309:
6736:
179:
251:
68:
731:). It resembles a desert, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 7 cm (2.8 in) per year. The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against their sides.
417:
60:
683:
reaching a maximum of approximately 23.5° around the
December solstice because of the approximately 23.5° tilt of the earth's axis. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the
171:
6976:
699:(late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −60 °C (−76 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011, and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on 23 June 1982 (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at
6986:
533:
1499:
1420:, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the perceived position of the Sun in the sky (for example, at midday the Sun is roughly perceived to be at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the Sun is seen to rise and set only once per year with solar elevation varying only with day of the year, not time of day. There is no
698:
In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in
January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −55 °C (−67 °F) around sunset
330:. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.5 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.
682:
During winter (May through August), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and is completely dark apart from moonlight. In summer (November through
February), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky,
29:
539:. The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background, slightly to the left of center, below the tracks behind the buildings. The actual geographic pole is a few more meters to the left. The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build-up.
496:, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.
690:
The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,200 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m). Centripetal force from the spin of the planet throws the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the
232:. It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 m (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (810 mi) from the nearest open sea at the
321:
The tent was erected by the
Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a
649:
a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometers together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.
463:, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S. Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (
5844:
5238:
470:) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.
2376:
1701:
1974:
5837:
205:
of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as
695:
primarily because of the elevation difference and for being in the middle of a continent. The North Pole is a few feet from sea level in the middle of an ocean.
292:. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short barber pole, surrounded by the flags of the original
243:
The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 m (33 ft) per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the
209:
At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northward along the
7040:
5830:
656:
became the first Briton to cross the
Antarctic unassisted via the south pole, and the second person to make the journey in 56 days. On 10 January 2020,
6793:
2291:
645:
jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the
Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from
2204:
1606:
1426:
reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps
2467:
1651:
1785:
2178:
612:
were the first to traverse
Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind. Two women,
1538:
634:
from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9 hours 33 minutes. She started on 19 November 2006 and finished on 28 December 2006.
385:
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted
Antarctica, with the first being the Russian expedition led by
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6246:
4400:
2723:
2595:
2000:
6603:
5853:
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653:
347:
323:
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6374:
264:
The
Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on
5956:
5781:
2996:
2239:
3004:
247:. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time.
5910:
5356:
4362:
2775:
575:
120:, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the
2152:
594:, Kay Lindsay, and Terry Tickhill in 1969. In 1978–79, Michele Eileen Raney became the first woman to winter at the South Pole.
578:. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola,
4953:
4551:
4139:
2630:
1978:
5745:
2115:
1907:
1880:
1853:
1826:
739:
552:
536:
400:
The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer
289:
117:
2463:
455:
of 1901–1904 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by
6994:
6404:
3691:
4556:
2653:
408:, in his expedition of 1839–1843, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole; He was unsuccessful.
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6757:
5639:
5320:
5142:
5032:
4801:
3390:
3339:
500:
474:
371:
6798:
6200:
5090:
4671:
4610:
583:
386:
623:
and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide, who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American
6535:
5113:
1450:
Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Off-course
7030:
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5191:
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723:
6889:
6772:
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6471:
6043:
5422:
5408:
5382:
5219:
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2716:
2691:
236:. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the
4113:
543:
It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral
6762:
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5215:
3558:
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3132:
2834:
556:
404:
claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40, while
4856:
186:
For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's
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5018:
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308:
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6513:
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1818:
Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium
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6777:
6709:
6598:
5375:
4997:
4831:
4772:
4726:
2955:
2844:
619:
The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from
17:
2270:
6859:
6844:
6803:
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5920:
5735:
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3878:
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3771:
3754:
3372:
2918:
2770:
2709:
2182:
210:
4167:
2252:
1655:
135:
6518:
5558:
5168:
4864:
4663:
4448:
4330:
4133:
4015:
3866:
3715:
3653:
3640:
3513:
3239:
2891:
2680: – BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance
2643:
2639:
1607:"Sign at the (ever moving) actual geographical South Pole (a few feet away from the Ceremonial Pole)"
1422:
125:
2218:
2107:
2101:
627:
of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.
7020:
6879:
6869:
6653:
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6384:
6359:
5708:
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3994:
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1948:
1793:
1593:
3010:
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6813:
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5984:
5775:
5438:
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4465:
4385:
3894:
3721:
2923:
630:
The fastest solo, unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole by a female was performed by
598:
351:
327:
276:
reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301
213:. Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the
50:
1816:
1535:
1487:
which had accumulated under a lake which had been near to the South Pole millions of years ago.
6884:
6704:
6346:
6281:
5713:
5279:
3211:
2311:
1923:
1401:
703:
on 21 July 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in
587:
44:
4546:
1843:
6904:
6854:
6849:
6744:
6586:
6530:
6508:
5822:
5718:
5687:
5492:
5445:
5344:
5148:
5067:
5010:
4759:
4753:
4603:
4561:
4523:
4503:
4098:
3873:
3709:
3619:
3601:
3518:
3489:
3479:
3367:
3304:
3078:
1897:
1870:
1431:
715:
in August 2010). Mean annual temperature at the South Pole is –49.5 °C (–57.1 °F).
669:
505:
490:
482:
363:
202:
3759:
6419:
6220:
6132:
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5507:
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4959:
4885:
4877:
4677:
4617:
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4189:
4180:
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4046:
3950:
3814:
3571:
3533:
3140:
2910:
2878:
2822:
2802:
2434:
2156:
1750:
1716:
1677:
1517:
486:
460:
449:
393:. The first landing was probably just over a year later when English-born American captain
91:
6061:
4940:
3345:
3328:
2400:
Initial environmental evaluation – development of blue-ice and compacted-snow runways
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8:
7015:
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6914:
6864:
6839:
6613:
6571:
6175:
6165:
5966:
5938:
5693:
5615:
5080:
5003:
4919:
4700:
4692:
4641:
4281:
4239:
3734:
3697:
3586:
3350:
3220:
3023:
2828:
2695:
2275:
1480:
591:
517:
445:
394:
273:
178:
129:
121:
103:
38:
3333:
2622:
1754:
6899:
6137:
6127:
5414:
5306:
5287:
4851:
4826:
4368:
4262:
4226:
4202:
4093:
3940:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3807:
3785:
3764:
3645:
3635:
3382:
3270:
3198:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2765:
2745:
1766:
1472:
2052:
268:
to compensate for the movement of the ice. The sign records the respective dates that
250:
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6834:
6503:
6437:
6326:
6286:
5915:
5786:
5592:
5586:
5542:
5527:
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5273:
5183:
5155:
5135:
5073:
4981:
4945:
4819:
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4779:
4732:
4714:
4631:
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4249:
4197:
4103:
4056:
3984:
3973:
3685:
3675:
3667:
3563:
3553:
3464:
3459:
3442:
3408:
3275:
3262:
3083:
2989:
2947:
2942:
2732:
2581:
2540:
2111:
2074:
1903:
1876:
1849:
1822:
1770:
1467:
1349:
1302:
464:
456:
265:
229:
99:
67:
2488:
1465:
had been detected living in the South Pole ice. Scientists published in the journal
6951:
6321:
6020:
5905:
5887:
5803:
5535:
5227:
5107:
4933:
4906:
4846:
4721:
4651:
4636:
4375:
4304:
4299:
4273:
4268:
4150:
4073:
4026:
3793:
3613:
3578:
3474:
3469:
3403:
3317:
3099:
3091:
2977:
2897:
2849:
2839:
2812:
2627:
2514:
1758:
1629:
1570:
1504:
1451:
1427:
638:
609:
503:
set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the
405:
293:
225:
187:
2690:
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the
2677:
194:). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (
6935:
6719:
6694:
6620:
6576:
6566:
6369:
6331:
6311:
6291:
6256:
6185:
6012:
6002:
5897:
5793:
5740:
5725:
5631:
5626:
5550:
5515:
5451:
5350:
5265:
5232:
4964:
4747:
4739:
4708:
4624:
4584:
4338:
4294:
4234:
4158:
4128:
4123:
4083:
4061:
4009:
3945:
3935:
3886:
3608:
3593:
3446:
3415:
3377:
3127:
3055:
3049:
2972:
2937:
2797:
2672:
2634:
2412:
2380:
2318:
1542:
1435:
727:
719:
704:
624:
579:
544:
390:
297:
280:". A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.
4316:
1557:
559:
and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.
343:
98:, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions. It is one of the
6945:
6940:
6930:
6829:
6643:
6409:
6316:
6261:
6228:
6210:
5997:
5767:
5750:
5703:
5662:
5652:
5621:
5480:
5470:
5362:
5312:
5177:
5127:
5100:
5045:
4841:
4836:
4685:
4538:
4392:
4354:
4311:
4244:
4218:
4172:
4145:
4118:
4088:
4031:
3989:
3979:
3859:
3852:
3749:
3729:
3541:
3501:
3432:
3228:
3203:
3158:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3068:
3063:
3037:
3017:
2785:
2292:"Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)"
2053:"Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record"
1404:(precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993), NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)
700:
684:
646:
642:
631:
620:
567:
425:
421:
401:
375:
269:
6053:
1762:
416:
288:
The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the
7009:
6874:
6668:
6389:
6296:
6276:
6170:
6117:
6099:
6081:
6025:
5992:
5730:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5607:
5602:
5578:
5522:
5399:
5393:
5388:
4987:
4898:
4891:
4646:
4441:
4420:
4288:
4066:
4036:
4004:
3999:
3836:
3742:
3625:
3420:
3233:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3073:
2982:
2817:
2025:
1741:
Armstrong, Terence (1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica".
1141:
657:
548:
521:
489:. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the
437:
433:
429:
233:
150:
137:
114:
59:
6379:
6306:
6301:
6195:
6155:
6112:
6089:
5930:
5761:
5755:
5367:
5331:
5197:
5024:
4974:
4913:
4767:
4455:
4406:
4256:
4078:
4041:
4021:
3962:
3496:
3484:
3427:
3355:
3256:
3153:
3147:
3044:
3032:
2905:
2883:
2807:
2760:
1439:
673:
586:. The first group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson,
571:
195:
597:
Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at
524:, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on 29 November 1929.
6678:
6658:
6545:
6399:
6251:
6238:
6190:
6122:
6071:
6035:
5798:
5698:
5646:
5464:
5251:
5039:
4414:
4346:
4108:
3967:
3930:
3830:
3822:
3630:
2966:
1814:
1455:
1395:
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)
677:
613:
605:
244:
170:
6735:
6487:
6427:
6394:
6205:
6160:
6107:
5974:
5879:
5597:
5500:
5326:
5259:
5160:
4569:
4518:
4478:
3800:
3526:
3454:
3396:
2789:
2757:
2353:
692:
601:, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions.
420:
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right:
221:
214:
191:
110:
95:
2253:"The USAP Portal: Science and Support in Antarctica - Course Material"
1430:(UTC+12/UTC+13). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("
312:
Argentinian soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965
6648:
6445:
6180:
5948:
5119:
3956:
3508:
3291:
1596:, page 6, Antarctic Sun. 8 January 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica.
1417:
339:
237:
16:
This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see
2701:
2435:"Klimatafel von Amundsen - Scott / Südpol-Station (USA) / Antarktis"
2402:, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, 9 April 1993
473:
The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian
6673:
6266:
6147:
5051:
2442:
Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
1484:
220:
The Geographic South Pole is presently located on the continent of
1717:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
1678:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
562:
After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole
5678:
5058:
3323:
3299:
3287:
2131:
1462:
510:
478:
3845:
2659:
2374:"NASA-USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth"
3924:
3249:
2665:
1476:
712:
708:
616:
and Shirley Metz, reached the pole by land on 17 January 1989.
513:
and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.
342:
erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the
254:
5852:
6456:
3310:
198:), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.
63:
The Geographic South Pole is marked by the stake on the right
28:
574:(19 January 1958) and their respective parties, during the
71:
2205:"Capt Lou Rudd is first Briton to cross Antarctic unaided"
532:
2662: – Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program
687:, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).
637:
In the 2011–12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian
257:
660:
became the youngest person to ski to the pole, aged 29.
4515:
1560:, National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs
2321:, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs
2596:"There used to be fluffy dinosaurs at the South Pole"
2075:"Canadians break speed record trekking to South Pole"
1895:
1416:
In most places on Earth, local time is determined by
1868:
1841:
1815:
Van Doren, Charles Lincoln; McHenry, Robert (1971).
1494:
2415:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
2413:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Amundsen–Scott"
2271:"Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole?"
1955:. United States Antarctic Program. 13 November 2009
1872:
Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica
1845:
Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica
547:
of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (
74:
image showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005
6794:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
2289:
1589:
1587:
1475:to protect the animals from the extreme cold. The
350:(HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the
224:, although this has not been the case for all of
7007:
2683:Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908
1899:Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor
1649:
1553:
1551:
326:(HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the
2515:"Time Zones Currently Being Used in Antarctica"
2468:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1584:
2312:Your stay at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
555:was established by air over 1956–1957 for the
260:receiver showing 90 Deg South – the South Pole
182:The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008.
90:, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies
6472:
5838:
2717:
2219:"Woman is youngest to ski solo to South Pole"
1975:"Südtirol – Diese Seite existiert nicht"
1548:
477:on 14 December 1911. Amundsen named his camp
2593:
2050:
1627:
663:
481:and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole
190:intersects its surface (the other being the
124:, the position of which is defined based on
7041:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica
6479:
6465:
5854:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica
5845:
5831:
2724:
2710:
2464:"Amundsen–Scott Climate Normals 1961−1990"
1740:
520:, with the assistance of his first pilot
344:First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition
5957:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5782:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2687:, and read more about the recording on .
2541:"Which Country Has the Most Time Zones?"
531:
415:
307:
283:
249:
177:
169:
66:
58:
27:
5357:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2538:
2489:"What time zone is used in Antarctica?"
2290:Matthew A. Lazzara (28 December 2011).
2099:
1783:
576:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
94:on the opposite side of Earth from the
7008:
2405:
1650:George F. Mobley (18 September 2012).
128:. The South Pole is the center of the
6460:
5826:
4501:
2743:
2731:
2705:
2395:
2393:
1654:. National Geographic. Archived from
1479:had been found over 100 years ago in
352:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
333:
328:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
303:
6985:
2656:by the Australian Antarctic Division
2456:
2081:. The Canadian Press. 7 January 2009
1902:. Taylor & Francis. p. 24.
1722:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
1683:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
1609:. Pierre R. Schwob Physics/Astronomy
566:(albeit with some air support) were
5143:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3340:Norse colonization of North America
2582:"Snow microbes found at South Pole"
2444:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
2427:
1709:
1670:
501:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
372:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
13:
4672:United States Exploring Expedition
2566:"Non-human life form seen at Pole"
2539:Dempsey, Caitlin (29 March 2023).
2390:
2106:. The Jim Patison Group. pp.
2018:
1941:
1706:/ Volume 47 / Issue 03 / July 2011
1445:
643:James Castrission and Justin Jones
387:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
316:
174:The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998.
14:
7057:
5746:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5114:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2616:
2594:Jessie Yeung (14 November 2019).
1821:. Merriam-Webster. p. 1326.
1558:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
740:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
553:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
537:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
397:, a sealer, set foot on the ice.
118:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
6984:
6975:
6974:
6734:
5640:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5033:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2678:UK team makes polar trek history
2628:360° Panoramas of the South Pole
2051:Explorersweb (13 January 2011).
2001:"Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
1977:. Suedtirol.info. Archived from
1571:"Where is the real Pole really?"
1497:
1471:that evidence had been found of
2692:National Film and Sound Archive
2587:
2575:
2558:
2532:
2507:
2481:
2367:
2346:
2324:
2305:
2283:
2263:
2245:
2233:
2211:
2197:
2171:
2145:
2124:
2093:
2067:
2044:
1993:
1967:
1916:
1889:
1862:
1835:
1808:
1777:
1734:
527:
6486:
2242:, Goddard Space Flight Center.
1896:Simpson-Housley, Paul (2002).
1875:. Academic Press. p. 37.
1848:. Academic Press. p. 35.
1695:
1643:
1621:
1599:
1563:
1529:
557:International Geophysical Year
357:
1:
5019:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4954:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4502:
2207:. BBC News. 29 December 2018.
1869:Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002).
1842:Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002).
1792:. Hurtigruten. Archived from
1628:Kiefer, Alex (January 1994).
1523:
1513:List of Antarctic expeditions
1461:In 2000 it was reported that
1458:are occasionally seen there.
724:Köppen climate classification
652:On 28 December 2018, Captain
368:List of Antarctic expeditions
109:Situated on the continent of
51:South pole of inaccessibility
5376:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5192:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4998:French Antarctic Expeditions
4928:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4814:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2932:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2332:"How cold is the Antarctic?"
2240:Science question of the week
499:In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's
475:Roald Amundsen and his party
411:
240:is actually near sea level.
165:
7:
4461:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4140:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3005:Andrée's balloon expedition
2103:Guinness World Records 2014
1490:
1210:Average precipitation days
1000:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
860:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
380:
23:Southernmost point on Earth
18:South Pole (disambiguation)
10:
7062:
7036:Polar regions of the Earth
6247:Bernardo O'Higgins Station
3662:Franklin's lost expedition
3362:Christian IV's expeditions
2744:
2179:"Wilson, nå er vi framme!"
1594:"Marker makes annual move"
1399:
1394:
737:
667:
361:
15:
6970:
6923:
6822:
6786:
6743:
6732:
6687:
6636:
6559:
6494:
6436:
6418:
6355:Antarctic Treaty Monument
6345:
6237:
6219:
6146:
6098:
6080:
6052:
6034:
6011:
5983:
5965:
5947:
5929:
5896:
5878:
5860:
5479:
5210:
4797:
4537:
4514:
4510:
4497:
4016:Great Northern Expedition
3910:
3692:Rae–Richardson expedition
3441:
3286:
2892:British Arctic Expedition
2784:
2756:
2752:
2739:
2644:Degree Confluence Project
1763:10.1017/S0032247400062112
1652:"Flags at the South Pole"
1438:, which is supplied from
1347:
1300:
1256:
1209:
1139:
1069:
999:
929:
859:
789:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
664:Climate and day and night
348:Historic Site or Monument
324:Historic Site or Monument
6644:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6375:Henryk Arctowski Station
6044:A.B. Dobrowolski Station
5300:British Antarctic Survey
5294:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4539:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2649:South Pole Photo Gallery
2584:, BBC News, 10 July 2000
2379:11 December 2013 at the
2334:. NIWA. 27 February 2007
113:, it is the site of the
106:intersects its surface.
104:Earth's axis of rotation
7031:Geography of Antarctica
7026:Extreme points of Earth
5985:Princess Elizabeth Land
5776:Pole of inaccessibility
5439:Antarctic Treaty System
3780:2nd Grinnell expedition
2640:Images of this location
2317:2 February 2006 at the
2100:Glenday, Craig (2013).
2005:Encyclopædia Britannica
1536:"Moving the South Pole"
1473:dinosaurs with feathers
1411:
599:Patriot Hills Base Camp
436:(photo by fifth member
2623:NOAA South Pole Webcam
2132:"Ice Trek Expeditions"
1402:Deutscher Wetterdienst
718:The South Pole has an
540:
441:
346:has been designated a
313:
261:
203:geographic coordinates
183:
175:
126:Earth's magnetic field
88:Terrestrial South Pole
75:
64:
56:
45:South Geomagnetic Pole
5446:Transglobe Expedition
5345:Operation Deep Freeze
4754:Challenger expedition
3620:Coppermine expedition
3141:Drifting ice stations
2685:South Pole Expedition
2642:are available at the
2633:28 April 2015 at the
1924:"First Women at Pole"
1786:"General Information"
1432:Operation Deep Freeze
670:Climate of Antarctica
604:On 30 December 1989,
570:(4 January 1958) and
535:
483:King Haakon VII Vidde
419:
364:History of Antarctica
311:
284:Ceremonial South Pole
253:
192:Geographic North Pole
181:
173:
84:Geographic South Pole
70:
62:
35:South Geographic Pole
31:
6133:Inexpressible Island
2671:25 June 2016 at the
1541:16 July 2011 at the
1518:South Pole Telescope
1483:, Australia, but in
790:Record high °C (°F)
487:Haakon VII of Norway
82:, also known as the
7046:Southern Hemisphere
6957:Robert Falcon Scott
6614:South magnetic pole
6572:Antarctic Peninsula
6567:Biogeographic realm
6360:Arturo Prat Station
6176:Hut Point Peninsula
5967:Mac. Robertson Land
5939:Proclamation Island
5888:Belgrano II Station
5616:South magnetic pole
4282:Brusilov expedition
3391:Danish colonization
2829:North magnetic pole
2696:Sounds of Australia
2354:"Antarctic Weather"
2276:Scientific American
1790:hurtigruten.com/us/
1755:1971PoRec..15..887A
1630:"South Pole Marker"
1257:Average snowy days
1070:Record low °C (°F)
930:Daily mean °C (°F)
551:) aircraft. The US
518:Richard Evelyn Byrd
446:Robert Falcon Scott
147: /
130:Southern Hemisphere
122:South Magnetic Pole
39:South Magnetic Pole
6895:Telecommunications
6809:Territorial claims
6365:Great Wall Station
6312:San Martin Station
6128:Hells Gate Moraine
5911:Humboldt Mountains
5307:Operation Windmill
5288:Operation Highjump
4263:Rusanov expedition
4168:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3912:North East Passage
3716:McClure expedition
2153:"Crossing the Ice"
2055:. explorersweb.com
2026:"Antarctic Firsts"
1928:South Pole Station
1796:on 23 October 2014
614:Victoria E. Murden
541:
485:in honour of King
442:
334:Argentine Flagpole
314:
304:Historic monuments
290:South Pole Station
262:
184:
176:
76:
65:
57:
7003:
7002:
6962:Ernest Shackleton
6890:Research stations
6835:Antarctic English
6804:National programs
6799:Military activity
6773:COVID-19 pandemic
6730:
6729:
6599:Floristic Kingdom
6504:Antarctic sea ice
6454:
6453:
6438:Stonington Island
6327:Stonington Island
6287:Metchnikoff Point
6262:Esperanza Station
6062:Débarquement Rock
5916:Schirmacher Oasis
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5274:Operation Tabarin
5136:Far Eastern Party
4982:Nimrod Expedition
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4052:M. Pronchishcheva
3974:Siberian Cossacks
3443:Northwest Passage
2776:Research stations
2733:Polar exploration
2660:The Antarctic Sun
2572:, 5 January 2003.
2570:The Antarctic Sun
2495:. 14 January 2023
2387:, 9 December 2013
2221:. 10 January 2020
2117:978-1-908843-15-9
1953:The Antarctic Sun
1909:978-0-203-03602-0
1882:978-0-12-091560-6
1855:978-0-12-091560-6
1828:978-0-87779-081-5
1468:Gondwana Research
1452:south polar skuas
1408:
1407:
738:Climate data for
457:Ernest Shackleton
444:British explorer
230:continental drift
7053:
6988:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6952:James Clark Ross
6924:Famous explorers
6738:
6557:
6556:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6322:Snow Hill Island
6282:Megalestris Hill
6272:Horseshoe Island
6201:Observation Hill
6166:Shackleton's Hut
6021:Buromskiy Island
5906:Dakshin Gangotri
5847:
5840:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5321:Ronne Expedition
4806:
4800:
4664:Dumont d'Urville
4512:
4511:
4499:
4498:
4047:V. Pronchishchev
2754:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:registry in 2007
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2564:Mark Sabbatini,
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:Time and Date AS
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2032:. 4 October 2014
2030:Antarctic Circle
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1981:on 10 March 2012
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1533:
1507:
1505:Geography portal
1502:
1501:
1500:
1428:New Zealand Time
1213:
735:
734:
641:and Australians
639:Aleksander Gamme
610:Reinhold Messner
592:Eileen McSaveney
509:, was frozen in
406:James Clark Ross
294:Antarctic Treaty
208:
188:axis of rotation
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7021:East Antarctica
7006:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6966:
6936:Richard E. Byrd
6919:
6880:Protected areas
6818:
6782:
6739:
6726:
6683:
6637:Bodies of Water
6632:
6621:West Antarctica
6577:East Antarctica
6555:
6490:
6485:
6455:
6450:
6432:
6414:
6370:Half Moon Beach
6347:South Shetlands
6341:
6332:Waterboat Point
6292:Paradise Harbor
6257:Detaille Island
6233:
6221:Edward VII Land
6215:
6186:McMurdo Station
6142:
6094:
6076:
6048:
6030:
6013:Queen Mary Land
6007:
6003:Walkabout Rocks
5979:
5961:
5943:
5925:
5898:Queen Maud Land
5892:
5874:
5856:
5851:
5821:
5808:
5483:
5475:
5351:McMurdo Station
5220:Modern research
5218:
5206:
4941:O. Nordenskjöld
4804:
4798:
4793:
4709:Ross expedition
4533:
4506:
4485:
3914:
3906:
3447:Northern Canada
3445:
3437:
3290:
3282:
2788:
2780:
2748:
2735:
2730:
2673:Wayback Machine
2635:Wayback Machine
2619:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2545:Geography Realm
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2381:Wayback Machine
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2319:Wayback Machine
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:on 24 June 2013
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 24 June 2013
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1949:"Famous Firsts"
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1749:(99): 887–889.
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1658:on 15 June 2020
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1543:Wayback Machine
1534:
1530:
1526:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1448:
1446:Flora and fauna
1442:, New Zealand.
1436:McMurdo Station
1414:
1409:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
720:ice cap climate
705:East Antarctica
680:
666:
625:Todd Carmichael
545:George J. Dufek
530:
414:
391:Mikhail Lazarev
383:
378:
360:
336:
319:
317:Amundsen's Tent
306:
286:
274:Robert F. Scott
226:Earth's history
206:
168:
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
55:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7059:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6946:Ui-te-Rangiora
6943:
6941:Douglas Mawson
6938:
6933:
6931:Roald Amundsen
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6870:Gateway cities
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6830:Antarctica Day
6826:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6702:
6700:Microorganisms
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6664:List of rivers
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:Extreme points
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6561:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6514:Climate change
6506:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6410:Yankee Harbour
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:Seymour Island
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6229:Scott Nunataks
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5998:Vostok Station
5995:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:Vostok Station
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5719:Cherry-Garrard
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5559:Southern Cross
5555:
5554:
5553:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5489:
5487:
5481:Farthest South
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5178:Ross Sea party
5174:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5139:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4978:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4872:Southern Cross
4865:Southern Cross
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4809:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4730:
4724:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4611:Bellingshausen
4601:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4470:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3916:Russian Arctic
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3358:
3353:
3351:Snæbjörn galti
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:Farthest North
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2666:Big Dead Place
2663:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2625:
2618:
2617:External links
2615:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2574:
2557:
2531:
2506:
2480:
2455:
2426:
2404:
2389:
2366:
2345:
2323:
2304:
2282:
2262:
2244:
2232:
2210:
2196:
2170:
2144:
2123:
2116:
2092:
2066:
2043:
2017:
1992:
1966:
1940:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1854:
1834:
1827:
1807:
1776:
1733:
1708:
1694:
1669:
1642:
1620:
1598:
1583:
1562:
1547:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1489:
1447:
1444:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:sunshine hours
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:sunshine hours
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
743:
742:
733:
701:Vostok Station
685:Vostok Station
665:
662:
647:Hercules Inlet
632:Hannah McKeand
621:Hercules Inlet
568:Edmund Hillary
529:
526:
413:
410:
402:Charles Wilkes
382:
379:
376:Farthest South
359:
356:
335:
332:
318:
315:
305:
302:
285:
282:
270:Roald Amundsen
266:New Year's Day
211:prime meridian
167:
164:
54:
53:
48:
42:
36:
32:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7058:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:Midwinter Day
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6814:Treaty System
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:McMurdo Sound
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6420:South Orkneys
6417:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Pendulum Cove
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6337:Winter Island
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:Paulet Island
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6277:Lambda Island
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Discovery Hut
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6138:Mount Dockery
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6118:Cape Wadworth
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6100:Victoria Land
6097:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6082:George V Land
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Petrel Island
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6026:Mirny Station
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Tryne Islands
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5921:Showa Station
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5773:
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4899:Discovery Hut
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4429:A. Sibiryakov
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4401:Glavsevmorput
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3703:J. Richardson
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3465:M. Corte-Real
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3460:G. Corte-Real
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3192:Georgiy Sedov
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3079:Riiser-Larsen
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2493:Antarctica.uk
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2006:
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1784:Hurtigruten.
1780:
1772:
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1301:Mean monthly
1299:
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1142:precipitation
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658:Mollie Hughes
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589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:C-47 Skytrain
546:
538:
534:
525:
523:
522:Bernt Balchen
519:
514:
512:
508:
507:
502:
497:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
467:
462:
461:Edward Wilson
458:
454:
452:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
325:
310:
301:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
256:
252:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:Bay of Whales
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
180:
172:
163:
160:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
115:United States
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
69:
61:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
26:
19:
6860:Firefighting
6845:Demographics
6768:Colonization
6763:World War II
6608:
6380:Lame Dog Hut
6307:Port Lockroy
6302:Port Charcot
6196:Mount Erebus
6156:Cape Crozier
6113:Cape Geology
6090:Cape Denison
5931:Enderby Land
5869:
5861:
5774:
5762:Pole of Cold
5760:
5686:
5677:
5645:
5638:
5614:
5585:
5571:
5565:Borchgrevink
5557:
5544:
5529:
5509:
5494:
5484:
5463:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5407:
5398:
5381:
5374:
5355:
5343:
5319:
5305:
5298:
5286:
5272:
5258:
5244:
5237:
5198:
5190:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5149:
5141:
5134:
5121:
5112:
5074:
5066:
5057:
5050:
5038:
5031:
5017:
5005:Pourquoi-Pas
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4975:Orcadas Base
4973:
4965:
4952:
4946:C. A. Larsen
4934:
4926:
4912:
4905:
4892:
4884:
4878:Borchgrevink
4871:
4863:
4820:
4812:
4787:C. A. Larsen
4780:
4761:
4752:
4734:
4716:
4707:
4694:
4679:
4670:
4657:
4618:
4604:
4597:
4578:
4563:
4473:
4466:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4413:
4399:
4386:
4361:
4347:
4345:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4287:
4280:
4261:
4227:
4225:
4211:
4209:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4159:
4157:
4138:
4014:
3972:
3955:
3923:
3887:
3885:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3843:
3829:
3816:
3801:
3787:
3778:
3765:
3736:
3724:Investigator
3723:
3714:
3690:
3677:
3669:
3660:
3647:
3618:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3535:
3520:
3490:
3409:
3389:
3360:
3356:Erik the Red
3338:
3316:
3309:
3266:submersibles
3263:
3257:Arktika 2007
3255:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3222:
3213:
3210:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3146:
3139:
3115:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3056:
3054:
3025:
3022:
3011:S. A. Andrée
3003:
2990:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2930:
2912:
2899:
2890:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2827:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2589:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2407:
2384:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2326:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2285:
2274:
2265:
2257:www.usap.gov
2256:
2247:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2213:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2126:
2102:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:Toronto Star
2078:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1817:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1789:
1779:
1746:
1743:Polar Record
1742:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1711:
1704:Polar Record
1703:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1601:
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
1545:, NASA Quest
1531:
1466:
1460:
1456:snow petrels
1449:
1440:Christchurch
1421:
1415:
1144:mm (inches)
726:
717:
697:
689:
681:
674:Midnight sun
651:
636:
629:
618:
603:
596:
572:Vivian Fuchs
563:
561:
542:
528:1950–present
515:
504:
498:
491:
472:
465:
450:
443:
399:
384:
337:
320:
287:
277:
263:
242:
219:
200:
196:polar motion
185:
108:
87:
83:
79:
77:
25:
6948:(legendary)
6855:Field camps
6753:Expeditions
6679:Weddell Sea
6659:Lake Vostok
6654:Lake Mercer
6526:Ice shelves
6405:Whalers Bay
6400:Potter Cove
6385:Maxwell Bay
6252:Damoy Point
6239:Graham Land
6211:Scott's Hut
6191:Mount Betty
6123:Foyn Island
6072:Port Martin
6054:Adélie Land
6036:Wilkes Land
5465:Lake Vostok
5415:Tryoshnikov
5337:Schlossbach
5228:Christensen
5170:James Caird
5091:E. R. Evans
4857:Dobrowolski
4827:de Gerlache
4529:Expeditions
4415:Aviaarktika
4369:Samoylovich
4240:Kolomeitsev
4134:Middendorff
4094:Gedenshtrom
3514:I. Fyodorov
3276:Chilingarov
3164:E. Fyodorov
2771:Expeditions
2605:14 November
2297:28 December
2085:10 February
1348:Mean daily
678:Polar night
606:Arved Fuchs
516:US Admiral
358:Exploration
245:Weddell Sea
228:because of
154: /
92:antipodally
7016:South Pole
7010:Categories
6758:Heroic Age
6609:South Pole
6519:Heat waves
6488:Antarctica
6428:Scotia Bay
6395:Point Wild
6206:Scott Base
6161:Cape Evans
6108:Cape Adare
5975:Cape Bruce
5880:Coats Land
5870:South Pole
5862:South Pole
5688:Terra Nova
5593:Shackleton
5536:J. C. Ross
5495:Resolution
5485:South Pole
5260:New Swabia
5184:Mackintosh
5156:Shackleton
5075:Terra Nova
5068:Terra Nova
4802:Heroic Age
4762:Challenger
4722:J. C. Ross
4632:Bransfield
4564:Resolution
4479:icebreaker
4443:Chelyuskin
4184:expedition
4162:Expedition
4104:Matyushkin
4062:Kh. Laptev
4057:Chelyuskin
3951:Heemskerck
3941:Chancellor
3936:Willoughby
3931:Koch boats
3874:Stefansson
3808:McClintock
3772:Inglefield
3614:J. C. Ross
3521:Resolution
3373:Cunningham
3271:Sagalevich
2960:expedition
2919:Stephenson
2879:C. F. Hall
2866:expedition
2840:J. C. Ross
2803:Heemskerck
2790:North Pole
2550:22 October
2524:22 October
2499:22 October
2225:20 January
2059:13 January
1800:23 October
1524:References
1434:") out of
1400:Source 2:
1212:(≥ 0.1 mm)
693:North Pole
668:See also:
588:Lois Jones
494:Expedition
492:Terra Nova
468:Expedition
453:Expedition
395:John Davis
362:See also:
296:signatory
222:Antarctica
215:North Pole
111:Antarctica
100:two points
96:North Pole
80:South Pole
6910:Transport
6649:Lake CECs
6626:ice sheet
6582:ice sheet
6551:Volcanoes
6541:Mountains
6496:Geography
6446:East Base
6181:Lewis Bay
5949:Kemp Land
5787:Tolstikov
5573:Discovery
5543:HMS
5528:HMS
5510:Adventure
5508:HMS
5493:HMS
5429:Tolstikov
5150:Endurance
4935:Antarctic
4920:Drygalski
4893:Discovery
4886:Discovery
4847:Arctowski
4760:HMS
4733:HMS
4727:Abernethy
4715:HMS
4693:USS
4680:Vincennes
4678:USS
4658:Astrolabe
4598:San Telmo
4579:Adventure
4577:HMS
4562:HMS
4557:Kerguelen
4519:Continent
4504:Antarctic
4381:Urvantsev
4339:Vilkitsky
4192:Jeannette
4190:USS
4182:Jeannette
4146:Weyprecht
4124:Pakhtusov
4074:Chichagov
4067:D. Laptev
4010:Permyakov
3985:Stadukhin
3980:Perfilyev
3957:Mangazeya
3895:H. Larsen
3860:Rasmussen
3815:HMS
3786:USS
3735:HMS
3722:HMS
3686:Collinson
3676:HMS
3668:HMS
3646:HMS
3594:HMS
3579:HMS
3564:HMS
3549:Mackenzie
3536:Discovery
3534:HMS
3519:HMS
3491:Discovery
3470:Frobisher
3433:Rasmussen
3346:Gunnbjörn
3292:Greenland
3221:USS
3212:USS
3084:Ellsworth
3026:Roosevelt
2956:Nansen's
2913:Discovery
2911:HMS
2898:HMS
2845:Abernethy
2813:Marmaduke
2338:13 August
2036:24 August
2010:13 August
1985:13 August
1959:25 August
1933:24 August
1771:129664580
1726:4 October
1687:7 January
1481:Koonwarra
1418:longitude
1135:(−117.0)
1115:(−110.9)
1110:(−110.7)
1105:(−113.1)
1100:(−117.0)
1095:(−108.9)
1090:(−103.0)
506:Endurance
451:Discovery
412:1900–1950
238:ice sheet
166:Geography
6980:Category
6885:Religion
6787:Politics
6705:Wildlife
6674:Ross Sea
6536:Glaciers
6267:Hope Bay
6148:Ross Sea
5799:A. Fuchs
5756:V. Fuchs
5736:McKinley
5699:E. Evans
5658:Bjaaland
5653:Amundsen
5603:Marshall
5516:Furneaux
5368:V. Fuchs
5332:E. Ronne
5327:F. Ronne
5266:Ritscher
5120:SY
5108:Filchner
5052:Framheim
5046:Amundsen
4852:Racoviță
4837:Amundsen
4832:Lecointe
4701:Ringgold
4695:Porpoise
4585:Furneaux
4421:Shevelev
4376:Begichev
4355:Amundsen
4317:Nagórski
4295:Brusilov
4289:Sv. Anna
4203:Melville
4173:Palander
4129:Tsivolko
4089:Sannikov
4084:Billings
4027:Chirikov
3946:Barentsz
3888:St. Roch
3879:Bartlett
3853:Amundsen
3837:Sverdrup
3737:Resolute
3626:Franklin
3554:Kotzebue
3421:Sverdrup
3404:Scoresby
3378:Lindenov
3229:Plaisted
3214:Nautilus
3159:Shirshov
3133:Belyakov
3128:Baydukov
3102:Nautilus
3064:Amundsen
3024:SS
2983:Sverdrup
2978:Johansen
2948:Brainard
2943:Lockwood
2798:Barentsz
2669:Archived
2631:Archived
2377:Archived
2315:Archived
1635:24 March
1576:25 March
1539:Archived
1491:See also
1485:sediment
1463:microbes
1423:a priori
1343:2,698.2
1140:Average
1130:(−42.0)
1125:(−67.0)
1120:(−97.6)
1085:(−96.0)
1080:(−74.0)
1075:(−42.0)
1065:(−62.0)
1060:(−20.4)
1055:(−40.2)
1050:(−65.7)
1045:(−79.1)
1040:(−81.8)
1035:(−82.1)
1030:(−81.0)
1025:(−78.7)
1020:(−77.6)
1015:(−70.2)
1010:(−45.6)
1005:(−21.3)
995:(−57.1)
990:(−18.4)
985:(−36.8)
980:(−60.9)
975:(−74.4)
970:(−75.5)
965:(−75.6)
960:(−74.0)
955:(−72.4)
950:(−72.0)
945:(−64.7)
940:(−41.6)
935:(−19.1)
925:(−50.4)
920:(−15.3)
915:(−33.2)
910:(−55.1)
905:(−65.9)
900:(−66.8)
895:(−67.4)
890:(−66.1)
885:(−64.5)
880:(−63.4)
875:(−57.3)
870:(−36.2)
865:(−14.8)
840:(−13.2)
835:(−20.7)
830:(−26.5)
825:(−29.0)
820:(−19.8)
815:(−13.2)
810:(−18.0)
805:(−16.1)
707:between
654:Lou Rudd
564:overland
511:pack ice
438:Bjaaland
422:Amundsen
381:Pre-1900
340:flagpole
151:90°S 0°E
6990:Commons
6905:Tourism
6850:Economy
6823:Society
6745:History
6715:Mammals
6604:Islands
6560:Regions
6531:Geology
6509:Climate
5804:Messner
5751:Hillary
5731:Balchen
5679:Polheim
5673:Wisting
5551:Crozier
5523:Weddell
5501:J. Cook
5471:Kapitsa
5452:Fiennes
5394:Klenova
5363:Hillary
5313:Ketchum
5239:BANZARE
5214:·
5059:Polheim
5025:Shirase
5011:Charcot
4821:Belgica
4740:Crozier
4652:Morrell
4647:Weddell
4625:Lazarev
4570:J. Cook
4524:History
4474:Arktika
4450:Krassin
4435:Voronin
4407:Schmidt
4393:Ushakov
4332:Vaygach
4300:Albanov
4269:Rusanov
4250:Kolchak
4245:Matisen
4219:Makarov
4198:De Long
4099:Wrangel
4079:Lyakhov
4032:Malygin
3990:Dezhnev
3817:Pandora
3788:Advance
3755:Kennedy
3750:Belcher
3743:Kellett
3730:McClure
3654:Beechey
3648:Blossom
3641:Simpson
3609:Crozier
3602:Hoppner
3559:J. Ross
3527:J. Cook
3475:Gilbert
3368:J. Hall
3334:Ingólfr
3324:Naddodd
3318:Vikings
3305:Brendan
3300:Pytheas
3288:Iceland
3242:Arktika
3234:Herbert
3199:Badygin
3169:Krenkel
3154:Papanin
3123:Chkalov
3109:Wilkins
3074:Wisting
3018:F. Cook
2924:Markham
2884:Bessels
2873:Polaris
2864:Polaris
2835:J. Ross
2818:Carolus
2766:History
2473:5 April
2448:5 April
2419:5 April
1751:Bibcode
1662:14 June
1477:fossils
1205:(0.09)
1200:(0.01)
1195:(0.00)
1190:(0.00)
1185:(0.00)
1174:(0.00)
1169:(0.01)
1164:(0.00)
1159:(0.01)
1154:(0.02)
1149:(0.01)
845:(−2.0)
800:(−5.1)
584:Fiennes
479:Polheim
448:on the
434:Wisting
426:Hanssen
6587:shield
6546:Tundra
5714:Bowers
5709:Wilson
5668:Hassel
5663:Helmer
5632:Mackay
5622:Mawson
5587:Nimrod
5545:Terror
5530:Erebus
5457:Burton
5252:Rymill
5128:Mawson
5122:Aurora
5101:Lashly
5086:Wilson
4989:Nimrod
4966:Scotia
4773:Murray
4748:Cooper
4735:Terror
4717:Erebus
4686:Wilkes
4637:Palmer
4605:Vostok
4552:Bouvet
4476:-class
4456:Gakkel
4324:Taymyr
4305:Konrad
4274:Kuchin
4212:Yermak
4119:Lavrov
4037:Ovtsyn
4022:Bering
4000:Ivanov
3963:Hudson
3925:Pomors
3902:Cowper
3867:Karluk
3766:Isabel
3760:Bellot
3710:Austin
3678:Terror
3670:Erebus
3566:Griper
3542:Clerke
3502:Baffin
3485:Hudson
3416:Nansen
3329:Garðar
3250:Barneo
3117:ANT-25
3093:Italia
3069:Nobile
3038:Henson
2997:Amedeo
2973:Nansen
2938:Greely
2808:Hudson
2746:Arctic
2359:25 May
2189:25 May
2163:25 May
2137:25 May
2114:
1906:
1879:
1852:
1825:
1769:
1613:25 May
1340:616.9
1337:558.0
1334:390.6
1313:195.3
1310:406.1
1307:497.2
1296:203.0
1180:trace
1177:trace
855:(9.9)
850:(9.9)
795:(9.1)
746:Month
713:Dome F
709:Dome A
676:, and
582:, and
466:Nimrod
430:Hassel
374:, and
298:states
255:Garmin
156:-90; 0
102:where
47:(2005)
41:(2007)
6995:Index
6915:Women
6865:Flags
6840:Crime
6778:Years
6720:Krill
6710:Birds
6695:Flora
5794:Crary
5741:Dufek
5704:Oates
5694:Scott
5627:David
5608:Adams
5579:Barne
5400:Mirny
5389:Somov
5199:Quest
5096:Crean
5081:Scott
4960:Bruce
4914:Gauss
4907:Gauss
4781:Jason
4768:Nares
4642:Davis
4619:Mirny
4592:Smith
4547:Roché
4467:Lenin
4387:Sadko
4312:Wiese
4257:Sedov
4228:Zarya
4151:Payer
4114:Litke
4109:Anjou
4042:Minin
4005:Vagin
3995:Popov
3968:Poole
3823:Young
3636:Dease
3581:Hecla
3572:Parry
3497:Bylot
3480:Davis
3455:Cabot
3428:Peary
3410:Jason
3397:Egede
3311:Papar
3223:Skate
3204:Wiese
3184:NP-37
3177:NP-36
3057:Norge
3045:Sedov
3033:Peary
2991:Jason
2906:Nares
2900:Alert
2855:Hayes
2823:Parry
2761:Ocean
2654:Poles
2438:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1720:(PDF)
1681:(PDF)
1387:19.9
1384:18.6
1381:12.6
1357:13.1
1354:17.6
1331:34.1
1293:20.6
1290:16.9
1287:16.7
1284:11.7
1281:17.5
1278:18.2
1275:17.3
1272:17.2
1269:11.4
1266:13.6
1263:19.6
1260:22.0
1133:−82.8
1128:−41.1
1123:−55.0
1118:−72.0
1113:−79.4
1108:−79.3
1103:−80.6
1098:−82.8
1093:−78.3
1088:−75.0
1083:−71.1
1078:−58.9
1073:−41.1
1063:−52.2
1058:−29.1
1053:−40.1
1048:−54.3
1043:−61.7
1038:−63.2
1033:−63.4
1028:−62.8
1023:−61.5
1018:−60.9
1013:−56.8
1008:−43.1
1003:−29.6
993:−49.5
988:−28.0
983:−38.2
978:−51.6
973:−59.1
968:−59.7
963:−59.8
958:−58.9
953:−58.0
948:−57.8
943:−53.7
938:−40.9
933:−28.4
923:−45.8
918:−26.3
913:−36.2
908:−48.4
903:−54.4
898:−54.9
893:−55.2
888:−54.5
883:−53.6
878:−53.0
873:−49.6
868:−37.9
863:−26.0
853:−12.3
848:−12.3
843:−18.9
838:−25.1
833:−29.3
828:−32.5
823:−33.9
818:−28.8
813:−25.1
808:−27.8
803:−26.7
798:−20.6
793:−12.7
785:Year
580:Crary
6900:Time
6688:Life
5726:Byrd
5647:Fram
5598:Wild
5280:Marr
5246:BGLE
5233:Byrd
5161:Wild
5040:Fram
4842:Cook
4363:AARI
4348:Maud
4235:Toll
4160:Vega
3846:Gjøa
3831:Fram
3794:Kane
3631:Back
3596:Fury
3587:Lyon
3509:Munk
3148:NP-1
3050:Byrd
2967:Fram
2958:Fram
2850:Kane
2607:2019
2552:2023
2526:2023
2501:2023
2475:2017
2450:2017
2421:2017
2385:NASA
2361:2013
2340:2012
2299:2011
2227:2020
2191:2013
2165:2013
2139:2013
2112:ISBN
2087:2010
2061:2011
2038:2016
2012:2012
1987:2012
1961:2016
1935:2016
1904:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1802:2014
1728:2013
1689:2014
1664:2020
1637:2008
1615:2013
1578:2008
1454:and
1412:Time
1390:7.4
1378:1.1
1375:0.0
1372:0.0
1369:0.0
1366:0.0
1363:0.0
1360:6.3
1328:0.0
1325:0.0
1322:0.0
1319:0.0
1316:0.0
1252:1.6
1249:0.3
1246:0.1
1243:0.1
1240:0.1
1237:0.0
1234:0.0
1231:0.1
1228:0.2
1225:0.0
1222:0.2
1219:0.3
1216:0.2
782:Dec
779:Nov
776:Oct
773:Sep
770:Aug
767:Jul
764:Jun
761:May
758:Apr
755:Mar
752:Feb
749:Jan
711:and
608:and
459:and
432:and
389:and
272:and
201:The
139:90°S
78:The
72:NASA
5423:3rd
5409:2nd
5383:1st
5216:IGY
5212:IPY
3802:Fox
3698:Rae
3264:Mir
3240:NS
2694:'s
2600:CNN
1759:doi
1203:2.3
1198:0.3
1193:0.1
1188:0.1
1183:0.1
1172:0.1
1167:0.2
1162:0.1
1157:0.2
1152:0.6
1147:0.3
278:FT.
258:GPS
207:0°.
142:0°E
86:or
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