Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

1187:. DSCS-3 can provide a 30 MB/s data rate compared to GOES-3's 1.5 MB/s. DSCS-3 and TDRS-4, 5, and 6 are used together to provide the main communications capability for the station. These satellites provide the data uplink for the station's scientific data as well as provide broadband internet and telecommunications access. Only during the main satellite events is the station's telephone system able to dial out. The commercial Iridium satellite is used when the TDRS and DSCS satellites are all out of range to give the station limited communications capability during those times. During those times, telephone calls may only be made on several Iridium satellite telephone sets owned by the station. The station's IT system also has a limited data uplink over the Iridium network, which allows emails less than 100 KB to be sent and received at all times and small critical data files to be transmitted. This uplink works by bonding the data stream over 12 voice channels. Non-commercial and non-military communication has been provided by amateur 970: 72: 837: 57: 87: 5172: 1070: 2416:

recommended a medevac flight as soon as possible for Douceur, but offsite doctors hired by Raytheon Polar Services (the company contracted to run the base) and the National Science Foundation disagreed with the severity of the situation. The National Science Foundation, which is the final authority on all flights and assumes all financial responsibility for the flights, denied the request for medevac, saying the weather was still too hazardous. Plans were made to evacuate Douceur on the first flight available. Douceur and her niece, believing Douceur's condition to be grave and believing an earlier medevac flight possible, contacted Senator

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October 17 cargo flight. This was the first flight available when the weather window opened up on October 16. This first flight is usually solely for supply and refueling of the station, and does not customarily accept passengers, as the plane's cabin is unpressurized. The evacuation was successful, and Douceur arrived in

754:. A hut consists of a wooden frame with a raised platform covered by canvas tarp. A double-doored vestibule was at each end. Although heated, the heat was not sufficient to keep them habitable during the winter. After several burned during the 1976–1977 summer, the construction camp was abandoned and later removed. 939:

re-leveled. The facility was designed with the primary support columns outboard of the exterior walls so that the entire building can be jacked up a full floor level. During this process, a new section of column will be added over the existing columns then the jacks pull the building up to the higher elevation.

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of wall. The angled wall increases the wind speed as it flows under the buildings, and passes above the snow-pack, causing the snow to be scoured away. This prevents the building from being quickly buried. Wind tunnel tests show that scouring will continue to occur until the snow level reaches the second floor.

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However, in the 1981–1982 season, extra civilian seasonal personnel were housed in a group of Jamesways known as the "summer camp". Initially consisting of only two huts, the camp grew to 11 huts housing about 10 people each, plus two recreational huts with bathroom and gym facilities. In addition, a

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The station was abandoned in 1975 and became deeply buried, with the pressure causing the mostly wooden roof to cave in. The station was demolished in December 2010, after an equipment operator fell through the structure doing snow stability testing for the National Science Foundation (NSF). The

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The number of scientific researchers and members of the support staff housed at the Amundsen–Scott Station has always varied seasonally, with a peak population of around 150 in the summer operational season from October to February. In recent years the wintertime population has been around 50 people.

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became ill while walking between the remote observatory and the base. He became increasingly sick over 36 hours, three times returning increasingly distressed to the station's doctor. Advice was sought by satellite, but Marks died on May 12, 2000, with his condition undiagnosed. The National Science

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prefix run of KC4 and AT; whereas Soviet/Russian stations are known to use 4K1 and others. The popularity of the hobby during the 1950-80s era saw many ham exchanges between South Polar ham stations and enthusiastic ham operators contacting there from world-wide locations. Over the years, ham radio

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Because snow gradually settles over time under its own weight, the foundations of the building were designed to accommodate substantial differential settling over any one wing in any one line or any one column. If differential settling continues, the supported structure will need to be jacked up and

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to prevent it from being buried in snow. Since roughly 8 inches (20 cm) of snow accumulates every year without ever thawing, the building's designers included rounded corners and edges around the structure to help reduce snow drifts. The building faces into the wind with a sloping lower portion

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The buildings of Old Pole were assembled from prefabricated components delivered to the South Pole by air and airdropped. They were originally built on the surface, with covered wood-framed walkways connecting the buildings. Although snow accumulation in open areas at the South Pole is approximately

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for assistance; as the NSF continued to state Douceur's condition did not qualify for a medevac attempt and conditions at the base would not permit an earlier flight, Douceur and her supporters brought the situation to media attention. Douceur was evacuated, along with a doctor and an escort, on an

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During the summer the station population is typically around 150. Most personnel leave by the middle of February, leaving a few dozen (39 in 2021) "winter-overs", mostly support staff plus a few scientists, who keep the station functional through the months of Antarctic night. The winter personnel

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Ade, P.; Bock, J.; Bowden, M.; Brown, M. L.; Cahill, G.; Carlstrom, J. E.; Castro, P. G.; Church, S.; Culverhouse, T.; Friedman, R.; Ganga, K.; Gear, W. K.; Hinderks, J.; Kovac, J.; Lange, A. E.; Leitch, E.; Melhuish, S. J.; Murphy, J. A.; Orlando, A.; Schwarz, R.; O'Sullivan, C.; Piccirillo, L.;

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The station is the only inhabited place on the surface of the Earth from which the Sun is continuously visible for six months; it is then continuously dark for the next six months, with approximately two days of averaged dark and light, twilight, namely the equinoxes. These are, in observational

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Coble, K.; Dragovan, M.; Kovac, J.; Halverson, N. W.; Holzapfel, W. L.; Knox, L.; Dodelson, S.; Ganga, K.; Alvarez, D.; Peterson, J. B.; Griffin, G.; Newcomb, M.; Miller, K.; Platt, S.R.; Novak, G. (July 1, 1999). "Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background at Degree Angular Scales: Python V

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150 million. Construction began in 1999, adjacent to the Dome. The facility was officially dedicated on January 12, 2008, with a ceremony that included the de-commissioning of the old Dome station. The ceremony was attended by a number of dignitaries flown in specifically for the day, including

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Before November 1956, there was no permanent artificial structure at the pole, and practically no human presence in the interior of Antarctica. The few scientific stations in Antarctica were near its coast. The station has been continuously occupied since it was built and has been rebuilt,

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Brown, M. L.; Ade, P.; Bock, J.; Bowden, M.; Cahill, G.; Castro, P. G.; Church, S.; Culverhouse, T.; Friedman, R. B.; Ganga, K.; Gear, W. K.; Gupta, S.; Hinderks, J.; Kovac, J.; Lange, A. E.; Leitch, E.; Melhuish, S. J.; Memari, Y.; Murphy, J. A.; Orlando, A.; Sullivan, C. O'; Piccirillo, L.;

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During the period in which the dome served as the main station, many changes to United States South Pole operation took place. From the 1990s on, astrophysical research conducted at the South Pole took advantage of its favorable atmospheric conditions and began to produce important scientific

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on August 27, resulting in loss of vision and cognitive function. Because the Amundsen–Scott base lacks diagnostic medical equipment such as an MRI or CT scan machine, station doctors were unable to fully evaluate the damage done by the stroke or the chance of recurrence. Physicians on site

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Foundation issued a statement that Rodney Marks had "apparently died of natural causes, but the specific cause of death had yet to be determined". The exact cause of Marks' death could not be determined until his body was removed from Amundsen–Scott Station and flown off Antarctica for an

7059: 1066:. The low temperature and low moisture content of the polar air, combined with the altitude of over 9,000 feet (2,700 m), causes the air to be far more transparent on some frequencies than is typical elsewhere, and the months of darkness permit sensitive equipment to run constantly. 852: 734:

for the station's maintenance, fuel bladders, power plant, snow melter, equipment and vehicles. Individual buildings within the dome contained the dorms, galley, recreational center, post office and labs for monitoring the upper and lower atmosphere and numerous other complex projects in

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aircraft and the 139th Airlift Squadron Stratton Air National Guard Base, Scotia, New York. Each plane brought 26,000 pounds (12,000 kg) of cargo each flight with the total weight of the building material being 24,000,000 pounds (11,000,000 kg).

7030: 6966: 3487:; Rajguru, N.; Rusholme, B.; Schwarz, R.; Taylor, A. N.; Thompson, K. L.; Turner, A. H.; Wu, E. Y. S.; Zemcov, M. (November 1, 2009). "Improved Measurements of the Temperature and Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background From QUaD". 680:. The lowest average temperatures recorded by the group were in the range −90 °F (−68 °C) to −99 °F (−73 °C), though as Siple points out, "even at −60 °F (−51 °C) I had seen men spitting blood because the 711:

8 inches (20 cm) per year, wind-blown snow accumulates much more quickly in the vicinity of raised structures. By 1960, three years after the construction of the station, it had already been buried by 6 feet (1.8 m) of snow.

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An aerial view of the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station taken in about 1983. The central dome is shown along with the arches, with various storage buildings, and other auxiliary buildings such as garages and

743:. The station also included the Skylab, a box-shaped tower slightly taller than the dome. Skylab was connected to the Dome by a tunnel. The Skylab housed atmospheric sensor equipment and later a music room. 945: 730:

160 feet (50 m) wide by 52 feet (16 m) high, with 46 by 79 feet (14 m × 24 m) steel archways. One served as the entry to the dome and it had a transverse arch that contained

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were also formerly used. In July 2016, the GOES-3 satellite was decommissioned due to it nearing the end of its supply of propellant and was replaced by the use of the DSCS-3 satellite, a

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Observatory (MAPO), was dedicated in 1995. The importance of these projects changed the priorities in station operation, increasing the status of scientific cargo and personnel.

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During the winter of 1988 a loud crack was heard in the dome. Upon investigation it was discovered that the foundation base ring beams were broken due to being overstressed.

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poisoning, and the case received media attention as the "first South Pole murder", although there is no evidence that Marks died as the result of the act of another person.

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was visiting the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, as part of a tourist group, when he fell ill and was evacuated, first to McMurdo Station and from there to

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and other government officials. The entirety of building materials to complete the build of the new South Pole Station were flown in from McMurdo Station by the

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ramped down from the surface level. The base of the dome was originally at the surface level of the ice cap, but the base had been slowly buried by snow and ice.

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number of science and berthing structures, such as the hypertats and elevated dormitory, were added in the 1990s, particularly for astronomy and astrophysics.

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On 20 June 2016, there was another medical evacuation of two personnel around midwinter day, again involving Kenn Borek Air and DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft.

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features the station prominently and includes scenes of its construction at the closing credits, although the actual station depicted in the film is

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covered tunnel system. The last of the construction crew departed on January 4, 1957. The first wintering-over party consisted of eight

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terms, called one extremely long "day" and one equally long "night". During the six-month "day", the angle of elevation of the Sun above the

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Ruhl, John; et al. (October 2004). "The South Pole Telescope". In Zmuidzinas, Jonas; Holland, Wayne S; Withington, Stafford (eds.).

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Other areas of interest include glaciology, geophysics and seismology, ocean and climate systems, astrophysics, astronomy, and biology.

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An aerial view of the Amundsen–Scott Station in January 2005. The older domed station is visible on the right-hand side of this photo.

6017: 5770: 3088: 10489: 10458: 10345: 7560: 7037: 4568: 3247: 2878: 1171:. For the 2007–2008 season, the TDRS relay (named South Pole TDRSS Relay or SPTR) was upgraded to support a data return rate of 50 1111:), 12,000 feet (3,658 m) long. Between October and February, there are several flights per day of U.S. Air Force ski-equipped 7568: 9920: 8926: 7339: 7066: 3952: 1164: 1089:, using only water and nutrients and no soil. The greenhouse is the only source of fresh fruit and vegetables during the winter. 905:

In 1992, the design of a new station began for an 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m) building with two floor levels that cost

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are more frequent. Between these storms, and regardless of the weather for wavelengths unaffected by drifting snow, the roughly

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plant is in the center, and the old vehicle mechanic's garage in the lower right. The green light in the sky is part of the

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There is a small greenhouse at the station. The variety of vegetables and herbs in the greenhouse, which range from fresh

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of cosmology. Later analysis showed that BICEP only saw polarized dust signal in the galaxy and not primordial B-modes.

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Leitch, E.M.; et al. (December 2002). "Measurement of polarization with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer".

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discusses the base and shows footage of the inside and outside of the elevated station in the "Last Frontier Episode".

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In 1999, CBS News correspondent Jerry Bowen reported on camera in a talkback with anchors from the Saturday edition of

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and eight Navy support men led by LTJG John Tuck. Key components of the camp included an astronomical observatory, a

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during polar winter. To achieve the range necessary for this flight, the Twin Otter was equipped with a special

2287:, using supplies from a daring July cargo drop, then was picked up in an equally dangerous mid-October landing. 9809: 9779: 8122: 8112: 7696: 7398: 6764: 5926: 5512: 4078: 2568: 2553: 1303: 1281:(2010–present), using the DASI mount, is now used to continue work on the polarization anisotropies of the CMB. 1180: 657: 517: 9420: 7246: 5880: 4751: 4243: 9582: 9092: 8225: 7172: 6818: 6336: 5852: 5502: 5464: 5275: 5071: 4725: 3150: 3202: 9491: 9377: 9220: 8266: 7727: 7495: 7120: 6803: 6661: 6603: 6417: 6083: 5903: 5413: 5343: 5290: 5263: 4485: 4357: 3904: 1297: 1055: 1003: 783: 4108: 61:

The Amundsen–Scott Station in 2018. In the foreground is Destination Alpha, one of the two main entrances.

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The dome was dismantled in late 2009. It was crated and given to the Seabees. They have it in storage at

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has established needed emergency communication to Polar base personnel as well as recreational uses.

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Hercules aircraft from the New York Air National Guard, 109 AW, 139AS Stratton Air National Guard via

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aircraft to rescue Dr. Ronald Shemenski from Amundsen–Scott. This was the first ever rescue from the

6998: 6900: 6752: 3614: 2999: 2848: 2625:, respectively: the Sun is above the horizon for four days longer at each equinox. The place has no 10272: 9863: 9857: 9775: 9649: 9434: 9160: 9036: 8886: 8774: 8558: 6983: 6598: 6518: 6101: 6048: 6037: 6005: 5888: 5629: 5619: 5403: 5375: 5331: 5155: 5047: 2971: 2326: 648:. Skylights were the only windows in flat uniform roof levels, while buildings were connected by a 578: 7574: 6988: 6978: 3053: 2536:

is mainly set at the Amundsen–Scott base, although the building layouts are completely different.

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are isolated between mid-February and late October. Wintering-over presents notorious dangers and

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The new station included a modular design, to accommodate rises in population, and an adjustable

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During the six-month polar night, air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F) and

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This article is about the United States Antarctic base. For the New Zealand Antarctic base, see

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In January 2007, the station was visited by a group of high-level Russian officials, including

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was performed by the station doctors with several winter-overs assisting during the surgery.

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On July 11, 2011, the winter-over communications technician fell ill and was diagnosed with

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A map of Antarctica showing the location of the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (circled)

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not unlike the 1975 dome as the location of a major peace conference between the human

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During the 2011 winter-over season, station manager Renee-Nicole Douceur experienced a

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On Christmas 2007, two employees at the base got into a fight and had to be evacuated.

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or ARA (2011–present), a successor of RICE, currently (as of 2022) under construction.

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was the deprecated Antarctica/South_Pole. It now uses the Pacific/Auckland timezone.

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visited the base on the eighth and final episode of his BBC Television documentary,

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January 2010: The last section of the old dome, before it was removed the next day.

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months of ample darkness and dry atmosphere make the station an excellent site for

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A photo of the station at night. The new station can be seen in the far left, the

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collaborated for the first live television broadcast from the South Pole, titled

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most of the equipment and building material. The buildings were constructed from

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Remediation of Old South Pole Station, Phase I: Ground-Penetrating-Radar Surveys

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Typical of inland Antarctica, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station experiences an

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or RICE (1999–2012), an experiment to detect ultra high energy (UHE) neutrinos.

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and other modes have been used, partly in experiments and mainly in bolstering

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Ceremonial South Pole (the dome in the background was dismantled in 2009–2010).

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During the 1970–1974 summers, the Seabees constructing the dome were housed in

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Collection of the longest continuous set of meteorological data from Antarctica

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made a satellite telephone call which was broadcast live from the South Pole.

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Python Telescope (1992–1997), used to observe temperature anisotropies in the

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inflation shelter, and a 1,000-foot (300 m) snow tunnel with pits for a

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and, therefore, all official travel from the pole goes through New Zealand.

1054:

studies. In recent years, most of the winter scientists have worked for the

598: 10438: 10325: 10319: 9931: 9895: 9761: 9588: 9538: 9477: 9331: 9019: 8970: 8820: 8642: 8605: 8585: 8526: 8060: 8048: 7991: 7919: 7820: 7717: 7711: 7608: 7596: 7469: 7447: 7371: 7324: 7177: 7095: 6644: 6365: 6243: 5837: 5822: 4403: 4160:"Bad weather hampers search for 3 Canadians on plane missing in Antarctica" 3963:(2). Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. July 2000. Archived from 3402: 2638: 2483:

Science and life at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station is documented in

2422: 2392: 2388: 2291: 2284: 2242: 2215:

Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1991-2020, extremes 1957–present)

1242:(1999–2000), used to measure the temperature and power spectrum of the CMB. 1047: 823: 786:

experiment makes use of the two-mile (3 km)-thick ice sheet to detect

751: 740: 704: 677: 653: 466: 7047: 4560: 1082: 10362: 10262: 10210: 10028: 9815: 9603: 8978: 8910: 8672: 8531: 8494: 8394: 8386: 8194: 7530: 6786: 6728: 6400: 6307: 6121: 5428: 5408: 5295: 5136: 4836: 4164: 3577: 3377: 3294: 2645: 2517: 2455: 1331: 1327: 1086: 1051: 1035: 963:

The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 2007–2008 summer season.

681: 673: 470: 3394: 2877:

Barna, Lynette; Courville, Zoe; Rand, John; Delaney, Allan (July 2015).

10161: 10064: 10048: 9890: 9823: 9724: 9133: 9082: 9042: 8364: 8090: 8018: 7960: 7353: 7321: 6929: 6207: 5952: 5485: 5358: 5237: 2688: 2677: 2626: 2425:, New Zealand, at 10:55 p.m. She ultimately made a full recovery. 2350: 2319: 2315: 1229: 1192: 1039: 1031: 1027: 747: 700: 665: 661: 645: 540:

varies incrementally. The Sun reaches a rising position throughout the

521: 478: 458: 195: 190: 127: 123: 20: 5124: 4673:"Antarctic medical evacuation planes reach British station at Rothera" 3586: 3334:"Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver: Instrument Description" 2508:

features a fictionalized account of the culture at Amundsen–Scott and

812:

took responsibility for the daily cargo and passenger flights between

9683: 8520: 8072: 7855: 7182: 7145: 7140: 7090: 5398: 3629: 2378: 1339: 1043: 931: 736: 685: 617:

Richard Bowers, the eight-man Advance Party being transported by the

482: 318: 280: 7265: 4620:"Detection of Waves in Space Buttresses Landmark Theory of Big Bang" 9615: 7071: 6219: 5423: 5112: 4301: 4044:. United States Antarctic Program. October 22, 2000. Archived from 3784:

Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

3634: 3549: 3460: 3311: 2492: 2346: 2300: 1078: 1002:

jet fuel. An annual tradition is a back-to-back-to-back viewing of

787: 560: 235: 5081: 3777:"Klimatafel von Amundsen-Scott / Südpol-Station (USA) / Antarktis" 3501: 3443: 2837:, 164, 168–169, 175–177, 192–193, 198, 239–240, 293, 303, 370–371. 1119:

to supply the station. Resupply missions are collectively termed

790:

which have passed through the earth. An observatory building, the

606:

The original South Pole station is now referred to as "Old Pole".

10242: 9622: 7887: 7863: 7851: 4450:"Worker at South Pole Station Pushes for a Rescue After a Stroke" 4192:"Kenn Borek plane carrying three Canadians missing in Antarctica" 3930: 3222: 2682: 2606: 2296: 1176: 805:

serviced the U.S. Antarctic Program. Beginning in 1999–2000, the

633: 537: 513: 306: 285: 8409: 871:

The dome in January 2009, as seen from the new elevated station.

8488: 7813: 6866: 5076: 2610: 2412: 1172: 1144: 980: 649: 610: 505: 3252:

University of Chicago Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics

2572:

features a large city in Antarctica called Scott City under a

2557:, included the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station as a Wonder. 715:

area was being vetted for use as a campground for NGO guests.

7874: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6678: 5913: 5206: 3000:"News about Antarctica - Deconstruction of the Dome (page 1)" 2972:"News about Antarctica - Deconstruction of the Dome (page 2)" 2561: 2342: 798: 2364:

aired an episode on the construction of their new facility.

512:

during November 1956, as part of its commitment to the

485:. It is administered by the Office of Polar Programs of the 16:

US scientific research station at the South Pole, Antarctica

4726:"Rescue Flight Lands at South Pole to Evacuate Sick Worker" 4646:"The Nature of Reality: The B-Mode Story You Haven't Heard" 4298:"Patrushev lands at South Pole during Antarctic expedition" 4101:"Death of Australian astrophysicist an Antarctic whodunnit" 3656: 3553: 3276: 2581: 2543: 2250: 1270:(2007–present), used to survey the CMB to look for distant 1246: 1153: 999: 618: 614: 473:) of the United States. The station is located on the high 1207: 1126:

There is a snow road over the ice sheet from McMurdo, the

4650: 2876: 2797:"Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Hydroponic Greenhouse" 2564: 2399: 2368: 2254: 622: 4889:"Here They Are, Science's 10 Most Beautiful Experiments" 4264: 4069:"New Zealand Probes What May Be First South Pole Murder" 1342:

visible behind the NOAA Atmospheric Research Observatory

9079: 3569:

Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II

2491:

which chronicles the South Pole Foucault Pendulum, the

1312:

or NARC (2008–2012), an upgrade of the RICE experiment.

1058:

or for low-frequency astronomy experiments such as the

723:

The station was moved in 1975 to the newly constructed

4592:"South Pole stroke victim recovering at Johns Hopkins" 4399:"Antarctic base staff evacuated after Christmas brawl" 4018:

Office of Legislative and Public Affairs. May 12, 2000

3931:"Tech Crew at the South Pole Interactive TV Broadcast" 3542:"Dusting for the fingerprint of inflation with BICEP3" 830:

is suspended in a display at the Seabee Museum there.

10416: 5160: 4219:"The Rescue of Dr. Ron Shemenski from the South Pole" 3707:"Weather and Climate – The Climate of Amundsen–Scott" 3103: 2907:"South Pole's first building blown up after 53 years" 1199:

and hobby-type uses. The USA sector has the amateur

4508:"Raytheon worker stuck in South Pole is coming home" 3136:

National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs

1300:(2010–present) is an experiment to detect neutrinos. 5785: 4478:"Evacuation is denied for South Pole stroke victim" 4151: 2924:

South Pole's First Building Blown Up After 53 Years

2637:) since all flights to McMurdo station depart from 1363:Climate data for Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 797:The 1998–1999 summer season was the last year that 5544:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs 4536:"South Pole: Stroke Victim Waits for Plane Flight" 3481: 3423: 2826: 2724:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs 2711: 2709: 1294:(1997–2009) was an experiment to detect neutrinos. 900: 3151:"South Pole enters winter with crew of 44 people" 2469:filmed part of an episode of his television show 504:The original Amundsen–Scott Station was built by 10471: 4561:"Sick American engineer flies out of South Pole" 4320:"Two Russian helicopters land at the South Pole" 4244:"Doctor rescued from Antarctica safely in Chile" 4060: 2685:, Amundsen's name for the first South Pole camp. 2515:The station is featured prominently in the 1998 770:telescopes, as well as the 390-inch (10 m) 408:Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory for astrophysics 4969:"Time Zones Currently Being Used in Antarctica" 4779:One Day, One Night: Portraits of the South Pole 4419: 4210: 3814:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2706: 2633:(UTC+12 during standard time and UTC+13 during 2489:One Day, One Night: Portraits of the South Pole 1023:after the last flight has left for the winter. 593: 411:Computer systems for research and communication 4236: 4184: 4038:"Australian scientist dies during Pole winter" 3060:. United States Antarctic Program. May 1, 2009 762:results. Such experiments include the Python, 544:, and then it is apparent highest at the 109: 10402: 7281: 5771: 5222: 3874: 2857:New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1073:Dark Sector Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 4776: 4717: 4608: 4030: 3116:. Season 12. Episode 11. February 23, 2005. 2595:Halley VI British Antarctic Research Station 4373:"Today's world traveler ready to come back" 4272:"Plane With Dr. Shemenski Arrives in Chile" 3674: 2949:Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 1130:, which is 995 miles (1,601 km) long. 10409: 10395: 7288: 7274: 5778: 5764: 5229: 5215: 4427:"Pilot describes Antarctica wx challenges" 3945: 3809:"Amundsen–Scott Climate Normals 1961−1990" 1152:Data access to the station is provided by 1148:The communication office at the South Pole 493:(USAP). It is named in honor of Norwegian 122:Location of Amundsen–Scott Station at the 4856: 4854: 3979: 3657:"IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory" 3576: 3500: 3442: 3376: 3293: 3242: 3240: 2833:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 1228:(1997–2000), used to observe temperature 609:The station was constructed by U.S. Navy 455:United States scientific research station 10459:Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin 10346:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4995:"Which Country Has the Most Time Zones?" 4129: 4123: 3026:"FY 2008 NSF Budget Request to Congress" 2337:. The expedition, led by polar explorer 1326: 1143: 1068: 597: 9921:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4992: 4943:"What time zone is used in Antarctica?" 4886: 4777:Bird, John; McCallum, Jennifer (2017). 4614: 4447: 4396: 4370: 4066: 3753:Météo Climat (mean maximums, 1981-2010) 3731:Météo Climat (mean minimums, 1981-2010) 3539: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2283:. She had to rely on self-administered 1213:Cosmic Microwave Background Telescopes: 1208:Astrophysics experiments at the station 1191:using primarily HF SSB links today but 1103:The station has a runway for aircraft ( 697:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 510:federal government of the United States 10472: 5090:"Antarctic Facilities Map (Edition 5)" 5028:old and, well, older looks at Old Pole 4887:Johnson, George (September 24, 2002). 4860: 4851: 4675:(Press release). Arlington, Virginia: 4643: 4590:Walker, Andrea K. (October 28, 2011). 4589: 4533: 4475: 4397:McMahon, Barbara (December 27, 2007). 4172:from the original on February 19, 2013 4132:"A Mysterious Death at the South Pole" 4014:(Press release). Arlington, Virginia: 3880:"Michael Palin reaches the South Pole" 3699: 3627: 3362: 3356: 3237: 3200: 3148: 3091:from the original on February 15, 2008 2870: 816:and the South Pole during the summer. 695:'s team from New Zealand, part of the 532:expanded, and upgraded several times. 10390: 9065: 7307: 7295: 7269: 6697: 6266: 5797: 5759: 5210: 4912: 4803:"2016 NEW YORK BOOK FESTIVAL WINNERS" 4723: 4571:from the original on October 17, 2011 4216: 4157: 3711:Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) 2938: 2936: 2824: 2789: 2743:from the original on October 22, 2022 2478: 699:, reached the station over land from 5735: 5110: 5024:"South Pole Station images and maps" 4749: 4448:Quenqua, Douglas (October 7, 2011). 3801: 3566: 3540:Francis, Matthew R. (May 16, 2016). 2755: 2617:, these do not occur exactly on the 2275:In 1999, the winter-over physician, 625:on November 20, 1956. The U.S. 420:A small biomedical research facility 9707:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 7904:Norse colonization of North America 5113:"Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station" 5060:"Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station" 4993:Dempsey, Caitlin (March 29, 2023). 4107:. December 14, 2006. Archived from 4093: 4067:Chapman, Paul (December 14, 2006). 4004: 3769: 3201:Israel, D. J. (September 1, 2000). 2768:"Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station" 2673:List of Antarctic research stations 2231: 718: 481:at 9,301 feet (2,835 m) above 28:Antarctic base in the United States 13: 9236:United States Exploring Expedition 4861:Hughes, Becky (January 24, 2018). 4644:Scoles, Sarah (October 28, 2015). 4371:Celizic, Mike (November 9, 2007). 4350:"Man-Made: The South Pole Project" 3571:. Vol. 5498. pp. 11–29. 2933: 1232:in the CMB. Was refitted with the 14: 10511: 10495:Antarctic Specially Managed Areas 10485:1956 establishments in Antarctica 10434:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 10418:Antarctic Specially Managed Areas 10310:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 9678:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5016: 4833:Next Generation Indie Book Awards 4758:. United States Antarctic Program 4326:. January 9, 2007. Archived from 3991:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 3928: 3834: 3181:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 3157:. United States Antarctic Program 3006:. United States Antarctic Program 2980:. United States Antarctic Program 2432:announced that they had detected 1185:military communications satellite 1167:-3 satellite, and the commercial 1092: 1026:Research at the station includes 451:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 440:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 50:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 10204:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 9597:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5734: 5725: 5724: 5484: 5194: 5182: 5170: 4750:West, Adam (February 23, 2017). 4534:Potter, Ned (October 11, 2011). 4476:Niiler, Eric (October 7, 2011). 4130:Cockrell, Will (December 2009). 3078: 2367:On November 9, 2007, edition of 2290:On May 11, 2000, astrophysicist 1310:Neutrino Array Radio Calibration 1140:Telecommunications in Antarctica 1133: 968: 956: 944: 888: 876: 864: 851: 842:The main entrance to the former 835: 707:' British scientific component. 405:Atmospheric Research Observatory 183: 108: 101: 85: 70: 55: 10490:United States Antarctic Program 5787:Research stations in Antarctica 5099:. July 24, 2009. Archived from 5048:"Amundsen–Scott Station webcam" 5040:United States Antarctic Program 4986: 4961: 4935: 4906: 4880: 4821: 4795: 4770: 4743: 4724:Ramzy, Austin (June 22, 2016). 4691: 4665: 4637: 4583: 4553: 4527: 4500: 4469: 4441: 4390: 4364: 4342: 4312: 4290: 4158:Weber, Bob (January 23, 2013). 3922: 3897: 3859: 3828: 3747: 3725: 3661:University of Wisconsin-Madison 3649: 3621: 3560: 3533: 3475: 3417: 3326: 3270: 3203:"South Pole TDRSS Relay (SPTR)" 3194: 3169: 3149:McLane, Marie (March 8, 2013). 3142: 3124: 3072: 3046: 3018: 2992: 2964: 2472:Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown 1169:Iridium satellite constellation 901:Elevated station (2008–present) 491:United States Antarctic Program 210:United States Antarctic Program 5798: 5236: 2917: 2899: 2849:"Edmund Hillary in Antarctica" 2841: 2818: 2569:Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin 2349:helicopters and landed at the 1304:Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment 552:for the south, setting on the 518:International Geophysical Year 1: 9583:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 9518:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 9066: 3081:"National Science Foundation" 2952:. National Science Foundation 2699: 2668:List of Antarctic field camps 1976:Average snowfall cm (inches) 691:On January 3, 1958, Sir 588: 9940:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 9756:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 9562:French Antarctic Expeditions 9492:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 9378:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 7496:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 5036:"South Pole Station Webcams" 4829:"Winners and Finalists 2017" 3837:"Day 141: To the South Pole" 3207:Astrophysics from Antarctica 2726:. August 2017. p. 145. 2605:The South Pole sees the Sun 2600: 1056:IceCube Neutrino Observatory 1005:The Thing from Another World 988: 594:Original station (1957–2010) 254:9,301 ft (2,835 m) 7: 9025:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 8704:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 7569:Andrée's balloon expedition 5064:National Science Foundation 4915:Seven Tales of the Pendulum 4677:National Science Foundation 4354:National Geographic Channel 4016:National Science Foundation 4012:"Antarctic Researcher Dies" 3519:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/978 3085:National Science Foundation 3033:National Science Foundation 2805:National Science Foundation 2801:Giosciences: Polar Programs 2776:National Science Foundation 2772:Geosciences: Polar Programs 2717:Antarctic Station Catalogue 2651: 2644:The zone identifier in the 2358:National Geographic Channel 2030:Average precipitation days 1692:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1552:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1220:cosmic microwave background 912:National Science Foundation 807:New York Air National Guard 487:National Science Foundation 214:National Science Foundation 10: 10516: 8226:Franklin's lost expedition 7926:Christian IV's expeditions 7308: 6698: 6267: 5125:"Iceman's South Pole page" 4223:Bob Antol's Polar Journals 3630:"Amanda's First Six Years" 2590:Where'd You Go, Bernadette 2584:and the Earth Federation. 2512:, set in the near future. 2465:In the summer of 2016–17, 2356:On September 6, 2007, The 2299:. Marks' death was due to 2219: 2214: 1362: 1322: 1137: 1128:McMurdo-South Pole highway 1096: 703:, followed shortly by Sir 631:C-124 Globemaster IIs 417:Astronomy and astrophysics 18: 10424: 10043: 9774: 9361: 9101: 9078: 9074: 9061: 8580:Great Northern Expedition 8474: 8256:Rae–Richardson expedition 8005: 7850: 7456:British Arctic Expedition 7348: 7320: 7316: 7303: 6704: 6693: 6273: 6262: 6171: 6143: 6120: 6082: 6059: 5940: 5912: 5879: 5851: 5808: 5804: 5793: 5720: 5673: 5572: 5536: 5493: 5482: 5437: 5386: 5309: 5244: 4217:Antol, Bob (April 2001). 3489:The Astrophysical Journal 3431:The Astrophysical Journal 3281:The Astrophysical Journal 2613:only once a year. Due to 2460:Christchurch, New Zealand 2167: 2120: 2076: 2029: 1975: 1901: 1831: 1761: 1691: 1621: 1551: 1481: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 826:, California. The center 579:astronomical observations 433: 385: 351: 343: 335: 327: 317: 296: 279: 271: 263: 258: 250: 234: 219: 205: 180: 172: 137: 96: 84: 66: 54: 49: 40: 33: 9864:British Antarctic Survey 9858:Captain Arturo Prat Base 9103:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 5394:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 5148:Current weather for NZSP 3682:"South Pole, Antarctica" 3338:Berkeley Cosmology Group 3248:"CARA Science: Overview" 1040:upper atmosphere physics 461:of the Earth. It is the 10340:Pole of inaccessibility 10003:Antarctic Treaty System 8344:2nd Grinnell expedition 7038:Pole of Inaccessibility 5129:antarctic-adventures.de 4919:Oxford University Press 4105:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 2646:IANA time zone database 2498:Science fiction author 2487:'s award-winning book, 10480:Outposts of Antarctica 5072:"Antarctic Facilities" 4752:"Summer's Almost Gone" 4308:on September 30, 2007. 4249:The New Zealand Herald 3905:"Live From Antarctica" 3878:(September 20, 2007). 3788:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2615:atmospheric refraction 2222:Deutscher Wetterdienst 1343: 1264:was installed in 2015. 1236:bolometer (2000-2008). 1149: 1074: 603: 526:polar regions of Earth 116:Amundsen–Scott Station 35:Amundsen–Scott Station 10010:Transglobe Expedition 9909:Operation Deep Freeze 9318:Challenger expedition 8184:Coppermine expedition 7705:Drifting ice stations 5106:on February 20, 2011. 4913:Baker, G. P. (2011). 3909:Passport to Knowledge 2944:"Keck Array Overview" 2279:, found that she had 2249:On January 10, 1995, 1762:Mean minimum °C (°F) 1482:Mean maximum °C (°F) 1330: 1147: 1138:Further information: 1121:Operation Deep Freeze 1099:Jack F. Paulus Skiway 1072: 602:Geographic South Pole 601: 423:Hydroponic Greenhouse 398:Jack F. Paulus Skiway 298: • Summer ( 196:Geographic South Pole 6349:St. Kliment Ohridski 5137:"Weak Nuclear Force" 5117:southpolestation.com 4839:on February 25, 2021 4567:. October 17, 2011. 4437:on October 18, 2011. 4360:on October 22, 2007. 4111:on September 1, 2007 4048:on February 18, 2007 2911:OurAmazingPlanet.com 2825:Siple, Paul (1959). 2635:daylight saving time 2500:Kim Stanley Robinson 2391:. An emergency open 2263:Spaceship South Pole 1412:Record high °C (°F) 1316:Askaryan Radio Array 1286:Neutrino Experiments 1268:South Pole Telescope 1060:South Pole Telescope 772:South Pole Telescope 627:Eighteenth Air Force 621:Air Squadron in two 10454:McMurdo Dry Valleys 10180:South magnetic pole 8846:Brusilov expedition 7955:Danish colonization 7393:North magnetic pole 6599:Gabriel de Castilla 5707:Robert Falcon Scott 5364:South magnetic pole 5322:Antarctic Peninsula 5317:Biogeographic realm 4809:on January 31, 2022 4081:on November 3, 2007 4074:The Daily Telegraph 3967:on October 26, 2006 3841:palinstravels.co.uk 3628:Mgrdichian, Laura. 3511:2009ApJ...705..978B 3453:2008ApJ...674...22A 3395:10.1038/nature01271 3387:2002Natur.420..763L 3344:on January 10, 2014 3304:1999ApJ...519L...5C 3219:1998ASPC..141..319I 3177:"South Pole - News" 2887:on October 11, 2016 2853:New Zealand History 2551:, in its expansion 2541:turn-based strategy 2438:gravitational waves 2360:'s television show 2077:Average snowy days 1832:Record low °C (°F) 1622:Daily mean °C (°F) 1085:, are all produced 792:Martin A. Pomerantz 640:four-by-eight-foot 489:, specifically the 272: • Winter 264: • Summer 153: / 9871:Operation Windmill 9852:Operation Highjump 8827:Rusanov expedition 8732:A. E. Nordenskiöld 8476:North East Passage 8280:McClure expedition 6337:Princess Elisabeth 5645:Telecommunications 5559:Territorial claims 5084:on April 24, 2008. 4949:. January 14, 2023 4893:The New York Times 4730:The New York Times 4624:The New York Times 4618:(March 17, 2014). 4488:on October 8, 2011 4455:The New York Times 4330:on October 9, 2007 4198:. January 23, 2013 3847:on October 2, 2022 3258:on August 10, 2014 2479:In popular culture 2454:In December 2016, 2335:Vladimir Pronichev 2306:On 26 April 2001, 1344: 1150: 1075: 810:109th Airlift Wing 725:Buckminster Fuller 660:scientists led by 604: 463:southernmost point 223:November 1956 10467: 10466: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10375: 9838:Operation Tabarin 9700:Far Eastern Party 9546:Nimrod Expedition 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 8616:M. Pronchishcheva 8538:Siberian Cossacks 8007:Northwest Passage 7340:Research stations 7297:Polar exploration 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 6799:Drescher Ice Camp 6689: 6688: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6184:Comandante Ferraz 5904:Profesor Escudero 5894:General O'Higgins 5753: 5752: 5712:Ernest Shackleton 5640:Research stations 5585:Antarctic English 5554:National programs 5549:Military activity 5523:COVID-19 pandemic 5480: 5479: 5349:Floristic Kingdom 5254:Antarctic sea ice 4928:978-0-19-958951-7 4756:The Antarctic Sun 4604:on April 7, 2014. 4597:The Baltimore Sun 4042:The Antarctic Sun 3587:10.1117/12.552473 3371:(6917): 763–771. 3155:The Antarctic Sun 3110:"Sub-Zero Tech". 3058:The Antarctic Sun 3004:The Antarctic Sun 2977:The Antarctic Sun 2913:. March 31, 2011. 2733:978-0-473-40409-3 2658:Concordia Station 2619:September equinox 2444:, supporting the 2440:generated in the 2377:, show co-anchor 2339:Artur Chilingarov 2331:Nikolai Patrushev 2228: 2227: 732:modular buildings 546:December solstice 542:September equinox 447: 446: 200:Antarctic Plateau 10507: 10444:Deception Island 10411: 10404: 10397: 10388: 10387: 9885:Ronne Expedition 9370: 9364: 9228:Dumont d'Urville 9076: 9075: 9063: 9062: 8611:V. Pronchishchev 7318: 7317: 7305: 7304: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7267: 7266: 7250: 7080: 7063: 7051: 7034: 7012: 6970: 6838:Dakshin Gangotri 6822: 6695: 6694: 6264: 6263: 6102:Novolazarevskaya 5970:Dumont d'Urville 5806: 5805: 5795: 5794: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5738: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5702:James Clark Ross 5674:Famous explorers 5488: 5307: 5306: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5111:Spindler, Bill. 5107: 5105: 5094: 5085: 5080:. Archived from 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4973:Time and Date AS 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4835:. Archived from 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4805:. Archived from 4799: 4793: 4792: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4600:. Archived from 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4484:. Archived from 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4433:. Archived from 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4356:. Archived from 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4304:. Archived from 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4278:. April 26, 2001 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4252:. April 27, 2001 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4196:CTV News Calgary 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4077:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3843:. Archived from 3835:Palin, Michael. 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3580: 3578:astro-ph/0411122 3564: 3558: 3557: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3504: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3446: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3380: 3378:astro-ph/0209476 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3340:. Archived from 3330: 3324: 3323: 3297: 3295:astro-ph/9902195 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3254:. Archived from 3244: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221:. Archived from 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3138:. April 9, 1993. 3128: 3122: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2940: 2931: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2764: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2721: 2713: 2631:New Zealand time 2524:Fight the Future 2475:at the station. 2467:Anthony Bourdain 2446:inflation theory 2312:DHC-6 Twin Otter 2270:CBS This Morning 2232:Media and events 2033: 1360: 1359: 1336:Aurora australis 1256:(2006–2008) and 981:aurora australis 972: 960: 948: 892: 880: 868: 855: 839: 803:Lockheed LC-130s 719:Dome (1975–2010) 688:tract frosted". 576: 575: 571: 568: 443: 442: 303: 230: 228: 189: 187: 186: 168: 167: 165: 164: 163: 158: 154: 151: 150: 149: 146: 112: 111: 105: 89: 74: 59: 31: 30: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10449:Larsemann Hills 10420: 10415: 10385: 10372: 10047: 10039: 9915:McMurdo Station 9784:Modern research 9782: 9770: 9505:O. Nordenskjöld 9368: 9362: 9357: 9273:Ross expedition 9097: 9070: 9049: 8478: 8470: 8011:Northern Canada 8009: 8001: 7854: 7846: 7352: 7344: 7312: 7299: 7294: 7264: 7255: 7244: 7230:World Park Base 7208:Little Rockford 7074: 7057: 7045: 7028: 7006: 6964: 6816: 6700: 6685: 6386:Julio Ripamonti 6371:González Videla 6283:Almirante Brown 6269: 6250: 6167: 6139: 6116: 6078: 6055: 5936: 5908: 5899:Presidente Frei 5875: 5847: 5800: 5789: 5784: 5754: 5749: 5716: 5686:Richard E. Byrd 5669: 5630:Protected areas 5568: 5532: 5489: 5476: 5433: 5387:Bodies of Water 5382: 5371:West Antarctica 5327:East Antarctica 5305: 5240: 5235: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5135: 5123: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4999:Geography Realm 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4921:. p. 388. 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781:. Createspace. 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4703:South Pole News 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4679:. June 20, 2016 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4616:Overbye, Dennis 4613: 4609: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4365: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3957:The CfA Almanac 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3871:Wayback Machine 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3565: 3561: 3538: 3534: 3480: 3476: 3422: 3418: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3225:on May 25, 2009 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3118:History Channel 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2928:livescience.com 2922: 2918: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2766: 2765: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2654: 2603: 2548:Civilization VI 2481: 2428:In March 2014, 2341:, started from 2234: 2229: 2031: 2024: 2019: 1996: 1985: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1348:ice cap climate 1325: 1272:galaxy clusters 1226:Viper telescope 1210: 1201:radio call sign 1197:esprit de corps 1142: 1136: 1117:McMurdo Station 1113:Lockheed LC-130 1101: 1095: 991: 984: 973: 964: 961: 952: 949: 924:LC-130 Hercules 903: 896: 893: 884: 881: 872: 869: 860: 856: 847: 840: 814:McMurdo Station 721: 670:weather balloon 596: 591: 573: 569: 566: 564: 550:summer solstice 499:Robert F. Scott 438: 437: 429: 394: 393: 381: 360: 359: 297: 245:Robert F. Scott 226: 224: 206:Administered by 184: 182: 161: 159: 155: 152: 147: 144: 142: 140: 139: 133: 132: 131: 130: 120: 119: 118: 117: 113: 92: 80: 79: 78: 77: 62: 45: 36: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10513: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10414: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10332:Vostok Station 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10283:Cherry-Garrard 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10123:Southern Cross 10119: 10118: 10117: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10089: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10053: 10051: 10045:Farthest South 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10006: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9917: 9912: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9834: 9833: 9832: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9742:Ross Sea party 9738: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9703: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9607: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9542: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9526: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9436:Southern Cross 9429:Southern Cross 9425: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9373: 9371: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9294: 9288: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9175:Bellingshausen 9165: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9072: 9071: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9034: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8482: 8480:Russian Arctic 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8291: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8237: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7922: 7917: 7915:Snæbjörn galti 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7817: 7810: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7782: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7708: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7472: 7467: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7350:Farthest North 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7314: 7313: 7301: 7300: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7237:Joint Stations 7234: 7233: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7203:Little America 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7086:United Kingdom 7083: 7082: 7081: 7069: 7064: 7052: 7043:Salyut Station 7040: 7035: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6823: 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6199: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6153:Amundsen-Scott 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6092:Bellingshausen 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6038:United Kingdom 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5948:Czech Republic 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5696:Ui-te-Rangiora 5693: 5691:Douglas Mawson 5688: 5683: 5681:Roald Amundsen 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5620:Gateway cities 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5580:Antarctica Day 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5450:Microorganisms 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5414:List of rivers 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Extreme points 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264:Climate change 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5177:Earth sciences 5159: 5158: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5108: 5086: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5018: 5017:External links 5015: 5012: 5011: 4985: 4960: 4934: 4927: 4905: 4879: 4850: 4820: 4794: 4788:978-1539947301 4787: 4769: 4742: 4716: 4690: 4664: 4636: 4607: 4582: 4552: 4526: 4499: 4468: 4440: 4418: 4389: 4363: 4341: 4311: 4289: 4263: 4235: 4209: 4183: 4150: 4122: 4092: 4059: 4029: 4003: 3978: 3944: 3921: 3896: 3858: 3827: 3800: 3768: 3756:"Météo Climat" 3746: 3734:"Météo Climat" 3724: 3698: 3673: 3648: 3620: 3611:|journal= 3559: 3532: 3495:(1): 978–999. 3474: 3461:10.1086/524922 3416: 3355: 3325: 3312:10.1086/312093 3269: 3236: 3193: 3168: 3141: 3123: 3113:Modern Marvels 3102: 3071: 3045: 3017: 2991: 2963: 2932: 2916: 2898: 2869: 2840: 2817: 2788: 2754: 2732: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2694:Vostok Station 2691: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2663:Kunlun Station 2660: 2653: 2650: 2602: 2599: 2587:The 2019 film 2580:controlled by 2578:space colonies 2530:The 2009 film 2480: 2477: 2442:early universe 2418:Jeanne Shaheen 2308:Kenn Borek Air 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170:sunshine hours 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2123:sunshine hours 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1479: 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238: 232: 231: 221: 217: 216: 207: 203: 202: 193: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 135: 134: 121: 115: 114: 107: 106: 100: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 82: 81: 75: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43:Antarctic base 41: 38: 37: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10512: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10429:Admiralty Bay 10427: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10407: 10405: 10400: 10398: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10208: 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9009: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8993:A. Sibiryakov 8990: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8965:Glavsevmorput 8962: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8267:J. Richardson 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:M. Corte-Real 8027: 8025: 8024:G. Corte-Real 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7947:C. Richardson 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7756:Georgiy Sedov 7752: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:Riiser-Larsen 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7562: 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2692: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:March equinox 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Geodesic dome 2571: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2554:Rise and Fall 2550: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Dr. John Bird 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2405:Frozen Planet 2402:TV programme 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2281:breast cancer 2278: 2277:Jerri Nielsen 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2238:Michael Palin 2223: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121:Mean monthly 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1904:precipitation 1900: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 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753: 752:Jamesway huts 749: 744: 742: 738: 733: 729: 728:geodesic dome 726: 716: 712: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:prefabricated 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 600: 586: 582: 580: 562: 557: 555: 554:March equinox 551: 547: 543: 539: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 516:goals of the 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 441: 436: 432: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 402:Accommodation 401: 399: 396: 395: 388: 384: 377: 374: 372:Astrophysics 371: 368: 365: 362: 361: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 305: 301: 295: 291: 287: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 239: 237: 233: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 194: 192: 179: 176:United States 175: 171: 166: 138:Coordinates: 136: 129: 125: 104: 95: 88: 83: 73: 65: 58: 53: 48: 44: 39: 32: 26: 22: 10439:Cape Denison 10433: 10338: 10326:Pole of Cold 10324: 10309: 10250: 10241: 10209: 10202: 10178: 10149: 10135: 10129:Borchgrevink 10121: 10108: 10093: 10073: 10058: 10027: 10008: 10001: 9985: 9971: 9962: 9945: 9938: 9919: 9907: 9883: 9869: 9862: 9850: 9836: 9822: 9808: 9801: 9762: 9754: 9740: 9733: 9731: 9713: 9705: 9698: 9685: 9676: 9638: 9630: 9621: 9614: 9602: 9595: 9581: 9569:Pourquoi-Pas 9568: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9539:Orcadas Base 9537: 9529: 9516: 9510:C. A. Larsen 9498: 9490: 9476: 9469: 9456: 9448: 9442:Borchgrevink 9435: 9427: 9384: 9376: 9351:C. A. Larsen 9344: 9325: 9316: 9298: 9280: 9271: 9258: 9243: 9234: 9221: 9182: 9168: 9161: 9142: 9127: 9037: 9030: 9013: 9006: 8992: 8977: 8963: 8950: 8925: 8911: 8909: 8895: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8851: 8844: 8825: 8791: 8789: 8775: 8773: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8723: 8721: 8702: 8578: 8536: 8519: 8487: 8451: 8449: 8429: 8428: 8408: 8407: 8393: 8380: 8365: 8351: 8342: 8329: 8300: 8288:Investigator 8287: 8278: 8254: 8241: 8233: 8224: 8211: 8182: 8159: 8144: 8129: 8099: 8084: 8054: 7973: 7953: 7924: 7920:Erik the Red 7902: 7880: 7873: 7830:submersibles 7827: 7821:Arktika 2007 7819: 7812: 7805: 7802: 7786: 7777: 7774: 7755: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7710: 7703: 7679: 7665: 7664: 7656: 7654: 7620: 7618: 7589: 7586: 7575:S. A. Andrée 7567: 7554: 7529: 7521: 7518: 7494: 7476: 7463: 7454: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7391: 7236: 7224: 7167: 7096:Port Lockroy 7085: 7055:Sodruzhestvo 6989:Druzhnaya IV 6979:Druzhnaya II 6957:Soviet Union 6956: 6950:Sarie Marais 6925:South Africa 6924: 6912: 6895: 6878: 6856: 6850:Giacomo Bove 6844: 6832: 6793: 6776: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6719:Belgrano III 6708: 6673: 6656: 6645:Fossil Bluff 6639: 6627: 6610: 6593: 6561: 6555:Law-Racoviță 6549: 6537: 6531:Machu Picchu 6525: 6513: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6407: 6381:Jorge Boonen 6355: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6277: 6238: 6226: 6215:South Africa 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6152: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5982:Neumayer III 5976: 5959: 5947: 5889:Captain Prat 5610:Firefighting 5595:Demographics 5518:Colonization 5513:World War II 5140: 5128: 5116: 5101:the original 5096: 5082:the original 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5002:. Retrieved 4998: 4988: 4976:. Retrieved 4972: 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4914: 4908: 4896:. 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Retrieved 2643: 2639:Christchurch 2604: 2588: 2586: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2450: 2427: 2423:Christchurch 2410: 2403: 2397: 2393:appendectomy 2389:appendicitis 2386: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2324: 2305: 2292:Rodney Marks 2289: 2285:chemotherapy 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2248: 2243:Pole to Pole 2241: 2235: 1906:mm (inches) 1351: 1345: 1285: 1284: 1230:anisotropies 1212: 1211: 1151: 1125: 1108: 1102: 1076: 1048:astrophysics 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 992: 937: 929: 918:, scientist 916:Arden Bement 904: 824:Port Hueneme 821: 818: 796: 760: 756: 745: 741:astrophysics 722: 713: 709: 705:Vivian Fuchs 690: 678:magnetometer 654:chicken wire 608: 605: 583: 558: 534: 530: 506:Navy Seabees 503: 467:jurisdiction 450: 448: 181:Location in 25: 10029:Lake Vostok 9979:Tryoshnikov 9901:Schlossbach 9792:Christensen 9734:James Caird 9655:E. R. Evans 9421:Dobrowolski 9391:de Gerlache 9093:Expeditions 8979:Aviaarktika 8933:Samoylovich 8804:Kolomeitsev 8698:Middendorff 8658:Gedenshtrom 8078:I. Fyodorov 7840:Chilingarov 7728:E. Fyodorov 7335:Expeditions 7245: [ 7075: [ 7058: [ 7046: [ 7029: [ 7021:Pionerskaya 7007: [ 6974:Druzhnaya I 6965: [ 6918:Dobrowolski 6879:New Zealand 6826:Neumayer II 6817: [ 6787:Port Martin 6543:Dobrowolski 6490:New Zealand 6325:Vechernyaya 6203:New Zealand 6135:King Sejong 6122:South Korea 5818:Belgrano II 5698:(legendary) 5605:Field camps 5503:Expeditions 5429:Weddell Sea 5409:Lake Vostok 5404:Lake Mercer 5276:Ice shelves 5004:October 22, 4978:October 22, 4953:October 22, 4705:. July 2016 4545:October 14, 4519:October 14, 4492:October 14, 4461:October 14, 4431:Weather.com 4411:November 8, 4382:November 8, 4334:November 8, 4324:TimesRussia 4282:January 23, 4256:January 23, 4228:January 23, 4202:January 23, 4176:January 23, 4165:Global News 3937:November 8, 3933:. Falxa.net 3761:February 2, 3739:February 2, 3686:WeatherBase 3229:November 8, 3186:November 8, 3054:"A New Era" 3038:November 8, 2747:January 16, 2518:The X-Files 2456:Buzz Aldrin 2168:Mean daily 1332:Polar night 1036:meteorology 682:capillaries 674:seismometer 666:Rawin Tower 497:and Briton 471:sovereignty 369:Seismology 366:Geophysics 363:Glaciology 347:Operational 220:Established 160: / 10500:South Pole 10474:Categories 10252:Terra Nova 10157:Shackleton 10100:J. C. Ross 10059:Resolution 10049:South Pole 9824:New Swabia 9748:Mackintosh 9720:Shackleton 9639:Terra Nova 9632:Terra Nova 9366:Heroic Age 9326:Challenger 9286:J. C. Ross 9196:Bransfield 9128:Resolution 9043:icebreaker 9007:Chelyuskin 8748:expedition 8726:Expedition 8668:Matyushkin 8626:Kh. Laptev 8621:Chelyuskin 8515:Heemskerck 8505:Chancellor 8500:Willoughby 8495:Koch boats 8438:Stefansson 8372:McClintock 8336:Inglefield 8178:J. C. Ross 8085:Resolution 7937:Cunningham 7835:Sagalevich 7524:expedition 7483:Stephenson 7443:C. F. Hall 7430:expedition 7404:J. C. Ross 7367:Heemskerck 7354:North Pole 7067:Sovetskaya 6930:Borga Base 6814:Neumayer I 6714:Belgrano I 6633:ITU PolReC 6391:Risopatrón 5953:Eco-Nelson 5922:Great Wall 5843:San Martín 5799:Year-round 5508:Heroic Age 5359:South Pole 5269:Heat waves 5238:Antarctica 3987:"Memorial" 3914:October 4, 3691:October 7, 3278:Results". 2700:References 2689:Scott Base 2678:Paul Siple 2627:solar time 2505:Antarctica 2351:South Pole 2320:ferry tank 2316:South Pole 2220:Source 2: 2032:(≥ 0.1 mm) 1279:Keck Array 1193:Morse code 1052:biomedical 1032:geophysics 1028:glaciology 776:Keck Array 748:Korean War 701:Scott Base 662:Paul Siple 646:fiberglass 634:airdropped 589:Structures 522:geophysics 514:scientific 479:Antarctica 465:under the 459:South Pole 386:Facilities 375:Astronomy 352:Activities 259:Population 191:Antarctica 128:Antarctica 124:South Pole 21:Scott Base 10351:Tolstikov 10137:Discovery 10107:HMS 10092:HMS 10074:Adventure 10072:HMS 10057:HMS 9993:Tolstikov 9714:Endurance 9499:Antarctic 9484:Drygalski 9457:Discovery 9450:Discovery 9411:Arctowski 9324:HMS 9297:HMS 9291:Abernethy 9279:HMS 9257:USS 9244:Vincennes 9242:USS 9222:Astrolabe 9162:San Telmo 9143:Adventure 9141:HMS 9126:HMS 9121:Kerguelen 9083:Continent 9068:Antarctic 8945:Urvantsev 8903:Vilkitsky 8756:Jeannette 8754:USS 8746:Jeannette 8710:Weyprecht 8688:Pakhtusov 8638:Chichagov 8631:D. Laptev 8574:Permyakov 8549:Stadukhin 8544:Perfilyev 8521:Mangazeya 8459:H. 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