGeo..56..309G 12158:"MHD dynamo theory" 12104:2006NW.....93..519O 12092:Naturwissenschaften 12062:1981AREPS...9..415W 12027:1981JGR....8611535S 11972:1989Sci...246..103R 11933:1993RvGeo..31..267P 11787:2002RSPTA.360.1227A 11781:(1795): 1227–1244. 11632:1980PNAS...77.6973M 11578:2014AREPS..42..103D 11514:1995geph.conf.....A 11471:National Geographic 11366:1979PNAS...76.4192J 11325:2011GGG....1211001A 11247:1999CoMP..134....3B 10965:on 11 February 2013 10917:2012GSAT...12l...4H 10776:2021JGRF..12606123O 10536:on 15 November 2023 10413:2017AcAau.131..123L 10075:Carleton University 10005:2019ESRv..19702896S 9931:Smith, Walter H. F. 9897:"How big is Earth?" 9808:2008MNRAS.386..155S 9747:2001HESS....5..569B 9698:2020IJAsB..19...25D 9587:2009PNAS..106.9576L 9512:1993ApJ...418..457S 9460:2007GSAB..119..140W 9397:2022Natur.609...94D 9338:1994SciAm.271d..84G 9325:Scientific American 9266:2016PNAS..113E6325S 9260:(42): E6325–E6334. 9124:2018PNAS..115...53S 9023:2015PNAS..11214518B 9005:(19 October 2015). 8919:2014NatGe...7...25O 8864:2013AsBio..13.1103N 8844:(8 November 2013). 8787:1965JAtS...22..225B 8689:2000SciAm.282b..90D 8676:Scientific American 8626:2010QSRv...29.3677T 8542:(50): 13114–13119. 8454:2011ESRv..108...16B 8398:2018RSPTA.37670403D 8335:2000Tectp.322...19D 8268:1991AuJES..38..613A 8218:1969Sci...164.1229H 8212:(3885): 1229–1242. 8140:2005Sci...310.1947H 8134:(5756): 1947–1950. 8075:1995ChGeo.120..223M 8007:(48): 18035–18042. 7939:2002ASPC..269...85G 7880:2020Sci...369.1110P 7874:(6507): 1110–1113. 7708:2014Icar..242..316M 7647:2001Natur.412..708C 7561:2019SSRv..215...54T 7510:2018LPICo2084.4034R 7449:2001GSLSP.190..205D 7429:Dalrymple, G. Brent 7386:Dalrymple, G. Brent 7361:2010NatGe...3..637B 7291:(Online ed.). 7257:(Online ed.). 7223:(Online ed.). 7189:(Online ed.). 7155:(Online ed.). 7121:(Online ed.). 7087:(Online ed.). 6828:2013JGRD..118.3213J 6617:1994AJ....108..711W 6588:on 5 February 2009. 6431:McCarthy, Dennis D. 6376:1995geph.conf.....A 5770:2005JAfES..43..379C 5420:, representing the 5356:Biosphere integrity 5341:melting of glaciers 5217:remaining unclaimed 5198:stayed beyond Earth 5175:Northern Hemisphere 4738:proximity to oceans 4633:Weather and climate 4498:Atmosphere of Earth 4312:near-Earth asteroid 4302:around the leading 4093:Milankovitch cycles 4013:Tropic of Capricorn 4009:Southern Hemisphere 4003:occurring when the 4001:Northern Hemisphere 3825:86,164.0905 seconds 3805:86,164.0989 seconds 3605:Gravitational field 3396:lies above a solid 3228: 2938:comprises both the 2913:Earth's lithosphere 2777:system. At Earth's 2759:submarine volcanoes 2749:with features like 2698:hemispheres; or by 2657:Antarctic ice sheet 2481:Figure of the Earth 2429:) in approximately 2349:evolution of humans 2321:Holocene extinction 2301:1000 to 539 Ma 2128:Last Glacial Period 1870:primordial nuclides 1816:protoplanetary disk 1695:, and (via French) 1464:, like Italian and 1329:personified goddess 1033:, and earthquakes. 961:astronomical object 678:(24h 00 m 00s) 34: 22769:Virgo Supercluster 22750:Milky Way subgroup 22581:Natural satellites 22464:Nebular hypothesis 22444:Interstellar space 22434:Interstellar cloud 22342:Circumstellar disc 21932:Near-Earth objects 21816:names and meanings 21147: 20594:Order of magnitude 20576:(1996 documentary) 20492:Virgo Supercluster 20473:Milky Way subgroup 20323:Virgo Supercluster 20304:Milky Way subgroup 20135:Natural satellites 20018:Nebular hypothesis 19998:Interstellar space 19988:Interstellar cloud 19896:Circumstellar disc 19486:Near-Earth objects 19370:names and meanings 18701: 18556:Physical geography 18278:Structure of Earth 18110:Geological history 17984:Geodetic astronomy 17553: 17242:. 7 October 2021. 17207:The New York Times 17172:The New York Times 17064:Lovelock, James E. 17036:Lovelock, James E. 16948:The New York Times 16222:. United Nations. 15990:on 31 October 2011 15929:on 18 January 2017 15435:"History of Earth" 15294:on 15 January 2010 15230:Collins Wörterbuch 14838:"Earth Fact Sheet" 14133:. 18 August 2022. 14066:"Where Are Lakes?" 13787:on 6 February 2015 13662:See table 2, p. 5. 13553:on 1 December 2020 13127:The New York Times 11541:on 16 October 2006 11231:Bowring, Samuel A. 10925:10.1130/GSAT151A.1 9017:(47): 14518–4521. 8818:on 11 October 2011 8738:The New York Times 8731:(3 October 2013). 8660:Doolittle, W. Ford 7745:Claeys, Philippe; 7409:"Age of the Earth" 6837:10.1002/jgrd.50359 6751:on 27 January 2023 6403:on 16 October 2006 6163:"Earth Fact Sheet" 6107:"Useful Constants" 5985: 5906: 5528:radioactive dating 5405: 5325: 5299:building materials 5259: 5164:sub-Saharan Africa 5133: 5091:. This is driving 5021: 4933: 4884:. Because unfixed 4850: 4798:can fall as low as 4760:The commonly used 4704:Ocean heat content 4527: 4382:approximately 1.35 4379: 4281:469219 Kamoʻoalewa 4261: 4143: 3993: 3881:inner Solar System 3877: 3779:tidal deceleration 3763: 3759:time lapse imagery 3738:Orbit and rotation 3652: 3525: 3490:. Over 99% of the 3238: 3226: 3216:Internal structure 3100:, is divided into 3086: 2815:America (landmass) 2679: 2665: 2537:terrestrial object 2519: 2397: 2361:influence on Earth 2333:an asteroid impact 2309:Cambrian explosion 2293: 2153:Chemical reactions 1995: 1958:current luminosity 1926:Earth's atmosphere 1889:leading hypothesis 1862:circumstellar disk 1820: 1323:/Tellūs and Greek 1315:: the ground, its 1211:early Solar System 975:sustaining liquid 32: 22817: 22816: 22811: 22810: 22656: 22655: 22652: 22651: 22629:Lagrangian points 22601:by discovery date 22199:Human spaceflight 22170:historical models 22063: 22062: 21682:S/2015 (136472) 1 21064: 21063: 21042: 21041: 20715:chemical elements 20639: 20638: 20412:Location of Earth 20365: 20364: 20210: 20209: 20206: 20205: 20183:Lagrangian points 20155:by discovery date 19753:Human spaceflight 19724:historical models 19617: 19616: 19236:S/2015 (136472) 1 18618: 18617: 18443: 18442: 18405:continental crust 18244: 18243: 18180:Planetary science 18100:Extremes on Earth 18067:Signal processing 17629:, interactive map 17600:Earth Observatory 17549: 17510:978-0-226-08043-7 17485:978-1-4214-1491-1 17460:978-0-495-01148-4 17384:978-0-312-38208-7 17345:978-0-87220-575-8 17315:978-1-5315-0413-7 17272:. 16 April 2020. 17216:on 1 January 2022 17181:on 1 January 2022 17049:978-0-465-01549-8 17021:978-0-313-31505-3 16987:978-91-972705-0-2 16957:on 1 January 2022 16744:Earth Observatory 16682:978-1-4598-0742-6 16603:Our World in Data 16555:(5607): 673–674. 16530:978-0-521-61519-8 16367:. 20 April 2016. 16293:978-1-58826-323-0 16263:978-0-571-29072-7 16166:978-0-387-21894-6 16130:Our World in Data 16098:on 6 January 2019 15823:978-0-262-57138-8 15783:978-1-317-93881-1 15773:Natural Disasters 15756:978-0-08-087782-2 15708:978-93-83746-00-2 15380:(5531): 839–843. 15362:Catling, David C. 15112:978-1-284-12656-3 15060:978-1-284-12656-3 15035:978-1-284-12656-3 15010:978-1-284-12656-3 14985:978-1-284-12656-3 14933:978-0-7167-7671-0 14914:Orians, Gordon H. 14804:Rahmstorf, Stefan 14651:978-81-7835-641-9 14567:978-0-85404-265-4 14228:978-0-8493-2391-1 14192:978-0-357-11656-2 14167:978-0-357-11656-2 13853:978-1-61069-094-2 13612:(31 March 2011). 12939:on 18 August 2011 12786:978-1-284-12656-3 12729:on 17 August 2011 12671:"Moon Fact Sheet" 12625:978-0-03-006228-5 12600:978-0-935702-68-2 12433:978-0-87745-921-7 12377:978-1-86094-079-8 12194:978-0-521-82206-0 11966:(4926): 103–107. 11956:Courtillot, V. E. 11941:10.1029/93RG01249 11917:Pollack, Henry N. 11905:on 19 March 2012. 11853:978-0-521-66624-4 11690:978-0-04-550028-4 11626:(12): 6973–6977. 11531:978-0-87590-851-9 11153:. cseligman.com. 11057:978-0-7637-8001-2 10739:. 6 August 2006. 10640:978-0-8160-7229-3 10568:978-0-520-28989-5 10455:on 27 August 2022 10401:Acta Astronautica 10277:978-0-7864-5956-8 9929:Sandwell, D. T.; 9907:on 9 January 2024 9663:978-0-8050-6781-1 9581:(24): 9576–9579. 9316:Gould, Stephen J. 9231:978-0-12-814312-4 9206:978-0-521-87164-8 8999:Harrison, T. Mark 8978:on 18 August 2016 8906:Nature Geoscience 8858:(12): 1103–1124. 8747:on 3 October 2013 8666:(February 2000). 8190:978-0-19-516589-0 8116:Blichert-Toft, J. 7948:978-1-58381-109-2 7768:978-3-642-11271-3 7641:(6848): 708–712. 7604:on 9 January 2010 7537:Joy, Katherine H. 7399:978-0-8047-1569-0 7349:Nature Geoscience 7345:Wadhwa, Meenakshi 7343:Bouvier, Audrey; 7332:on 31 March 2021. 7299:(Subscription or 7265:(Subscription or 7231:(Subscription or 7197:(Subscription or 7163:(Subscription or 7129:(Subscription or 7095:(Subscription or 7062:978-0-19-861263-6 7033:978-0-85991-513-7 7001:978-0-19-957112-3 6909:978-92-1-142274-0 6714:978-0-387-98746-0 6672:978-0-387-98746-0 6573:(2008 ed.). 6449:978-3-89888-884-4 6393:978-0-87590-851-9 6303:on 26 August 2013 6278:978-0-8493-0481-1 6204:978-0-387-98746-0 5976: 5962: 5903: 5889: 5792:5 and 200 km 5652:978-0-643-09949-4 5556:Extremes on Earth 5491:by the idea of a 5470:Earth observation 5345:rising sea levels 5295:percentage points 5209:political borders 5169:Distribution and 5025:tropical cyclones 4995:organic molecules 4978:. While freezing 4892:, it can achieve 4820:illuminating the 4610:greenhouse effect 4582:aerobic organisms 4271:: objects with a 4232:Near-Earth object 4185:tidal interaction 4124:Orbit of the Moon 4099:Earth–Moon system 3911:about 3.5 hours. 3885:astronomical unit 3836:celestial equator 3708:Charged particles 3689:secular variation 3626:gravity anomalies 3560:mantle convection 3531:within Earth are 3496:silicate minerals 3432:is approximately 3355: 3354: 3205:50 and 55 Ma 3122:mountain-building 3118:volcanic activity 2767:submarine canyons 2743:continental crust 2721:a water world or 2659:(white) covering 2649:Antarctic sea ice 2607:Planetary surface 2427:C4 photosynthesis 2232:, and remains of 2230:Western Greenland 2215:Western Australia 2026:sedimentary rocks 2013:, which was more 2011:continental crust 1930:volcanic activity 1458:Romance languages 1370:was also written 1333:Germanic paganism 1281:Germanic language 1231:300,000 years ago 1180:natural satellite 1098:equatorial region 1062:UV-light at entry 1037:that generates a 1023:atmospheric water 946: 945: 812: 811: 257:29.7827 km/s 66:Alternative names 23120: 23068: 23067:from Wikiversity 23060: 23059: 23058: 23051: 23043: 23042: 23041: 23034: 23026: 23025: 23024: 23017: 23009: 23008: 23007: 23000: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22983: 22975: 22974: 22973: 22966: 22958: 22957: 22956: 22946: 22930: 22929: 22918: 22917: 22906: 22905: 22904: 22894: 22893: 22892: 22882: 22881: 22870: 22869: 22868: 22858: 22857: 22856: 22846: 22845: 22844: 22834: 22833: 22825: 22805: 22803: 22794: 22787: 22780: 22773: 22767: 22761: 22755: 22748: 22741: 22734: 22727: 22720: 22713: 22700: 22699: 22698: 22688: 22687: 22686: 22676: 22675: 22674: 22377:Exozodiacal dust 22067: 22066: 22033:Detached objects 21269: 21268: 21265: 21264: 21109: 21091: 21084: 21077: 21068: 21067: 21054: 21053: 20926: 20916: 20915: 20856:tropical cyclone 20806: 20666: 20659: 20652: 20643: 20642: 20628: 20618:Astronomy portal 20616: 20528: 20526: 20517: 20510: 20503: 20496: 20490: 20484: 20478: 20471: 20464: 20457: 20450: 20443: 20436: 20429: 20405: 20398: 20391: 20382: 20381: 20369: 20368: 20359: 20357: 20348: 20341: 20334: 20327: 20321: 20315: 20309: 20302: 20295: 20288: 20281: 20274: 20267: 20254: 20253: 20252: 20242: 20241: 20240: 20230: 20229: 20228: 19931:Exozodiacal dust 19621: 19620: 19587:Detached objects 18823: 18822: 18819: 18818: 18663: 18645: 18638: 18631: 18622: 18621: 18606: 18605: 18594: 18582: 18581: 18470: 18463: 18456: 18447: 18446: 18433: 18432: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18248: 18247: 18234: 18233: 18127:History of Earth 17778:Paleoclimatology 17738: 17668: 17661: 17654: 17645: 17644: 17573: 17571: 17560: 17559: 17550: 17540: 17538: 17534: 17529: 17515: 17514: 17496: 17490: 17489: 17471: 17465: 17464: 17446: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17435: 17415: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17368: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17357: 17330:Kahn, Charles H. 17326: 17320: 17319: 17292: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17281: 17262: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17251: 17232: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17215: 17210:. Archived from 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17186: 17180: 17175:. Archived from 17159: 17153: 17152: 17142: 17109:Lovelock, J.E.; 17106: 17100: 17099: 17060: 17054: 17053: 17032: 17026: 17025: 17001: 16992: 16991: 16973: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16956: 16951:. Archived from 16935: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16924: 16864: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16853: 16833: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16822: 16800: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16789: 16770: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16759: 16735: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16724: 16718: 16707: 16693: 16687: 16686: 16665: 16659: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16648: 16637: 16625: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16614: 16587: 16581: 16580: 16541: 16535: 16534: 16513: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16443: 16422: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16387: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16376: 16351: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16319: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16302: 16285: 16274: 16268: 16267: 16250:Mitchinson, John 16242: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16177: 16171: 16170: 16152: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16141: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16084: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16062:Business Insider 16053: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16020: 16015:(15 July 2020). 16009: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15975: 15969: 15968: 15966: 15964: 15955:. 11 July 2022. 15945: 15939: 15938: 15936: 15934: 15915: 15906: 15905: 15895: 15885: 15837: 15828: 15827: 15806: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15767: 15761: 15760: 15739: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15669:on 12 March 2012 15658: 15652: 15651: 15649: 15647: 15641: 15602: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15582: 15557: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15516: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15457: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15430: 15424: 15423: 15397: 15366:Zahnle, Kevin J. 15358: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15332:(4): 1118–1136. 15310: 15304: 15303: 15301: 15299: 15283: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15263:. Archived from 15252: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15221: 15215: 15214: 15204: 15172: 15166: 15165: 15155: 15123: 15117: 15116: 15098: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15071: 15065: 15064: 15046: 15040: 15039: 15021: 15015: 15014: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14971: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14955:on 8 August 2010 14944: 14938: 14937: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14883:(7): 1265–1282. 14864: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14800: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14789: 14770: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14736: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14678:. Archived from 14662: 14656: 14655: 14635: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14624: 14608: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14592:on 27 April 2020 14581: 14572: 14571: 14554:Harrison, Roy M. 14550: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14539: 14519: 14513: 14512: 14494: 14492:2060/20120010368 14484: 14452: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14441: 14435: 14428: 14417: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14401: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14351: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14335:on 27 April 2013 14324: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14286: 14281:on 15 April 2009 14270: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14250:. Archived from 14239: 14233: 14232: 14203: 14197: 14196: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14123: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14062: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14009:World Bank Blogs 14000: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13923: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13904: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13792: 13783:. Archived from 13773: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13711: 13693: 13684:(4): 3441–3456. 13669: 13663: 13661: 13651: 13633: 13624:(4): 2965–2969. 13605: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13552: 13546:. Archived from 13529: 13512: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13501: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13458: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13409: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13219: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13095:The Conversation 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13006: 12995: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12877:. Archived from 12862: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12842:. 24 June 2020. 12836:"Sunlight Hours" 12832: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12815: 12808: 12797: 12791: 12790: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12728: 12722:. Archived from 12705: 12696: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12639: 12630: 12629: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12570:on 14 March 2015 12569: 12549: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12533:on 12 March 2015 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12497:(5): 1906–1908. 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12266:on 31 March 2021 12262:. Archived from 12245: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12089: 12080: 12074: 12073: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11898:. Archived from 11873: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11819: 11772: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11653: 11643: 11611: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11540: 11534:. Archived from 11503: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11387: 11377: 11360:(9): 4192–4200. 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11142: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11017:Kring, David A. 11014: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10994:. Archived from 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10902: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10532:. Archived from 10522: 10516: 10515: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10451:. Archived from 10441: 10435: 10434: 10424: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10139:(7 April 2007). 10137:Krulwich, Robert 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10048: 10041: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10016: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9926: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9903:. Archived from 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9870:The Conversation 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9845:on 15 April 2012 9841:. Archived from 9829: 9819: 9801: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9758: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9709: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9648:Brownlee, Donald 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9608: 9598: 9572: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9543:. Archived from 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9491: 9480: 9479: 9468:10.1130/B25899.1 9454:(1–2): 140–156. 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9391:(7925): 94–100. 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9318:(October 1994). 9312: 9306: 9305: 9287: 9277: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9145: 9135: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9052: 9034: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8974:. Archived from 8972:Associated Press 8953: 8947: 8946: 8927:10.1038/ngeo2025 8900: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8842:Hazen, Robert M. 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8741:. Archived from 8725: 8716: 8715: 8714:on 15 July 2011. 8713: 8707:. Archived from 8672: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8561: 8551: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8465: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8417: 8378:Hawksworth, C.J. 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8320: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8294: 8279: 8253: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8151: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8069:(3–4): 223–253. 8063:Chemical Geology 8054: 8045: 8044: 8034: 8016: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7833:(6): 1309–1320. 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7701: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7655:10.1038/35089010 7623: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7600:. Archived from 7589: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7403: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7328:. Archived from 7311: 7305: 7304: 7296: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7250: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7160: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7126: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7080: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6822:(8): 3213–3217. 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6628: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6572: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6490:on 24 April 2011 6486:. Archived from 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6458: 6441: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6396:. Archived from 6365: 6353: 6347: 6333:Available online 6322: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6299:. Archived from 6289: 6283: 6282: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6158: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6102: 6087: 6086: 6066: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6021: 6011: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5941: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5805:5 and 70 km 5801: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5764:(1–3): 379–410. 5746: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5692:Global Landcover 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5623:); perihelion = 5613: 5607: 5592: 5566:Outline of Earth 5541:Celestial sphere 5433: 5419: 5373:Earth in culture 5329:greenhouse gases 5245:Natural resource 5205:sovereign states 5159:Human population 5142: 5077:soil degradation 4808:Upper atmosphere 4719:solar irradiance 4673: 4655: 4599: 4592: 4575: 4447:U-shaped valleys 4431:changes into ice 4385: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4269:quasi-satellites 4252:around Earth in 4198: 4051:autumnal equinox 4024:Antarctic Circle 4005:Tropic of Cancer 3928:counterclockwise 3852:Earth's location 3830: 3826: 3814: 3806: 3787: 3776: 3768: 3749:Earth's rotation 3685: 3683: 3673: 3668: 3611:Gravity of Earth 3599:mid-ocean ridges 3584: 3582: 3576: 3557: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3402:angular velocity 3260: 3248: 3229: 3225: 3206: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 2934:Earth's surface 2903:form the top of 2771:oceanic plateaus 2763:oceanic trenches 2548:Earth's rotation 2455: 2432: 2424: 2417: 2406: 2402: 2391:has entered the 2342: 2330: 2317:mass extinctions 2314: 2302: 2184: 2173: 2165:molecular oxygen 2117: 2109: 2098: 2090: 2078: 2038: 2031: 2001:the first solid 1992:early atmosphere 1963: 1950:greenhouse gases 1905:asteroid impacts 1902: 1872:). According to 1847: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1783:History of Earth 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1548: 1546:[ɡâj.ja] 1542: 1540:[ɡâi̯.a] 1537: 1530: 1529: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1494: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1047:cosmic radiation 864: 826:0.274 μSv/h 779: 778: 732: 730: 714:0.4651 km/s 701: 699: 696: 676: 661: 660:11.186 km/s 626: 624: 595: 593: 590: 576: 574: 571: 554: 552: 549: 541: 539: 536: 528: 526: 523: 498: 496: 486: 484: 464: 463: 460: 445: 443: 426: 424: 407: 405: 371: 369: 341:– J2000 ecliptic 340: 338: 315: 313: 304:invariable plane 301: 299: 287: 272: 258: 233: 232: 229: 226: 218: 217: 214: 198: 197: 183: 181: 178: 162: 160: 157: 143: 141: 138: 42: 35: 31: 23128: 23127: 23123: 23122: 23121: 23119: 23118: 23117: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23061: 23056: 23054: 23044: 23039: 23037: 23033:from Wikisource 23027: 23022: 23020: 23010: 23005: 23003: 22993: 22988: 22986: 22976: 22971: 22969: 22965:from Wiktionary 22959: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22945:sister projects 22942:at Knowledge's 22936: 22924: 22912: 22902: 22900: 22890: 22888: 22876: 22866: 22864: 22854: 22852: 22842: 22840: 22828: 22820: 22818: 22813: 22812: 22807: 22801: 22799: 22798: 22792: 22785: 22778: 22771: 22765: 22759: 22753: 22746: 22739: 22732: 22725: 22718: 22711: 22696: 22694: 22684: 22682: 22672: 22670: 22657: 22648: 22612: 22549: 22533:vs. Hill sphere 22459:Molecular cloud 22387:Sample curation 22367:Detached object 22306: 22299: 22143: 22135: 22072: 22059: 22004:Neptune trojans 21787: 21785: 21783: 21776: 21712: 21405: 21276: 21258: 21144: 21107: 21100: 21095: 21065: 21060: 21038: 20955: 20924: 20905: 20862: 20804: 20784: 20775:Gaia hypothesis 20765:Plate tectonics 20726: 20676: 20670: 20640: 20635: 20603: 20529: 20524: 20522: 20521: 20515: 20508: 20501: 20494: 20488: 20482: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20448: 20441: 20434: 20427: 20414: 20409: 20374: 20366: 20361: 20355: 20353: 20352: 20346: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20319: 20313: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20272: 20265: 20250: 20248: 20238: 20236: 20226: 20224: 20211: 20202: 20166: 20103: 20087:vs. Hill sphere 20013:Molecular cloud 19941:Sample curation 19921:Detached object 19860: 19853: 19697: 19689: 19626: 19613: 19558:Neptune trojans 19341: 19339: 19337: 19330: 19266: 18959: 18830: 18812: 18698: 18661: 18654: 18649: 18619: 18614: 18570: 18551:Paleogeoscience 18497: 18479: 18474: 18444: 18439: 18421: 18388: 18347: 18280: 18275: 18245: 18240: 18212: 18174: 18131: 18122:Geologic record 18076: 18062:Plate tectonics 18052:Mineral physics 18032:Earth structure 18018: 17953: 17900: 17830: 17782: 17739: 17730: 17677: 17672: 17627:Google Earth 3D 17587: 17586: 17575: 17569: 17567: 17564:This audio file 17561: 17554: 17545: 17542: 17536: 17532: 17531: 17527: 17524: 17519: 17518: 17511: 17497: 17493: 17486: 17472: 17468: 17461: 17447: 17443: 17433: 17431: 17416: 17412: 17402: 17400: 17385: 17369: 17365: 17355: 17353: 17346: 17327: 17323: 17316: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17279: 17277: 17264: 17263: 17259: 17249: 17247: 17234: 17233: 17229: 17219: 17217: 17198: 17194: 17184: 17182: 17163:Overbye, Dennis 17160: 17156: 17107: 17103: 17061: 17057: 17050: 17033: 17029: 17022: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16974: 16970: 16960: 16958: 16936: 16932: 16922: 16920: 16865: 16861: 16851: 16849: 16834: 16830: 16820: 16818: 16801: 16797: 16787: 16785: 16772: 16771: 16767: 16757: 16755: 16736: 16732: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16705: 16694: 16690: 16683: 16666: 16662: 16652: 16650: 16646: 16635: 16626: 16622: 16612: 16610: 16588: 16584: 16542: 16538: 16531: 16514: 16510: 16500: 16498: 16455: 16451: 16441: 16439: 16424: 16423: 16419: 16409: 16407: 16388: 16384: 16374: 16372: 16353: 16352: 16348: 16338: 16336: 16321: 16320: 16316: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16294: 16283: 16275: 16271: 16264: 16243: 16239: 16229: 16227: 16218: 16217: 16213: 16203: 16201: 16178: 16174: 16167: 16153: 16149: 16139: 16137: 16115: 16111: 16101: 16099: 16090:(6 July 2011). 16085: 16081: 16071: 16069: 16054: 16050: 16040: 16038: 16010: 16003: 15993: 15991: 15976: 15972: 15962: 15960: 15947: 15946: 15942: 15932: 15930: 15917: 15916: 15909: 15846:Doran, Peter T. 15838: 15831: 15824: 15807: 15803: 15793: 15791: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15757: 15740: 15736: 15726: 15724: 15709: 15686: 15682: 15672: 15670: 15659: 15655: 15645: 15643: 15639: 15600: 15594: 15590: 15580: 15578: 15559: 15558: 15554: 15544: 15542: 15529: 15528: 15524: 15514: 15512: 15497: 15493: 15460:Hunten, D. M.; 15458: 15454: 15444: 15442: 15431: 15427: 15395:10.1.1.562.2763 15359: 15355: 15311: 15307: 15297: 15295: 15284: 15280: 15270: 15268: 15267:on 13 July 2007 15253: 15249: 15239: 15237: 15222: 15218: 15187:(D24): D24102. 15173: 15169: 15124: 15120: 15113: 15099: 15095: 15085: 15083: 15072: 15068: 15061: 15047: 15043: 15036: 15022: 15018: 15011: 14997: 14993: 14986: 14972: 14968: 14958: 14956: 14949:"Climate Zones" 14945: 14941: 14934: 14910: 14906: 14869:Lean, Judith L. 14865: 14861: 14851: 14849: 14844:. 5 June 2023. 14836: 14835: 14831: 14821: 14819: 14801: 14797: 14787: 14785: 14771: 14764: 14754: 14752: 14737: 14730: 14720: 14718: 14699: 14695: 14685: 14683: 14682:on 4 March 2021 14663: 14659: 14652: 14636: 14632: 14622: 14620: 14609: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14551: 14547: 14537: 14535: 14520: 14516: 14453: 14449: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14426: 14418: 14409: 14399: 14397: 14392:. 1 June 2013. 14384: 14383: 14379: 14369: 14367: 14352: 14348: 14338: 14336: 14325: 14321: 14311: 14309: 14298: 14294: 14284: 14282: 14273:Morris, Ron M. 14271: 14267: 14257: 14255: 14254:on 30 June 2007 14240: 14236: 14229: 14204: 14200: 14193: 14179: 14175: 14168: 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14093: 14089: 14079: 14077: 14064: 14063: 14059: 14049: 14047: 14032: 14028: 14018: 14016: 14001: 13997: 13987: 13985: 13978: 13954: 13950: 13940: 13938: 13925: 13924: 13920: 13877: 13873: 13863: 13861: 13854: 13838: 13834: 13824: 13822: 13805: 13804: 13800: 13790: 13788: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13760: 13758: 13741: 13737: 13727: 13725: 13670: 13666: 13610:Asher, David J. 13606: 13602: 13592: 13590: 13575:(18 May 2012). 13573:Sharf, Caleb A. 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13527: 13515:Dadarich, Amy; 13513: 13509: 13499: 13497: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13427: 13423: 13378: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13361:on 2 March 2008 13344: 13340: 13330: 13328: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13283: 13279: 13269: 13267: 13220: 13216: 13206: 13204: 13167:(7985): 95–99. 13151: 13147: 13137: 13135: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13102: 13087: 13083: 13073: 13071: 13058: 13057: 13053: 13043: 13041: 13024: 13020: 13010: 13008: 13004: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12973: 12971: 12956: 12952: 12942: 12940: 12929: 12925: 12915: 12913: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12863: 12859: 12849: 12847: 12834: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12806: 12803:The Polar Night 12798: 12794: 12787: 12773: 12769: 12759: 12757: 12746: 12742: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12703: 12697: 12690: 12680: 12678: 12667: 12663: 12653: 12651: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12587: 12583: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12557:IERS Bulletin-A 12551: 12550: 12546: 12536: 12534: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12480: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12453: 12449: 12434: 12420: 12416: 12406: 12404: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12364: 12360: 12350: 12348: 12337: 12333: 12323: 12321: 12310: 12306: 12296: 12294: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12206: 12202: 12195: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12098:(11): 519–542. 12087: 12081: 12077: 12046: 12042: 12011:Jaupart, Claude 12007: 12003: 11952: 11948: 11914: 11910: 11902: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11854: 11840:Turcotte, D. L. 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11770: 11760: 11756: 11746: 11744: 11743:on 28 June 2013 11731: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11703: 11699: 11691: 11671: 11667: 11612: 11605: 11595: 11593: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11532: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11481: 11479: 11462: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11405: 11401: 11346: 11342: 11305: 11301: 11291: 11289: 11274: 11270: 11228: 11224: 11214: 11212: 11201: 11197: 11187: 11185: 11174: 11170: 11160: 11158: 11143: 11139: 11129: 11127: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11089: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11015: 11011: 11001: 10999: 10984:Jessey, David. 10982: 10978: 10968: 10966: 10951: 10947: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10900: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10869: 10868: 10864: 10854: 10852: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10828: 10826: 10811: 10807: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10699: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10668: 10664: 10650: 10648: 10641: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10600:Geography Realm 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10524: 10523: 10519: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10377: 10372:. 20 May 2022. 10364: 10363: 10359: 10349: 10347: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10316: 10301: 10297: 10287: 10285: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10248: 10246: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10154: 10152: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10117:on 17 July 2015 10099: 10095: 10085: 10083: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10030: 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9941:on 15 July 2014 9933:(7 July 2006). 9927: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9893: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9830: 9776: 9772: 9727: 9723: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9570: 9556: 9552: 9547:on 5 June 2009. 9533: 9529: 9492: 9483: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9313: 9309: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9193: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9067: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8966:. Yonkers, NY: 8954: 8950: 8901: 8897: 8835: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8808: 8804: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8726: 8719: 8711: 8670: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8589:on 4 March 2007 8579: 8575: 8526: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8491: 8487: 8463:10.1.1.715.6618 8435: 8431: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8277:10.1.1.527.9577 8251: 8245: 8241: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8177: 8173: 8112:Harrison, T. M. 8109: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8055: 8048: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7923: 7919: 7860: 7856: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7743: 7739: 7682: 7678: 7624: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7586: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7490: 7486: 7474: 7472: 7418: 7416: 7400: 7380: 7376: 7369:10.1038/ngeo941 7341: 7337: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026:. p. 179. 7013: 7009: 7002: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6715: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6654: 6650: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6510: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6439: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6363: 6354: 6350: 6340:Wayback Machine 6323: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6205: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6159: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6103: 6090: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6019: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5968: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5895: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5844:For Earth, the 5843: 5839: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5747: 5743: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5699:Wayback Machine 5684:vertical datums 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5614: 5610: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5536: 5509:a moving object 5493:spherical Earth 5466:overview effect 5456:Gaia hypothesis 5448:fertility deity 5426:globus cruciger 5379: 5371:Main articles: 5369: 5350:The concept of 5317: 5309:Main articles: 5307: 5286:pharmaceuticals 5251: 5243:Main articles: 5241: 5213:205 such states 5140: 5121: 5115: 5113:Human geography 5109: 5107:Human geography 5069:desertification 4917: 4915:History of life 4909:Main articles: 4907: 4894:escape velocity 4810: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4645: 4637:Main articles: 4635: 4606:solar radiation 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4573: 4500: 4494: 4439:Alpine glaciers 4383: 4355: 4349: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285:trojan asteroid 4273:horseshoe orbit 4258:low Earth orbit 4238: 4230:Main articles: 4228: 4204:Paleontological 4196: 4183:. Due to their 4126: 4114:Main articles: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4078:Chandler wobble 4047:summer solstice 4043:winter solstice 3997:Celestial Poles 3985: 3979: 3854: 3846:Main articles: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3819:or moving mean 3812: 3804: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3720:magnetic storms 3693:field reversals 3681: 3679: 3666: 3664: 3640: 3634: 3613: 3607: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3552: 3510: 3504: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3390:transition zone 3258: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3224: 3218: 3204: 3193:Caribbean Plate 3181:Indo-Australian 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3102:tectonic plates 3084: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3057:Antarctic Plate 3052: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3018: 3008: 3007: 2994: 2992:Plate tectonics 2988: 2986:Tectonic plates 2775:mid-ocean ridge 2690:into the polar 2637: 2603: 2533:planetary sized 2507: 2501: 2495:Earth curvature 2483: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2453: 2430: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2381: 2375: 2373:Future of Earth 2369: 2340: 2328: 2312: 2300: 2234:biotic material 2226:metasedimentary 2183: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2150: 2148:History of life 2138:Main articles: 2136: 2124:middle-latitude 2115: 2107: 2096: 2091:, then finally 2089:600–540 Ma 2088: 2076: 2073:supercontinents 2065:plate tectonics 2033: 2029: 1980:Pale orange dot 1961: 1923: 1917: 1915:After formation 1900: 1858:molecular cloud 1843: 1841: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1804: 1794: 1789: 1781:Main articles: 1779: 1777:Natural history 1739: 1735: 1703: 1699: 1656: 1652: 1627: 1623: 1588: 1584: 1562: 1558: 1555:Gaia hypothesis 1532: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1428: 1424: 1402: 1398: 1388:Oxford spelling 1337:Norse mythology 1265:developed, via 1255: 1215:Earth's history 1141:a circumference 1114:climate regions 1112:with different 1091: 1027:tectonic plates 1002:and covered by 996:land hemisphere 994:within Earth's 941: 859: 856: 838: 819:equivalent dose 768: 757: 728: 726: 723: 711: 704: 702: 697: 694: 692: 688: 679: 677: 674: 670: 659: 656: 654:Escape velocity 644: 633: 627: 622: 620: 617: 615:Surface gravity 608:5.513 g/cm 605: 591: 588: 586: 572: 569: 567: 557: 550: 547: 545: 537: 534: 532: 524: 521: 519: 513: 504: 494: 492: 482: 480: 461: 458: 456: 441: 439: 436: 422: 420: 417: 403: 401: 398: 367: 365: 362: 350: 336: 334: 331: 322: 311: 309: 297: 295: 285: 270: 267: 256: 253: 241: 230: 227: 224: 222: 220: 215: 212: 210: 207: 195: 193: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169:Semi-major axis 158: 155: 153: 139: 136: 134: 71:The world, the 68: 54: 53:, December 1972 46:The Blue Marble 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 23126: 23116: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23070: 23069: 23052: 23050:from Wikibooks 23035: 23018: 23016:from Wikiquote 23001: 22984: 22967: 22938: 22935: 22934: 22922: 22910: 22898: 22886: 22874: 22862: 22850: 22848:Earth sciences 22838: 22815: 22814: 22809: 22808: 22705: 22704: 22692: 22680: 22668: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22654: 22653: 22650: 22649: 22647: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22620: 22618: 22614: 22613: 22611: 22610: 22605: 22604: 22603: 22598: 22588: 22583: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22557: 22555: 22551: 22550: 22548: 22547: 22545:Scattered disc 22542: 22537: 22536: 22535: 22525: 22520: 22519: 22518: 22513: 22512: 22511: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22395: 22394: 22389: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22333: 22332: 22330:Excretion disk 22325:Accretion disk 22322: 22317: 22315:Star formation 22311: 22309: 22301: 22300: 22298: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22262: 22261: 22260: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22239: 22238: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22211: 22206: 22204:space stations 22196: 22195: 22194: 22189: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22157: 22151: 22149: 22137: 22136: 22134: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22098: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22077: 22075: 22064: 22061: 22060: 22058: 22057: 22052: 22051: 22050: 22045: 22043:Scattered disc 22040: 22035: 22030: 22029: 22028: 22023: 22008: 22007: 22006: 22001: 21991: 21990: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21928: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21911: 21910: 21905: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21875: 21874: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21830: 21825: 21824: 21823: 21818: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21792: 21790: 21778: 21777: 21775: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21734: 21729: 21722: 21720: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21710: 21709: 21708: 21698: 21697: 21696: 21686: 21685: 21684: 21674: 21673: 21672: 21662: 21661: 21660: 21655: 21645: 21644: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21613: 21612: 21611: 21601: 21600: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21480: 21479: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21448: 21447: 21446: 21441: 21431: 21430: 21429: 21424: 21415: 21413: 21407: 21406: 21404: 21403: 21402: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21351: 21350: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21342: 21332: 21331: 21330: 21325: 21310: 21309: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21282: 21280: 21263: 21260: 21259: 21257: 21256: 21249: 21242: 21235: 21228: 21221: 21214: 21207: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21173: 21168: 21163: 21158: 21153: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21094: 21093: 21086: 21079: 21071: 21062: 21061: 21059: 21058: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21037: 21036: 21029: 21028: 21027: 21022: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20999: 20998: 20988: 20987: 20986: 20971: 20966: 20960: 20957: 20956: 20954: 20953: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20919: 20913: 20907: 20906: 20904: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20872: 20870: 20864: 20863: 20861: 20860: 20859: 20858: 20853: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20800: 20794: 20792: 20786: 20785: 20783: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20742: 20736: 20734: 20728: 20727: 20725: 20724: 20719: 20718: 20717: 20712: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20686: 20684: 20678: 20677: 20669: 20668: 20661: 20654: 20646: 20637: 20636: 20634: 20633: 20621: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20602: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20578: 20570: 20562: 20554: 20546: 20537: 20535: 20531: 20530: 20422: 20420: 20416: 20415: 20408: 20407: 20400: 20393: 20385: 20379: 20376: 20375: 20363: 20362: 20259: 20258: 20246: 20234: 20222: 20216: 20213: 20212: 20208: 20207: 20204: 20203: 20201: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20185: 20180: 20174: 20172: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20158: 20157: 20152: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20111: 20109: 20105: 20104: 20102: 20101: 20099:Scattered disc 20096: 20091: 20090: 20089: 20079: 20074: 20073: 20072: 20067: 20066: 20065: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19949: 19948: 19943: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19884:Excretion disk 19879:Accretion disk 19876: 19871: 19869:Star formation 19865: 19863: 19855: 19854: 19852: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19815: 19814: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19793: 19792: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19771: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19758:space stations 19750: 19749: 19748: 19743: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19711: 19705: 19703: 19691: 19690: 19688: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19631: 19629: 19618: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19611: 19606: 19605: 19604: 19599: 19597:Scattered disc 19594: 19589: 19584: 19583: 19582: 19577: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19555: 19545: 19544: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19482: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19459: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19429: 19428: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19384: 19379: 19378: 19377: 19372: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19346: 19344: 19332: 19331: 19329: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19288: 19283: 19276: 19274: 19268: 19267: 19265: 19264: 19263: 19262: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19240: 19239: 19238: 19228: 19227: 19226: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19209: 19199: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19167: 19166: 19165: 19155: 19154: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19128: 19127: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19091: 19090: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19034: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19002: 19001: 19000: 18995: 18985: 18984: 18983: 18978: 18969: 18967: 18961: 18960: 18958: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18864: 18863: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18836: 18834: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18810: 18803: 18796: 18789: 18782: 18775: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18659: 18656: 18655: 18648: 18647: 18640: 18633: 18625: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18612: 18600: 18588: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18502: 18499: 18498: 18496: 18495: 18490: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18473: 18472: 18465: 18458: 18450: 18441: 18440: 18438: 18437: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18408: 18407: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18389: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18348: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18328: 18327: 18326: 18316: 18315: 18314: 18309: 18294: 18288: 18286: 18282: 18281: 18274: 18273: 18266: 18259: 18251: 18242: 18241: 18239: 18238: 18228: 18223: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18184: 18182: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18155:Atlantic Ocean 18152: 18147: 18141: 18139: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18118: 18117: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18086: 18084: 18078: 18077: 18075: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18037:Fluid dynamics 18034: 18028: 18026: 18020: 18019: 18017: 18016: 18011: 18009:Geopositioning 18006: 18004:Remote Sensing 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17963: 17961: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17910: 17908: 17902: 17901: 17899: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17852: 17851: 17840: 17838: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17792: 17790: 17784: 17783: 17781: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17763:Climate change 17760: 17758:Energy balance 17755: 17753:Climate system 17749: 17747: 17741: 17740: 17733: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17687: 17685: 17679: 17678: 17671: 17670: 17663: 17656: 17648: 17642: 17641: 17638:GPlates Portal 17635: 17630: 17624: 17623: 17622: 17612: 17603: 17597: 17576: 17562: 17555: 17543: 17526: 17525: 17523: 17522:External links 17520: 17517: 17516: 17509: 17491: 17484: 17466: 17459: 17441: 17410: 17383: 17363: 17344: 17321: 17314: 17287: 17257: 17227: 17192: 17154: 17101: 17074:(8): 579–580. 17055: 17048: 17027: 17020: 16993: 16986: 16968: 16930: 16859: 16828: 16795: 16765: 16730: 16688: 16681: 16660: 16620: 16582: 16545:Rona, Peter A. 16536: 16529: 16508: 16449: 16417: 16382: 16365:European Union 16346: 16314: 16292: 16269: 16262: 16237: 16211: 16172: 16165: 16159:. Birkhäuser. 16147: 16109: 16079: 16048: 16001: 15970: 15940: 15907: 15842:Oreskes, Naomi 15829: 15822: 15810:Goudie, Andrew 15801: 15782: 15762: 15755: 15734: 15707: 15680: 15653: 15617:10.1086/381004 15611:(2): 192–211. 15588: 15552: 15522: 15491: 15472:(1): 265–292. 15452: 15425: 15353: 15318:Donahue, T. M. 15305: 15278: 15255:Staff (2004). 15247: 15216: 15167: 15138:(2): 199–204. 15118: 15111: 15093: 15066: 15059: 15041: 15034: 15016: 15009: 14991: 14984: 14966: 14939: 14932: 14904: 14859: 14829: 14795: 14762: 14728: 14693: 14657: 14650: 14630: 14603: 14573: 14566: 14545: 14514: 14447: 14407: 14377: 14346: 14319: 14292: 14265: 14234: 14227: 14198: 14191: 14173: 14166: 14148: 14118: 14087: 14070:Lake Scientist 14057: 14026: 13995: 13976: 13968:10.2867/509830 13948: 13918: 13895:(2): 112–114. 13871: 13852: 13832: 13798: 13768: 13735: 13664: 13600: 13564: 13538:(2): 463–475. 13521:Manga, Michael 13507: 13474: 13441:(1): 261–285. 13421: 13372: 13338: 13308: 13277: 13214: 13145: 13112: 13081: 13051: 13018: 12981: 12950: 12923: 12892: 12857: 12827: 12792: 12785: 12767: 12756:on 1 July 2008 12740: 12688: 12661: 12631: 12624: 12606: 12599: 12581: 12544: 12527:"Leap seconds" 12518: 12474: 12447: 12432: 12414: 12383: 12376: 12358: 12331: 12304: 12277: 12243:2027.42/145256 12220:(2): 309–332. 12200: 12193: 12175: 12148: 12075: 12056:(1): 415–418. 12040: 12021:(B12): 11535. 12001: 11946: 11927:(3): 267–280. 11908: 11859: 11852: 11831: 11754: 11724: 11697: 11689: 11665: 11603: 11572:(1): 103–126. 11552: 11530: 11489: 11456: 11426: 11399: 11340: 11299: 11268: 11222: 11195: 11168: 11137: 11110: 11083: 11056: 11036: 11009: 10998:on 3 July 2007 10976: 10945: 10888: 10873:. World Bank. 10862: 10847:. World Bank. 10836: 10819:Universe Today 10805: 10754: 10724: 10693: 10662: 10639: 10617: 10586: 10567: 10547: 10517: 10466: 10445:"Ocean Worlds" 10436: 10387: 10366:"Water-Worlds" 10357: 10326: 10295: 10276: 10256: 10226: 10196: 10162: 10128: 10093: 10060: 10028: 9979: 9952: 9918: 9887: 9856: 9792:(1): 155–163. 9770: 9741:(4): 569–575. 9721: 9669: 9662: 9644:Ward, Peter D. 9635: 9550: 9527: 9521:10.1086/173407 9481: 9438: 9371: 9307: 9246:Stanley, S. M. 9237: 9230: 9212: 9205: 9187: 9157: 9096: 9065: 8989: 8948: 8895: 8829: 8802: 8781:(3): 225–261. 8767:Berkner, L. V. 8758: 8717: 8651: 8600: 8573: 8520: 8485: 8448:(1–2): 16–33. 8429: 8368: 8329:(1–2): 19–33. 8323:Tectonophysics 8306: 8262:(5): 613–630. 8239: 8196: 8189: 8171: 8118:; Müller, W.; 8100: 8046: 7987: 7954: 7947: 7917: 7854: 7819:Morbidelli, A. 7810: 7774: 7767: 7737: 7676: 7631:Asphaug, E. I. 7615: 7598:Discovery News 7584: 7527: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7443:(1): 205–221. 7425: 7404: 7398: 7374: 7355:(9): 637–641. 7335: 7306: 7272: 7238: 7204: 7170: 7136: 7102: 7068: 7061: 7039: 7032: 7007: 7000: 6978:(3 ed.). 6959: 6941:United Nations 6927: 6908: 6888: 6851: 6799: 6762: 6732: 6713: 6690: 6671: 6648: 6626:10.1086/117108 6591: 6557: 6531: 6501: 6470: 6448: 6414: 6392: 6357:Cazenave, Anny 6348: 6314: 6284: 6277: 6257: 6222: 6203: 6180: 6128: 6088: 6077:(2): 663–683. 6057: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6006: 5997: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5837: 5826:(2): 359–361. 5809: 5796: 5783: 5748:Including the 5741: 5737:abyssal plains 5720: 5711: 5671: 5658: 5651: 5608: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5524:thermodynamics 5489:Ancient Greece 5452:Creation myths 5444:mother goddess 5408:Human cultures 5368: 5365: 5360:nitrogen cycle 5337:global warming 5315:Climate change 5306: 5303: 5240: 5237: 5229:over the ocean 5221:United Nations 5194:space stations 5111:Main article: 5108: 5105: 5089:global warming 5081:soil depletion 4984:high altitudes 4906: 4903: 4890:molecular mass 4809: 4806: 4675: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4657: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4634: 4631: 4614:thermal energy 4596: 4589: 4496:Main article: 4493: 4490: 4463:heat reservoir 4351:Main article: 4348: 4345: 4254:geosynchronous 4227: 4224: 4111: 4108: 4100: 4097: 4022:and below the 3981:Main article: 3978: 3975: 3967:galactic plane 3944:solar eclipses 3940:lunar eclipses 3932:axis is tilted 3843: 3840: 3829:(23 56 4.0905) 3767:86,400 seconds 3747:Main article: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3636:Main article: 3633: 3632:Magnetic field 3630: 3609:Main article: 3606: 3603: 3522:oceanic ridges 3506:Main article: 3503: 3500: 3414: 3411: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3220:Main article: 3217: 3214: 3185:South American 3165:North American 3126:oceanic trench 3083: 3082: 3071: 3060: 3049: 3046:Eurasian Plate 3038: 3027: 3016: 3004: 2990:Main article: 2987: 2984: 2952:plate tectonic 2889:soil formation 2811:Africa-Eurasia 2799:polar ice caps 2751:abyssal plains 2747:oceanic basins 2602: 2599: 2576:center of mass 2568:Mariana Trench 2515:mean sea level 2479:Main article: 2476: 2475:Size and shape 2473: 2465: 2462: 2414: 2371:Main article: 2368: 2365: 2305:Snowball Earth 2297:Neoproterozoic 2246:microorganisms 2181: 2170: 2161:photosynthesis 2140:Origin of life 2135: 2132: 1919:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1874:nebular theory 1793: 1790: 1778: 1775: 1356:definite sense 1285:ancestral root 1267:Middle English 1259:Modern English 1254: 1251: 1219:life developed 1147:. Of the four 1110:climate system 1106:ocean currents 1089: 1086:carbon dioxide 1082:greenhouse gas 1078:forming clouds 1006:, while large 944: 943: 940: 939: 933: 927: 921: 915: 909: 907:carbon dioxide 903: 897: 890: 883: 875: 873: 867: 866: 865:(at sea level) 857: 851: 848: 847: 843: 842: 839: 831: 828: 827: 824: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 803: 800: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 775: 774: 765: 759: 758: 756: 755: 749: 742: 740: 734: 733: 724: 719: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 705: 691: 689: 684: 681: 680: 673: 671: 666: 663: 662: 657: 652: 649: 648: 645: 640: 637: 636: 631: 618: 613: 610: 609: 606: 600: 597: 596: 584: 578: 577: 565: 559: 558: 556: 555: 542: 529: 516: 514: 509: 506: 505: 503: 502: 490: 477: 475: 471: 470: 453: 447: 446: 437: 431: 428: 427: 418: 412: 409: 408: 399: 394: 391: 390: 386: 385: 379: 373: 372: 363: 358: 355: 354: 351: 346: 343: 342: 332: 327: 324: 323: 321: 320: 307: 293: 282: 280: 274: 273: 268: 263: 260: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 239: 208: 203: 200: 199: 191: 185: 184: 172: 167: 164: 163: 151: 145: 144: 132: 126: 125: 116: 115: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 87:, Mother Earth 69: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23125: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23080: 23078: 23066: 23065: 23053: 23049: 23048: 23036: 23032: 23031: 23019: 23015: 23014: 23002: 22999:from Wikinews 22998: 22997: 22985: 22981: 22980: 22968: 22964: 22963: 22951: 22950: 22947: 22941: 22933: 22928: 22923: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22909: 22899: 22897: 22887: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22873: 22863: 22861: 22851: 22849: 22839: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22826: 22823: 22806: 22797: 22790: 22783: 22776: 22770: 22764: 22758: 22751: 22744: 22737: 22730: 22723: 22716: 22709: 22703: 22693: 22691: 22681: 22679: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22663: 22660: 22645: 22644:Tidal locking 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22624:Double planet 22622: 22621: 22619: 22615: 22609: 22606: 22602: 22599: 22597: 22594: 22593: 22592: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22579: 22577: 22576:Minor planets 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22558: 22556: 22552: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22534: 22531: 22530: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22517: 22514: 22510: 22509:Merging stars 22507: 22506: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22481: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22384: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22331: 22328: 22327: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22312: 22310: 22308: 22302: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22259: 22256: 22255: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22201: 22200: 22197: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22185: 22184: 22183: 22180: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22142: 22138: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22111:Subsatellites 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22078: 22076: 22074: 22071:Hypothetical 22068: 22065: 22056: 22053: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22018: 22017: 22014: 22013: 22012: 22009: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21995: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21944: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21937:Asteroid belt 21935: 21933: 21930: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21900: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21880: 21879: 21876: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21833: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21813: 21812: 21811:Minor planets 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21793: 21791: 21789: 21779: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21742: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21727: 21724: 21723: 21721: 21719: 21715: 21707: 21704: 21703: 21702: 21699: 21695: 21692: 21691: 21690: 21687: 21683: 21680: 21679: 21678: 21675: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21666: 21663: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21650: 21649: 21646: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21617: 21614: 21610: 21607: 21606: 21605: 21602: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21579: 21578: 21575: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21538: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21484: 21481: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21453: 21452: 21449: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21436: 21435: 21432: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21419: 21417: 21416: 21414: 21412: 21408: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21356: 21355: 21352: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21320: 21319: 21316: 21315: 21314: 21311: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21288: 21287: 21284: 21283: 21281: 21279: 21274: 21270: 21267: 21266: 21261: 21255: 21254: 21250: 21248: 21247: 21243: 21241: 21240: 21236: 21234: 21233: 21229: 21227: 21226: 21222: 21220: 21219: 21215: 21213: 21212: 21208: 21206: 21205: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21178: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21164: 21162: 21159: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21148: 21103: 21099: 21092: 21087: 21085: 21080: 21078: 21073: 21072: 21069: 21057: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21035: 21034: 21030: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21017: 21016: 21013: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20997: 20994: 20993: 20992: 20989: 20985: 20982: 20981: 20980: 20977: 20976: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20958: 20951: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20925:(abiogenesis) 20921: 20920: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20908: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20873: 20871: 20869: 20865: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20848: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20795: 20793: 20791: 20787: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20750: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20740:Earth science 20738: 20737: 20735: 20733: 20729: 20723: 20720: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20707: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20687: 20685: 20683: 20679: 20675: 20667: 20662: 20660: 20655: 20653: 20648: 20647: 20644: 20632: 20631: 20627: 20622: 20620: 20619: 20615: 20610: 20609: 20606: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20583: 20579: 20577: 20575: 20574:Cosmic Voyage 20571: 20569: 20567: 20566:Powers of Ten 20563: 20561: 20559: 20555: 20553: 20551: 20547: 20545: 20543: 20539: 20538: 20536: 20532: 20520: 20513: 20506: 20499: 20493: 20487: 20481: 20474: 20467: 20460: 20453: 20446: 20439: 20432: 20425: 20421: 20417: 20413: 20406: 20401: 20399: 20394: 20392: 20387: 20386: 20383: 20377: 20370: 20360: 20351: 20344: 20337: 20330: 20324: 20318: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20277: 20270: 20263: 20257: 20247: 20245: 20235: 20233: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20214: 20199: 20198:Tidal locking 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20178:Double planet 20176: 20175: 20173: 20169: 20163: 20160: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20130:Minor planets 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20112: 20110: 20106: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20088: 20085: 20084: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20071: 20068: 20064: 20063:Merging stars 20061: 20060: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19938: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19885: 19882: 19881: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19866: 19864: 19862: 19856: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19813: 19810: 19809: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19791: 19788: 19787: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19734: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19716: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19696: 19692: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19665:Subsatellites 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19632: 19630: 19628: 19625:Hypothetical 19622: 19619: 19610: 19607: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19572: 19571: 19568: 19567: 19566: 19563: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19550: 19549: 19546: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19498: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19491:Asteroid belt 19489: 19487: 19484: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19434: 19433: 19430: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19387: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19367: 19366: 19365:Minor planets 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19343: 19333: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19296: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19281: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19273: 19269: 19261: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19253: 19249: 19246: 19245: 19244: 19241: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19232: 19229: 19225: 19222: 19221: 19220: 19217: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19204: 19203: 19200: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19172: 19171: 19168: 19164: 19161: 19160: 19159: 19156: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19133: 19132: 19129: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19096: 19095: 19092: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19038: 19035: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19007: 19006: 19003: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18970: 18968: 18966: 18962: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18909: 18906: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18868: 18865: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18842: 18841: 18838: 18837: 18835: 18833: 18828: 18824: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18809: 18808: 18804: 18802: 18801: 18797: 18795: 18794: 18790: 18788: 18787: 18783: 18781: 18780: 18776: 18774: 18773: 18769: 18767: 18766: 18762: 18760: 18759: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18732: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18702: 18657: 18653: 18646: 18641: 18639: 18634: 18632: 18627: 18626: 18623: 18611: 18610: 18601: 18599: 18598: 18593: 18589: 18587: 18586: 18577: 18576: 18573: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18500: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18477:Earth science 18471: 18466: 18464: 18459: 18457: 18452: 18451: 18448: 18436: 18428: 18427: 18424: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18406: 18403: 18402: 18401: 18398: 18397: 18395: 18391: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18350: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18333: 18332: 18329: 18324: 18320: 18317: 18313: 18312:Asthenosphere 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18289: 18287: 18283: 18279: 18272: 18267: 18265: 18260: 18258: 18253: 18252: 18249: 18237: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18218: 18215: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18181: 18177: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18165:Pacific Ocean 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18138: 18134: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18095:Earth science 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18083: 18079: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18047:Magnetosphere 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18025: 18021: 18015: 18014:Virtual globe 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17979:Earth's orbit 17977: 17973: 17970: 17969: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17907: 17903: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17886:World history 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17876:World economy 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17847: 17846: 17845: 17842: 17841: 17839: 17837: 17833: 17827: 17826:South America 17824: 17822: 17821:North America 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17789: 17785: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17750: 17748: 17746: 17742: 17737: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17684: 17680: 17676: 17669: 17664: 17662: 17657: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17646: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17628: 17625: 17620: 17616: 17615:Video (00:27) 17613: 17610: 17609:Video (01:02) 17607: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17584: 17580: 17565: 17512: 17506: 17502: 17495: 17487: 17481: 17477: 17470: 17462: 17456: 17452: 17445: 17429: 17425: 17421: 17414: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17380: 17376: 17375: 17367: 17351: 17347: 17341: 17337: 17336: 17331: 17325: 17317: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17298: 17291: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17231: 17214: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17196: 17179: 17174: 17173: 17168: 17164: 17158: 17150: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17125:(1–2): 2–10. 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17105: 17097: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17065: 17059: 17051: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17031: 17023: 17017: 17013: 17009: 17008: 17000: 16998: 16989: 16983: 16979: 16972: 16955: 16950: 16949: 16944: 16940: 16934: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16874: 16870: 16863: 16847: 16843: 16839: 16832: 16816: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16799: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16769: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16734: 16715: 16711: 16704: 16703: 16698: 16692: 16684: 16678: 16674: 16670: 16664: 16645: 16642:. p. 8. 16641: 16634: 16630: 16624: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16592: 16586: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16540: 16532: 16526: 16522: 16518: 16512: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16453: 16437: 16433: 16432: 16427: 16421: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16386: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16350: 16334: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16318: 16299: 16295: 16289: 16282: 16281: 16273: 16265: 16259: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16241: 16225: 16221: 16215: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16176: 16168: 16162: 16158: 16151: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16113: 16097: 16093: 16089: 16083: 16067: 16063: 16059: 16052: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16013:Harvey, Fiona 16008: 16006: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15974: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15944: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15912: 15903: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15868:(4): 048002. 15867: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15850:Maibach, Ed W 15847: 15843: 15836: 15834: 15825: 15819: 15815: 15811: 15805: 15789: 15785: 15779: 15775: 15774: 15766: 15758: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15743:Smith, Sharon 15738: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15668: 15664: 15657: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15606: 15599: 15592: 15576: 15573:. p. 3. 15572: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15556: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15526: 15510: 15506: 15502: 15495: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15462:Donahue, T. M 15456: 15440: 15436: 15429: 15421: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15363: 15357: 15348: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15309: 15293: 15289: 15282: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15251: 15235: 15232:(in German). 15231: 15227: 15220: 15212: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15178: 15171: 15163: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15122: 15114: 15108: 15104: 15097: 15081: 15077: 15070: 15062: 15056: 15052: 15045: 15037: 15031: 15027: 15020: 15012: 15006: 15002: 14995: 14987: 14981: 14977: 14970: 14954: 14950: 14943: 14935: 14929: 14925: 14921: 14920: 14915: 14908: 14899: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14863: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14833: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14799: 14783: 14779: 14775: 14769: 14767: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14735: 14733: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14703:"Troposphere" 14697: 14681: 14677: 14676: 14671: 14667: 14661: 14653: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14634: 14618: 14614: 14607: 14591: 14587: 14580: 14578: 14569: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14549: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14451: 14432: 14425: 14424: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14381: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14350: 14334: 14330: 14323: 14307: 14303: 14296: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14238: 14230: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14202: 14194: 14188: 14184: 14177: 14169: 14163: 14159: 14152: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14091: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14030: 14014: 14010: 14006: 13999: 13983: 13979: 13977:9789286143199 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13952: 13936: 13932: 13931:NASA's Cosmos 13928: 13922: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13883:(June 2010). 13882: 13875: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13845: 13844: 13836: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13739: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13668: 13659: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13604: 13588: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13478: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13347:Espenak, Fred 13342: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13218: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13149: 13133: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13116: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13085: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13039: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13022: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12954: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12896: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12861: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12831: 12812: 12805: 12804: 12796: 12788: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12755: 12751: 12744: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12693: 12676: 12672: 12665: 12649: 12645: 12638: 12636: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12602: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12513: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12478: 12462: 12458: 12451: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12387: 12379: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12346: 12342: 12335: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12292: 12288: 12281: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12190: 12186: 12179: 12163: 12160:. NASA WMAP. 12159: 12152: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11882:(1–2): 1–18. 11881: 11877: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11835: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11767: 11758: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11692: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11669: 11661: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11610: 11608: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11522:10.1029/RF001 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11466:"Lithosphere" 11460: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11335: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11272: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11141: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11087: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11013: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10980: 10964: 10960: 10959:Volcano World 10956: 10949: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10697: 10681: 10677: 10676:ngdc.noaa.gov 10673: 10666: 10659: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10260: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10045: 10038: 10032: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9923: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9674: 9665: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9375: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9003:Mao, Wendy L. 9000: 8993: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8745: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493:Kinzler, Ro. 8489: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8438:Bradley, D.C. 8433: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541:Russell, Sara 7538: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7321: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7242: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7214:"terrestrial" 7208: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7016:Simek, Rudolf 7011: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6964: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6506: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6384:10.1029/RF001 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6001: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5800: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:billiard ball 5724: 5715: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5667:circumference 5662: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Earth science 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:deforestation 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5016:storm in the 5015: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980:polar regions 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4929:ocean surface 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4905:Life on Earth 4902: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:edge of space 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766:humid tropics 4763: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4750:precipitation 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4672: 4661: 4654: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4622:nitrous oxide 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4518:of the lower 4517: 4513: 4512:stratospheric 4509: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4416:surface water 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4376: 4373:; at Earth's 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4308:Earth's orbit 4305: 4301: 4296: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4177:tidal locking 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:tropical year 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:Arctic Circle 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3920:synodic month 3917: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901:sidereal year 3898: 3894: 3891:or 380 times 3890: 3889:light minutes 3886: 3882: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3848:Earth's orbit 3839: 3837: 3832: 3822: 3821:March equinox 3818: 3813:23 56 4.0989. 3810: 3802: 3798: 3795:, called its 3794: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:magnetosphere 3696: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3672: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595:flood basalts 3592: 3588: 3587:mantle plumes 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564:igneous rocks 3561: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3502:Internal heat 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:asthenosphere 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3361:or physical ( 3360: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3321:Asthenosphere 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3213: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Arabian Plate 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154:4,400 Ma 3150:4,030 Ma 3138: 3133: 3131: 3130:asthenosphere 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Earth's crust 3080: 3072: 3069: 3061: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3024:African Plate 3017: 3014: 3013:Pacific Plate 3006: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Earth's crust 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:surface water 2863: 2858: 2856: 2855:Mount Everest 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:ocean surface 2780: 2779:polar regions 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737:covering the 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2710:hemispheres. 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2676:Earth's crust 2673: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Mount Everest 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2530:fifth largest 2527: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2499:Geomorphology 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2444:The Sun will 2442: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279:is marked by 2278: 2274: 2273:Earth's crust 2270: 2266: 2265:stromatolites 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:microbial mat 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2177: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878:planetesimals 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1698: 1692: 1651: 1645: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1580: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1534:Ancient Greek 1524: 1523: 1516: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1423: 1417: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:other planets 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:unsustainable 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1200:Tidal locking 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:Earth rotates 1158: 1154: 1153:light-minutes 1150: 1149:rocky planets 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:precipitation 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:magnetosphere 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012:Earth's polar 1009: 1008:sheets of ice 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 990: 986: 985:Earth's crust 982: 978: 977:surface water 974: 970: 966: 962: 959:and the only 958: 954: 951:is the third 950: 938: 934: 932: 928: 926: 922: 920: 916: 914: 910: 908: 904: 902: 898: 895: 891: 888: 884: 881: 877: 876: 874: 872: 868: 863: 860:101.325 858: 855: 849: 844: 840: 837: 836: 829: 825: 823: 820: 815: 807: 804: 801: 798: 797: 793: 790: 787: 785: 781: 780: 776: 772: 766: 764: 760: 754: 750: 748: 744: 743: 741: 739: 735: 725: 722: 717: 713: 707: 690: 687: 682: 672: 669: 664: 658: 655: 650: 646: 643: 638: 634: 619: 616: 611: 607: 604: 598: 585: 583: 579: 566: 564: 560: 543: 530: 518: 517: 515: 512: 507: 501: 491: 489: 479: 478: 476: 474:Circumference 472: 468: 454: 452: 448: 438: 434: 429: 419: 415: 410: 400: 397: 392: 387: 384: 380: 378: 374: 364: 361: 356: 352: 349: 344: 333: 330: 325: 319: 308: 305: 294: 291: 284: 283: 281: 279: 275: 269: 266: 261: 255: 252: 251:orbital speed 246: 242: 237: 209: 206: 201: 192: 190: 186: 173: 170: 165: 152: 150: 146: 133: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 81:Terra, Tellus 78: 74: 70: 67: 62: 57: 52: 48: 47: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 23083:Solar System 23062: 23045: 23028: 23011: 22994: 22982:from Commons 22977: 22960: 22939: 22896:Solar system 22800:Each arrow ( 22722:Local Bubble 22708:Solar System 22706: 22499:Planetesimal 22454:Kuiper cliff 22182:Space probes 22155:Colonization 21994:Kirkwood gap 21915:Saturn Moons 21828:Planetesimal 21300: 21286:Terrestrials 21251: 21244: 21237: 21230: 21223: 21216: 21209: 21202: 21175: 21165: 21098:Solar System 21031: 20964:Biodiversity 20950:astrobiology 20731: 20672:Elements of 20630:Space portal 20623: 20611: 20581: 20573: 20565: 20557: 20549: 20541: 20523:Each arrow ( 20445:Local Bubble 20431:Solar System 20423: 20354:Each arrow ( 20276:Local Bubble 20262:Solar System 20260: 20053:Planetesimal 20008:Kuiper cliff 19736:Space probes 19709:Colonization 19548:Kirkwood gap 19469:Saturn Moons 19382:Planetesimal 18854: 18840:Terrestrials 18805: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18777: 18770: 18763: 18756: 18729: 18719: 18652:Solar System 18607: 18595: 18583: 18561:Soil science 18546:Oceanography 18319:Lower mantle 18302:Upper mantle 18208:Solar System 18170:Oceanography 18160:Indian Ocean 18150:Arctic Ocean 18090:Age of Earth 18042:Geomagnetism 17716:Thermosphere 17706:Stratosphere 17674: 17621:(time-lapse) 17500: 17494: 17475: 17469: 17450: 17444: 17432:. 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Retrieved 6027: 6023: 6009: 6000: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5840: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5799: 5786: 5761: 5755: 5750:Somali Plate 5744: 5733:Great Plains 5723: 5714: 5674: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5627:× (1 – 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5600:periodically 5590: 5513: 5482: 5460: 5406: 5394: 5349: 5326: 5283: 5267:fossil fuels 5260: 5202: 5183: 5168: 5157: 5134: 5095:such as the 5022: 4992: 4956:water depths 4945: 4934: 4879: 4862:thermosphere 4854:stratosphere 4851: 4842:thermosphere 4826:stratosphere 4794:Death Valley 4759: 4746: 4735: 4716: 4693: 4685: 4574:2.7 Gya 4559: 4551:Clouds cover 4535:scale height 4528: 4520:thermosphere 4474:Solar System 4471: 4456:The average 4455: 4428: 4412:ground water 4393: 4380: 4363:global ocean 4337:space debris 4326: 4262: 4250:space debris 4216:angular size 4213: 4201: 4181:lunar phases 4170: 4159:dwarf planet 4144: 4137: 4120:Lunar theory 4082: 4070:polar motion 4055: 4036: 4032:midnight sun 4017: 3994: 3948: 3913: 3909: 3878: 3833: 3796: 3790: 3771:86,400.0025 3764: 3697: 3653: 3617:acceleration 3614: 3575:87 mW m 3572: 3533:potassium-40 3526: 3478:(1.5%), and 3430:Earth's mass 3428: 3383: 3379:upper mantle 3356: 3308:Lower mantle 3295:Upper mantle 3201:Scotia Plate 3158: 3134: 3094:upper mantle 3087: 3003:, which are: 2933: 2909:upper mantle 2898: 2882: 2860:Land can be 2859: 2845:, and other 2803: 2714: 2712: 2680: 2588: 2545: 2541:Solar System 2535:and largest 2520: 2487:Earth radius 2448:to become a 2443: 2398: 2357:civilization 2294: 2151: 2106:began about 2101: 2062: 1996: 1979: 1954:had only 70% 1942:protoplanets 1924: 1886: 1854:solar nebula 1846:0.04 Ga 1826:is dated to 1824:Solar System 1821: 1812:Solar System 1770: 1732: 1728: 1696: 1649: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1550: 1520: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1453: 1421: 1395: 1393: 1384:House styles 1375: 1371: 1367: 1349: 1312: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1283:, and their 1274: 1262: 1256: 1204: 1137:an ellipsoid 1130: 1051: 973:Solar System 948: 947: 834: 511:Surface area 485:.017 km 444:.752 km 425:.137 km 265:Mean anomaly 189:Eccentricity 59:Designations 44: 29: 22962:Definitions 22908:Outer space 22763:Local Sheet 22757:Local Group 22540:Rubble pile 22528:Roche limit 22523:Ring system 22474:Outer space 22449:Kuiper belt 22419:Hill sphere 22414:Hills cloud 22362:Debris disk 22357:Cosmic dust 22141:Exploration 22096:Planet Nine 22081:Fifth giant 22055:Hills cloud 22016:Kuiper belt 21987:exceptional 21903:Trojan camp 21015:Prokaryotes 20803:Atmosphere 20798:Meteorology 20560:(1968 film) 20558:Cosmic Zoom 20552:(1964 film) 20544:(1957 book) 20542:Cosmic View 20486:Local Sheet 20480:Local Group 20317:Local Sheet 20311:Local Group 20094:Rubble pile 20082:Roche limit 20077:Ring system 20028:Outer space 20003:Kuiper belt 19973:Hill sphere 19968:Hills cloud 19916:Debris disk 19911:Cosmic dust 19695:Exploration 19650:Planet Nine 19635:Fifth giant 19609:Hills cloud 19570:Kuiper belt 19541:exceptional 19457:Trojan camp 18566:Volcanology 18541:Meteorology 17967:Cartography 17906:Environment 17773:Climatology 17701:Troposphere 17220:25 December 17185:24 December 16961:25 December 16939:Widmer, Ted 16758:19 December 16669:Tate, Nikki 16591:Ritchie, H. 16246:Lloyd, John 16118:Ritchie, H. 15501:"Biosphere" 15103:Climatology 15051:Climatology 15026:Climatology 15001:Climatology 14976:Climatology 14141:28 February 14080:28 February 13351:Meeus, Jean 12777:Climatology 12168:27 February 11844:Geodynamics 11824:28 February 11717:28 February 11319:(11): n/a. 11241:(1): 3–16. 11161:28 February 10733:"Ice Sheet" 10717:31 December 10249:26 November 10053:26 November 9506:: 457–468. 9180:2 September 9089:18 December 8664:Worm, Boris 7282:"tellurian" 7024:D.S. Brewer 6982:, England: 6881:6 September 6792:6 September 6524:26 November 6484:Home Online 6307:25 February 5846:Hill radius 5680:ice shelves 5615:aphelion = 5546:Earth phase 5520:Lord Kelvin 5516:Earth's age 5436:personified 5275:ore genesis 5186:underground 5061:overgrazing 5027:(including 5014:High Desert 4875:outer space 4871:Kármán line 4822:troposphere 4790:hot deserts 4778:continental 4754:water cycle 4723:subtropical 4696:trade winds 4603:ultraviolet 4555:troposphere 4547:Water vapor 4508:troposphere 4424:water vapor 4400:fresh water 4388:metric tons 4371:hydrosphere 4367:cloud cover 4353:Hydrosphere 4347:Hydrosphere 4287:companion, 4220:solid angle 4197:620 Ma 4173:lunar tides 4147:terrestrial 4028:polar night 3963:light-years 3951:Hill sphere 3803:(IERS), is 3797:stellar day 3793:fixed stars 3541:thorium-232 3537:uranium-238 3445:5.970 3363:rheological 3269:Lithosphere 3253:layer name 3209:Cocos Plate 3197:Nazca Plate 3146:200 Ma 3142:100 Ma 3098:lithosphere 2956:earthquakes 2948:bathymetric 2921:continental 2901:ocean floor 2893:arable land 2733:, with the 2723:ocean world 2719:hydrosphere 2715:world ocean 2684:hemispheres 2635:Peplosphere 2564:topographic 2355:, and then 2341:66 Mys 2325:most recent 2323:event, the 2313:535 Ma 2295:During the 2176:ozone layer 2112:Pleistocene 2097:180 Ma 2077:750 Ma 2030:4.4 Ga 1984:Early Earth 1962:3.5 Ga 1907:during the 1903:, numerous 1901:3.8 Ga 1868:(including 1798:Early Earth 1650:terrestrial 1271:Old English 1171:. Earth is 1102:atmospheric 1074:Water vapor 1043:solar winds 1019:groundwater 989:continental 969:ocean world 965:harbor life 894:water vapor 763:Temperature 628:(exactly 1 497:.86 km 396:Mean radius 353:2023-Jan-04 292:'s equator; 278:Inclination 23077:Categories 23013:Quotations 22782:Local Hole 22729:Gould Belt 22469:Oort cloud 22305:Formation, 22295:Deep space 22131:Vulcanoids 22048:Oort cloud 21972:first 1000 21908:Greek camp 21806:Meteoroids 21801:Damocloids 21747:Charikloan 20896:Wilderness 20749:geological 20582:Cosmic Eye 20505:Local Hole 20452:Gould Belt 20336:Local Hole 20283:Gould Belt 20023:Oort cloud 19859:Formation, 19849:Deep space 19685:Vulcanoids 19602:Oort cloud 19526:first 1000 19462:Greek camp 19360:Meteoroids 19355:Damocloids 19301:Charikloan 18531:Glaciology 18526:Geophysics 18341:Inner core 18336:Outer core 18323:Mesosphere 18072:Tomography 18057:Seismology 18024:Geophysics 17999:Navigation 17891:Time zones 17856:In culture 17801:Antarctica 17788:Continents 17711:Mesosphere 17683:Atmosphere 17579:Audio help 17570:2021-04-22 17403:6 November 17280:27 January 17250:27 January 16923:30 January 16852:27 January 16821:27 January 16613:26 October 16599:"Land Use" 16501:13 October 16400:Leaf Group 16307:14 October 16204:10 October 16140:26 October 15994:31 October 15984:Yahoo News 15963:9 November 15727:1 November 15545:9 November 15515:1 November 15314:Liu, S. C. 14721:4 December 14707:SpacePlace 14686:4 December 14400:19 January 14370:19 January 14019:7 December 13988:7 December 13825:12 January 13728:28 October 13691:1608.01518 13593:13 October 13557:26 October 13500:26 October 13207:2 November 13138:2 November 13105:13 October 13074:13 October 13044:13 October 13011:27 October 12974:27 October 12885:8 November 12850:13 October 12270:24 October 11596:8 February 11545:3 February 11482:13 October 11449:25 October 10881:19 October 10855:19 October 10219:10 October 10086:19 October 9999:: 102896. 9911:11 January 8982:20 October 8644:3 November 8299:24 October 7608:30 January 7520:25 October 7315:"telluric" 7303:required.) 7269:required.) 7235:required.) 7201:required.) 7167:required.) 7133:required.) 7099:required.) 6920:9 November 6053:References 5703:Antarctica 5688:Vector Map 5501:Parmenides 5497:Pythagoras 5485:flat Earth 5265:, such as 5233:Antarctica 5190:underwater 5153:Antarctica 5143:years ago 5117:See also: 5073:extinction 5037:landslides 5029:hurricanes 4999:metabolism 4941:ecosystems 4925:productive 4888:has a low 4858:mesosphere 4830:mesosphere 4802:Antarctica 4792:, such as 4733:climates. 4700:westerlies 4676:Worldwide 4566:atmosphere 4522:around an 4492:Atmosphere 4443:ice sheets 4420:permafrost 4333:Vanguard 1 4329:satellites 4085:perihelion 4062:precessing 3916:barycenter 3897:solar days 3817:precessing 3757:Satellite 3728:ionosphere 3648:solar wind 3568:komatiites 3423:See also: 3398:inner core 3394:outer core 3351:12.8–13.1 3347:Inner core 3343:5100–6378 3334:Outer core 3330:2890–5100 3251:Component 3140:less than 2964:weathering 2942:, and the 2936:topography 2885:pedosphere 2874:permafrost 2870:ice sheets 2827:continents 2819:Antarctica 2807:landmasses 2797:, forming 2795:ice sheets 2791:permafrost 2735:shelf seas 2661:Antarctica 2631:Cryosphere 2619:Pedosphere 2611:Land cover 2580:Chimborazo 2524:, through 2503:See also: 2470:Geophysics 2377:See also: 2329:66 Ma 2281:continents 2242:Australian 2191:eukaryotes 2108:40 Ma 2069:the period 1970:solar wind 1934:outgassing 1880:formed by 1466:Portuguese 1386:now vary: 1269:, from an 1058:meteoroids 1052:Earth has 1004:vegetation 992:landmasses 896:(variable) 846:Atmosphere 721:Axial tilt 675:1.0 d 594:10 kg 575:10 km 500:meridional 488:equatorial 451:Flattening 414:Equatorial 406:.0 km 377:Satellites 149:Perihelion 93:Adjectives 23064:Resources 23047:Textbooks 22884:Volcanoes 22872:Geography 22743:Milky Way 22736:Orion Arm 22504:Formation 22489:Migration 22484:Disrupted 22352:Coatlicue 22320:Accretion 22307:evolution 22253:Asteroids 22165:astronomy 22160:Discovery 22021:Cubewanos 21942:Asteroids 21772:Quaoarian 21762:Neptunian 21752:Chironean 21737:Saturnian 21513:Enceladus 20974:Eukaryota 20941:Hierarchy 20936:Biosphere 20901:Wildfires 20891:Radiation 20881:Ecosystem 20821:Moonlight 20755:Structure 20710:particles 20466:Milky Way 20459:Orion Arm 20297:Milky Way 20290:Orion Arm 20058:Formation 20043:Migration 20038:Disrupted 19906:Coatlicue 19874:Accretion 19861:evolution 19807:Asteroids 19719:astronomy 19714:Discovery 19575:Cubewanos 19496:Asteroids 19326:Quaoarian 19316:Neptunian 19306:Chironean 19291:Saturnian 19067:Enceladus 18536:Hydrology 17989:Geomatics 17934:Ecosystem 17919:Biosphere 17881:Etymology 17861:Earth Day 17811:Australia 17721:Exosphere 17535:hour and 17393:184822945 17149:129803613 17096:1352-2310 16913:169679920 16905:2398-9629 16595:Roser, M. 16577:129262186 16396:Sciencing 16328:Iberdrola 16230:3 January 16194:0261-3077 16122:Roser, M. 16102:5 January 16072:5 January 16031:0261-3077 15902:1748-9326 15717:896866658 15390:CiteSeerX 15240:26 August 15211:2156-2202 15162:0003-0007 14741:"Weather" 14538:10 August 14509:206691291 14501:0196-2892 14131:Education 13912:1912/3862 13750:Space.com 13718:118580771 13631:1104.0036 13331:8 October 13301:8 October 13270:8 October 13260:0012-8252 13197:264869152 13033:Astronomy 12442:646887856 12407:16 August 12351:16 August 12324:16 August 12297:16 August 12260:134666611 12252:1944-9208 11766:ab initio 11263:128376754 11066:635476788 10938:9 January 10905:GSA Today 10829:3 January 10800:235532921 10792:2169-9003 10747:3 January 10651:25 August 10610:26 August 10512:241687784 10496:0036-8075 10459:27 August 10431:0094-5765 10380:24 August 10350:27 August 10319:26 August 10288:26 August 10023:0012-8252 9901:Space.com 9831:See also 9799:0801.4031 9716:1473-5504 9541:Space.com 9476:128776283 9413:1476-4687 9041:1091-6490 8935:1752-0894 8751:3 October 8480:140601854 8458:CiteSeerX 8361:25 August 8351:1874/1653 8272:CiteSeerX 8023:0027-8424 7912:221342529 7896:0036-8075 7732:119226112 7724:0019-1035 7699:1410.3819 7627:Canup, R. 7579:1572-9672 7555:(8): 54. 7465:130092094 7248:"terrene" 7047:"earth". 6952:17 August 6846:2169-8996 6755:3 January 6725:17 August 6683:17 August 6643:122370108 6635:0004-6256 6550:11 August 6030:(1): 12. 5950:⋅ 5707:Greenland 5631:), where 5596:secularly 5279:magmatism 5057:acid rain 5053:wildfires 5049:blizzards 5045:tornadoes 5003:nutrients 4960:latitudes 4937:habitable 4911:Biosphere 4866:exosphere 4818:afterglow 4780:and cold 4727:temperate 4562:biosphere 4306:, L4, in 4300:librating 4193:Ediacaran 4039:equinoxes 4011:when the 3971:Orion Arm 3959:Milky Way 3953:, or the 3899:, or one 3866:periapsis 3724:substorms 3712:particles 3704:bow shock 3674:, with a 3583:10 W 3518:heat flow 3516:A map of 3480:aluminium 3466:(13.9%), 3464:magnesium 3462:(15.1%), 3458:(30.1%), 3338:9.9–12.2 3304:660–2890 3177:Antarctic 3137:subducted 2960:volcanism 2847:landforms 2755:seamounts 2700:longitude 2645:composite 2552:ellipsoid 2452:in about 2450:red giant 2393:red giant 2285:volcanoes 2228:rocks in 2211:sandstone 2116:3 Ma 2054:neodymium 2034:140 2023:Eoarchean 1938:condensed 1882:accretion 1792:Formation 1733:tellurian 1493:English: 1394:The name 1372:the Earth 1368:the earth 1339:included 1253:Etymology 1235:biosphere 1177:permanent 1157:orbits it 1131:Earth is 1031:volcanoes 963:known to 955:from the 935:0.00006% 929:0.00011% 923:0.00017% 917:0.00052% 911:0.00182% 889:(dry air) 882:(dry air) 747:geometric 625: m/s 51:Apollo 17 22796:Universe 22634:Moonlets 22214:programs 22187:timeline 22175:timeline 22106:Planet X 22101:Planet V 22038:Sednoids 22026:Plutinos 21999:Centaurs 21977:families 21706:Dysnomia 21694:Xiangliu 21689:Gonggong 21677:Makemake 21636:Kerberos 21523:Hyperion 21461:Callisto 21456:Ganymede 21389:Gonggong 21384:Makemake 21239:Gonggong 21232:Makemake 21056:Category 21025:bacteria 21008:protista 20969:Organism 20836:Sunlight 20682:Universe 20519:Universe 20419:Included 20350:Universe 20188:Moonlets 19768:programs 19741:timeline 19729:timeline 19660:Planet X 19655:Planet V 19592:Sednoids 19580:Plutinos 19553:Centaurs 19531:families 19260:Dysnomia 19248:Xiangliu 19243:Gonggong 19231:Makemake 19190:Kerberos 19077:Hyperion 19015:Callisto 19010:Ganymede 18943:Gonggong 18938:Makemake 18793:Gonggong 18786:Makemake 18585:Category 18435:Category 18236:Category 18188:The Moon 17581: · 17428:Archived 17397:Archived 17356:9 August 17350:Archived 17332:(2001). 17274:Archived 17244:Archived 17119:Tellus A 17113:(1974). 17038:(2009). 16917:Archived 16871:(2018). 16846:Archived 16815:Archived 16810:Mongabay 16752:Archived 16714:Archived 16644:Archived 16631:(2019). 16607:Archived 16597:(2019). 16569:12560541 16519:(2013). 16495:Archived 16491:24936905 16436:Archived 16404:Archived 16369:Archived 16333:Archived 16298:Archived 16252:(2010). 16224:Archived 16198:Archived 16134:Archived 16124:(2019). 16066:Archived 16035:Archived 15957:Archived 15812:(2000). 15794:9 August 15788:Archived 15721:Archived 15673:10 March 15646:20 April 15637:Archived 15625:14970922 15575:Archived 15539:Archived 15509:Archived 15445:19 March 15420:37386726 15412:11486082 15320:(1974). 15298:21 April 15271:14 March 15234:Archived 15086:24 March 15080:Archived 14959:24 March 14916:(2006). 14846:Archived 14822:21 April 14816:Archived 14806:(2003). 14788:24 March 14782:Archived 14776:(2002). 14755:17 March 14715:Archived 14623:19 March 14617:Archived 14596:21 March 14532:Archived 14431:Archived 14394:Archived 14364:Archived 14360:USGS.gov 14339:21 April 14312:14 March 14306:Archived 14285:14 March 14258:14 March 14209:(2001). 14135:Archived 14105:Archived 14101:USGS.gov 14074:Archived 14050:12 April 14044:Archived 14013:Archived 13982:Archived 13959:On Water 13941:12 April 13935:Archived 13864:9 August 13858:Archived 13819:Archived 13755:Archived 13722:Archived 13658:13832179 13587:Archived 13494:Archived 13489:Phys.org 13461:Archived 13416:51948507 13365:20 April 13325:Archived 13295:Archived 13264:Archived 13226:(2009). 13201:Archived 13189:37914947 13132:Archived 13099:Archived 13068:Archived 13060:"Charon" 13038:Archived 13002:Archived 12968:Archived 12943:21 March 12910:Archived 12844:Archived 12811:Archived 12733:21 March 12681:21 March 12675:Archived 12673:. NASA. 12648:Archived 12574:12 April 12467:21 March 12401:Archived 12318:Archived 12291:Archived 12162:Archived 12132:Archived 12128:22283432 12120:16915369 11988:17837768 11815:Archived 11811:21132433 11803:12804276 11747:12 April 11711:Archived 11660:16592930 11590:Archived 11476:Archived 11443:Archived 11441:. 2012. 11419:24 March 11413:Archived 11411:. USGS. 11394:16592703 11286:Archived 11215:14 March 11209:Archived 11207:. NOAA. 11188:14 March 11182:Archived 11155:Archived 11124:Archived 11122:. USGS. 11097:Archived 11076:9 August 11070:Archived 11029:22 March 11023:Archived 11002:20 March 10969:11 March 10929:Archived 10875:Archived 10849:Archived 10823:Archived 10741:Archived 10711:Archived 10680:Archived 10658:Panama). 10645:Archived 10604:Archived 10579:9 August 10573:Archived 10540:28 April 10504:33707245 10374:Archived 10344:Archived 10313:Archived 10282:Archived 10243:Archived 10213:Archived 10183:Archived 10149:Archived 10080:Archived 10044:Archived 9966:Archived 9945:21 April 9874:Archived 9849:24 March 9826:10073988 9765:14024675 9650:(2002). 9619:Archived 9615:19487662 9566:(2009). 9431:29 March 9425:Archived 9421:36002567 9358:Archived 9302:23599425 9294:27698119 9248:(2016). 9174:Archived 9152:29255053 9083:Archived 9059:26483481 8943:54767854 8890:24205812 8705:10710791 8638:Archived 8568:29180424 8507:Archived 8424:30275156 8392:(2132). 8355:Archived 8290:Archived 8234:17772560 8166:11208727 8158:16293721 8087:Archived 8041:17101962 7980:27 March 7974:Archived 7969:Phys.org 7904:32855337 7797:Archived 7663:11507633 7514:Archived 7504:: 4034. 7469:Archived 7431:(2001). 7413:Archived 7388:(1991). 7180:"Terran" 7112:"Tellus" 7055:. 1998. 7018:(2007). 6986:. 2010. 6970:"earth, 6946:Archived 6914:Archived 6875:Archived 6786:Archived 6719:Archived 6677:Archived 6518:Archived 6494:29 April 6463:29 April 6454:Archived 6407:3 August 6359:(1995). 6336:Archived 6244:Archived 6215:13 March 6209:Archived 6167:Archived 6115:Archived 6041:18 April 6032:Archived 5916:, where 5735:and the 5695:Archived 5665:Earth's 5534:See also 5424:, and a 5249:Land use 5149:settling 5137:primates 5041:tsunamis 5033:typhoons 4964:humidity 4898:reducing 4886:hydrogen 4708:currents 4572:evolved 4560:Earth's 4539:nitrogen 4458:salinity 4435:glaciers 4408:glaciers 4404:ice caps 4386:10 4263:Earth's 4089:aphelion 4058:nutation 3936:ecliptic 3905:meridian 3874:solstice 3862:apoapsis 3783:0 and 2 3743:Rotation 3591:hotspots 3566:such as 3529:isotopes 3474:(1.8%), 3470:(2.9%), 3438:10 3367:silicate 3359:chemical 3317:100–700 3312:3.4–5.6 3299:3.4–4.4 3286:2.2–2.9 3169:Eurasian 2925:basaltic 2851:Dead Sea 2843:plateaus 2696:Southern 2692:Northern 2688:latitude 2655:and the 2420:10 2222:graphite 2219:biogenic 2195:colonies 2104:ice ages 2085:Pannotia 1771:telluric 1475:and the 1229:emerged 1186:, which 1122:nitrogen 1066:nitrogen 937:hydrogen 905:0.0415% 899:0.9340% 880:nitrogen 854:pressure 852:Surface 817:Surface 805:14.76 °C 802:−89.2 °C 782:Surface 553: km 540: km 527: km 318:ecliptic 316:– J2000 271:358.617° 249:Average 182: km 161: km 142: km 130:Aphelion 107:🜨 and ♁ 22920:Weather 22860:Ecology 22836:Biology 22822:Portals 22617:Related 22596:by size 22285:Neptune 22270:Jupiter 22221:Mercury 22146:outline 22091:Phaeton 22086:Nemesis 22073:objects 21925:Neptune 21898:Jupiter 21878:Trojans 21871:Neptune 21856:Jupiter 21836:Mercury 21767:Haumean 21757:Uranian 21739: ( 21653:Hiʻiaka 21587:Proteus 21577:Neptune 21565:Miranda 21555:Umbriel 21545:Titania 21533:all 146 21498:Iapetus 21451:Jupiter 21345:Neptune 21323:Jupiter 21291:Mercury 21273:Planets 21198:Neptune 21183:Jupiter 21156:Mercury 21033:Viruses 21020:archaea 20996:animals 20948: ( 20946:Biology 20923:Origin 20876:Ecology 20851:tornado 20811:Climate 20805:(Earth) 20790:Weather 20760:Geology 20747: ( 20745:History 20534:Related 20171:Related 20150:by size 19839:Neptune 19824:Jupiter 19775:Mercury 19700:outline 19645:Phaeton 19640:Nemesis 19627:objects 19479:Neptune 19452:Jupiter 19432:Trojans 19425:Neptune 19410:Jupiter 19390:Mercury 19321:Haumean 19311:Uranian 19293: ( 19207:Hiʻiaka 19141:Proteus 19131:Neptune 19119:Miranda 19109:Umbriel 19099:Titania 19087:all 146 19052:Iapetus 19005:Jupiter 18899:Neptune 18877:Jupiter 18845:Mercury 18827:Planets 18752:Neptune 18737:Jupiter 18710:Mercury 18609:Commons 18521:Geology 18516:Geodesy 18488:Outline 18226:History 18221:Outline 18082:Geology 17994:Gravity 17959:Geodesy 17929:Ecology 17745:Climate 17726:Weather 17619:auroras 17568: ( 17539:minutes 17434:9 March 17420:"Earth" 17127:Bibcode 17076:Bibcode 17012:114–115 16885:Bibcode 16788:3 March 16549:Science 16471:Bibcode 16442:28 June 16410:28 June 16402:Media. 16375:28 June 16339:28 June 15870:Bibcode 15633:9886026 15581:28 June 15474:Bibcode 15382:Bibcode 15374:Science 15334:Bibcode 15189:Bibcode 15140:Bibcode 14947:Staff. 14885:Bibcode 14469:Bibcode 14440:28 July 14111:3 March 13791:17 July 13761:27 July 13696:Bibcode 13636:Bibcode 13443:Bibcode 13394:Bibcode 13291:Uw News 13240:Bibcode 13169:Bibcode 12760:11 June 12716:Bibcode 12499:Bibcode 12222:Bibcode 12100:Bibcode 12058:Bibcode 12023:Bibcode 11996:9147772 11968:Bibcode 11960:Science 11929:Bibcode 11884:Bibcode 11783:Bibcode 11628:Bibcode 11574:Bibcode 11510:Bibcode 11362:Bibcode 11321:Bibcode 11292:2 April 11243:Bibcode 11130:2 March 11103:2 March 10953:Staff. 10913:Bibcode 10772:Bibcode 10476:Science 10409:Bibcode 10189:16 June 10155:31 July 10121:16 July 10001:Bibcode 9972:7 March 9880:3 March 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In 6427:(PDF) 6401:(PDF) 6364:(PDF) 6342:from 6035:(PDF) 6020:(PDF) 5583:Notes 5522:used 5440:deity 5438:as a 5119:World 4986:, or 4782:polar 4731:polar 4626:ozone 4593:into 4543:argon 4478:moons 4414:, 1% 4375:polar 4298:, is 4162:Pluto 3842:Orbit 3684:10 Am 3492:crust 3282:Crust 3278:0–35 3265:0–60 3244:Depth 2978:into 2962:; by 2944:shape 2911:form 2876:) or 2686:: by 2623:Ocean 2595:geoid 2560:poles 2289:tides 2120:High- 2007:mafic 2003:crust 1960:. 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A 4275:and 4256:and 4248:and 4234:and 4218:(or 4134:Mars 4116:Moon 4110:Moon 3949:The 3942:and 3872:and 3864:and 3850:and 3722:and 3680:7.79 3665:3.05 3593:and 3579:4.42 3434:5.97 3405:the 3247:(km) 3092:and 2980:soil 2966:and 2958:and 2919:and 2883:The 2793:and 2706:and 2694:and 2615:Land 2425:for 2327:was 2283:and 2122:and 2052:and 1932:and 1893:Mars 1866:dust 1842:4.54 1800:and 1785:and 1769:and 1551:Gaia 1528:Γαῖα 1522:Gaia 1488:Gaea 1345:Thor 1341:Jörð 1325:Gaia 1317:soil 1307:and 1291:erþō 1257:The 1194:and 1184:Moon 1104:and 1068:and 1060:and 1045:and 913:neon 892:≤1% 822:rate 791:mean 753:Bond 729:2811 582:Mass 383:Moon 196:7086 85:Gaia 23:and 21982:PHA 21626:Nix 21335:Ice 21318:Gas 21151:Sun 19536:PHA 19180:Nix 18889:Ice 18872:Gas 18705:Sun 17302:doi 17270:CBC 17135:doi 17084:doi 16893:doi 16557:doi 16553:299 16479:doi 16467:264 15888:hdl 15878:doi 15613:doi 15609:163 15571:BBC 15482:doi 15400:doi 15378:293 15342:doi 15197:doi 15185:114 15148:doi 14893:doi 14487:hdl 14477:doi 14215:doi 13964:doi 13907:hdl 13897:doi 13704:doi 13682:462 13644:doi 13622:414 13540:doi 13536:194 13451:doi 13439:428 13402:doi 13248:doi 13177:doi 13165:623 12507:doi 12495:136 12238:hdl 12230:doi 12108:doi 12066:doi 12031:doi 11976:doi 11964:246 11937:doi 11892:doi 11880:121 11791:doi 11779:360 11681:166 11646:PMC 11636:doi 11582:doi 11518:doi 11380:PMC 11370:doi 11329:doi 11251:doi 11239:134 10921:doi 10780:doi 10768:126 10484:doi 10480:371 10417:doi 10405:131 10145:NPR 10009:doi 9997:197 9812:doi 9790:386 9751:doi 9702:doi 9601:PMC 9591:doi 9579:106 9516:doi 9504:418 9464:doi 9452:119 9401:doi 9389:609 9342:doi 9330:271 9280:PMC 9270:doi 9258:113 9138:PMC 9128:doi 9116:115 9045:PMC 9027:doi 9015:112 8923:doi 8876:PMC 8868:doi 8791:doi 8693:doi 8681:282 8630:doi 8554:PMC 8544:doi 8540:114 8468:doi 8446:108 8410:PMC 8402:doi 8390:376 8347:hdl 8339:doi 8327:322 8282:doi 8222:doi 8210:164 8144:doi 8132:310 8079:doi 8067:120 8027:PMC 8009:doi 8005:103 7884:doi 7872:369 7843:doi 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