627:
373:
1284:
1267:
3668:
560:
938:
715:
769:
1237:
33:
358:
1411:
1392:
1373:
1354:
1335:
5469:
1044:
3908:
677:
847:
1165:
1219:
1201:
694:
48:
5648:
3918:
1077:
9032:
1069:, in order to complete her pregnancy in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he was born in the claimed
913:
The West
Antarctic ice sheet is likely to completely melt unless temperatures are reduced by 2 °C (3.6 °F) below 2020 levels. The loss of this ice sheet would take between 2,000 and 13,000 years, although several centuries of high greenhouse emissions could shorten this time to 500 years. A
669:
among terrestrial flora and fauna is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects
918:
may contribute an additional 1 m (3 ft 3 in) to global sea levels over another 1,000 years. The far-stabler East
Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a
1477:
has become common and is often considered more correct. The pronunciation without the first k sound and the first t sound is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of
English in many other similar words too. The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be
927:
may collapse over around 2,000 years, potentially adding up to 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) to sea levels. The complete melting and disappearance of the East
Antarctic ice sheet would require at least 10,000 years and would only occur if global warming reaches 5 °C (9.0 °F) to
2393:
Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey".
1065:. His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains the southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to
875:(SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the
2257:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
742:
Marine
Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km, its protection is set to expire in 35 years.) To protect the area, all Antarctic ships over 500 tonnes are subject to mandatory regulations under the
2561:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
841:
may cause West
Antarctica to contribute tens of centimeters more if it is triggered before 2100. With higher warming, instability would be much more likely, and could double global, 21st-century sea-level
733:
comprising 1.07 million km, the South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012. The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the
2668:
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).
5758:
1921:
850:
Since the 1970s, the upper cell of the
Southern Ocean overturning circulation has strengthened, while the lower cell weakened. These changes have been linked to the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet.
3061:
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; Wilson, David J.; Severi, Mirko; Mulvaney, Robert; Wilhelms, Frank; Barbante, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo (10 September 2022).
914:
sea-level rise of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) would occur if the ice sheet collapses, leaving ice caps on the mountains, and 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) if those ice caps also melt.
2836:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
1890:
424:
1123:, with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the
819:
than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around the West
Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955.
1866:
1750:
8436:
3237:
2447:
Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William
Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).
5751:
1792:
3285:
1754:
1164:
634:
Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant,
5744:
1907:
1735:
799:
has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across the continent, although it had been uneven.
3208:
2937:
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021).
1316:
2266:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5513:
1299:
744:
1931:
919:
small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet. With global warming of around 3 °C (5.4 °F), vulnerable areas like
2598:"The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica"
9045:
3147:
3725:
1563:
965:
1983:
1957:
1894:
3959:
1104:
maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000 tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the
3119:
299:, a zone approximately 32 to 48 km (20 to 30 mi) wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the
829:
and stabilize them. Many coastal glaciers have been losing mass and retreating, causing net-annual ice loss across Antarctica, although the
626:
5867:
3328:
1645:
1289:
670:
are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source.
459:
2101:
Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020).
1702:
7598:
5921:
3410:
3363:
3297:
3036:
1873:
1758:
3230:
1499:
6559:
5506:
5233:
5092:
3535:
3373:
272:
423:
collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the
8979:
6194:
5419:
2651:
Carlson, Anders E; Walczak, Maureen H; Beard, Brian L; Laffin, Matthew K; Stoner, Joseph S; Hatfield, Robert G (10 December 2018).
6202:
2578:
8554:
7560:
5973:
3126:. In Cerchi, D. (ed.). Reminiscences (Report). Hobart, Tasmania, AU: Archives Office of Tasmania. pp. 98–99. Archived from
8151:
7749:
7337:
5226:
5112:
2158:"West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation"
1252:
872:
372:
342:
2907:
833:
continues to gain ice inland. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica is expected to add about 11 cm (5 in) to global
8943:
5499:
5221:
5155:
3159:
1538:
1081:
3264:
2076:
964:, who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of
6889:
5216:
5180:
5119:
3926:
3200:
1788:
1615:
7754:
1667:
1127:. The definitive results of the conference were presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.
8837:
8518:
8340:
8230:
7999:
6588:
6537:
5816:
5209:
5204:
5150:
3689:
2449:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water"
1061:(born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the
748:
303:, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and
8288:
7869:
7808:
5078:
3952:
3730:
2054:
Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009).
994:
8311:
5789:
5160:
3467:
3184:
1242:
467:
9089:
8389:
5889:
5848:
5522:
5175:
5165:
5107:
5085:
5068:
5063:
4982:
3826:
3740:
3383:
2156:
Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023).
1150:
1032:(Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859. The first human born and raised on an Antarctic island was
8620:
8606:
8580:
8417:
6388:
5914:
5185:
5014:
4880:
4794:
4744:
3821:
3704:
3482:
3403:
2258:
1101:
698:
477:
7311:
1808:"Ecological Biogeography of Southern Ocean Islands: Species-Area Relationships, Human Impacts, and Conservation"
8443:
8413:
6756:
6746:
6330:
6032:
5725:
5549:
5129:
3694:
8054:
8216:
7726:
6859:
5439:
5424:
3945:
3684:
3646:
3457:
3141:
1029:
3063:"Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials"
2334:
L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019).
1555:
8125:
8011:
7854:
6900:
6361:
6129:
5472:
5124:
4754:
4481:
4186:
3595:
3525:
3472:
3445:
1257:
856:
838:
796:
761:
501:
330:
1470:
1033:
8573:
8195:
8029:
7970:
7924:
6153:
6042:
5613:
5601:
4611:
3921:
3709:
3641:
3530:
1979:
1611:
1953:
9022:
8933:
7658:
7632:
7625:
7076:
6977:
6969:
6952:
6570:
6116:
5968:
5907:
4789:
4774:
4072:
4057:
3791:
3776:
3735:
3699:
3396:
3321:
3176:
2939:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"
2498:"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century"
1304:
435:. The implementation of the convention is managed through an international commission headquartered in
21:
7365:
2908:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
2776:
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).
2597:
9084:
8756:
8366:
8062:
7861:
7646:
7528:
7331:
7213:
7064:
6913:
6851:
6838:
6711:
6437:
6089:
5170:
5102:
5073:
5058:
4799:
4724:
3450:
2191:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"
990:
5736:
2596:
Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019).
8906:
8497:
8491:
8409:
8283:
8068:
7794:
7670:
7520:
7408:
7192:
4759:
4676:
4259:
3972:
3811:
3801:
3585:
3557:
3513:
3127:
2670:
1171:
1017:
830:
788:
6208:
3937:
1638:"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources – Department of Agriculture"
1589:
497:
476:(France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the
8973:
8636:
7789:
7663:
7583:
7092:
6919:
6121:
5569:
5406:
5097:
5004:
4681:
4391:
4386:
3841:
3745:
3631:
3427:
1815:
1420:
1401:
1382:
1363:
1344:
1124:
735:
545:
455:
384:
312:
1637:
8911:
8477:
6409:
5574:
5383:
5190:
4784:
4587:
3816:
3636:
2729:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"
1691:
1474:
1415:
1309:
1113:
1109:
896:
868:
549:
412:
241:
7744:
3289:
2652:
1530:
1523:
1478:
pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people.
1435:
973:
942:
8916:
8885:
8690:
8643:
8542:
8346:
8265:
8208:
7957:
7951:
7801:
7759:
7721:
7701:
7296:
7071:
6907:
6817:
6799:
6716:
6687:
6677:
6565:
6502:
6276:
5860:
5476:
5340:
5260:
4903:
4804:
4413:
3836:
3786:
3781:
3676:
3518:
3462:
3440:
2995:
2777:
2285:"Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways"
1807:
1507:
1450:
1120:
1093:
1085:
1003:
521:
451:
416:
296:
280:
37:
6957:
821:
The warming of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has caused the weakening or collapse of
8770:
8762:
8705:
8293:
8157:
8083:
8075:
7875:
7815:
7774:
7387:
7378:
7249:
7244:
7148:
7012:
6769:
6731:
6338:
6108:
6076:
6020:
6000:
5714:
5709:
5606:
5544:
5350:
4326:
4044:
3272:
3074:
3010:
2950:
2789:
2740:
2685:
2582:
2509:
2403:
2347:
2296:
2202:
2189:
Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).
2114:
2018:
1396:
1204:
1070:
1009:
985:("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of
635:
432:
408:
8138:
6543:
6526:
2056:"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year"
1780:
8:
8891:
8813:
8278:
8201:
8117:
7898:
7890:
7839:
7479:
7437:
6932:
6895:
6784:
6548:
6418:
6221:
6026:
5564:
4999:
4664:
4601:
4577:
4408:
4269:
4215:
4156:
4127:
4067:
4062:
3911:
3888:
3846:
3796:
3771:
3545:
3503:
1445:
1105:
1058:
961:
880:
876:
804:
681:
639:
606:
581:
485:
388:
334:
326:
308:
300:
41:
6531:
3078:
3014:
2954:
2793:
2744:
2689:
2513:
2407:
2351:
2300:
2206:
2118:
2022:
937:
768:
8612:
8504:
8485:
8049:
8024:
7566:
7460:
7424:
7400:
7291:
7138:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7005:
6983:
6962:
6843:
6833:
6580:
6468:
6396:
6069:
6060:
6052:
5963:
5943:
5287:
4908:
4871:
4749:
4195:
4117:
4077:
4052:
3831:
3095:
3062:
3028:
2971:
2938:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2883:
2813:
2758:
2709:
2633:
2538:
2497:
2473:
2448:
2429:
2370:
2335:
2283:; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017).
2223:
2190:
2138:
2036:
1840:
1136:
969:
884:
816:
772:
Antarctic surface ice layer temperature trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal
428:
2837:
891:. While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in
807:
has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler
559:
8984:
8790:
8784:
8740:
8725:
8654:
8626:
8534:
8471:
8381:
8353:
8333:
8271:
8179:
8143:
8017:
7984:
7977:
7930:
7912:
7829:
7578:
7447:
7395:
7301:
7254:
7182:
7171:
6883:
6873:
6865:
6761:
6751:
6662:
6657:
6640:
6606:
6473:
6460:
6281:
6187:
6145:
6140:
5930:
5831:
5368:
4987:
4814:
4779:
4640:
4635:
4616:
4425:
4252:
4012:
3893:
3766:
3435:
3180:
3155:
3100:
2976:
2887:
2875:
2867:
2817:
2805:
2762:
2713:
2701:
2671:"Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial"
2625:
2617:
2543:
2525:
2478:
2433:
2375:
2228:
2142:
2130:
2040:
1848:
1832:
1534:
1271:
1096:
when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient
915:
602:
473:
357:
268:
5836:
3032:
2894:
2838:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
2637:
2613:
2102:
714:
513:
9036:
9001:
8733:
8425:
8305:
8131:
8104:
8044:
7919:
7849:
7834:
7573:
7502:
7497:
7471:
7466:
7348:
7271:
7224:
6991:
6811:
6776:
6672:
6667:
6601:
6515:
6297:
6289:
6175:
6095:
6047:
6037:
6010:
5811:
5794:
5491:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5363:
5040:
4994:
4937:
4866:
4729:
4623:
4572:
4550:
4403:
4350:
4289:
3883:
3090:
3082:
3018:
2966:
2958:
2857:
2849:
2797:
2748:
2693:
2609:
2563:
2533:
2517:
2468:
2460:
2419:
2411:
2365:
2355:
2314:
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2218:
2210:
2169:
2122:
2026:
1824:
1727:
1440:
1179:
888:
591:
529:
505:
481:
346:
211:
173:
138:
100:
65:
5821:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2336:"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"
1603:
567:
A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including:
509:
443:
quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as
8991:
8938:
8923:
8829:
8824:
8748:
8713:
8649:
8548:
8463:
8430:
8162:
7945:
7937:
7906:
7822:
7782:
7536:
7492:
7432:
7356:
7326:
7321:
7281:
7259:
7207:
7143:
7133:
7084:
6806:
6791:
6644:
6613:
6575:
6325:
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6170:
6135:
5995:
5691:
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5634:
5626:
5579:
5335:
4836:
4824:
4809:
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4264:
4247:
4222:
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3261:
3151:
2248:
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2242:
1339:
998:
981:
892:
808:
800:
620:
541:
396:
322:
276:
52:
7514:
1922:"World's largest marine park created in Ross Sea in Antarctica in landmark deal"
8965:
8948:
8901:
8860:
8850:
8819:
8678:
8668:
8560:
8510:
8375:
8325:
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7286:
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3877:
3872:
3862:
3761:
3575:
3086:
2824:
2753:
2728:
2521:
2319:
2309:
2284:
2214:
2174:
2157:
2031:
2007:"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"
2006:
1674:
1358:
1183:
1066:
1062:
946:
908:
834:
812:
803:
warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed
784:
730:
722:
615:
517:
420:
400:
338:
292:
5536:
2801:
2415:
2239:
2126:
9078:
9060:
9047:
8928:
8870:
8865:
8855:
8805:
8800:
8776:
8720:
8597:
8591:
8586:
8185:
8096:
8089:
7844:
7639:
7618:
7486:
7264:
7234:
7202:
7197:
7034:
6940:
6823:
6618:
6431:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6271:
6180:
6015:
5801:
5683:
5589:
5454:
5323:
5315:
5282:
5019:
4969:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4696:
4659:
4567:
4562:
4464:
4369:
3806:
3600:
3201:"Emilio Palma, argentino y "Adán" de la Antártida | Información General"
2871:
2621:
2529:
2268:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.
2254:
2134:
1836:
1224:
1043:
489:
463:
2853:
2697:
2360:
903:
are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land,
32:
8959:
8953:
8565:
8529:
8395:
8222:
8172:
8111:
7965:
7653:
7604:
7454:
7276:
7239:
7219:
7160:
6694:
6682:
6625:
6553:
6454:
6351:
6345:
6242:
6230:
6103:
6081:
6005:
5958:
5855:
5767:
5554:
5358:
5297:
5277:
5267:
4977:
4949:
4704:
4442:
4376:
4345:
4294:
4166:
4095:
4032:
4022:
3330:
Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science
3262:
Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion.
3104:
2980:
2962:
2879:
2809:
2705:
2629:
2589:
2547:
2482:
2464:
2379:
2280:
2232:
1926:
1852:
1377:
1021:
924:
920:
666:
525:
404:
318:
3023:
2996:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
2835:
2182:
8996:
8896:
8844:
8662:
8449:
8237:
7612:
7544:
7306:
7165:
7128:
7028:
7020:
6828:
6164:
5843:
5584:
5414:
5373:
5304:
5009:
4898:
4841:
4769:
4719:
4606:
4582:
4471:
4309:
4227:
4205:
4181:
4027:
4017:
3610:
3590:
3477:
2987:
2720:
2496:
Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022).
2071:
2069:
1187:
883:, an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential
718:
458:
fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them:
450:
The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the
392:
2862:
2727:
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).
2644:
2440:
2424:
8795:
8698:
8682:
8524:
8457:
8358:
7767:
7716:
7676:
6998:
6724:
6652:
6594:
5987:
5955:
5662:
5647:
5594:
4944:
4913:
4739:
4734:
4398:
4359:
4321:
4239:
4112:
3997:
3992:
3667:
3540:
3419:
3054:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2654:
Absence of the West Antarctic ice sheet during the last interglaciation
2386:
2327:
2272:
1844:
1142:
986:
904:
792:
655:
532:
remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region.
264:
257:
249:
17:
2769:
2579:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"
2570:
2333:
2066:
2047:
1998:
1668:"Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources"
811:
had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the
8317:
7154:
6706:
6489:
5784:
5779:
5766:
5559:
5050:
5024:
4954:
4932:
4925:
4709:
4486:
4420:
4316:
4139:
4122:
4007:
4002:
3976:
3580:
2595:
2554:
2094:
1293:
1246:
1208:
1146:
1051:
1037:
958:
864:
822:
685:
647:
586:
493:
444:
365:
satellite image of the Antarctic without its periphery of unattached
304:
284:
5899:
2925:
2661:
2489:
2149:
1828:
1020:(1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the
846:
427:
approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along
425:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
8249:
4918:
4523:
4459:
4430:
4340:
4299:
4107:
4087:
3967:
3605:
2252:
2055:
1200:
773:
739:
576:
571:
3378:
3333:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.
2560:
2278:
1100:
and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen
454:
to the north and their respective 200-nautical-mile (370 km)
8876:
8256:
6521:
6497:
6485:
4890:
4628:
4518:
4476:
4364:
4176:
4171:
4100:
1097:
1047:
900:
826:
440:
366:
47:
7043:
2103:"Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades"
345:, which would have significant effects on the local climate and
7122:
6447:
5396:
4500:
4454:
4161:
4148:
2188:
1275:
1228:
1175:
651:
436:
288:
253:
2446:
1153:
or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base.
1073:. Palma can be considered to be the first native Antarctican.
6508:
5806:
5247:
5142:
4686:
3984:
3968:
3388:
3343:
957:
The first recorded sighting of Antarctica is credited to the
702:
611:
596:
377:
245:
2775:
2726:
2053:
1755:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
791:
from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while
223:
188:
153:
115:
80:
4281:
3284:
777:
643:
362:
3060:
2936:
1149:. For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on
1076:
3358:
2650:
738:'s 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi). (While the
229:
214:
197:
176:
159:
141:
124:
103:
86:
68:
16:
This article is about the region. For the continent, see
3368:
2155:
2005:
Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020).
7713:
3327:
Krupnik, Igor; Michael A. Lang; Scott E. Miller (eds).
1908:
CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area.
1585:
3369:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
2667:
9020:
3353:
3348:
2100:
1469:
The word was originally pronounced without the first
989:
is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the
333:
is particularly important because the melting of the
232:
220:
200:
191:
179:
162:
144:
127:
118:
106:
89:
71:
5521:
3349:
Committee for Environmental Protection of Antarctica
1913:
1692:"Schedule of Conservation Measures in Force 2023/24"
1586:"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research website"
1500:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Antarctica"
226:
194:
182:
156:
147:
121:
112:
83:
77:
2392:
2259:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
863:The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of
795:is less vulnerable to it than any other continent,
217:
185:
150:
109:
74:
3726:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1805:
1522:
387:, the Antarctic region is everything south of the
341:. Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of
3384:Ushuaia is the most popular gateway to Antarctica
419:, a transition zone where the cold waters of the
9076:
1867:"SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan)"
2905:
2340:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2994:Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013).
439:, Australia, by an efficient system of annual
5915:
5752:
5507:
3953:
3404:
2495:
1972:
1748:
36:A map of the Antarctic region, including the
5868:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2004:
1893:. Statistics Greenland. 2009. Archived from
1290:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
979:Although such myths and speculation about a
460:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
391:. The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the
3379:The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands
2906:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
2778:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
1156:
5922:
5908:
5759:
5745:
5514:
5500:
3960:
3946:
3411:
3397:
3344:British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012
2657:. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting.
415:. However, this area does not include the
376:Location of the Antarctic on a map of the
337:has a high potential to add to the global
3094:
3022:
2970:
2861:
2752:
2537:
2472:
2423:
2369:
2359:
2318:
2308:
2222:
2173:
2030:
1325:
1195:
1054:is the most active gateway to Antarctica.
263:The Antarctic comprises the continent of
8980:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5878:"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the
3170:
3117:
2993:
2060:Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
1946:
1734:. Natural Environment Research Council.
1199:
1075:
1042:
936:
845:
767:
729:The Antarctic hosts the world's largest
713:
661:
625:
558:
371:
356:
46:
31:
8555:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1795:from the original on 26 September 2023.
1520:
9077:
1919:
1648:from the original on 20 September 2020
1592:from the original on 14 December 2013.
1497:
873:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
343:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
27:Polar region around Earth's South Pole
7699:
5941:
5929:
5903:
5740:
5495:
3941:
3392:
3211:from the original on 25 February 2021
3042:from the original on 16 February 2020
2576:
2564:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
1145:, it is theoretically located in all
1088:, with its signpost in the background
3917:
1789:Natural Environment Research Council
1708:from the original on 8 February 2024
1566:from the original on 11 January 2012
283:. The Antarctic region includes the
8341:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6538:Norse colonization of North America
3354:Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty
2396:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
2011:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
1920:Slezak, Michael (26 October 2016).
1738:from the original on 1 August 2023.
1529:. Oxford University Press. p.
749:International Maritime Organization
13:
7870:United States Exploring Expedition
5770:countries and overseas territories
3315:
3300:from the original on 28 March 2022
3243:from the original on 1 August 2013
3231:"IAATO tourist statistics 2007/08"
3154:Generis Publishing, 2022. 241 pp.
1986:from the original on 2 August 2021
1960:from the original on 2 August 2021
1553:
995:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
941:A map of the Antarctic voyages of
871:, weakening the lower cell of the
14:
9101:
8944:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
8312:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5790:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
3337:
1749:Vanessa Woods (14 October 2011).
1243:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1141:Because Antarctica surrounds the
1082:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
776:observations made by a series of
754:
751:(in force since 1 January 2017).
9030:
8838:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
8231:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5890:territorial claims in Antarctica
5646:
5523:Territorial claims in Antarctica
5468:
5467:
4800:West South Central United States
3916:
3907:
3906:
3666:
3374:Map of the Antarctic Convergence
2602:Science of the Total Environment
1618:from the original on 11 May 2013
1409:
1390:
1371:
1352:
1333:
1282:
1265:
1235:
1217:
1163:
1119:In December 2009, the growth of
867:from the ice dilutes the saline
855:This section is an excerpt from
760:This section is an excerpt from
692:
675:
210:
172:
137:
99:
64:
5015:Latin America and the Caribbean
4881:Latin America and the Caribbean
3278:
3255:
3223:
3193:
3164:
3134:
3111:
2614:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168
2566:(Report). University of Exeter.
1901:
1883:
1859:
1806:Chown; Gremmen; Gaston (1998).
1799:
1773:
1742:
1720:
911:and formerly frozen pollution.
825:, which float just offshore of
709:
699:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
478:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
5550:Australian Antarctic Territory
3418:
2289:Environmental Research Letters
2162:Environmental Research Letters
1684:
1660:
1630:
1596:
1578:
1547:
1514:
1491:
1463:
1:
8217:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
8152:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7700:
3120:"Appendix B: Log of the
2577:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023).
1980:"The Polar Code, One Year On"
1485:
1130:
554:
8574:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
8390:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
8196:French Antarctic Expeditions
8126:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
8012:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
6130:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
4482:Middle East and North Africa
4187:Middle East and North Africa
1604:"The Antarctic Treaty | NSF"
1092:The Antarctic region had no
857:Climate change in Antarctica
839:Marine ice sheet instability
797:climate change in Antarctica
762:Climate change in Antarctica
352:
331:Climate change in Antarctica
7:
7659:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
7338:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
6203:Andrée's balloon expedition
5817:French Southern Territories
5614:Chilean Antarctic Territory
5602:British Antarctic Territory
3294:National Geographic Society
3286:National Geographic Spciety
3173:The Island of South Georgia
2077:"Impacts of climate change"
1891:"Greenland in figures 2009"
1612:National Science Foundation
1560:Online Etymology Dictionary
1498:Publishers, HarperCollins.
1429:
311:are administered under the
10:
9106:
6860:Franklin's lost expedition
6560:Christian IV's expeditions
5942:
4775:Northeastern United States
3322:Bibliography of Antarctica
3319:
3177:Cambridge University Press
3140:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
3087:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3
2754:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x
2522:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6
2215:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
2032:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w
1982:. The Maritime Executive.
1954:"Shipping in polar waters"
1134:
1036:born on 8 October 1913 in
932:
854:
759:
539:
535:
468:Heard and McDonald Islands
22:Antarctic (disambiguation)
15:
8677:
8408:
7995:
7735:
7712:
7708:
7695:
7214:Great Northern Expedition
7108:
6890:Rae–Richardson expedition
6639:
6484:
6090:British Arctic Expedition
5982:
5954:
5950:
5937:
5876:
5775:
5700:
5682:
5655:
5644:
5529:
5463:
5405:
5382:
5349:
5313:
5246:
5140:
5048:
5039:
4968:
4889:
4695:
4499:
4280:
4238:
4147:
4138:
4086:
4043:
3983:
3902:
3855:
3754:
3718:
3675:
3664:
3619:
3568:
3491:
3426:
3364:Antarctic Heritage Trusts
3171:Headland, Robert (1984).
2912:climatetippingpoints.info
2802:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
2416:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5
2127:10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z
1034:Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
952:
329:on Earth's land surface.
8498:British Antarctic Survey
8492:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7737:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5256:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4260:Transantarctic Mountains
3576:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3118:Robinson, James (1906).
2310:10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6
2175:10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4
1785:British Antarctic Survey
1732:British Antarctic Survey
1456:
1157:List of offshore islands
1018:James Kerguelen Robinson
928:10 °C (18 °F).
831:East Antarctic ice sheet
789:greenhouse gas emissions
456:exclusive economic zones
135:, American English also
9090:Geography of Antarctica
8974:Pole of inaccessibility
8637:Antarctic Treaty System
6978:2nd Grinnell expedition
5849:NZ Subantarctic Islands
5005:Caribbean South America
3267:18 January 2012 at the
3150:1 November 2022 at the
3143:The World of Antarctica
2854:10.1126/science.abn7950
2698:10.1126/science.ade0664
2361:10.1073/pnas.1817205116
1816:The American Naturalist
1521:Crystal, David (2006).
1421:Antarctic Treaty System
1402:Antarctic Treaty System
1383:Antarctic Treaty System
1364:Antarctic Treaty System
1345:Antarctic Treaty System
736:Greenland National Park
546:Antarctic microorganism
385:Antarctic Treaty System
313:Antarctic Treaty System
4785:Southern United States
4588:Scandinavian Peninsula
2963:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
2465:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467
2081:Discovering Antarctica
1642:www.agriculture.gov.au
1475:spelling pronunciation
1416:South Shetland Islands
1326:South of 60°S latitude
1317:South Sandwich Islands
1211:
1196:North of 60°S latitude
1110:South Shetland Islands
1089:
1055:
949:
869:Antarctic bottom water
851:
781:
726:
631:
564:
550:Wildlife of Antarctica
530:Tristan da Cunha group
433:meridians of longitude
413:South Shetland Islands
380:
369:
295:situated south of the
287:, waters, and all the
55:
44:
20:. For other uses, see
8644:Transglobe Expedition
8543:Operation Deep Freeze
7952:Challenger expedition
6818:Coppermine expedition
6339:Drifting ice stations
5861:Prince Edward Islands
5261:Antarctic Convergence
4805:Western United States
3067:Nature Communications
3024:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
2733:Nature Climate Change
2195:Nature Communications
2107:Nature Climate Change
1525:The Fight for English
1451:History of Antarctica
1300:South Georgia Islands
1203:
1108:area (especially the
1094:indigenous population
1086:geographic South Pole
1079:
1046:
940:
849:
771:
725:in Eastern Antarctica
717:
662:Sub-Antarctic Islands
629:
562:
522:Prince Edward Islands
498:Diego Ramírez Islands
452:Antarctic Convergence
429:parallels of latitude
417:Antarctic Convergence
375:
360:
297:Antarctic Convergence
281:Antarctic Convergence
50:
38:Antarctic Convergence
35:
5715:Uruguayan Antarctica
5710:Brazilian Antarctica
5607:Queen Elizabeth Land
5545:Argentine Antarctica
4327:Greater Central Asia
3273:The Associated Press
1751:"Antarctic wildlife"
1504:www.ahdictionary.com
1397:South Orkney Islands
1205:South Georgia Museum
1114:South Georgia Island
1071:Argentine Antarctica
636:Antarctic hair grass
582:South Georgia pipits
409:South Orkney Islands
327:biogeographic realms
9057: /
8814:South magnetic pole
7480:Brusilov expedition
6589:Danish colonization
6027:North magnetic pole
5719:American Antarctica
5473:Continents of Earth
5000:Brazilian Highlands
4409:Indian subcontinent
4270:Antarctic Peninsula
4068:Southern Hemisphere
4063:Northern Hemisphere
3889:Robert Falcon Scott
3546:South magnetic pole
3504:Antarctic Peninsula
3499:Biogeographic realm
3130:on 6 February 2012.
3079:2022NatCo..13.5328C
3015:2013TCry....7..375F
2955:2021SciA....7.7787P
2794:2020Natur.585..538G
2745:2023NatCC..13.1222N
2690:2023Sci...382.1384L
2684:(6677): 1384–1389.
2608:(Pt 1): 1534–1548.
2514:2022NatSR..12..383P
2408:2020npCAS...3...18H
2352:2019PNAS..11611195B
2346:(23): 11195–11200.
2320:20.500.11850/230713
2301:2017ERL....12k4002N
2279:Nauels, Alexander;
2207:2022NatCo..13..340B
2119:2020NatCC..10..762C
2023:2020npCAS...3...39S
1879:on 29 October 2016.
1761:on 14 December 2013
1510:on 8 December 2015.
1446:Antarctic ice sheet
1436:Anthony de la Roché
1106:Antarctic Peninsula
1059:Emilio Marcos Palma
974:Anthony de la Roché
962:Gabriel de Castilla
943:Anthony de la Roché
881:Northern Hemisphere
877:Southern Hemisphere
805:Antarctic Peninsula
682:Isla de los Estados
640:Antarctic pearlwort
607:Antarctic toothfish
486:Isla de los Estados
335:Antarctic ice sheet
301:Southern Hemisphere
291:territories in the
42:60th parallel south
8505:Operation Windmill
8486:Operation Highjump
7461:Rusanov expedition
7366:A. E. Nordenskiöld
7110:North East Passage
6914:McClure expedition
5726:Spanish Antarctica
5722:Russian Antarctica
5570:Princess Elizabeth
5288:Great Barrier Reef
4909:Mainland Australia
4617:Apennine Peninsula
4078:Western Hemisphere
4053:Eastern Hemisphere
3827:Telecommunications
3741:Territorial claims
3288:(14 August 2012).
3275:, 8 December 2009.
3205:www.diarioc.com.ar
2848:(6611): eabn7950.
2502:Scientific Reports
1934:on 28 October 2016
1212:
1151:territorial claims
1137:Time in Antarctica
1090:
1056:
991:Russian expedition
950:
945:and others in the
852:
815:has absorbed more
782:
780:satellite sensors.
727:
632:
630:Chinstrap penguin.
565:
462:(United Kingdom),
383:As defined by the
381:
370:
273:island territories
256:region around the
56:
45:
9061:90.000°S -0.000°E
9018:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9009:
8472:Operation Tabarin
8334:Far Eastern Party
8180:Nimrod Expedition
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7250:M. Pronchishcheva
7172:Siberian Cossacks
6641:Northwest Passage
5974:Research stations
5931:Polar exploration
5897:
5896:
5837:Saint Paul Island
5832:Kerguelen Islands
5734:
5733:
5701:Unrecognized and
5675:
5667:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5575:Kaiser Wilhelm II
5541:
5489:
5488:
5369:Mediterranean Rim
5242:
5241:
5181:Mediterranean Sea
5035:
5034:
4988:Amazon Rainforest
4815:Canadian Prairies
4780:Pacific Northwest
4641:Iberian Peninsula
4426:Arabian Peninsula
4253:Antarctic Plateau
4013:Three/Four Worlds
3935:
3934:
3894:Ernest Shackleton
3822:Research stations
3767:Antarctic English
3736:National programs
3731:Military activity
3705:COVID-19 pandemic
3662:
3661:
3531:Floristic Kingdom
3436:Antarctic sea ice
3359:CCAMLR Commission
3160:979-8-88676-403-1
2788:(7826): 538–544.
2739:(11): 1222–1228.
1897:on 28 April 2010.
1554:Harper, Douglas.
1540:978-0-19-920764-0
1272:Kerguelen Islands
1190:in the background
1102:research stations
1040:, South Georgia.
968:, visited by the
916:Isostatic rebound
889:marine ecosystems
747:, adopted by the
642:, but a range of
603:Antarctic icefish
592:Antarctic petrels
474:Kerguelen Islands
319:Biogeographically
269:Kerguelen Plateau
9097:
9085:Antarctic region
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9026:
8519:Ronne Expedition
8004:
7998:
7862:Dumont d'Urville
7710:
7709:
7697:
7696:
7245:V. Pronchishchev
5952:
5951:
5939:
5938:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5822:Amsterdam Island
5812:Falkland Islands
5795:Macquarie Island
5761:
5754:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5673:
5665:
5650:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5539:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5471:
5470:
5450:Global Southwest
5445:Global Southeast
5435:Global Northwest
5430:Global Northeast
5420:Global Heartland
5364:Indian Ocean Rim
5046:
5045:
4938:Island Melanesia
4629:Balkan Peninsula
4404:Himalayan states
4351:Russian Far East
4145:
4144:
4073:Water Hemisphere
3962:
3955:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3884:James Clark Ross
3856:Famous explorers
3670:
3489:
3488:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3282:
3276:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3168:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2943:Science Advances
2934:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2865:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2453:Science Advances
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2253:Fox-Kemper, B.;
2250:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1872:. Archived from
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1746:
1740:
1739:
1728:"Polar Wildlife"
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1673:. Archived from
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:. Archived from
1495:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1441:Antarctic Circle
1414:
1413:
1412:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1258:McDonald Islands
1241:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1180:Petermann Island
1167:
1125:Antarctic Treaty
1030:Gulf of Morbihan
909:greenhouse gases
879:but more in the
697:
696:
695:
680:
679:
678:
614:, including the
563:Antarctic krill.
506:Macquarie Island
482:Falkland Islands
361:An October 2006
347:marine ecosystem
325:is one of eight
279:or south of the
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9075:
9074:
9066:-90.000; -0.000
9065:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9031:
9029:
9021:
9019:
9006:
8681:
8673:
8549:McMurdo Station
8418:Modern research
8416:
8404:
8139:O. Nordenskjöld
8002:
7996:
7991:
7907:Ross expedition
7731:
7704:
7683:
7112:
7104:
6645:Northern Canada
6643:
6635:
6488:
6480:
5986:
5978:
5946:
5933:
5928:
5898:
5893:
5872:
5771:
5765:
5735:
5730:
5703:Proposed claims
5702:
5696:
5692:Marie Byrd Land
5678:
5671:Yamato Yukihara
5651:
5642:
5635:Ross Dependency
5627:Queen Maud Land
5525:
5520:
5490:
5485:
5459:
5401:
5378:
5345:
5309:
5238:
5227:South China Sea
5136:
5079:Central America
5031:
4964:
4885:
4837:Northern Mexico
4825:Northern Canada
4810:Atlantic Canada
4765:Mountain states
4691:
4546:European Russia
4539:Southern Russia
4495:
4448:Iranian Plateau
4276:
4265:West Antarctica
4248:East Antarctica
4234:
4134:
4082:
4058:Land Hemisphere
4039:
3979:
3966:
3936:
3931:
3898:
3868:Richard E. Byrd
3851:
3812:Protected areas
3750:
3714:
3671:
3658:
3615:
3569:Bodies of Water
3564:
3553:West Antarctica
3509:East Antarctica
3487:
3422:
3417:
3340:
3324:
3318:
3316:Further reading
3313:
3303:
3301:
3283:
3279:
3269:Wayback Machine
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3169:
3165:
3152:Wayback Machine
3139:
3135:
3116:
3112:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3039:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2935:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2895:
2834:
2825:
2774:
2770:
2725:
2721:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2594:
2590:
2575:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2494:
2490:
2459:(4): eaap9467.
2445:
2441:
2391:
2387:
2332:
2328:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2251:
2240:
2187:
2183:
2154:
2150:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2052:
2048:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1829:10.2307/2463357
1810:
1804:
1800:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1519:
1515:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1432:
1427:
1410:
1408:
1391:
1389:
1372:
1370:
1353:
1351:
1340:Balleny Islands
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1264:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1216:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1178:cruise ship at
1173:
1168:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1016:The Australian
999:Mikhail Lazarev
982:Terra Australis
955:
935:
930:
929:
893:Antarctic flora
860:
844:
843:
809:East Antarctica
801:West Antarctica
765:
757:
712:
693:
691:
676:
674:
664:
621:Antarctic krill
557:
552:
542:Antarctic realm
538:
502:Campbell Island
397:Balleny Islands
355:
323:Antarctic realm
277:Antarctic Plate
275:located on the
252:, opposite the
213:
209:
175:
171:
140:
136:
102:
98:
67:
63:
53:Antarctic Plate
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
9103:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9040:
9039:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8966:Vostok Station
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8917:Cherry-Garrard
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8757:Southern Cross
8753:
8752:
8751:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8687:
8685:
8679:Farthest South
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8640:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8594:
8589:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8551:
8546:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8501:
8494:
8489:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8440:
8433:
8428:
8422:
8420:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8376:Ross Sea party
8372:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8337:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8308:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8176:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8160:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8070:Southern Cross
8063:Southern Cross
8059:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8007:
8005:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7928:
7922:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7809:Bellingshausen
7799:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7741:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7706:
7705:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7668:
7656:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7118:
7116:
7114:Russian Arctic
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6930:
6925:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6871:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6556:
6551:
6549:Snæbjörn galti
6546:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6451:
6444:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6295:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:Farthest North
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5948:
5947:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5827:Crozet Islands
5824:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:Peri-Antarctic
5764:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5712:
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5676:
5668:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5619:Peter I Island
5616:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:Mac. Robertson
5562:
5557:
5547:
5542:
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5531:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5481:Physical Earth
5464:
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5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
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5331:
5320:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5293:Mariana Trench
5290:
5280:
5275:
5273:Atlantic Ocean
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5234:Southern Ocean
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:East China Sea
5214:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5156:Atlantic Ocean
5153:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5116:
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5017:
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5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4966:
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4962:
4960:Remote Oceania
4957:
4952:
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4923:
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4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:Western Canada
4827:
4822:
4820:Eastern Canada
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
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4570:
4565:
4555:
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4548:
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4542:
4541:
4536:
4534:South Caucasus
4531:
4529:North Caucasus
4521:
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4505:
4503:
4497:
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4436:South Caucasus
4428:
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4411:
4406:
4396:
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4394:
4389:
4379:
4374:
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4353:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4305:Aralkum Desert
4302:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4256:
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4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4096:Africa-Eurasia
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
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4010:
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4000:
3995:
3989:
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3981:
3980:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3878:Ui-te-Rangiora
3875:
3873:Douglas Mawson
3870:
3865:
3863:Roald Amundsen
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Gateway cities
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Antarctica Day
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
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3697:
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3672:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3632:Microorganisms
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:List of rivers
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Extreme points
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:Climate change
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3338:External links
3336:
3335:
3334:
3320:Main article:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3277:
3254:
3222:
3192:
3185:
3163:
3133:
3110:
3053:
3003:The Cryosphere
2986:
2924:
2893:
2823:
2768:
2719:
2660:
2643:
2588:
2569:
2553:
2488:
2439:
2385:
2326:
2295:(11): 114002.
2271:
2238:
2181:
2148:
2113:(8): 762–770.
2093:
2065:
2046:
1997:
1971:
1945:
1912:
1910:CCAMLR Website
1900:
1882:
1858:
1798:
1772:
1741:
1719:
1683:
1680:on 5 May 2010.
1659:
1629:
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1453:
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1438:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1406:
1387:
1368:
1359:Peter I Island
1349:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1294:United Kingdom
1279:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1232:
1213:
1197:
1194:
1184:Kyiv Peninsula
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1067:Esperanza Base
1063:Esperanza Base
954:
951:
947:Southern Ocean
934:
931:
907:thaws release
861:
853:
835:sea level rise
813:Southern Ocean
785:Climate change
766:
758:
756:
755:Climate change
753:
731:protected area
723:Mount Herschel
711:
708:
707:
706:
689:
663:
660:
624:
623:
618:
616:colossal squid
609:
601:Fish, such as
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
556:
553:
537:
534:
518:Crozet Islands
466:(Norway), and
447:surveillance.
421:Southern Ocean
401:Peter I Island
354:
351:
339:sea level rise
293:Southern Ocean
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9102:
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8102:
8098:
8097:Discovery Hut
8095:
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7627:A. Sibiryakov
7624:
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7606:
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7600:
7599:Glavsevmorput
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7119:
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7115:
7111:
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7098:
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7059:
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7049:
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7030:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6901:J. Richardson
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6663:M. Corte-Real
6661:
6659:
6658:G. Corte-Real
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6581:C. Richardson
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6390:Georgiy Sedov
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6277:Riiser-Larsen
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:Bouvet Island
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:Former claims
5654:
5649:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:Pacific Ocean
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:Pacific Ocean
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Caribbean Sea
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5113:by population
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5086:South America
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:North America
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5020:Southern Cone
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Andean States
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4970:South America
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4697:North America
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Low Countries
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:South-western
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:South-eastern
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:South-central
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Mediterranean
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:British Isles
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:Levantine Sea
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Mediterranean
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Midwinter Day
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3746:Treaty System
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:McMurdo Sound
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3186:9780521424745
3182:
3178:
3175:. Cambridge:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Rogelj, Joeri
2275:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2168:(6): 064034.
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:(4): 562–75.
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:South Georgia
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:Bouvet Island
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:South Georgia
963:
960:
948:
944:
939:
926:
922:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
775:
770:
763:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
724:
720:
716:
704:
700:
690:
687:
683:
673:
672:
671:
668:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
628:
622:
619:
617:
613:
610:
608:
604:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
561:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Hornos Island
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:(Australia).
469:
465:
464:Bouvet Island
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:60°S latitude
386:
379:
374:
368:
364:
359:
350:
349:functioning.
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
309:60°S latitude
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
237:
205:
167:
132:
94:
61:
54:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
23:
19:
9042:
8972:
8960:Pole of Cold
8958:
8884:
8875:
8843:
8836:
8812:
8783:
8769:
8763:Borchgrevink
8755:
8742:
8727:
8707:
8692:
8661:
8642:
8635:
8619:
8605:
8596:
8579:
8572:
8553:
8541:
8517:
8503:
8496:
8484:
8470:
8456:
8442:
8435:
8396:
8388:
8374:
8367:
8365:
8347:
8339:
8332:
8319:
8310:
8272:
8264:
8255:
8248:
8236:
8229:
8215:
8203:Pourquoi-Pas
8202:
8194:
8186:
8178:
8173:Orcadas Base
8171:
8163:
8150:
8144:C. A. Larsen
8132:
8124:
8110:
8103:
8090:
8082:
8076:Borchgrevink
8069:
8061:
8018:
8010:
7985:C. A. Larsen
7978:
7959:
7950:
7932:
7914:
7905:
7892:
7877:
7868:
7855:
7816:
7802:
7795:
7776:
7761:
7671:
7664:
7647:
7640:
7626:
7611:
7597:
7584:
7559:
7545:
7543:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7485:
7478:
7459:
7425:
7423:
7409:
7407:
7389:
7379:
7377:
7357:
7355:
7336:
7212:
7170:
7153:
7121:
7085:
7083:
7063:
7062:
7042:
7041:
7027:
7014:
6999:
6985:
6976:
6963:
6934:
6922:Investigator
6921:
6912:
6888:
6875:
6867:
6858:
6845:
6816:
6793:
6778:
6763:
6733:
6718:
6688:
6607:
6587:
6558:
6554:Erik the Red
6536:
6514:
6507:
6464:submersibles
6461:
6455:Arktika 2007
6453:
6446:
6439:
6436:
6420:
6411:
6408:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6344:
6337:
6313:
6299:
6298:
6290:
6288:
6254:
6252:
6223:
6220:
6209:S. A. Andrée
6201:
6188:
6163:
6155:
6152:
6128:
6110:
6097:
6088:
6070:
6061:
6059:
6025:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5856:South Africa
5479: /
5477:List of seas
5475: /
5440:Global South
5425:Global North
5391:
5359:Atlantic Rim
5298:Ring of Fire
5278:Indian Ocean
5268:Arctic Ocean
5210:Persian Gulf
5205:Indian Ocean
5186:Adriatic Sea
5151:Arctic Ocean
4983:Amazon Basin
4978:Amazon Plain
4950:Near Oceania
4755:Mid-Atlantic
4705:Aridoamerica
4665:Northwestern
4578:Northwestern
4551:Southeastern
4443:Greater Iran
4382:Southeastern
4377:Pacific Asia
4346:Pacific Asia
4334:Northeastern
4290:Asia–Pacific
4033:Fourth World
4023:Second World
3792:Firefighting
3777:Demographics
3700:Colonization
3695:World War II
3329:
3302:. Retrieved
3293:
3290:"South Pole"
3280:
3271:Ray Lilley,
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3204:
3195:
3172:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3128:the original
3121:
3113:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3006:
3002:
2989:
2946:
2942:
2915:. Retrieved
2911:
2863:10871/131584
2845:
2841:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2681:
2677:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2572:
2556:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2425:10356/143900
2399:
2395:
2388:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2292:
2288:
2274:
2265:
2255:Hewitt, H.T.
2198:
2194:
2184:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2059:
2049:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:The Guardian
1925:
1915:
1903:
1895:the original
1885:
1874:the original
1861:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1784:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1744:
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:
1675:the original
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1524:
1516:
1508:the original
1503:
1493:
1465:
1419:
1400:
1381:
1378:Scott Island
1362:
1343:
1253:Heard Island
1140:
1118:
1091:
1057:
1025:
1015:
1008:
1002:
980:
978:
956:
925:Aurora Basin
921:Wilkes Basin
895:, and large
862:
817:oceanic heat
783:
728:
710:Conservation
667:Biodiversity
665:
633:
566:
526:Gough Island
472:
449:
405:Scott Island
393:archipelagos
382:
317:
271:, and other
262:
242:polar region
59:
57:
29:
9064: /
8663:Lake Vostok
8613:Tryoshnikov
8535:Schlossbach
8426:Christensen
8368:James Caird
8289:E. R. Evans
8055:Dobrowolski
8025:de Gerlache
7727:Expeditions
7613:Aviaarktika
7567:Samoylovich
7438:Kolomeitsev
7332:Middendorff
7292:Gedenshtrom
6712:I. Fyodorov
6474:Chilingarov
6362:E. Fyodorov
5969:Expeditions
5844:New Zealand
5537:Adélie Land
5455:Global West
5415:Global East
5374:Pacific Rim
5316:waterbodies
5305:World Ocean
5130:New Zealand
5010:The Guianas
4899:Australasia
4842:West Indies
4770:New England
4750:Great Lakes
4720:Mesoamerica
4607:Middle East
4583:Scandinavia
4472:Middle East
4310:Caspian Sea
4216:Great Lakes
4196:Sub-Saharan
4182:Middle East
4045:Hemispheres
4028:Third World
4018:First World
3971:'s primary
3880:(legendary)
3787:Field camps
3685:Expeditions
3611:Weddell Sea
3591:Lake Vostok
3586:Lake Mercer
3458:Ice shelves
3073:(1): 5328.
1765:20 November
1608:www.nsf.gov
1570:16 November
1556:"Antarctic"
1188:Graham Land
887:of certain
823:ice shelves
719:Moubray Bay
587:Albatrosses
305:ice shelves
285:ice shelves
208:; commonly
9079:Categories
8886:Terra Nova
8791:Shackleton
8734:J. C. Ross
8693:Resolution
8683:South Pole
8458:New Swabia
8382:Mackintosh
8354:Shackleton
8273:Terra Nova
8266:Terra Nova
8000:Heroic Age
7960:Challenger
7920:J. C. Ross
7830:Bransfield
7762:Resolution
7677:icebreaker
7641:Chelyuskin
7382:expedition
7360:Expedition
7302:Matyushkin
7260:Kh. Laptev
7255:Chelyuskin
7149:Heemskerck
7139:Chancellor
7134:Willoughby
7129:Koch boats
7072:Stefansson
7006:McClintock
6970:Inglefield
6812:J. C. Ross
6719:Resolution
6571:Cunningham
6469:Sagalevich
6158:expedition
6117:Stephenson
6077:C. F. Hall
6064:expedition
6038:J. C. Ross
6001:Heemskerck
5988:North Pole
5663:New Swabia
5580:Queen Mary
5196:Ionian Sea
5191:Aegean Sea
5161:Baltic Sea
5093:Antarctica
4945:Micronesia
4914:New Guinea
4872:Portuguese
4795:West Coast
4745:East Coast
4740:Bible Belt
4735:Appalachia
4414:Subregions
4322:Inner Asia
4240:Antarctica
4140:Continents
4113:Antarctica
4088:Landmasses
3998:Down Under
3993:Arab World
3977:subregions
3690:Heroic Age
3541:South Pole
3451:Heat waves
3420:Antarctica
3009:(1): 390.
2508:(1): 383.
2201:(1): 340.
1938:28 October
1486:References
1473:, but the
1305:Shag Rocks
1147:time zones
1143:South Pole
1131:Time zones
1098:scientific
987:Antarctica
976:in 1675.
905:permafrost
793:Antarctica
787:caused by
745:Polar Code
656:macrofungi
648:liverworts
555:Antarctica
540:See also:
514:Saint Paul
411:, and the
265:Antarctica
258:North Pole
250:South Pole
18:Antarctica
9037:Geography
8985:Tolstikov
8771:Discovery
8741:HMS
8726:HMS
8708:Adventure
8706:HMS
8691:HMS
8627:Tolstikov
8348:Endurance
8133:Antarctic
8118:Drygalski
8091:Discovery
8084:Discovery
8045:Arctowski
7958:HMS
7931:HMS
7925:Abernethy
7913:HMS
7891:USS
7878:Vincennes
7876:USS
7856:Astrolabe
7796:San Telmo
7777:Adventure
7775:HMS
7760:HMS
7755:Kerguelen
7717:Continent
7702:Antarctic
7579:Urvantsev
7537:Vilkitsky
7390:Jeannette
7388:USS
7380:Jeannette
7344:Weyprecht
7322:Pakhtusov
7272:Chichagov
7265:D. Laptev
7208:Permyakov
7183:Stadukhin
7178:Perfilyev
7155:Mangazeya
7093:H. Larsen
7058:Rasmussen
7013:HMS
6984:USS
6933:HMS
6920:HMS
6884:Collinson
6874:HMS
6866:HMS
6844:HMS
6792:HMS
6777:HMS
6762:HMS
6747:Mackenzie
6734:Discovery
6732:HMS
6717:HMS
6689:Discovery
6668:Frobisher
6631:Rasmussen
6544:Gunnbjörn
6490:Greenland
6419:USS
6410:USS
6282:Ellsworth
6224:Roosevelt
6154:Nansen's
6111:Discovery
6109:HMS
6096:HMS
6043:Abernethy
6011:Marmaduke
5880:Antarctic
5785:Australia
5780:Argentina
5684:Unclaimed
5392:Antarctic
5176:Irish Sea
5166:Black Sea
5125:Australia
5074:Caribbean
5051:continent
5025:Patagonia
4955:Polynesia
4933:Melanesia
4926:Zealandia
4904:Australia
4790:Southwest
4710:Caribbean
4487:Near East
4128:submerged
4123:Zealandia
4118:Australia
4008:Old World
4003:New World
3842:Transport
3581:Lake CECs
3558:ice sheet
3514:ice sheet
3483:Volcanoes
3473:Mountains
3428:Geography
3046:6 January
2917:2 October
2888:252161375
2872:0036-8075
2818:221885420
2763:264476246
2714:266436146
2622:0048-9697
2530:2045-2322
2434:218541055
2402:(1): 18.
2143:220261150
2135:1758-6798
2041:222179485
2017:(1): 39.
1837:0003-0147
1652:7 October
1622:7 October
1247:Australia
1209:Grytviken
1176:Norwegian
1052:Argentina
1038:Grytviken
972:merchant
865:meltwater
686:Argentina
516:Islands,
510:Amsterdam
494:Cape Horn
445:satellite
353:Geography
307:south of
60:Antarctic
8997:A. Fuchs
8954:V. Fuchs
8934:McKinley
8897:E. Evans
8856:Bjaaland
8851:Amundsen
8801:Marshall
8714:Furneaux
8566:V. Fuchs
8530:E. Ronne
8525:F. Ronne
8464:Ritscher
8318:SY
8306:Filchner
8250:Framheim
8244:Amundsen
8050:Racoviță
8035:Amundsen
8030:Lecointe
7899:Ringgold
7893:Porpoise
7783:Furneaux
7619:Shevelev
7574:Begichev
7553:Amundsen
7515:Nagórski
7493:Brusilov
7487:Sv. Anna
7401:Melville
7371:Palander
7327:Tsivolko
7287:Sannikov
7282:Billings
7225:Chirikov
7144:Barentsz
7086:St. Roch
7077:Bartlett
7051:Amundsen
7035:Sverdrup
6935:Resolute
6824:Franklin
6752:Kotzebue
6619:Sverdrup
6602:Scoresby
6576:Lindenov
6427:Plaisted
6412:Nautilus
6357:Shirshov
6331:Belyakov
6326:Baydukov
6300:Nautilus
6262:Amundsen
6222:SS
6181:Sverdrup
6176:Johansen
6146:Brainard
6141:Lockwood
5996:Barentsz
5888:include
5882:") does
5590:George V
4919:Tasmania
4867:Hispanic
4730:Northern
4677:Germanic
4655:Atlantic
4597:Southern
4558:Northern
4524:Caucasus
4460:Dead Sea
4431:Caucasus
4399:Southern
4392:Maritime
4387:Mainland
4360:Northern
4341:Far East
4300:Aral Sea
4223:Southern
4167:Northern
3912:Category
3817:Religion
3719:Politics
3637:Wildlife
3606:Ross Sea
3468:Glaciers
3298:Archived
3265:Archived
3238:Archived
3209:Archived
3148:Archived
3105:36088458
3037:Archived
3033:13129041
2981:33931453
2880:36074831
2810:32968257
2706:38127761
2638:53093132
2630:30360282
2583:ABC News
2548:35013425
2483:29675467
2380:31110015
2233:35039511
1990:2 August
1984:Archived
1964:2 August
1958:Archived
1853:18811364
1793:Archived
1781:"Plants"
1736:Archived
1712:15 April
1703:Archived
1646:Archived
1616:Archived
1590:Archived
1588:. SCAR.
1564:Archived
1430:See also
959:Spaniard
901:penguins
899:such as
885:collapse
827:glaciers
774:infrared
740:Ross Sea
577:Penguins
40:and the
9052:00°00′W
9049:90°00′S
9002:Messner
8949:Hillary
8929:Balchen
8877:Polheim
8871:Wisting
8749:Crozier
8721:Weddell
8699:J. Cook
8669:Kapitsa
8650:Fiennes
8592:Klenova
8561:Hillary
8511:Ketchum
8437:BANZARE
8412:·
8257:Polheim
8223:Shirase
8209:Charcot
8019:Belgica
7938:Crozier
7850:Morrell
7845:Weddell
7823:Lazarev
7768:J. Cook
7722:History
7672:Arktika
7648:Krassin
7633:Voronin
7605:Schmidt
7591:Ushakov
7530:Vaygach
7498:Albanov
7467:Rusanov
7448:Kolchak
7443:Matisen
7417:Makarov
7396:De Long
7297:Wrangel
7277:Lyakhov
7230:Malygin
7188:Dezhnev
7015:Pandora
6986:Advance
6953:Kennedy
6948:Belcher
6941:Kellett
6928:McClure
6852:Beechey
6846:Blossom
6839:Simpson
6807:Crozier
6800:Hoppner
6757:J. Ross
6725:J. Cook
6673:Gilbert
6566:J. Hall
6532:Ingólfr
6522:Naddodd
6516:Vikings
6503:Brendan
6498:Pytheas
6486:Iceland
6440:Arktika
6432:Herbert
6397:Badygin
6367:Krenkel
6352:Papanin
6321:Chkalov
6307:Wilkins
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5120:Oceania
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4509:Central
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3973:regions
3922:Commons
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3755:Society
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3647:Mammals
3536:Islands
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3463:Geology
3441:Climate
3304:9 April
3247:20 July
3215:2 April
3096:9464198
3075:Bibcode
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