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Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C.; Zirizzotti, A. (28 February 2013).
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4215:(AAP) released a new Strategy and 20-year Action Plan (2022–2036) to modernize its Antarctic program. The global climate system was highlighted as one of the main priorities that will be supported and studied through the AAP Strategy Plan. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the vital role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in climate and weather to improve current knowledge and inform management responses.
3291:
3276:
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3269:, the Argentine government protested against the claim. The UK passed some of the areas it claimed to Australia and New Zealand after they achieved independence. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other. Other member nations of the Antarctic Treaty do not recognise any claim, yet have shown some form of territorial interest in the past.
3872:
19220:
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4222:(USAP) released a Midterm Assessment on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research, stressing the prominent role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle and sea level rise. The USAP outlines the Changing Antarctic Ice Sheets Initiative as a top priority to enhance understanding of why ice sheets are changing now, and how they will change in the future.
19136:
5407:
Gerrit; Niezgodzki, Igor; Uenzelmann-Neben, Gabriele; Zundel, Maximilian; Spiegel, Cornelia; Mark, Chris; Chew, David; Francis, Jane E.; Nehrke, Gernot; Schwarz, Florian; Smith, James A.; Freudenthal, Tim; Esper, Oliver; Pälike, Heiko; Ronge, Thomas A.; Dziadek, Ricarda (2 April 2020). "Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak
Cretaceous warmth".
4181:, some of which reach a depth of 2,450 m (8,040 ft), that are held in 1 km (0.24 cu mi) of ice. Scientists also observed higher radiation dose rates around the coast of Antarctica compared with the global average: this is attributed to cosmic rays going through the thinner atmosphere compared to equatorial latitudes.
3991:. Tourists arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. Over 74,000 tourists visited the region during the 2019–2020 season, of which 18,500 travelled on cruise ships but did not leave them to explore on land. The numbers of tourists fell rapidly after the start of the
3051:. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,200 in winter to about 4,800 in the summer, with an additional 136 people in the winter to 266 people in the summer from the 2 civilian bases (as of 2017). Some of the
3977:, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals.
1895:
and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East
Antarctic ice sheet. The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are then subjected to higher temperatures, which accelerate the melting of the ice. Models
1801:
The West
Antarctic ice sheet is likely to completely melt unless temperatures are reduced by 2 °C (3.6 °F) below 2020 levels. The loss of this ice sheet would take between 2,000 and 13,000 years, although several centuries of high greenhouse emissions could shorten this time to 500 years. A
791:
globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for millions of years, but scientists now estimate its water is replaced by the slow melting and freezing of ice caps every 13,000 years. During the summer, the ice at the edges of the lakes can
11555:
Długosz-Lisiecka, Magdalena; Krystek, Marcin; Koper, Mariusz; Grala, Tomasz; Leniec-Koper, Hanna; Barasiński, Michał; Talar, Magdalena; Kamiński, Ireneusz; Kibart, Robert; Małecki, Wojciech; Kukliński, Piotr (30 December 2021). "Natural gamma radiation at the sea level around the
Antarctic continent
5406:
Klages, Johann P.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Bickert, Torsten; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Gohl, Karsten; Kuhn, Gerhard; Bohaty, Steven M.; Titschack, Jürgen; Müller, Juliane; Frederichs, Thomas; Bauersachs, Thorsten; Ehrmann, Werner; van de
Flierdt, Tina; Pereira, Patric Simões; Larter, Robert D.; Lohmann,
1806:
may contribute an additional 1 m (3 ft 3 in) to global sea levels over another 1,000 years. The far-stabler East
Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a
638:
officially renamed the continent of New
Holland to Australia, leaving the term "Terra Australis" unavailable as a reference to Antarctica. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as
4184:
Antarctica provides a unique environment for the study of meteorites: the dry polar desert preserves them well, and meteorites older than a million years have been found. They are relatively easy to find, as the dark stone meteorites stand out in a landscape of ice and snow, and the flow of ice
3249:
In the present, sovereignty over regions of
Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims, the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015,
2126:, are also found in both polar oceans. Factors that may aid in their distribution include temperature differences between the deep ocean at the poles and the equator of no more than 5 °C (9 °F) and the major current systems or marine conveyor belts which are able to transport eggs and
1591:; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150 mm (6 in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50 mm (2 in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200 mm (8 in). In a few
5099:
Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.;
1815:
may collapse over around 2,000 years, potentially adding up to 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) to sea levels. The complete melting and disappearance of the East
Antarctic ice sheet would require at least 10,000 years and would only occur if global warming reaches 5 °C (9.0 °F) to
1579:
The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the
Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may have been influenced by ground
6453:
Paxman, Guy J. G.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Bentley, Michael J.; Forsberg, Rene; Ross, Neil; Watts, Anthony B.; Corr, Hugh F. J.; Jordan, Tom A. (March 2017). "Uplift and tilting of the Shackleton Range in East Antarctica driven by glacial erosion and normal faulting".
2264:
1575:
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth's continents. Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter. Over the elevated inland, it can rise to about −30 °C in summer but fall below −80 °C in winter.
7294:
Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey".
1627:
rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 m (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded. At the continent's edge, strong
922:
in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422 ft). It is one of the world's coldest and driest places—temperatures there may reach as low as −90 °C (−130 °F), and the annual precipitation is 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in).
4199:
Major scientific organizations in Antarctica have released strategy and action plans focused on advancing national interests and objectives in Antarctica, supporting cutting-edge research to understand the interactions between the Antarctic region and climate systems. The
1763:(SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the
3021:, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain.
1896:
suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly.
2372:
inside the pockets can reawaken and thrive until the next freeze. Bacteria have also been found as deep as 800 m (0.50 mi) under the ice. It is thought to be likely that there exists a native bacterial community within the subterranean water body of
7158:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
2838:
failed to realise that what he referred to as "the various patches of land recently discovered by the American, French and English navigators on the verge of the Antarctic Circle" were connected to form a single continent. The American explorer
6302:
Pour, Amin Beiranvand; Park, Yongcheol; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Hong, Jong Kuk; Hashim, Mazlan; Woo, Jusun; Ayoobi, Iman (June 2018). "Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica".
4070:
In 2017, there were more than 4,400 scientists undertaking research in Antarctica, a number that fell to just over 1,100 in the winter. There are over 70 permanent and seasonal research stations on the continent; the largest, United States'
3154:
and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the
2702:
were among the earliest to go closer to the Antarctic landmass, perhaps in the earlier part of the 19th century. The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on
5859:
Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Novas; Rolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; et al. (2016). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications".
4471:, but it was added back for etymological reasons in English in the 17th century and thereafter began to be pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people. For those who pronounce the first
10784:
4925:
6036:
Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (23 May 2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)".
2927:, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931. Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the
7462:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
1883:
has restricted the emissions of ozone-depleting substances. The ozone hole above Antarctica is predicted to slowly disappear; by the 2060s, levels of ozone are expected to have returned to values last recorded in the 1980s.
2243:. Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals.
9293:
3167:
to the treaty. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022, 29 countries have this 'consultative status'. Decisions are based on
3104:, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes.
13469:
1747:
may cause West Antarctica to contribute tens of centimeters more if it is triggered before 2100. With higher warming, instability would be much more likely, and could double global, 21st-century sea-level rise.
8297:
2994:
became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. Ousland holds the record for the fastest unsupported journey to the South Pole, taking 34 days.
212:
10194:
7569:
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).
4259:
in Antarctica. Its aims include improving the understanding and predictions of these processes to aid decision makers in risk assessment, management, and mitigation related to Antarctic climate change.
2650:, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of
1863:
concentration over Antarctica. The 'ozone hole' covers almost the whole continent and was at its largest in September 2006; the longest-lasting event occurred in 2020. The depletion is caused by the
748:. Antarctica covers more than 14.2 million km (5,500,000 sq mi), almost double the area of Australia, making it the fifth-largest continent, and comparable to the surface area of
336:
by French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent.
7962:
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; Wilson, David J.; Severi, Mirko; Mulvaney, Robert; Wilhelms, Frank; Barbante, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo (10 September 2022).
1802:
sea-level rise of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) would occur if the ice sheet collapses, leaving ice caps on the mountains, and 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) if those ice caps also melt.
5480:
Rolland, Yann; Bernet, Matthias; van der Beek, Peter; Gautheron, Cécile; Duclaux, Guillaume; Bascou, Jérôme; Balvay, Mélanie; Héraudet, Laura; Sue, Christian; Ménot, René-Pierre (January 2019).
3999:
and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites.
7737:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
4208:. Environmental sustainability is named as one of the top focus areas by the BAS strategy, highlighting the main challenge and priority to embed environmental sustainability into everything.
10780:
10372:
2803:
of Antarctica, as opposed to the ice of an ice shelf, and 10 months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the English-born American sealer
2114:
was released in 2010. The research found that more than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some
13467:
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4913:
4539:
Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island (both of which were named after him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the
2442:
9193:
13252:
11808:
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than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around the West Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955.
11088:
2430:
18396:
12722:
12091:
7348:
Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).
1311:
The flora and fauna of Antarctica before the present was similar to the one from Southern America today, as well as Australia and New Zealand, which it spread to over Antarctica.
6553:
2975:. His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer. In 1937,
3995:. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting
2464:
was adopted in 1988. After a strong campaign from environmental organisations, first Australia and then France decided not to ratify the treaty. Instead, countries adopted the
8122:
10300:
10865:
2468:(the Madrid Protocol), which entered into force in 1998. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining, designating the continent as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".
13468:
4247:
The INStabilities & Thresholds in ANTarctica (INSTANT) Scientific Research Programme proposes three research themes, investigating the complex interactions between the
2465:
11628:
8403:
Convey, Peter; Biersma, Elisabeth; Casanova-Katny, Angelica; Maturana, Claudia S. (2020). "Refuges of Antarctic diversity". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.).
8943:
Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanović, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018).
3164:
2461:
10216:
Norman, F. I.; Gibson, J. A. E.; Burgess, J. S. (October 1998). "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts".
9958:
Tammiksaar, E. (September 2016). "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world".
9795:
1704:
has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across the continent, although it had been uneven.
1477:
and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as the
11605:
8475:
5593:
11413:
7838:
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021).
4150:
The view of space from Earth is improved by a thinner atmosphere at higher elevations and a lack of water vapour in the atmosphere caused by freezing temperatures.
2298:
ecosystem replaced the rainforests. The climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor
10342:
918:. There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. The ice dome known as
10443:
10182:
4113:, in addition to researching wildlife, are interested in how low temperatures and the presence of humans affect adaptation and survival strategies in organisms.
2811:
on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim, as there is no evidence Davis landed on the Antarctic continent rather than an offshore island.
11004:
9640:
9582:
9552:
7167:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11175:
11129:
8263:
6682:
3988:
5528:
5526:
1807:
small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet. With global warming of around 3 °C (5.4 °F), vulnerable areas like
11202:
6770:
Hui, Fengming; Ci, Tianyu; Cheng, Xiao; Scambo, Ted A.; Liu, Yan; Zhang, Yanmei; Chi, Zhaohui; Huang, Huabing; Wang, Xianwei; Wang, Fang; Zhao, Chen (2014).
615:—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africa—had existed as an intellectual concept since
7499:"The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica"
5523:
3043:
in Antarctica (which are continuously maintained despite the population decline in the winter), although there are 2 all-civilian bases in Antarctica: the
2990:
successfully landed an aircraft there. Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. In the summer of 1996–1997, Norwegian explorer
2186:
capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Their thick-walled and strongly
10817:
10479:
8440:
6837:
Fountain, Andrew G.; Nylen, Thomas H.; Monaghan, Andrew; Basagic, Hassan J.; Bromwich, David (April 2010). "Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica".
752:. Its coastline is almost 18,000 km (11,200 mi) long: as of 1983, of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an
6748:
6718:
8782:
4634:. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain
1068:, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive coal deposits. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include
884:
surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the
13897:
12038:
11501:
9378:
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since 1957. Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol; the self-regulatory body for the industry is the
8696:
5955:
2445:, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships. Despite these regulations,
2274:, Antarctica. This species is one of only two flowering plants native to Antarctica, the other one being Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis).
4303:, has been held at McMurdo Station since 1989. The organizers, performers, and attendees of Icestock are all personnel working at McMurdo or nearby
13287:
11852:
10732:
9217:"Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants"
4590:
1918:
Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. As such, they must have survived multiple
4307:. The Antarctic Film Festival is held annually between bases, with 48 stations registered to participate as of 2022. The festival is designed for
1607:
region, as much of Antarctica is over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, where air temperatures are colder. The relative warmth of the
8223:
5666:
5052:"Variations of the effective elastic thickness over the Ross Sea and Transantarctic Mountains and implications for their structure and tectonics"
9604:
9183:
5552:
Vega, Greta; Ángel Olalla-Tárraga, Miguel (2020). "Past changes on fauna and flora distribution". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.).
3559:
8190:
14131:
11370:
Stoddart, Michael (August 2010). "'Antarctic biology in the 21st century – Advances in, and beyond the international polar year 2007–2008'".
11083:
11055:
8249:"World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018"
4586:
3176:. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection.
11930:
5814:
Coria, R. A.; Moly, J. J.; Reguero, M.; Santillana, S.; Marenssi, S. (2013). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica".
4947:
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that also harbour dormant microorganisms. When the ice begins to melt, brine pockets expand and can combine to form brine channels, and the
1735:
and stabilize them. Many coastal glaciers have been losing mass and retreating, causing net-annual ice loss across Antarctica, although the
1599:
remove more snow than is accumulated by precipitation. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and
827:, which, with the exception of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, are located in coastal areas. Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many
13326:
9404:
8723:
3018:
389:, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent's remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via
13384:
The use of geographic remote sensing, mapping and aerial photography to aid in the recovery of blue ice surficial meteorites in Antarctica
11078:
9073:
7002:
Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020).
4699:
4517:
Geographical features, such as ice caps, are shown as they are today for identification purposes, not as how they appeared at these times.
1580:
temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2 m (7 ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records.
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15881:
13582:
11903:
10953:
10421:
7937:
5907:"Phylogeny of A New Gigantic Paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) From The Upper Cretaceous Of James Ross Island, Antarctica"
5372:
4376:
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2422:
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10533:
6491:"Cenozoic geodynamics of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica: Crustal extension, intraplate strike-slip faulting, and tectonic inheritance"
4659:. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be calculated.
4204:(BAS) released a 10-year (2023–2033) strategy report to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to focus on creating sustainable living on
4143:
The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better
881:
620:
11179:
11133:
6543:
4196:
and its early development. Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars.
385:, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at
10895:
9854:
9514:
8293:"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"
5789:
2826:, off the coast of Adélie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples, erected the French flag, and claimed French
8132:
4977:
1392:
ecosystems continued to exist on Antarctica until around 14-10 million years ago, when further cooling lead to their extermination.
1027:), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. Sand and
18939:
16154:
10292:
8666:
7552:
Carlson, Anders E; Walczak, Maureen H; Beard, Brian L; Laffin, Matthew K; Stoner, Joseph S; Hatfield, Robert G (10 December 2018).
6589:
4321:
became the first professional musician to perform in Antarctica. The first full-length fictional film to be shot in Antarctica was
4236:
are a central focus of contemporary climate research due to urgent questions about their stability and reaction to global warming.
2364:
can harbour unique ecological communities, as it expels all salt from the water when it freezes, which accumulates into pockets of
1871:
and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases. The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow
16162:
10855:
7479:
5481:
4771:
18514:
17520:
15933:
13526:
1450:, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. The presence of the
978:
8213:"Q10: Why has an "ozone hole" appeared over Antarctica when ozone-depleting substances are present throughout the stratosphere?"
277:, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer. Native
18111:
17709:
17297:
11636:
11440:
10888:"The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land"
7059:"West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation"
6356:
1760:
410:
19305:
11658:
10559:
8945:"The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains"
7808:
6892:
3055:
are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. The
1739:
continues to gain ice inland. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica is expected to add about 11 cm (5 in) to global
1660:
Antarctica's average ice mass loss since 2002 has been on the order of 100 billion metric tons per year. (Time between NASA's
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12481:
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12397:
12362:
12343:
12317:
12287:
11826:
11785:
10259:
9672:"Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas"
8641:
8513:
8412:
5561:
4159:
4155:
4137:
3033:
9787:
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2502:. It covers 50 million km (19 million sq mi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. All
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14098:
11987:
11597:
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6593:
5203:
4424:
634:) and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead. In 1824, the colonial authorities in
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11405:
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and thus theoretically Antarctica, the existence of which was only hypothesized at the time, granting this Governorate to
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from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent,
1046:
beginning at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), though glaciation would substantially increase during the late
19369:
18797:
18478:
18300:
18190:
17959:
16548:
16497:
13861:
10116:
7350:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water"
5263:
Olierook, Hugo K.H.; Jourdan, Fred; Merle, Renaud E.; Timms, Nicholas E.; Kusznir, Nick; Muhling, Janet R. (April 2016).
5172:
2936:
356:
10326:
958:. Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. For a large proportion of the
18248:
17829:
17768:
13902:
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10602:
9010:
Chwedorzewska, K.J.; Giełwanowska, I.; Olech, M.; Molina-Montenegro, M.A.; Wódkiewicz, M.; Galera, H. (November 2015).
6955:
Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009).
3101:
2742:
2731:
2510:
2095:. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic. The
1388:
levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica.
938:
325:
321:
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11533:
10447:
8882:"Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica"
838:
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14887:
14124:
13639:
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10563:
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9648:
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8259:
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2834:
led an expedition in 1838–1839 and was the first to claim he had discovered the continent. The British naval officer
10925:
8248:
6668:
2738:, whose sealing ship was in the region at this time, may also have been the first to sight the Antarctic Peninsula.
19364:
18349:
15657:
13998:
13912:
12039:"Anthony Hopkins To Star In Nick Cassavetes' 'Bruno Penguin And The Staten Island Princess'; Shia LaBeouf In Talks"
11212:
7057:
Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023).
3933:
3920:
3254:
3185:
2827:
2499:
1184:, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the
366:
15737:
5602:, pp. 105–160, "Icehouse to hothouse: floral turnover, the Permian–Triassic crisis and Triassic vegetation".
4267:
that connect the ice sheet to the ocean. This mapping improves predictions of ice sheet stability, the impacts of
2868:
2771:
2441:(an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The
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18377:
16348:
15874:
13993:
13876:
13654:
13575:
7159:
6121:
5631:
Birkenmajer, K. (July 1994). "Evolution of the Pacific margin of the northern Antarctic Peninsula: an overview".
5168:
4263:
The Australian-led ICECAP project utilized advanced aerogeophysical techniques to map deep subglacial basins and
4219:
4064:
4050:
4022:– is known to be a high-traffic area for tourists watching the Adélie penguins who number more than 40,000.
4003:
3266:
3040:
2888:
2397:. The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for
1198:
were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur
696:
386:
122:
17271:
13408:
5963:
3198:(1539–1555), the first territorial claim over the lands near the South Pole; later it was incorporated into the
2931:, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the
2506:
is banned in the zone, though Japan has continued to hunt whales in the area, ostensibly for research purposes.
2171:
and have contributed to shaping the rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges.
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2413:
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1596:
253:
Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average
18014:
6740:
6704:
2846:
The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish
2654:
in January 1773. In 1775, he called the existence of a polar continent "probable", and in another copy of his
1373:
that completely isolated the continent. Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this current, as well as a
18176:
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16819:
15838:
14833:
13856:
13818:
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9712:
8767:
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6361:
4356:
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3211:
2556:
1923:
1370:
333:
11493:
9367:
8624:
Woods, R.; Jones, H. I.; Watts, J.; Miller, G. D.; Shellam, G. R. (2009). "Diseases of Antarctic Seabirds".
7964:"Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials"
7235:
L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019).
4638:, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.
2666:
1458:
along the border between West and East Antarctica, as well as the creation of the Transantarctic Mountains.
19359:
18085:
17971:
17814:
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16321:
16089:
14739:
14117:
13767:
13697:
13644:
13617:
12984:
12309:
11528:
9366:
Hoover, Richard Brice; Pikuta, Elena V. (January 2010). "5.4: Microbial Extremophiles from Lake Untersee".
9064:
6709:
5731:
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2471:
1744:
1701:
1670:
741:
704:
700:
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398:
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246:, and has an area of 14,200,000 km (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the
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17989:
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16113:
16002:
14699:
14093:
13881:
13813:
13702:
12807:
11051:
11012:
10525:
9726:
9095:
Morawetz, Klaus; Thoms, Silke; Kutschan, Bernd (3 March 2017). "Formation of brine channels in sea ice".
8688:
4707:
4344:
4055:
3737:
3423:
3059:
2883:, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background
1656:
1085:
911:
24:
13137:
12852:
12302:
12116:
10728:
5997:
Gelfo, Javier Nicolás; Goin, Francisco Javier; Bauzá, Nicolás; Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo (October 2019).
3599:
3253:
The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. In 2012, after the British
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13907:
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13568:
13536:
12667:
12422:
12279:
12249:
11961:
8719:
7840:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"
7399:"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century"
5535:, pp. 57–104, "Collapsing ice sheets and evolving polar forests of the middle to late Paleozoic".
4192:, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. Meteorites contain clues about the composition of the
3250:
Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole.
3004:
2546:
1451:
17325:
13254:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
13008:
12635:
12373:
11810:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
11769:
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research
8212:
7809:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
7677:
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).
7498:
1415:
of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet, is being revealed by techniques such as
1319:, Antarctica remained connected to South America as well as to southeastern Australia. Fauna from the
19349:
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18326:
18022:
17821:
17606:
17488:
17291:
17173:
17024:
16873:
16811:
16798:
16671:
16397:
16049:
15229:
14644:
14634:
14387:
13622:
13503:
12630:
9615:
7092:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"
4806:
4548:
4384:
4019:
3169:
2819:
2718:
The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor
2680:
1872:
1503:
in 1907, and low-grade coal is known to exist across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The
12194:
12012:
8154:
7497:
Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019).
4391:
has been played since the early twentieth century, with teams representing bases or visiting ships.
3190:
1851:
above Antarctica since the 1970s. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at
1307:
18866:
18457:
18451:
18369:
18243:
18028:
17754:
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17480:
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15437:
14853:
14619:
13983:
13973:
13757:
13729:
13685:
13189:
9876:
8182:
7571:
5775:"Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica"
4615:
4201:
4076:
2676:
2377:. The existence of life there is thought to strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on
2111:
2079:
There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of
1736:
1697:
1552:
1504:
1420:
1100:
The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by
877:
808:
717:
402:
16168:
13348:
11041:
8565:"Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal"
5999:"The Fossil Record of Antarctic Land Mammals: Commented Review and Hypotheses for Future Research"
2971:
led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised
2726:, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. However, a captain in the
2509:
Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities.
914:
around 10 times each day. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the
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18596:
17749:
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17543:
17052:
16879:
16081:
14928:
14676:
14671:
14013:
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13803:
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12531:
12503:
11938:
9069:
8895:
6714:
6064:
Ball, Philip; Eagles, Graeme; Ebinger, Cynthia; McClay, Ken; Totterdell, Jennifer (August 2013).
4811:
4451:
has become common and is often considered more correct. However, the pronunciation with a silent
4144:
4079:
has five major research stations on Antarctica, one of which is completely portable. The Belgian
3924:
3307:
Russia inherited the Soviet Union's right to claim territory under the original Antarctic Treaty.
3097:
3056:
2972:
2799:, on 27 January 1820. The sighting happened three days before Bransfield sighted the land of the
2564:
1955:
1909:
1852:
1043:
686:
655:
631:
533:
370:
83:
9412:
8735:
6066:"The spatial and temporal evolution of strain during the separation of Australia and Antarctica"
3093:
and the first to be born on the Antarctic mainland at the Esperanza Base of the Argentine Army.
1080:. At the end of the Permian, the climate became drier and hotter over much of Gondwana, and the
823:, which averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi) in thickness. The ice sheet extends to all but a few
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16369:
15767:
15719:
15520:
15510:
15465:
15447:
15186:
15108:
14614:
13988:
13808:
13355:
9059:
8807:
Backhaus, Theresa; Meeßen, Joachim; Demets, René; de Vera, Jean-Pierre; Ott, Sieglinde (2019).
7630:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"
6108:"Ice–Atmosphere Feedbacks Dominate the Response of the Climate System to Drake Passage Closure"
5959:
5265:"Bunbury Basalt: Gondwana breakup products or earliest vestiges of the Kerguelen mantle plume?"
4711:
4578:
4448:
4388:
4351:
4244:, facilitating detailed analyses of ice dynamics to predict future changes in a warming world.
4087:. Argentina, Australia, Chile, and Russia also have a large scientific presence on Antarctica.
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3223:
3063:
3008:
2986:
The South Pole was next reached on 31 October 1956, when a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral
2708:
2418:
2328:
2267:
2009:
1913:
1784:
1756:
378:
278:
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12661:
12496:
10964:
10474:[Vladimir Petrakov: "Antarctic is a special world, full of very interesting people"].
10409:
7553:
5774:
5366:
4225:
1354:. Marsupials are thought to have dispersed into Australia via Antarctica by the early Eocene.
265:
of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's
19092:
18876:
18845:
18650:
18603:
18502:
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18225:
18168:
17917:
17911:
17761:
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17256:
17031:
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16777:
16759:
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16637:
16525:
16462:
16236:
15809:
15697:
15642:
15590:
15550:
15011:
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14499:
14407:
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14212:
14008:
13958:
13953:
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13690:
13634:
13612:
12797:
12521:
10910:
8356:; Lee, Sang-Ki; Stuecker, Malte F.; Rodgers, Keith B.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Huang, Lei (May 2022).
7896:
7678:
7186:"Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways"
5581:
4827:
4732:
4189:
4037:
resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. There are many
4026:
3984:
3914:
3235:
3109:
3029:
3014:
3013:
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the
2958:
2753:
2727:
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2638:
2542:
2518:
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1983:. The few terrestrial invertebrates are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands. The flightless
1864:
1528:
932:
450:
382:
352:
16917:
11463:
10754:
9317:"Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica"
9278:"The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa"
5500:
5280:
3520:
1727:
The warming of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has caused the weakening or collapse of
1465:
Eon (4,000 Ma–2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. It is built on a
18730:
18722:
18665:
18253:
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8899:
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7090:
Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).
7015:
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6846:
6783:
6631:
6502:
6463:
6312:
6244:
6189:
6125:
6106:
England, Matthew H.; Hutchinson, David K.; Santoso, Agus; Sijp, Willem P. (1 August 2017).
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he wrote: " firmly believe it and it's more than probable that we have seen a part of it".
2645:
2598:
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2175:
1369:
opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the
828:
553:
18098:
16503:
16486:
12065:
10887:
9843:
9504:
6957:"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year"
4240:
technology enables researchers to study the ice sheets both through on-site fieldwork and
3851:
3656:
669:
named one of his books on Antarctic photography, possibly as a counterpart to the epithet
651:
was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish
8:
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2460:, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. This
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Antarctica And The Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions
11383:
11326:
10816:: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria.
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6129:
6084:
5922:
5873:
5827:
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5420:
5240:
Quilty, Pg (2007). "Origin and evolution of the sub-Antarctic islands: the foundation".
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East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.
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13169:
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12859:
11475:
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11046:
10681:
10471:Владимир Петраков: 'Антарктика – это особая атмосфера, где живут очень интересные люди'
10241:
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9983:
9904:
9693:
9481:
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9258:
9188:
9138:
9104:
9041:
8992:
8920:
8881:
8850:
8601:
8564:
8385:
8358:"Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability"
8329:
8292:
7996:
7963:
7929:
7872:
7839:
7784:
7714:
7659:
7610:
7534:
7439:
7398:
7374:
7349:
7330:
7271:
7236:
7184:; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017).
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6267:
6232:
6213:
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6143:
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was recognised as a separate ocean, it was considered to be surrounded by the southern
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3394:
3239:
3219:
2980:
2976:
2582:
2503:
2061:
1988:
1868:
1772:
1721:
1681:
Antarctic surface ice layer temperature trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal
1661:
1544:
1447:
873:
832:
733:
721:
713:
46:
15066:
12389:
8357:
7738:
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4656:
3778:
3329:
The United States reserved its right to make a claim in the original Antarctic Treaty.
1779:. While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in
1712:
has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler
902:, is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft). Mount Erebus on
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18944:
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18700:
18685:
18614:
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8001:
7877:
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7614:
7602:
7572:"Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial"
7526:
7518:
7444:
7426:
7379:
7334:
7276:
7129:
7043:
7031:
6941:
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5442:
5081:
4800:
4635:
4611:
4559:
4552:
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4133:
4084:
3992:
3230:. Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the
3227:
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2800:
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1927:
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1362:
1131:
1032:
967:
885:
374:
344:
337:
146:
13319:
12168:
11479:
9697:
9575:"Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)"
9045:
8996:
8854:
7933:
7739:"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
7538:
7514:
7003:
6823:
5669:; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007).
5145:
4007:
2100:
2076:
in the Antarctic ecosystem and migrate across the Southern Ocean in search of food.
1879:
for chemical reactions, which eventually lead to the destruction of ozone. The 1987
548:
reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. The
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11814:
11773:
11662:
11569:
11561:
11467:
11387:
11330:
10671:
10661:
10594:
10567:
10365:"Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days"
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scholars presumed necessary to balance the known lands in the northern hemisphere.
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2258:
2013:
1776:
1478:
1470:
1440:
1259:
1215:
1166:). Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic around 160 Ma, followed by the
1081:
1062:(an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently
1059:
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729:
627:
599:
227:
171:
99:
10698:
M. Wright, Note, "The Ownership of Antarctica, its Living and Mineral Resources",
10666:
10649:
10322:
8563:
Staniland, Iain J.; Ratcliffe, Norman; Trathan, Philip N.; Forcada, Jaume (2018).
7237:"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"
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12768:
Jasinoski, Sandra C.; et al. (2013). "Anatomical Plasticity in the Snout of
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9718:
9118:
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7149:
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7143:
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5607:
5540:
5050:
Ji, Fei; Gao, Jinyao; Li, Fei; Shen, Zhongyan; Zhang, Qiao; Li, Yongdong (2017).
5019:
4739:
4404:
4336:
4332:
4323:
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Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the
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Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. In the
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6324:
5703:
5195:
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5051:
4772:"Reaching the South Pole During the Heroic Age of Exploration | Worlds Revealed"
3105:
2385:, which may have water beneath its water-ice crust. There exists a community of
2179:
1887:
The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around 6 °C (11 °F) in the
19200:
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18861:
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14381:
14049:
14044:
14034:
13933:
13747:
13058:
12297:
11878:
9464:
9368:
Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments
9157:
9009:
8768:"Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert"
8763:
8529:
8381:
8298:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7987:
7654:
7629:
7422:
7220:
7210:
7185:
7115:
7075:
7058:
6932:
6908:"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"
6907:
6548:
6014:
5508:
5362:
5289:
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4493:
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than for less visible animals. There are more terrestrial protected areas than
2209:
2149:
2053:
2029:
1796:
1740:
1717:
1708:
warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed
1693:
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1612:
1416:
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1378:
1351:
1347:
1210:
1145:
952:
944:
784:
737:
586:
509:
436:
406:
359:
231:
15051:
12257:
Ainsworth, William Harrison, ed. (1847). "The Antarctic Voyage of Discovery".
11471:
11335:
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10237:
9979:
9900:
9036:
9011:
7702:
7316:
7140:
7027:
6257:
5722:
Crame, James Alistair (1989). "Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota".
5428:
5299:
5160:
3377:
3024:
2818:, some members of the crew of the 1837–1840 expedition of the French explorer
2138:
630:
doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called
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15367:
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15347:
15342:
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15309:
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15244:
15118:
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15006:
14981:
14971:
14956:
14724:
14262:
14257:
14247:
14242:
13978:
13772:
13373:
13086:
Stromberg, O.; et al. (1991). Nemoto, Takahisa; Mauchline, John (eds.).
12772:". In Kammerer, Christian F.; Frobisch, Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (eds.).
12642:
12576:
12491:
12407:
12142:
11583:
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10338:
9472:
9333:
9289:
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8028:
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7169:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.
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silent as well, is widespread and typical of many similar English words. The
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to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that
2220:
2167:-forming. Some of the species, having evolved under extreme conditions, have
2119:
2073:
2037:
1919:
1633:
1624:
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1374:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 16 December 2023
10805:
9529:
8761:
8319:
7754:
7598:
7261:
6171:"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO
5249:
3163:, Australia, and the United States. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have
2949:
became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the
2601:(H), after landing and setting up base for the first time on Antarctica, to
2099:
is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the
2036:. Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on
1938:
1791:
are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land,
1637:
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14514:
14489:
14300:
14295:
12604:
12444:
11879:"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Icestock Rings in the New Year"
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of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals,
1892:
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1812:
1808:
1608:
1584:
1548:
1140:
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983:
872:, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of the region lies within the
858:
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258:
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8808:
7924:
7897:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
7888:
7736:
7083:
6796:
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5126:
5102:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
5101:
2814:
On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the
1992:, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches 6 mm (
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8353:
7621:
7397:
Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022).
6972:
6970:
6885:"Facts / Vital signs / Ice Sheets / Antarctica Mass Variation Since 2002"
6806:
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plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people on board.
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2880:
2490:
from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a
2434:
2374:
2191:
1844:
1771:, an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential
1600:
1238:
1232:
1161:
1111:
1069:
959:
903:
869:
780:
728:
Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the
652:
242:. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than
31:
8062:
7955:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7763:
7628:
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).
7545:
7341:
7325:
6201:
6147:
6022:
3899:
3077:
The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl,
3017:) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on
2302:, and a lack of moisture and sunlight inhibit plant growth, causing low
1384:
levels, caused the creation of small yet permanent polar ice caps. As CO
269:
reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global
18755:
18658:
18642:
18484:
18417:
18318:
17727:
17636:
16958:
16684:
16612:
16554:
15947:
15915:
15286:
15239:
15181:
15046:
14719:
14629:
14609:
14459:
14182:
13839:
13712:
11574:
10676:
9688:
9671:
8979:
7555:
Absence of the West Antarctic ice sheet during the last interglaciation
7287:
7228:
7173:
6092:
5890:
5844:
5652:
4468:
4308:
4304:
4248:
3231:
2857:
2808:
2723:
2684:
2634:
2606:
2586:
2483:
2360:
are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. Even
2357:
2287:
2279:
2224:
2163:
have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-
2118:
and birds make the round trip annually. Smaller forms of life, such as
2088:
2045:
1980:
1968:
1848:
1826:
1792:
1493:
1461:
East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the
1358:
1336:
1226:
1190:
1185:
1106:
1073:
948:
919:
850:
757:
745:
571:
524:
298:
273:
by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the
266:
239:
19003:
14109:
10837:
10835:
10054:
8053:
7670:
7480:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"
7471:
7234:
6967:
6948:
6899:
6515:
6490:
6237:
sp. n. (Carabidae, Trechini): the first ground beetle from Antarctica"
5136:
1716:
had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the
1242:
from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described.
1050:. It drifted closer to the South Pole, and the climate cooled, though
19195:
18277:
17114:
16666:
16449:
15814:
15211:
14790:
14654:
14604:
14524:
14519:
14464:
14397:
14140:
13752:
12959:
12469:
Colonies in Conflict: The History of the British Overseas Territories
10650:"Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform?"
9849:
9315:
Weisleitner, Klemens; et al. (10 May 2019). Pierre Amato (ed.).
7826:
7496:
7455:
6995:
6858:
6673:
4603:
4574:
4237:
4129:
4110:
4098:
4090:
3797:
3618:
3122:, has been found to be spoken by people living on Antarctica and the
3112:
in 1965 was conducted to strengthen Argentina's claim in Antarctica.
3082:
2651:
2522:
2462:
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
2453:
which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.—remains a problem.
2340:
2311:
2144:
2123:
2033:
2017:
1964:
1876:
1752:
1728:
1512:
1455:
1427:. Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the South American
1332:
1328:
1316:
1181:
1101:
1077:
1016:
1004:
1000:
793:
768:
753:
528:
459:
390:
270:
254:
223:
20:
15859:
11234:
9879:(September 1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica".
9614:. Vol. 82, no. 3. November 1992. p. 5. Archived from
9510:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
8098:
8081:
7562:
7390:
7050:
3234:, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the
2443:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
995:, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the
19039:
18209:
15088:
14714:
14599:
14479:
14469:
14432:
14417:
14402:
14392:
14315:
14310:
13777:
13262:
12703:
12381:
11818:
11777:
11629:"Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites"
10832:
10444:"Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day"
10046:
8569:
8512:
Ancel, André; Beaulieu, Michaël; Gilbert, Caroline (January 2013).
8402:
7153:
6956:
5671:"Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica"
4914:"Highlights from the Bartholomew Archive: The naming of Antarctica"
4655:, were at the centre of the controversy about possible evidence of
4648:
4300:
4288:
4163:
3966:
3958:
3134:
2195:
2168:
2115:
2084:
2057:
1682:
1562:
1508:
1436:
1343:
1195:
1156:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1089:
1020:
1011:
were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where seafloor
992:
955:
816:
595:
557:
479:
471:
373:. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining,
294:
286:
158:
19267:
11904:"24 hours of sunlight — life and aerospace research in Antarctica"
11454:
9109:
7461:
7179:
6620:"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica"
5482:"Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape"
5479:
2734:, recorded seeing an ice shelf on 27 January. The American sealer
2431:
first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity
2352:
Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine
19279:
18836:
18216:
16481:
16457:
16445:
15191:
14734:
14729:
14494:
14474:
14454:
14422:
14412:
14345:
14340:
14330:
14325:
13522:
11847:
11845:
11554:
11494:"Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration"
6678:
6352:"Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula"
4631:
4315:
3980:
2847:
2513:
cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for
2402:
2378:
2361:
2291:
2283:
2187:
2072:
from the United States and the United Kingdom. Leopard seals are
2041:
1972:
1788:
1732:
1645:
1538:
1462:
1432:
1412:
1119:
1055:
1054:
remained. After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early
907:
290:
17003:
14865:
13191:
Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton
8562:
7004:"Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades"
6772:"Mapping blue-ice areas in Antarctica using ETM+ and MODIS data"
6452:
5405:
4177:, is at the Amundsen-Scott Station. It consists of around 5,500
2263:
1949:
Invertebrate life of Antarctica includes species of microscopic
1922:. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in
1138:(also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as
1110:, which grew as trees. Other associated Triassic flora included
589:
574:
17082:
16407:
15196:
15041:
14908:
14897:
14765:
14534:
14232:
14227:
14172:
14167:
13547:
12092:"Alexandria's Brooke Curran on winning the Antarctica Marathon"
10591:
The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English
9670:
Coetzee, Bernard W.T.; Convey, Peter; Chown, Steven L. (2017).
7089:
6877:
4858:
4652:
4619:
4399:
There are two principal holidays celebrated across Antarctica:
4271:
on the ice sheets, and their potential contributions to global
4034:
3970:
3962:
3675:
3539:
3364:
3173:
3071:
2521:. Ecosystems are impacted by local and global threats, notably
2390:
2295:
2164:
2160:
2080:
2064:
was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its
1930:
or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate.
1604:
1466:
1389:
1324:
1199:
1172:
760:
or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock.
674:
635:
486:
306:
243:
132:
30:"Antipodea" redirects here. For Australia and New Zealand, see
12332:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery
11842:
10537:
10025:
Hobbs, William H. (October 1932). "Wilkes Land Rediscovered".
9439:
Wauchope, Hannah S.; Shaw, Justine D.; Terauds, Aleks (2019).
8717:
7347:
6398:
5218:
5098:
4882:
736:
that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the
154:
16468:
15103:
15016:
14539:
14144:
13560:
13162:
Von Tigerstrom, Barbara; Leane, Geoffrey W. G., eds. (2005).
13033:
Scott, Anne W.; Hiatt, Alfred; McIlroy, Claire, eds. (2012).
12879:
Hall & Ball Kiwi Mountaineers: from Mount Cook to Everest
11108:
11106:
10918:"Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen"
10135:
8800:
4256:
4252:
4205:
4118:
4002:
Tourism in Antarctica is, in part, ecologically focused with
3724:
3160:
2438:
2369:
2365:
2307:
2127:
2092:
2025:
1984:
1976:
1860:
1648:
because of the 24 hours of sunlight received there each day.
1428:
1115:
1024:
1008:
824:
792:
melt, and liquid moats temporarily form. Antarctica has both
764:
749:
709:
518:
512:
490:
219:
12854:
National Days: Constructing and Mobilising National Identity
12687:"Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions"
11351:
10494:
8813:
after 1.5 years in space on the International Space Station"
7676:
7627:
6954:
6836:
6434:
6105:
6035:
5858:
2979:
became the first woman to step onto the Antarctic mainland.
2466:
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
2408:
1327:, is very similar to equivalent South American faunas; with
405:
causes the most uncertainty in century-scale projections of
186:
14202:
14197:
12828:
Aristotle's Meteorology and Its Reception in the Arab World
10999:
10997:
10711:
10392:
10390:
10073:
9743:
9374:
8942:
8806:
8127:
8123:"Large, Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole Persisting into November"
5589:. 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.
5461:
4948:"IN PERSON: Adventurer set to tackle the great white south"
4106:
4018:– among other species. One site in particular –
3974:
3772:
W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943)
2319:
2049:
1960:
1950:
1686:
1474:
1028:
310:
282:
201:
11103:
11029:... the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims ...
9767:
7961:
7837:
5813:
5754:
5331:
5031:
413:, which can eventually lead to significant impacts on the
250:, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
13542:
13518:
of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (de facto government)
12380:. Developments in Soil Science. Vol. 16. Amsterdam:
10856:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
10006:
9184:"Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say"
8514:"The different breeding strategies of penguins: A review"
7551:
6350:
Feldmann, Michael O.; Woodburne, Rodney M., eds. (1988).
6331:
5262:
4894:
4121:
and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures.
3318:
South Africa formally reserved its right to make a claim.
2597:(G) and around the turn to the 20th century from 1900 by
2065:
1302:
195:
174:
104:
19:
This article is about the continent. For the region, see
11558:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica
10994:
10387:
7056:
6906:
Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020).
6865:
6669:"Antarctica records unofficial coldest temperature ever"
5665:
5612:
5551:
5009:
5007:
3226:, who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador
3039:
Antarctica's population consists mostly of the staff of
2983:
had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935.
429:
A speculative representation of Antarctica labelled as '
17673:
13552:
12613:
Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge
12378:
Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment
12374:"Chapter 2 the Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica"
11311:"A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture"
11278:
10806:
Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977).
9755:
8861:
6063:
5343:
5307:
5242:
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
4083:
is one of the most modern stations and the first to be
3834:
W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940)
3070:
opened in 2004; it is staffed year-round by one or two
13088:
Marine Biology: Its Accomplishment and Future Prospect
11176:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
11148:
11130:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
10446:. Serbian Orthodox Church. 24 May 2004. Archived from
10147:
10061:
9994:
9822:
9541:
8490:
8026:(1 July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update".
7568:
6544:"Soviet Team Finds a 'Mountain of Iron' in Antarctica"
6410:
6169:
DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (16 January 2003).
4834:
3989:
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
1194:) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous.
1188:
period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech trees (
756:, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is
619:. The belief in such a land lasted until the European
18980:
13513:
10159:
9939:
9810:
9441:"A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica"
9094:
9012:"Poa annua L. in the maritime Antarctic: an overview"
8623:
8352:
Chung, Eui-Seok; Kim, Seong-Joong; Timmermann, Axel;
8018:
7001:
6523:
5996:
5004:
4870:
4846:
4475:, there is also variation between the pronunciations
4411:
on December 1, which commemorates the signing of the
2326:, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula:
1446:
West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several
1019:
flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the
198:
189:
177:
12418:
The Vegetation of Antarctica through Geological Time
9927:
8511:
8405:
Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change
8351:
6489:
Salvini, Francesco; et al. (10 November 1997).
6422:
6283:
5554:
Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change
5387:
5319:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4075:, is capable of housing more than 1,000 people. The
3242:
respectively. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to
2764:, reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) of
2231:
might have been similar to Antarctic fungi, such as
819:. The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the
192:
183:
13161:
12013:"Scot shoots first fictional feature in Antarctica"
11290:
10841:
10215:
9438:
8075:
8073:
7293:
7160:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
5579:
4798:
4006:for bird watching tours due to the high numbers of
2891:today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV
2711:. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a
1751:The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of
180:
13898:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
13381:
13347:
13188:
13136:
13114:Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
13007:
12851:
12634:
12495:
12301:
10085:
9842:
9669:
6162:
4992:
4799:
4443:The word was originally pronounced with the first
4117:have made discoveries concerning the spreading of
2683:. The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on
1644:reaches the surface at the South Pole than at the
845:from the northwest, the highest peak in Antarctica
13032:
11908:Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences
9434:
9432:
9430:
8407:. London: Academic Press. pp. 182, 187–188.
6349:
5575:
5573:
5193:
4864:
4673:
3382:Originally undefined; later specified to be 142°2
3296:Peru formally reserved its right to make a claim.
2169:colonised structural cavities within porous rocks
1615:and moderates temperatures in the Arctic region.
1092:having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic.
19336:
12849:
12371:
10726:
9396:
8724:"Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region"
8070:
6769:
6440:
6301:
5898:
4888:
4105:study the history and dynamics of floating ice,
2623:. Much larger than and unrelated to Antarctica,
13294:. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014
13057:
12850:McCrone, David; McPherson, Gayle, eds. (2009).
12609:Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio
12582:History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America
12372:Campbell, I.B.; Claridge, G.G.C., eds. (1987).
11859:. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014
10327:"Børge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone"
9221:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
7806:
7241:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5224:
4974:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4551:are named after two ships from his expedition:
4526:The feature discovered by the Russians was the
4375:Sporting events held on Antarctica include the
2219:The same features can be observed in algae and
1568:Temperate conditions near the coast in December
1488:Coal was first recorded in Antarctica near the
1469:of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian
1130:, with the earliest known fossils found in the
9788:"The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate"
9551:. Australian Antarctic Division. 17 May 2019.
9427:
7895:Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013).
6168:
5570:
4299:The southernmost music festival in the world,
3458:W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943)
2843:landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853.
2032:, and many bird species, such as penguins and
1126:first appeared in Antarctica during the early
973:
661:Antarctica has also been known by the moniker
150:Composite satellite image of Antarctica (2002)
15875:
14881:
14125:
13576:
13234:"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"
13165:International Law Issues in the South Pacific
12414:
11743:"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"
11084:Australian Institute of International Affairs
11079:"Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On"
10712:Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944).
9175:
8809:"Characterization of viability of the lichen
7396:
6230:
5905:Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. (April 2019).
5709:
5599:
5583:Migration of Triassic tetrapods to Antarctica
5580:Collinson, James; William R., Hammer (2007).
5532:
5467:
3150:Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959
2290:by the end of that period. During the colder
1170:in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma).
1031:were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth,
13324:
12451:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Praxis Books.
12439:
11357:
10757:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
9365:
8757:
8755:
8753:
6905:
6624:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
6577:"The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica"
6495:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6456:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6231:Ashworth, Allan C.; Erwin, Terry L. (2016).
5766:
5371:. National Science Foundation. p. 109.
5337:
5037:
4377:Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race
4341:Bruno Penguin and the Staten Island Princess
2103:breed farther south than any other penguin.
1084:forest ecosystems collapsed, as part of the
876:. East Antarctica is largely covered by the
580:
13331:. Stuttgart: Bornträger Science Publisher.
12983:(4th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts:
12977:Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
12948:
12775:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
12352:
12147:Association of Chilean Football Researchers
11168:"IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 2019–2020"
10982:
10951:
10947:
10945:
10943:
10141:
9749:
9314:
8468:Laboratory for Ecophysiological Cryobiology
8461:
8114:
8079:
7807:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
7679:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
5852:
5760:
5630:
5161:"The Lost Dry Valleys of the Polar Plateau"
5049:
4900:
4147:at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth.
1095:
607:
565:
502:
494:
448:
441:
430:
15882:
15868:
14888:
14874:
14132:
14118:
13583:
13569:
13108:
12415:Cantrill, David J.; Poole, Imogen (2012).
12326:
12221:"Celebrate Antarctica Day on December 1st"
12066:"Serious about sports at end of the Earth"
11988:"Redundancy forced on acclaimed musicians"
11651:
11598:"Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica"
11321:(2). Cambridge University Press: 167–185.
11160:
10589:Hince, Bernadette (2000). "Introduction".
10534:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
10260:"Dates in American Naval History: October"
10177:
9957:
9840:
9773:
8681:
8464:"Antarctic Bestiary – Terrestrial Animals"
7558:. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting.
6337:
5807:
5235:
5233:
5194:Hallberg, Robert; Sergienko, Olga (2019).
2286:ecosystem, which changed into a temperate
1323:in the Antarctic Peninsula, dating to the
605:Belief by Europeans in the existence of a
401:. The melting of the potentially unstable
13427:Ivanov, Lyubomir; Ivanova, Nusha (2022).
13413:. Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland.
13314:De Pomereu, Jean; and McCahey, Daniella.
13085:
12976:
12767:
12296:
12256:
12089:
11985:
11573:
11453:
11334:
11235:"Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities"
11118:
10675:
10665:
10647:
10012:
9921:
9875:
9785:
9687:
9480:
9342:
9332:
9244:
9108:
9035:
8978:
8968:
8919:
8836:
8762:Selbmann, L; de Hoog, G S; Mazzaglia, A;
8750:
8600:
8590:
8550:
8328:
8318:
8287:
8097:
8061:
7995:
7923:
7871:
7762:
7653:
7438:
7373:
7324:
7270:
7260:
7219:
7209:
7123:
7074:
6931:
6871:
6805:
6795:
6643:
6514:
6266:
6256:
6137:
5930:
5889:
5843:
5694:
5618:
5436:
5298:
5288:
5158:
5135:
5125:
5075:
4229:The Antarctic ice sheet's changing height
2536:
2409:Conservation and environmental protection
2338:(Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native
1603:landscape. Antarctica is colder than the
888:, the earliest of which formed around 40
417:climate and Southern Ocean productivity.
320:were probably first seen in 1820, during
18940:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
13495:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
13478:
12876:
12824:
12659:
12271:
11516:
11369:
10940:
10500:
10396:
9710:
8695:. Natural Environment Research Council.
8155:"Record-breaking 2020 ozone hole closes"
7894:
6961:Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications
6590:United States Department of the Interior
6574:
6541:
6416:
5772:
5313:
4840:
4282:
4224:
4123:
4054:
3932:
3189:
3133:
3074:, who are similarly rotated every year.
3023:
2867:
2665:
2568:
2470:
2412:
2262:
2178:of such fungi, along with their similar
2137:
1937:
1830:
1676:
1655:
1431:. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by
1399:
1306:
999:, and during the time, large amounts of
977:
837:
767:that lie at the base of the continental
744:exist in Antarctica; the longest is the
708:
626:During the early 19th century, explorer
424:
409:, and the same melting also affects the
332:. The decades that followed saw further
226:. Situated almost entirely south of the
153:
145:
18515:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
14139:
13523:Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
13036:European Perceptions of Terra Australis
13001:
12741:
12684:
12629:
12490:
12449:Antarctica : Earth's Own Ice World
11626:
11441:The Astronomy & Astrophysics Review
11237:. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty.
10729:"El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida"
10512:
10321:
10287:
10285:
9761:
9155:
8879:
8867:
8507:
8505:
8281:
6488:
5904:
5556:. London: Academic Press. p. 170.
5230:
5092:
4852:
4757:
4360:. He later used it as the basis of his
3880:
3814:
3741:
3692:
3635:
3556:
3507:
3427:
3381:
3218:, which encompassed lands south of the
3089:was the first person born south of the
2907:Expedition led by the British explorer
1664:satellite projects caused gap in data.)
1618:
1361:separated from Antarctica, opening the
1104:(pteridosperms) belonging to the genus
1042:Antarctica became glaciated during the
987:sp. leaf from the Permian of Antarctica
585:) attested in 1270, and from there the
369:, all of which are parties of the 1959
161:photograph with Antarctica at top, 1967
19337:
13328:The geology of the Antarctic continent
13257:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
13239:. Australian Antarctic Science Council
13186:
13168:. Aldershot, UK; Burlington, Vermont:
13134:
12895:
12796:
12603:
12575:
12465:
12260:The New Monthly Magazine and Humourist
12169:"Antarctica - football/soccer matches"
11928:
11813:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
11772:. The National Academies Press. 2021.
11748:. Australian Antarctic Science Council
11434:
11241:from the original on 30 September 2019
11154:
11112:
10988:
10854:Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015).
10761:from the original on 20 September 2022
10735:from the original on 20 September 2022
10705:
10165:
10153:
10123:from the original on 29 September 2010
10079:
10067:
10000:
9945:
9933:
9828:
9816:
9181:
8656:
8496:
8080:Schiermeier, Quirin (12 August 2009).
6617:
6529:
6428:
6404:
6357:Geological Society of America Bulletin
6289:
5984:
5956:"The Strange Lives of Polar Dinosaurs"
5953:
5393:
5361:
5325:
5239:
5159:Lucibella, Michael (21 October 2015).
5013:
4998:
4876:
4647:Antarctician meteorites, particularly
3908:
3845:W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)
3761:W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)
2768:and recorded sighting an ice shelf at
1761:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
1303:Cenozoic era before present (66–10 Ma)
527:', 'northern'). The Greek philosopher
411:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
17659:
15901:
15889:
15863:
14869:
14113:
13564:
12225:Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S
12213:
12187:
12161:
12109:
12083:
12063:
12057:
12031:
11979:
11959:
11953:
11922:
11556:recorded south of the 62° parallel".
11548:
11536:from the original on 13 February 2021
11504:from the original on 29 December 2007
11308:
11227:
11076:
10868:from the original on 21 February 2022
10629:from the original on 23 February 2022
10588:
10375:from the original on 25 February 2021
10303:from the original on 21 February 2022
10024:
9857:from the original on 13 February 2022
9841:Tammiksaar, Erki (14 December 2013).
9786:Henriques, Martha (22 October 2018).
9633:
9517:from the original on 24 December 2013
9214:
8120:
8082:"Atmospheric science: Fixing the sky"
7943:from the original on 16 February 2020
7477:
7465:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
6895:from the original on 9 December 2020.
6542:Sullivan, Walter (19 December 1976).
5773:Smith, Nathan D.; Pol, Diego (2007).
5721:
5200:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
5028:, Is all of Antarctica snow-covered?.
4928:from the original on 18 February 2022
4794:
4792:
4769:
4467:and was dropped from the spelling in
4160:cosmic microwave background radiation
4138:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
3257:designated a previously unnamed area
3179:
2617:, feature the hypothetical continent
1218:of the Transantarctic Mountains, and
14089:
13388:. Edmonton: Golden Meteorite Press.
13316:Antarctica: A History in 100 Objects
13195:. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books.
12920:
12720:
12559:10.1093/wentk/9780190641320.001.0001
12005:
11627:Talbert, Tricia (14 November 2016).
11428:
11296:
11200:
11091:from the original on 18 January 2022
10928:from the original on 15 January 2013
10853:
10402:
10345:from the original on 10 October 2019
10282:
10266:. United States Navy. Archived from
10209:
10171:
10103:
9834:
9403:Coulter, Dana. Tony Phillips (ed.).
9384:from the original on 30 January 2022
9275:
9215:Bulat, Sergey A. (28 January 2016).
8502:
8437:Natural Environment Research Council
8269:from the original on 9 December 2019
8241:
6839:International Journal of Climatology
6751:from the original on 13 January 2022
6721:from the original on 13 January 2022
6685:from the original on 7 February 2021
6666:
6073:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
5349:
5175:from the original on 15 January 2022
4828:participating institution membership
4770:Smith, Cynthia (21 September 2021).
4425:Index of Antarctica-related articles
4347:production to shoot in Antarctica.
305:occurs, it is mostly in the form of
275:lowest measured temperature on Earth
222:'s southernmost and least-populated
18301:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
16498:Norse colonization of North America
12548:
12520:
12064:Roman, Benjamin (3 November 2010).
11986:Macdonald, Emma (1 November 2012).
11871:
11438:(2010). "Astronomy in Antarctica".
11416:from the original on 22 August 2020
11309:Davis, Georgina (30 January 2017).
11284:
10894:. HM Government. 18 December 2012.
10820:from the original on 19 August 2022
10787:from the original on 19 August 2022
10623:Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty
10582:
10091:
9585:from the original on 15 August 2020
9555:from the original on 15 August 2020
9535:
9402:
9196:from the original on 1 January 2022
9076:from the original on 19 August 2020
8443:from the original on 7 October 2008
7297:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
6912:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
6660:
6599:from the original on 7 January 2016
6535:
6386:from the original on 14 August 2023
6343:
6295:
5712:, pp. 9, 35, 56, 71, 185, 314.
5489:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5375:from the original on 14 August 2023
5269:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5025:
4980:from the original on 20 August 2023
4906:
4185:accumulates them in certain areas.
2449:—particularly of the highly prized
2110:by some 500 researchers during the
926:
906:is the world's southernmost active
665:, after which British photographer
75:0.00009/km to 0.00036/km (seasonal)
13:
17830:United States Exploring Expedition
13465:
13308:
12831:. Leiden; Boston (Massachusetts):
10783:(in Spanish). Biografía de Chile.
10700:Journal of Law and the Environment
10264:Naval History and Heritage Command
10197:from the original on 13 April 2020
8788:from the original on 29 April 2021
8669:from the original on 16 April 2016
8659:"Ice oceans 'are not poles apart'"
8462:Sandro, Luke; Constible, Juanita.
8229:from the original on 23 April 2021
6618:Turner, John; et al. (2009).
6556:from the original on 14 March 2022
5206:from the original on 28 April 2021
4789:
4354:wrote the score for the 1948 film
2743:First Russian Antarctic Expedition
2732:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
2417:Refuse littering the shoreline at
2347:
1820:
1759:, weakening the lower cell of the
1435:and the transformation of sea bed
939:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula
863:
381:are all prohibited in Antarctica.
326:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
14:
19381:
18904:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
18272:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
14895:
13442:
12803:Antarctica and the Law of the Sea
12587:Springer International Publishing
12090:Bernstein, Lenny (2 April 2012).
11608:from the original on 9 March 2022
11203:"Tourism threatens the Antarctic"
11058:from the original on 3 April 2022
10892:Foreign & Commonwealth Office
10648:Yermakova, Yelena (3 July 2021).
10564:Antarctica Institute of Argentina
10482:from the original on 16 July 2011
10424:from the original on 2 March 2021
10119:. Australian Antarctic Division.
10117:"Tannatt William Edgeworth David"
9798:from the original on 22 July 2021
9296:from the original on 2 April 2022
9182:Gorman, James (6 February 2013).
8880:Godinho, Valeria M. (July 2013).
8657:Kinver, Mark (15 February 2009).
8260:World Meteorological Organization
8256:Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP)
8193:from the original on 4 March 2022
8160:World Meteorological Organization
6585:United States Geographical Survey
5795:from the original on 4 March 2016
5675:Geophysical Journal International
4294:
4156:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3255:Foreign & Commonwealth Office
3159:, the United Kingdom, Argentina,
2691:Borchgrevnik participated in the
2456:In analogy to the 1980 treaty on
1859:, discovered a large area of low
1685:observations made by a series of
1651:
1134:of the Transantarctic Mountains.
970:, and it was covered in forests.
19290:
19278:
19266:
19254:
19242:
19230:
19218:
19206:
19194:
19182:
19170:
19158:
19146:
19134:
19122:
19110:
19098:
19086:
19074:
19062:
19050:
19038:
19026:
19014:
19002:
18990:
18798:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
18191:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
14844:
14843:
14821:
14339:
14324:
14309:
14294:
14256:
14241:
14226:
14211:
14196:
14181:
14166:
14088:
14079:
14078:
13838:
13477:
13061:; Florindo, Fabio, eds. (2008).
12927:The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica
12745:(1992) . Viré, Ghislaine (ed.).
12357:. Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing.
12135:
11960:Kubny, Heiner (31 August 2022).
11929:Griggs, Kim (20 February 2019).
11896:
11801:
11760:
11735:
11706:
11677:
11620:
11590:
11486:
11398:
11363:
11302:
11253:
11194:
11182:from the original on 9 June 2020
11136:from the original on 7 June 2020
11070:
11034:
10898:from the original on 7 July 2013
10847:
10799:
10773:
10747:
10720:
10692:
10641:
10611:
10552:
10518:
10506:
10462:
10436:
10357:
10315:
10252:
10109:
10097:
10018:
9951:
9915:
9869:
9779:
9704:
9663:
9645:Antarctic and Southern Coalition
9641:"Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary"
9597:
9567:
9497:
9359:
9308:
9269:
9208:
9149:
9088:
9052:
9003:
8970:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001
8936:
8873:
8711:
8699:from the original on 7 June 2011
8650:
8617:
8556:
8544:
8455:
8421:
8396:
8345:
8205:
8175:
8147:
8121:Bates, Sofie (30 October 2020).
8012:
7503:Science of the Total Environment
6667:Rice, Doyle (10 December 2013).
5696:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x
4641:
4596:
4567:
4533:
4520:
3921:Telecommunications in Antarctica
3898:
3870:
3850:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3730:
3717:
3704:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3545:
3532:
3519:
3498:
3487:
3474:
3416:
3406:
3393:
3370:
3357:
3322:
3311:
3300:
3289:
3274:
3186:Territorial claims in Antarctica
2670:The first base on Antarctica of
2500:International Whaling Commission
1755:from the ice dilutes the saline
1669:This section is an excerpt from
1561:
1537:
1267:
1258:
1249:
458:The name given to the continent
170:
45:
14667:Possible future supercontinents
13288:"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"
12243:
11962:"Freddie Mercury in Antarctica"
11853:"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"
11201:Rowe, Mark (11 February 2006).
10842:Von Tigerstrom & Leane 2005
10183:"The first woman in Antarctica"
9605:"Now you see it now you don't!"
9538:, The Antarctic Treaty of 1959.
9097:The European Physical Journal E
8478:from the original on 4 May 2019
7515:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168
7467:(Report). University of Exeter.
6830:
6763:
6733:
6697:
6611:
6568:
6482:
6446:
6224:
6122:American Meteorological Society
6099:
6057:
6029:
5990:
5978:
5954:Leslie, Mitch (December 2007).
5947:
5715:
5659:
5624:
5545:
5473:
5399:
5355:
5256:
5187:
5169:United States Antarctic Program
5152:
5043:
4962:
4940:
4865:Scott, Hiatt & McIlroy 2012
4602:The first settlements included
4511:
4486:
4463:had ceased to be pronounced in
4331:. An upcoming film directed by
4220:United States Antarctic Program
4101:, and the breakup of Gondwana.
4051:Research stations in Antarctica
3102:military activity in Antarctica
2998:
2863:
2758:and the 530-ton support vessel
2715:expedition, was found in 1985.
2661:
2498:was established in 1994 by the
1899:
1799:and formerly frozen pollution.
1731:, which float just offshore of
1058:, the land became dominated by
697:List of mountains in Antarctica
537:about an "Antarctic region" in
443:Zeekaart van het Zuidpoolgebied
13590:
13548:British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
13431:. Generis Publishing. 241 pp.
13135:Thomas, David Neville (2007).
12932:University of Washington Press
12727:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, LLC.
12585:. Topics in Geobiology. Cham:
12353:Cameron-Ash, Margaret (2018).
11410:Australian Antarctic Programme
11077:Press, Tony (5 October 2016).
10727:Calamari, Andrea (June 2022).
9847:[Red Bellingshausen].
9579:Australian Antarctic Programme
7190:Environmental Research Letters
7063:Environmental Research Letters
4763:
4751:
4726:
4437:
4314:In 2011, Australian classical
4065:research station in Antarctica
3632:Australian Antarctic Territory
3285:" that is not an actual claim.
3216:Governorate of Terra Australis
3196:Governorate of Terra Australis
2957:. One month later, the doomed
2828:sovereignty over the territory
2577:records: pre-1521 possibly by
2527:invasion of non-native species
2496:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
2477:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
2322:). There are three species of
2306:and limited distribution. The
2040:. Antarctic sea life includes
1891:. The cooling strengthens the
1395:
1088:. There is no evidence of any
783:, discovered beneath Russia's
598:written by the English author
367:governed by about 30 countries
238:), it contains the geographic
16:Earth's southernmost continent
1:
18177:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
18112:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
17660:
13553:U.S. Antarctic Program Portal
13521:High resolution map (2022) –
13010:1986 Guinness Book of Records
12985:Jones & Bartlett Learning
12955:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
12721:Hund, Andrew J., ed. (2014).
12474:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
12390:10.1016/S0166-2481(08)70150-8
11931:"Antarctica Rocks Out on Ice"
10667:10.1080/2154896X.2021.1977048
10478:(in Russian). 28 April 2021.
10191:Australian Antarctic Division
9711:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000).
8038:American Institute of Physics
7478:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023).
6588:. Santa Barbara, California:
6362:Geological Society of America
5932:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003
5882:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009
5836:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004
5782:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5740:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.01
4666:
3469:W claimed by Argentina (1943)
2589:(D/E), early 19th century by
2557:List of Antarctic expeditions
2282:, it was dominated by a fern-
2190:cells make them resistant to
2008:, which congregates in large
1371:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1278:
1144:, and were common during the
951:, Antarctica was part of the
538:
355:was first reached in 1911 by
18534:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
18350:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
18156:French Antarctic Expeditions
18086:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
17972:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
16090:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
14445:Other prehistoric continents
13325:Kleinschmidt, Georg (2021).
12310:University of Nebraska Press
11659:"Meteorites from Antarctica"
11529:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
11406:"Human Biology and Medicine"
10963:(in Spanish). Archived from
10187:Australian Antarctic Program
9065:Australian Antarctic Program
8722:; Roberts, Peter J. (2008).
8628:. Springer. pp. 35–55.
8626:Health of Antarctic Wildlife
8592:10.1371/journal.pone.0197767
8429:"Land Animals of Antarctica"
6745:Australian Antarctic Program
6710:Australian Antarctic Program
6441:Campbell & Claridge 1987
5732:Geological Society of London
5608:10.1017/cbo9781139024990.004
5541:10.1017/cbo9781139024990.003
4970:"How many oceans are there?"
4922:National Library of Scotland
4889:McCrone & McPherson 2009
4745:American Heritage Dictionary
4710:. 3 May 2022. Archived from
4327:, a 2012 low budget British
4213:Australian Antarctic Program
4175:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
4109:, glaciers, and ice sheets.
3118:, a distinct variety of the
2745:, led by Bellingshausen and
2425:Island, photographed in 1992
1843:Scientists have studied the
1745:Marine ice sheet instability
1702:climate change in Antarctica
1671:Climate change in Antarctica
705:List of places in Antarctica
701:List of ultras of Antarctica
693:Extreme points of Antarctica
680:
560:used for the South Pole the
420:
347:were the first to reach the
7:
17619:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
17298:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
16163:Andrée's balloon expedition
13410:Antarctica: An Encyclopedia
13064:Antarctic Climate Evolution
12904:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
12808:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
12663:The Island of South Georgia
12117:"Antarctica Cup Yacht Race"
11498:National Science Foundation
11392:10.1016/j.polar.2010.04.004
11052:Central Intelligence Agency
11013:Central Intelligence Agency
10952:Ribadeneira, Diego (1988).
9727:University of Georgia Press
8634:10.1007/978-3-540-93923-8_3
6978:"Impacts of climate change"
6325:10.1016/j.polar.2018.02.004
5225:Siegert & Florindo 2008
5077:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.011
4708:Central Intelligence Agency
4447:silent in English, but the
4418:
4403:on the day of the southern
4394:
4044:
3738:Chilean Antarctic Territory
3424:British Antarctic Territory
3129:
2613:Early world maps, like the
2515:animals with popular appeal
2223:, suggesting that they are
1875:to form. The clouds act as
1839:recorded, in September 2006
1611:is transferred through the
1086:End-Permian mass extinction
974:Palaeozoic era (540–250 Ma)
799:Antarctica is divided into
566:
500:('opposite to the north').
25:Antarctica (disambiguation)
10:
19386:
19370:Polar regions of the Earth
16820:Franklin's lost expedition
16520:Christian IV's expeditions
15902:
13220:. British Antarctic Survey
13211:"British Antarctic Survey"
13187:Trewby, Mary, ed. (2002).
12881:. Christchurch: Cloudcap.
12668:Cambridge University Press
12637:The Journals of James Cook
12423:Cambridge University Press
12334:. Vol. 2. Cambridge:
12280:Cambridge University Press
12272:Anderson, John B. (2010).
12250:Bibliography of Antarctica
12247:
11723:. British Antarctic Survey
11714:"British Antarctic Survey"
11694:. British Antarctic Survey
11685:"British Antarctic Survey"
11005:"Disputes – international"
10809:Desarrollo de la Antártica
9465:10.1038/s41467-019-08915-6
9405:"Extremophile Hunt Begins"
9119:10.1140/epje/i2017-11512-x
8530:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.002
8382:10.1038/s41558-022-01339-z
7988:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3
7655:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x
7423:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6
7116:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
6933:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w
6360:(169). Boulder, Colorado:
6015:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0021
6003:Advances in Polar Sciences
5509:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.044
5290:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.008
4455:, and even with the first
4343:, will be the first major
4278:
4081:Princess Elisabeth station
4048:
3918:
3912:
3183:
3005:Demographics of Antarctica
3002:
2939:led by Norwegian explorer
2915:became the first to climb
2554:
2547:Colonization of Antarctica
2540:
2256:
2250:
2142:An orange lichen (perhaps
1933:
1903:
1873:polar stratospheric clouds
1824:
1668:
1640:. During the summer, more
1526:
1522:
1452:West Antarctic Rift System
1214:, from the Early Jurassic
936:
930:
849:East Antarctica comprises
690:
684:
519:
513:
29:
18:
18637:
18368:
17955:
17695:
17672:
17668:
17655:
17174:Great Northern Expedition
17068:
16850:Rae–Richardson expedition
16599:
16444:
16050:British Arctic Expedition
15942:
15914:
15910:
15897:
15834:
15800:
15775:
15766:
15718:
15696:
15623:
15614:
15446:
15403:
15381:
15328:
15285:
15210:
15132:
15074:
15065:
14942:
14904:
14813:
14571:
14567:
14366:
14362:
14283:
14279:
14155:
14151:
14074:
14027:
13926:
13890:
13847:
13836:
13791:
13740:
13663:
13598:
12958:. Vol. 1. New York:
12660:Headland, Robert (1984).
12195:"Midwinter in Antarctica"
11472:10.1007/s00159-010-0032-2
11336:10.1017/S0032247416000747
10716:. Editorial Andrés Bello.
10593:. Collingwood, Victoria:
10560:"Argentina in Antarctica"
10297:Royal Society Te Apārangi
10238:10.1017/S0032247400025985
9980:10.1017/S0032247416000449
9901:10.1017/S0032247400062112
9714:The Piri Reis Map of 1513
9321:Frontiers in Microbiology
9037:10.1017/S0032247414000916
8734:: 485–490. Archived from
8220:20 Questions: 2010 Update
7813:climatetippingpoints.info
7703:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
7317:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5
7028:10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z
6258:10.3897/zookeys.635.10535
5710:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5600:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5533:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5468:Cantrill & Poole 2012
5429:10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5
4807:Oxford English Dictionary
4385:Antarctica Cup Yacht Race
4145:astronomical observations
4004:expeditions being offered
3447:W claimed by Chile (1940)
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3281:Brazil has a designated "
3079:Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
2531:effects of climate change
2511:Specially protected areas
2433:was adopted in 1964. The
2246:
1662:GRACE and GRACE Follow-On
1473:. On top of the base are
1155:began to form during the
831:, a process described by
570:, from which derived the
449:
432:Terra Australis Incognita
318:ice shelves of Antarctica
131:
110:
97:
89:
79:
71:
67:1,300 to 5,100 (seasonal)
63:
59:5,500,000 sq mi
53:
44:
18458:British Antarctic Survey
18452:Captain Arturo Prat Base
17697:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
14854:Chronology of continents
13748:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
12896:Morris, Michael (1988).
12877:Monteath, Colin (1997).
12466:Cawley, Charles (2015).
12275:Antarctic Marine Geology
12143:"Fútbol en la Antártica"
11566:10.18778/1427-9711.20.01
11358:Carroll & Lopes 2019
10755:"Pedro Sancho de la Hoz"
10731:(in Spanish). Jot Down.
10470:
9334:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01019
9156:kazilek (15 July 2014).
8693:British Antarctic Survey
8518:Comptes Rendus Biologies
8433:British Antarctic Survey
8187:British Antarctic Survey
7211:10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6
7076:10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4
6407:, pp. 144, 197–198.
6139:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0554.1
5338:Carroll & Lopes 2019
5038:Carroll & Lopes 2019
4430:
4370:
4202:British Antarctic Survey
4077:British Antarctic Survey
3049:Villa Las Estrellas base
2911:in 1907, parties led by
2693:first documented landing
2332:(Antarctic hair grass),
2194:radiation. An Antarctic
2133:
2112:International Polar Year
1816:10 °C (18 °F).
1737:East Antarctic ice sheet
1698:greenhouse gas emissions
1553:Transantarctic Mountains
1505:Prince Charles Mountains
1481:and Victoria Land, some
1421:ground-penetrating radar
1357:Around 53 Ma, Australia-
1292:) and at c. 83 Ma (
1096:Mesozoic era (250–66 Ma)
878:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
809:Transantarctic Mountains
718:Transantarctic Mountains
403:West Antarctic ice sheet
19365:Extreme points of Earth
18934:Pole of inaccessibility
18597:Antarctic Treaty System
16938:2nd Grinnell expedition
14929:List of deserts by area
13429:The World of Antarctica
12825:Lettinck, Paul (2021).
12751:Bibliotheca Teubneriana
12749:(in Latin). Stuttgart:
12532:Oxford University Press
12527:Antarctica: A Biography
12504:Oxford University Press
12355:Lying for the Admiralty
11464:2010A&ARv..18..417B
9844:"Punane Bellingshausen"
9070:Government of Australia
8896:Nature Publishing Group
8320:10.1073/pnas.1906556116
7755:10.1126/science.abn7950
7599:10.1126/science.ade0664
7262:10.1073/pnas.1817205116
6715:Government of Australia
6575:Kingston, John (1991).
5501:2019E&PSL.506..123R
5281:2016E&PSL.440...20O
5250:10.26749/rstpp.141.1.35
4918:The Bartholomew Archive
4812:Oxford University Press
4776:The Library of Congress
4738:8 December 2015 at the
4179:digital optical modules
3925:Transport in Antarctica
2935:. On 14 December 1911,
2830:. The American captain
2565:List of polar explorers
2389:bacteria in the highly
2159:About 1,150 species of
1956:Alaskozetes antarcticus
1910:Antarctic microorganism
1853:Halley Research Station
1837:hole in the ozone layer
1277:Breakup of Gondwana at
1044:Late Paleozoic icehouse
732:(one of the five major
716:is to the right of the
687:Geography of Antarctica
656:John George Bartholomew
590:
575:
544:. The Greek geographer
480:
472:
371:Antarctic Treaty System
123:Other research stations
15511:Gran Desierto de Altar
14615:Great Australian Bight
13473:
13449:Listen to this article
13407:Stewart, John (2011).
13356:New Holland Publishers
13145:Natural History Museum
13002:Russell, Alan (1986).
12899:The Strait of Magellan
12798:Joyner, Christopher C.
12685:de Hoog, G.S. (2005).
12304:Before the Heroes Came
11661:. NASA. Archived from
11604:. NASA. 9 March 2022.
11015:. 2011. Archived from
10864:(in Norwegian). Oslo.
10369:Guinness World Records
9411:. NASA. Archived from
9246:10.1098/rsta.2014.0292
8689:"Plants of Antarctica"
7864:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
7366:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467
6982:Discovering Antarctica
6051:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018
5365:; et al. (1995).
4449:spelling pronunciation
4357:Scott of the Antarctic
4352:Ralph Vaughan Williams
4311:of 5 minutes or less.
4291:
4287:Attendees at the 2013
4230:
4140:
4067:
3950:
3224:Pedro Sancho de la Hoz
3203:
3147:
3064:Bellingshausen Station
3036:
3034:Amundsen–Scott Station
3009:Religion in Antarctica
2967:The American explorer
2900:
2820:Jules Dumont d'Urville
2709:South Shetland Islands
2696:
2610:
2585:(A), 18th century by
2537:History of exploration
2519:marine protected areas
2479:
2426:
2419:Bellingshausen Station
2329:Deschampsia antarctica
2275:
2268:Deschampsia antarctica
2156:
1946:
1914:Wildlife of Antarctica
1840:
1757:Antarctic bottom water
1690:
1665:
1408:
1312:
988:
846:
796:and freshwater lakes.
725:
621:discovery of Australia
608:
581:
503:
495:
455:
442:
431:
379:nuclear waste disposal
230:and surrounded by the
162:
151:
23:. For other uses, see
18604:Transglobe Expedition
18503:Operation Deep Freeze
17912:Challenger expedition
16778:Coppermine expedition
16299:Drifting ice stations
15810:North American Arctic
15551:North American Arctic
13472:
13374:Mardon, Austin Albert
13118:John Wiley & Sons
12902:. Dordrecht; London:
12743:Hyginus, Caius Julius
12498:The Fight for English
12308:. Lincoln, Nebraska:
11883:antarcticsun.usap.gov
11524:"IceCube Quick Facts"
11412:. 16 September 2020.
11265:datazone.birdlife.org
11172:Data & Statistics
9877:Armstrong, Terence E.
9549:"The Madrid Protocol"
9505:"Toothfish fisheries"
9445:Nature Communications
9276:Raha, Bipasa (2013).
9162:askabiologist.asu.edu
8912:10.1038/ismej.2013.77
8838:10.1089/ast.2018.1894
8362:Nature Climate Change
7968:Nature Communications
7925:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
7634:Nature Climate Change
7096:Nature Communications
7008:Nature Climate Change
6872:Rohli & Vega 2018
6797:10.3189/2014AoG66A069
6235:Antarctotrechus balli
5633:Geologische Rundschau
5127:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
4350:The English composer
4286:
4228:
4190:Adelie Land meteorite
4127:
4115:Biomedical scientists
4058:
4027:Mount Erebus disaster
3936:
3915:Tourism in Antarctica
3864:(Unclaimed territory)
3236:Treaty of Tordesillas
3193:
3137:
3027:
3015:Antarctic Convergence
2897:Operation Deep Freeze
2871:
2728:Imperial Russian Navy
2672:Carstens Borchgrevink
2669:
2572:
2543:History of Antarctica
2488:a base on Ross Island
2474:
2416:
2399:extraterrestrial life
2335:Colobanthus quitensis
2266:
2257:Further information:
2234:Cryomyces antarcticus
2208:, has been used as a
2180:biological structures
2141:
2108:Census of Marine Life
1941:
1926:, such as those with
1924:isolated warmer areas
1835:Image of the largest
1834:
1680:
1659:
1529:Climate of Antarctica
1403:
1310:
981:
937:Further information:
933:Geology of Antarctica
880:. There are numerous
841:
829:Antarctic ice shelves
811:, which stretch from
712:
489:') and, in turn, the
451:Het Scheepvaartmuseum
428:
353:geographic South Pole
157:
149:
14839:Continental fragment
14834:Regions of the world
13504:More spoken articles
13346:Lucas, Mike (1996).
13139:Surviving Antarctica
12780:Springer Netherlands
12747:Hygini de astronomia
11941:on 15 September 2014
11261:"BirdLife Data Zone"
11019:on 15 September 2020
10924:. 22 December 2012.
10714:La Antártica Chilena
10325:(13 December 2013).
10082:, pp. 154, 185.
9676:Conservation Letters
8949:Organic Geochemistry
8766:; Onofri, S (2005).
8289:Parkinson, Claire L.
6776:Annals of Glaciology
6747:. 18 February 2019.
6717:. 18 February 2019.
6645:10.1029/2009JD012104
6501:(B11): 24669–24696.
6476:10.1002/2016JB013841
6039:Journal of Mammalogy
5960:Smithsonian Magazine
5724:Special Publications
5368:Antarctic News Clips
5196:"Ice Sheet Dynamics"
4407:(June 20 or 21) and
4389:Association football
4234:Antarctic ice sheets
3811:Argentine Antarctica
3259:Queen Elizabeth Land
3200:Governorate of Chile
3124:subantarctic islands
2955:Axel Heiberg Glacier
2787:69.35778°S 2.24722°W
2627:was a landmass that
2599:Carsten Borchgrevink
2451:Patagonian toothfish
2405:-rich environments.
2344:(annual bluegrass).
2310:largely consists of
2294:(17–2.5 Ma), a
2124:free-swimming snails
1619:Regional differences
1507:contain deposits of
1162:206 to 146
943:From the end of the
771:occur mainly in the
554:Gaius Julius Hyginus
508:is derived from the
322:a Russian expedition
84:7 territorial claims
19360:Demilitarized zones
19317: /
18774:South magnetic pole
17440:Brusilov expedition
16549:Danish colonization
15987:North magnetic pole
15738:Los Médanos de Coro
15486:Channeled scablands
15109:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
14796:Indian Subcontinent
14586:Submerged continent
14061:Robert Falcon Scott
13718:South magnetic pole
13676:Antarctic Peninsula
13671:Biogeographic realm
13110:Stonehouse, Bernard
13016:Sterling Publishing
12858:. Basingstoke, UK:
12695:Studies in Mycology
12549:Day, David (2019).
12328:Beaglehole, John C.
11639:on 19 November 2016
11384:2010PolSc...4...97S
11327:2017PoRec..53..167D
11287:, pp. 507–509.
11215:on 24 February 2008
11208:The Daily Telegraph
11126:"During Your Visit"
11115:, pp. 187–188.
11042:"Natural Resources"
10503:, pp. 12, 130.
10418:National Geographic
10230:1998PoRec..34..293N
10039:1932GeoRv..22..632H
10027:Geographical Review
9972:2016PoRec..52..578T
9893:1971PoRec..15..887A
9621:on 20 February 2022
9457:2019NatCo..10..946W
9282:Science and Culture
9237:2016RSPTA.37440292B
9028:2015PoRec..51..637C
8961:2018OrGeo.118....4R
8904:2013ISMEJ...7.1434G
8829:2019AsBio..19..233B
8775:Studies in Mycology
8583:2018PLoSO..1397767S
8374:2022NatCC..12..461C
8311:2019PNAS..11614414P
8305:(29): 14414–14423.
8046:2014PhT....67g..42D
8022:; Newman, Paul A.;
7980:2022NatCo..13.5328C
7916:2013TCry....7..375F
7856:2021SciA....7.7787P
7695:2020Natur.585..538G
7646:2023NatCC..13.1222N
7591:2023Sci...382.1384L
7585:(6677): 1384–1389.
7509:(Pt 1): 1534–1548.
7415:2022NatSR..12..383P
7309:2020npCAS...3...18H
7253:2019PNAS..11611195B
7247:(23): 11195–11200.
7221:20.500.11850/230713
7202:2017ERL....12k4002N
7180:Nauels, Alexander;
7108:2022NatCo..13..340B
7020:2020NatCC..10..762C
6924:2020npCAS...3...39S
6851:2010IJCli..30..633F
6788:2014AnGla..55..129H
6741:"Antarctic weather"
6705:"Antarctic Weather"
6636:2009JGRD..11424102T
6507:1997JGR...10224669S
6468:2017JGRB..122.2390P
6317:2018PolSc..16...23P
6249:2016ZooK..635..109A
6202:10.1038/nature01290
6194:2003Natur.421..245D
6130:2017JCli...30.5775E
6085:2013GGG....14.2771B
5923:2019CrRes.101....1E
5911:Cretaceous Research
5874:2016CrRes..57..311R
5862:Cretaceous Research
5828:2013CrRes..41..186C
5816:Cretaceous Research
5687:2007GeoJI.170..151G
5645:1994GeoRu..83..309B
5421:2020Natur.580...81K
5352:, pp. 362–363.
5118:2013TCry....7..375F
5068:2017Tectp.717..127J
4624:Prince Olav Harbour
4381:Antarctica Marathon
3985:visiting Antarctica
3929:Crime in Antarctica
3909:Economy and tourism
3571: /
3194:Map of the Spanish
3091:60th parallel south
3087:Emilio Marcos Palma
3085:on 8 October 1913.
3060:Holy Trinity Church
2933:south Polar Plateau
2921:south magnetic pole
2877:Hut Point Peninsula
2822:disembarked on the
2792:-69.35778; -2.24722
2783: /
2722:, a captain in the
2561:Women in Antarctica
2482:The pressure group
2458:sustainable fishing
2318:and 100 species of
2253:Flora of Antarctica
2154:Wilhelm Archipelago
2002: in) in size.
1869:chlorofluorocarbons
1769:Northern Hemisphere
1765:Southern Hemisphere
1710:Antarctic Peninsula
1377:caused by lowering
1321:La Meseta Formation
1288:), c. 126 Ma (
1168:Indian subcontinent
1153:Antarctic Peninsula
1122:, and sphenopsids.
1037:Pensacola Mountains
997:Northern Hemisphere
962:, Antarctica had a
900:Ellsworth Mountains
821:Antarctic ice sheet
773:McMurdo Dry Valleys
734:circles of latitude
617:classical antiquity
594:, found first in a
466:, which comes from
415:Southern Hemisphere
349:magnetic South Pole
341:Robert Falcon Scott
248:Antarctic ice sheet
234:(also known as the
111:Largest settlements
41:
18465:Operation Windmill
18446:Operation Highjump
17421:Rusanov expedition
17326:A. E. Nordenskiöld
17070:North East Passage
16874:McClure expedition
15531:Jornada del Muerto
14934:Desert exploration
14577:
14372:
14289:
14161:
13999:Telecommunications
13913:Territorial claims
13474:
13320:online book review
13170:Ashgate Publishing
13041:Ashgate Publishing
12860:Palgrave Macmillan
12265:Chapman & Hall
12149:. 20 December 2020
11992:The Canberra Times
11436:Burton, Michael G.
11047:The World Factbook
11009:The World Factbook
10597:. pp. vii–x.
10540:on 6 February 2006
10420:. 4 January 2012.
9689:10.1111/conl.12342
9651:on 13 January 2022
9377:. pp. 25–26.
9189:The New York Times
8135:on 31 October 2020
7749:(6611): eabn7950.
7403:Scientific Reports
6113:Journal of Climate
6093:10.1002/ggge.20160
5987:, pp. 185–198
5966:on 30 January 2008
5653:10.1007/BF00210547
5363:Browne, Malcolm W.
5300:20.500.11937/13606
4704:The World Factbook
4364:Sinfonia antartica
4292:
4231:
4173:in the world, the
4141:
4136:on display at the
4068:
4059:An aerial view of
3953:Deposits of coal,
3951:
3263:Queen Elizabeth II
3220:Strait of Magellan
3204:
3180:Territorial claims
3148:
3138:The U.S. delegate
3110:Argentine military
3068:King George Island
3037:
2981:Caroline Mikkelsen
2977:Ingrid Christensen
2964:reached the pole.
2901:
2889:base on Antarctica
2697:
2635:Captain James Cook
2615:1513 Piri Reis map
2611:
2583:Ferdinand Magellan
2529:, and the various
2504:commercial whaling
2480:
2427:
2276:
2184:metabolism systems
2157:
2062:Antarctic fur seal
1989:Belgica antarctica
1947:
1841:
1720:has absorbed more
1691:
1689:satellite sensors.
1666:
1517:natural gas fields
1448:continental plates
1409:
1313:
989:
874:Eastern Hemisphere
847:
833:ice-sheet dynamics
726:
722:Western Antarctica
714:Eastern Antarctica
485:('opposite to the
456:
375:nuclear explosions
357:Norwegian explorer
279:species of animals
163:
152:
72:Population density
57:14,200,000 km
39:
18978:
18977:
18974:
18973:
18970:
18969:
18432:Operation Tabarin
18294:Far Eastern Party
18140:Nimrod Expedition
17651:
17650:
17647:
17646:
17210:M. Pronchishcheva
17132:Siberian Cossacks
16601:Northwest Passage
15934:Research stations
15891:Polar exploration
15857:
15856:
15830:
15829:
15714:
15713:
15399:
15398:
15076:Arabian Peninsula
15032:Plaine des Sables
14863:
14862:
14809:
14808:
14804:
14803:
14625:Kerguelen Plateau
14563:
14562:
14558:
14557:
14358:
14357:
14353:
14352:
14275:
14274:
14270:
14269:
14107:
14106:
14066:Ernest Shackleton
13994:Research stations
13939:Antarctic English
13908:National programs
13903:Military activity
13877:COVID-19 pandemic
13834:
13833:
13703:Floristic Kingdom
13608:Antarctic sea ice
13470:
13437:979-8-88676-403-1
13420:978-0-7864-3590-6
13395:978-18974-7-235-4
13378:Mardon, Catherine
13365:978-1-85368-743-3
13338:978-3-443-11034-5
13292:antarctica.gov.au
13272:978-0-309-26818-9
13202:978-1-55297-590-9
13179:978-0-7546-4419-4
13154:978-0-565-09217-7
13127:978-0-471-98665-2
13101:978-0-444-98696-2
13078:978-0-08-093161-6
13050:978-1-4094-3941-7
13025:978-0-8069-4768-6
13004:McWhirter, Norris
12994:978-1-284-12656-3
12969:978-1-1358-7866-5
12950:Riffenburgh, Beau
12941:978-0-295-80523-8
12913:978-0-7923-0181-3
12888:978-0-938567-42-4
12869:978-02302-5-117-5
12842:978-90-04-44917-6
12817:978-0-7923-1823-1
12789:978-94-007-6841-3
12760:978-35190-1-438-6
12734:978-1-61069-392-9
12677:978-0-521-25274-4
12652:978-0-14-192808-1
12622:978-0-901021-04-5
12596:978-3-319-98448-3
12568:978-0-19-064132-0
12541:978-0-19-967055-0
12513:978-0-19-920764-0
12483:978-14438-8-128-9
12458:978-3-319-74623-4
12432:978-1-139-56028-3
12399:978-0-444-42784-7
12384:. pp. 7–42.
12364:978-06480-4-396-6
12345:978-1-4724-5324-2
12319:978-0-8032-1228-2
12289:978-05211-3-168-1
12227:. 1 December 2022
12019:. 17 October 2012
11935:archive.wired.com
11910:. 14 January 2020
11857:antarctica.gov.au
11828:978-0-309-26818-9
11787:978-0-309-26818-9
11602:Earth Observatory
10814:Santiago de Chile
10654:The Polar Journal
10450:on 26 August 2016
10181:(December 2012).
10179:Blackadder, Jesse
10144:, pp. 30–32.
9229:The Royal Society
8738:on 11 August 2013
8720:Spooner, Brian M.
8718:Bridge, Paul D.;
8643:978-3-540-93922-1
8414:978-0-12-817925-3
8092:(7257): 792–795.
8054:10.1063/PT.3.2449
8020:Douglass, Anne R.
7689:(7826): 538–544.
7640:(11): 1222–1228.
6516:10.1029/97JB01643
6188:(6920): 245–249.
5563:978-0-12-817925-3
5165:The Antarctic Sun
4826:(Subscription or
4636:Carl Anton Larsen
4612:King Edward Point
4171:neutrino detector
4134:Allan Hills 84001
4029:in 1979, when an
3993:COVID-19 pandemic
3906:
3905:
3576:68.833°S 90.583°W
3228:Pedro de Valdivia
3146:in December 1959.
3116:Antarctic English
3053:research stations
3041:research stations
3028:The "ceremonial"
2919:and to reach the
2909:Ernest Shackleton
2801:Trinity Peninsula
2720:Edward Bransfield
2687:, the cape where
2681:Expetition (1899)
2304:species diversity
2240:Cryomyces minteri
2148:) growing on the
1881:Montreal Protocol
1804:Isostatic rebound
1777:marine ecosystems
1519:in the Ross Sea.
1490:Beardmore Glacier
1441:metamorphic rocks
1425:satellite imagery
1363:Tasmanian Passage
1315:During the early
1176:trees, conifers,
1164:million years ago
1132:Fremouw Formation
968:temperate climate
886:Kerguelen Plateau
787:, is the largest
671:Great White North
663:Great White South
567:polus antarcticus
387:research stations
351:in 1909, and the
345:Ernest Shackleton
338:British explorers
257:. It is mainly a
144:
143:
19377:
19350:Antarctic region
19332:
19331:
19329:
19328:
19327:
19322:
19318:
19315:
19314:
19313:
19310:
19295:
19294:
19283:
19282:
19271:
19270:
19259:
19258:
19257:
19247:
19246:
19245:
19235:
19234:
19233:
19223:
19222:
19221:
19211:
19210:
19209:
19199:
19198:
19187:
19186:
19185:
19175:
19174:
19173:
19163:
19162:
19161:
19151:
19150:
19149:
19139:
19138:
19137:
19127:
19126:
19125:
19115:
19114:
19103:
19102:
19101:
19091:
19090:
19089:
19079:
19078:
19077:
19067:
19066:
19065:
19055:
19054:
19053:
19043:
19042:
19031:
19030:
19029:
19019:
19018:
19017:
19007:
19006:
18995:
18994:
18993:
18986:
18479:Ronne Expedition
17964:
17958:
17822:Dumont d'Urville
17670:
17669:
17657:
17656:
17205:V. Pronchishchev
15912:
15911:
15899:
15898:
15884:
15877:
15870:
15861:
15860:
15773:
15772:
15621:
15620:
15072:
15071:
14890:
14883:
14876:
14867:
14866:
14847:
14846:
14828:World portal
14826:
14825:
14763:
14712:
14669:
14597:
14574:
14573:
14569:
14568:
14447:
14385:
14369:
14368:
14364:
14363:
14343:
14328:
14313:
14298:
14286:
14285:
14281:
14280:
14260:
14245:
14230:
14215:
14200:
14185:
14170:
14158:
14157:
14153:
14152:
14134:
14127:
14120:
14111:
14110:
14092:
14091:
14082:
14081:
14056:James Clark Ross
14028:Famous explorers
13842:
13661:
13660:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13562:
13561:
13517:
13516:
13514:Official website
13494:
13492:
13481:
13480:
13471:
13461:
13459:
13455:
13450:
13424:
13403:
13400:Internet Archive
13387:
13369:
13353:
13342:
13303:
13301:
13299:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13248:
13246:
13244:
13238:
13229:
13227:
13225:
13215:
13206:
13194:
13183:
13158:
13142:
13131:
13105:
13092:Elsevier Science
13082:
13069:Elsevier Science
13054:
13029:
13013:
12998:
12973:
12945:
12922:Pyne, Stephen J.
12917:
12892:
12873:
12857:
12846:
12833:Brill Publishers
12821:
12793:
12764:
12738:
12717:
12691:
12681:
12656:
12640:
12626:
12600:
12572:
12545:
12517:
12501:
12487:
12462:
12441:Carroll, Michael
12436:
12411:
12368:
12349:
12323:
12307:
12298:Baughmann, T. H.
12293:
12268:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12232:
12217:
12211:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12139:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12123:. 16 August 2007
12113:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12102:
12087:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12076:
12061:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12009:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11983:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11937:. Archived from
11926:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11900:
11894:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11875:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11864:
11849:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11805:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11794:
11764:
11758:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11747:
11739:
11733:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11718:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11689:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11635:. Archived from
11624:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11594:
11588:
11587:
11577:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11511:
11509:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11457:
11432:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11402:
11396:
11395:
11367:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11338:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11211:. Archived from
11198:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11164:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11024:
11001:
10992:
10986:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10969:
10958:
10949:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10933:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10884:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10851:
10845:
10839:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10709:
10703:
10696:
10690:
10689:
10679:
10669:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10595:CSIRO Publishing
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10566:. Archived from
10556:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10536:. Archived from
10528:Antarctic Treaty
10522:
10516:
10510:
10504:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10466:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10414:Resource Library
10406:
10400:
10394:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10361:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10289:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10275:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10224:(191): 293–304.
10213:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10142:Riffenburgh 2007
10139:
10133:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10113:
10107:
10101:
10095:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9919:
9913:
9912:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9846:
9838:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9783:
9777:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9750:Riffenburgh 2007
9747:
9741:
9740:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9691:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9647:. Archived from
9637:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9609:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9484:
9436:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9415:on 23 March 2010
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9383:
9372:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9346:
9336:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9248:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9158:"Brine Channels"
9153:
9147:
9146:
9112:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9039:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8982:
8972:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8923:
8887:The ISME Journal
8877:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8840:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8787:
8772:
8764:Friedmann, E. I.
8759:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8604:
8594:
8560:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8509:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8472:Miami University
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8332:
8322:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8253:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8228:
8217:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8189:. 1 April 2017.
8183:"The Ozone Hole"
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8163:. 6 January 2021
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8131:. Archived from
8118:
8112:
8111:
8101:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8016:
8010:
8009:
7999:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7927:
7901:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7875:
7844:Science Advances
7835:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7804:
7793:
7792:
7766:
7734:
7723:
7722:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7657:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7576:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7442:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7354:Science Advances
7345:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7213:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7164:
7154:Fox-Kemper, B.;
7151:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7054:
7048:
7047:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6974:
6965:
6964:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6889:climate.NASA.gov
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6859:10.1002/joc.1933
6834:
6828:
6827:
6809:
6799:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6647:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6581:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6462:(3): 2390–2408.
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6260:
6243:(635): 109–122.
6228:
6222:
6221:
6179:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6141:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6079:(8): 2771–2799.
6070:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6033:
6027:
6026:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5962:. Archived from
5951:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5794:
5779:
5770:
5764:
5761:Riffenburgh 2007
5758:
5752:
5751:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5549:
5543:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5440:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5292:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5237:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5129:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4910:
4904:
4901:Cameron-Ash 2018
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4810:(3rd ed.).
4803:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4696:
4660:
4645:
4639:
4600:
4594:
4583:Eileen McSaveney
4577:, Jean Pearson,
4571:
4565:
4537:
4531:
4528:Fimbul ice shelf
4524:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4490:
4484:
4441:
4413:Antarctic Treaty
4093:primarily study
3902:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3854:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:-68.833; -90.583
3577:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3478:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3283:zone of interest
3280:
3278:
3277:
3152:Antarctic Treaty
3144:Antarctic Treaty
3120:English language
3098:Antarctic Treaty
3057:Russian Orthodox
2836:James Clark Ross
2824:Dumoulin Islands
2807:, apparently at
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2736:Nathaniel Palmer
2595:James Clark Ross
2356:. Multicoloured
2324:flowering plants
2259:Flora Antarctica
2014:keystone species
2001:
2000:
1996:
1943:Emperor penguins
1797:greenhouse gases
1767:but more in the
1583:Antarctica is a
1565:
1541:
1479:Shackleton Range
1454:has resulted in
1352:meridiolestidans
1283:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1216:Hanson Formation
1165:
927:Geologic history
866:. Robertson Land
865:
730:Antarctic Circle
628:Matthew Flinders
613:
600:Geoffrey Chaucer
593:
584:
582:pôle antarctique
578:
569:
543:
540:
522:
521:
516:
515:
506:
498:
483:
475:
454:
453:
445:
434:
228:Antarctic Circle
217:
216:
215:
214:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
140:
49:
42:
38:
19385:
19384:
19380:
19379:
19378:
19376:
19375:
19374:
19335:
19334:
19325:
19323:
19319:
19316:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19304:
19303:
19301:
19289:
19277:
19265:
19255:
19253:
19243:
19241:
19231:
19229:
19219:
19217:
19207:
19205:
19193:
19183:
19181:
19171:
19169:
19159:
19157:
19147:
19145:
19135:
19133:
19123:
19121:
19109:
19099:
19097:
19087:
19085:
19075:
19073:
19063:
19061:
19051:
19049:
19037:
19027:
19025:
19015:
19013:
19001:
18991:
18989:
18981:
18979:
18966:
18641:
18633:
18509:McMurdo Station
18378:Modern research
18376:
18364:
18099:O. Nordenskjöld
17962:
17956:
17951:
17867:Ross expedition
17691:
17664:
17643:
17072:
17064:
16605:Northern Canada
16603:
16595:
16448:
16440:
15946:
15938:
15906:
15893:
15888:
15858:
15853:
15826:
15796:
15762:
15710:
15692:
15653:Nullarbor Plain
15610:
15521:Great Salt Lake
15466:Baja California
15442:
15413:Bardenas Reales
15395:
15377:
15330:Iranian Plateau
15324:
15281:
15206:
15187:Saryesik-Atyrau
15128:
15061:
14997:Farafra (White)
14938:
14924:List of deserts
14914:Desertification
14900:
14894:
14864:
14859:
14858:
14820:
14805:
14800:
14786:Eastern Siberia
14776:Central America
14764:
14757:
14751:
14746:Terra Australis
14713:
14697:
14691:
14687:Pangaea Proxima
14670:
14665:
14659:
14598:
14594:microcontinents
14583:
14559:
14554:
14500:East Antarctica
14448:
14443:
14437:
14386:
14382:supercontinents
14378:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14334:
14329:
14319:
14314:
14304:
14299:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14251:
14246:
14236:
14231:
14221:
14216:
14206:
14201:
14191:
14186:
14176:
14171:
14147:
14138:
14108:
14103:
14070:
14040:Richard E. Byrd
14023:
13984:Protected areas
13922:
13886:
13843:
13830:
13787:
13741:Bodies of Water
13736:
13725:West Antarctica
13681:East Antarctica
13659:
13594:
13589:
13558:
13512:
13511:
13508:
13507:
13496:
13490:
13488:
13485:This audio file
13482:
13475:
13466:
13463:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13445:
13421:
13406:
13396:
13372:
13366:
13345:
13339:
13318:(Conway, 2022)
13311:
13309:Further reading
13306:
13297:
13295:
13286:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13251:
13242:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13223:
13221:
13213:
13209:
13203:
13180:
13155:
13128:
13102:
13079:
13059:Siegert, Martin
13051:
13039:. Farnham, UK:
13026:
12995:
12970:
12942:
12914:
12889:
12870:
12843:
12818:
12790:
12761:
12735:
12714:
12689:
12678:
12653:
12631:Edwards, Philip
12623:
12597:
12569:
12542:
12514:
12484:
12459:
12433:
12400:
12365:
12346:
12336:Hakluyt Society
12320:
12290:
12252:
12246:
12241:
12240:
12230:
12228:
12219:
12218:
12214:
12204:
12202:
12199:Cool Antarctica
12193:
12192:
12188:
12178:
12176:
12167:
12166:
12162:
12152:
12150:
12141:
12140:
12136:
12126:
12124:
12115:
12114:
12110:
12100:
12098:
12096:Washington Post
12088:
12084:
12074:
12072:
12062:
12058:
12048:
12046:
12037:
12036:
12032:
12022:
12020:
12011:
12010:
12006:
11996:
11994:
11984:
11980:
11970:
11968:
11958:
11954:
11944:
11942:
11927:
11923:
11913:
11911:
11902:
11901:
11897:
11887:
11885:
11877:
11876:
11872:
11862:
11860:
11851:
11850:
11843:
11833:
11831:
11829:
11807:
11806:
11802:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11766:
11765:
11761:
11751:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11740:
11736:
11726:
11724:
11716:
11712:
11711:
11707:
11697:
11695:
11687:
11683:
11682:
11678:
11668:
11666:
11665:on 6 March 2006
11657:
11656:
11652:
11642:
11640:
11625:
11621:
11611:
11609:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11553:
11549:
11539:
11537:
11522:
11521:
11517:
11507:
11505:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11433:
11429:
11419:
11417:
11404:
11403:
11399:
11368:
11364:
11356:
11352:
11307:
11303:
11295:
11291:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11259:
11258:
11254:
11244:
11242:
11233:
11232:
11228:
11218:
11216:
11199:
11195:
11185:
11183:
11166:
11165:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11139:
11137:
11124:
11123:
11119:
11111:
11104:
11094:
11092:
11075:
11071:
11061:
11059:
11040:
11039:
11035:
11022:
11020:
11003:
11002:
10995:
10987:
10983:
10973:
10971:
10967:
10956:
10950:
10941:
10931:
10929:
10916:
10915:
10911:
10901:
10899:
10886:
10885:
10881:
10871:
10869:
10852:
10848:
10840:
10833:
10823:
10821:
10804:
10800:
10790:
10788:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10764:
10762:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10738:
10736:
10725:
10721:
10710:
10706:
10697:
10693:
10646:
10642:
10632:
10630:
10617:
10616:
10612:
10605:
10587:
10583:
10573:
10571:
10570:on 6 March 2006
10558:
10557:
10553:
10543:
10541:
10524:
10523:
10519:
10511:
10507:
10499:
10495:
10485:
10483:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10463:
10453:
10451:
10442:
10441:
10437:
10427:
10425:
10408:
10407:
10403:
10395:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10363:
10362:
10358:
10348:
10346:
10320:
10316:
10306:
10304:
10291:
10290:
10283:
10273:
10271:
10270:on 26 June 2004
10258:
10257:
10253:
10214:
10210:
10200:
10198:
10176:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10124:
10115:
10114:
10110:
10102:
10098:
10090:
10086:
10078:
10074:
10066:
10062:
10023:
10019:
10011:
10007:
9999:
9995:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9932:
9928:
9920:
9916:
9887:(99): 887–889.
9874:
9870:
9860:
9858:
9853:(in Estonian).
9839:
9835:
9827:
9823:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9799:
9784:
9780:
9774:Beaglehole 1968
9772:
9768:
9760:
9756:
9748:
9744:
9737:
9709:
9705:
9668:
9664:
9654:
9652:
9639:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9588:
9586:
9581:. 17 May 2019.
9573:
9572:
9568:
9558:
9556:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9534:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9513:. 2 July 2021.
9503:
9502:
9498:
9437:
9428:
9418:
9416:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9313:
9309:
9299:
9297:
9284:(79): 120–122.
9274:
9270:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9197:
9180:
9176:
9166:
9164:
9154:
9150:
9093:
9089:
9079:
9077:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9008:
9004:
8941:
8937:
8878:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8811:Buellia frigida
8805:
8801:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8770:
8760:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8687:
8686:
8682:
8672:
8670:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8622:
8618:
8577:(6): e0197767.
8561:
8557:
8549:
8545:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8401:
8397:
8350:
8346:
8286:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8196:
8194:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8166:
8164:
8153:
8152:
8148:
8138:
8136:
8119:
8115:
8099:10.1038/460792a
8078:
8071:
8017:
8013:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7836:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7805:
7796:
7735:
7726:
7675:
7671:
7626:
7622:
7574:
7567:
7563:
7550:
7546:
7495:
7491:
7476:
7472:
7460:
7456:
7395:
7391:
7360:(4): eaap9467.
7346:
7342:
7292:
7288:
7233:
7229:
7178:
7174:
7162:
7152:
7141:
7088:
7084:
7055:
7051:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6975:
6968:
6953:
6949:
6904:
6900:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6835:
6831:
6782:(66): 129–137.
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6665:
6661:
6630:(D24): D24102.
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6487:
6483:
6451:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6372:
6348:
6344:
6338:Stonehouse 2002
6336:
6332:
6300:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6229:
6225:
6177:
6174:
6167:
6163:
6104:
6100:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6034:
6030:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5952:
5948:
5903:
5899:
5857:
5853:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5720:
5716:
5708:
5704:
5664:
5660:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5550:
5546:
5531:
5524:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5415:(7801): 81–86.
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5360:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5261:
5257:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5157:
5153:
5097:
5093:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4929:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4867:, pp. 2–3.
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4817:
4815:
4814:. December 2021
4797:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4740:Wayback Machine
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4698:
4697:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4601:
4597:
4573:The women were
4572:
4568:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4491:
4487:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4421:
4405:winter solstice
4397:
4373:
4362:Symphony No. 7
4337:Anthony Hopkins
4333:Nick Cassavetes
4324:South of Sanity
4297:
4281:
4152:Astrophysicists
4095:plate tectonics
4073:McMurdo Station
4061:McMurdo Station
4053:
4047:
4041:in Antarctica.
4031:Air New Zealand
4016:Gentoo penguins
3931:
3917:
3911:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:Marie Byrd Land
3871:
3869:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3789:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3731:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3698:
3694:
3689:Queen Maud Land
3682:
3680:
3669:
3667:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3625:
3623:
3612:
3610:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3531:
3513:
3509:
3504:Ross Dependency
3486:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3429:
3417:
3415:
3412:United Kingdom
3405:
3387:
3383:
3371:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3273:
3267:Diamond Jubilee
3188:
3182:
3172:, instead of a
3132:
3011:
3003:Main articles:
3001:
2988:George J. Dufek
2969:Richard E. Byrd
2913:Edgeworth David
2885:McMurdo Station
2866:
2841:Mercator Cooper
2816:Balleny Islands
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2766:Queen Maud Land
2749:on the 985-ton
2747:Mikhail Lazarev
2664:
2625:Terra Australis
2620:Terra Australis
2567:
2553:
2541:Main articles:
2539:
2475:A whale in the
2447:illegal fishing
2411:
2350:
2348:Other organisms
2314:(25 species of
2272:Collins Glacier
2261:
2255:
2249:
2205:Buellia frigida
2174:The simplified
2136:
2097:emperor penguin
2054:colossal squids
2006:Antarctic krill
1998:
1994:
1993:
1936:
1928:geothermal heat
1916:
1906:Antarctic realm
1902:
1857:Brunt Ice Shelf
1829:
1823:
1821:Ozone depletion
1818:
1817:
1781:Antarctic flora
1714:East Antarctica
1706:West Antarctica
1674:
1654:
1642:solar radiation
1630:katabatic winds
1621:
1595:, the wind and
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1433:geologic uplift
1406:Antarctic Plate
1398:
1387:
1382:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1205:Cryolophosaurus
1160:
1098:
1021:Devonian period
993:Cambrian period
976:
941:
935:
929:
916:volcanic crater
855:Queen Maud Land
805:East Antarctica
801:West Antarctica
789:subglacial lake
724:is to the left.
707:
689:
683:
667:Herbert Ponting
610:Terra Australis
546:Marinus of Tyre
541:
423:
395:ozone depletion
330:Mikhail Lazarev
236:Antarctic Ocean
210:
209:
173:
169:
138:
127:
118:McMurdo Station
58:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19383:
19373:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19300:
19299:
19287:
19275:
19263:
19251:
19239:
19227:
19215:
19203:
19191:
19179:
19167:
19155:
19143:
19131:
19119:
19107:
19095:
19093:Earth sciences
19083:
19071:
19059:
19047:
19035:
19023:
19011:
18999:
18976:
18975:
18972:
18971:
18968:
18967:
18965:
18964:
18959:
18954:
18949:
18948:
18947:
18942:
18930:
18929:
18928:
18926:Vostok Station
18916:
18911:
18906:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18880:
18879:
18877:Cherry-Garrard
18874:
18869:
18864:
18859:
18854:
18842:
18841:
18840:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18794:
18793:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18770:
18769:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18741:
18740:
18739:
18727:
18726:
18725:
18717:Southern Cross
18713:
18712:
18711:
18698:
18697:
18696:
18683:
18678:
18677:
18676:
18663:
18662:
18661:
18647:
18645:
18639:Farthest South
18635:
18634:
18632:
18631:
18626:
18619:
18618:
18617:
18612:
18600:
18593:
18592:
18591:
18590:
18589:
18577:
18576:
18575:
18563:
18562:
18561:
18554:
18549:
18530:
18529:
18528:
18523:
18511:
18506:
18499:
18498:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18475:
18474:
18473:
18461:
18454:
18449:
18442:
18441:
18440:
18428:
18427:
18426:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18400:
18393:
18388:
18382:
18380:
18366:
18365:
18363:
18362:
18361:
18360:
18346:
18345:
18344:
18336:Ross Sea party
18332:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18316:
18311:
18297:
18290:
18289:
18288:
18283:
18268:
18263:
18262:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18222:
18221:
18220:
18213:
18206:
18201:
18187:
18186:
18185:
18173:
18172:
18171:
18166:
18152:
18151:
18150:
18136:
18129:
18128:
18127:
18120:
18108:
18107:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18082:
18081:
18080:
18075:
18061:
18060:
18059:
18054:
18040:
18039:
18038:
18033:
18030:Southern Cross
18023:Southern Cross
18019:
18018:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17967:
17965:
17953:
17952:
17950:
17949:
17948:
17947:
17935:
17934:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17908:
17903:
17902:
17901:
17888:
17882:
17863:
17862:
17861:
17848:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17826:
17825:
17824:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17786:
17785:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17769:Bellingshausen
17759:
17752:
17747:
17746:
17745:
17732:
17731:
17730:
17717:
17712:
17707:
17701:
17699:
17693:
17692:
17690:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17666:
17665:
17653:
17652:
17649:
17648:
17645:
17644:
17642:
17641:
17640:
17639:
17628:
17616:
17611:
17604:
17597:
17596:
17595:
17583:
17582:
17581:
17569:
17568:
17567:
17555:
17554:
17553:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17530:
17529:
17517:
17516:
17515:
17501:
17500:
17499:
17477:
17472:
17467:
17466:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17436:
17435:
17434:
17429:
17417:
17412:
17411:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17381:
17380:
17379:
17365:
17364:
17363:
17358:
17353:
17335:
17334:
17333:
17328:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17306:
17294:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17228:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17078:
17076:
17074:Russian Arctic
17066:
17065:
17063:
17062:
17057:
17056:
17055:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17034:
17020:
17015:
17014:
17013:
16999:
16998:
16997:
16985:
16984:
16983:
16970:
16969:
16968:
16956:
16955:
16954:
16949:
16934:
16933:
16932:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16904:
16903:
16898:
16890:
16885:
16870:
16865:
16864:
16863:
16858:
16846:
16841:
16840:
16839:
16831:
16816:
16815:
16814:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16774:
16769:
16764:
16763:
16762:
16749:
16748:
16747:
16734:
16733:
16732:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16703:
16702:
16689:
16688:
16687:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16663:
16662:
16657:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16609:
16607:
16597:
16596:
16594:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16582:
16581:
16576:
16564:
16559:
16558:
16557:
16545:
16544:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16516:
16511:
16509:Snæbjörn galti
16506:
16501:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16472:
16465:
16460:
16454:
16452:
16442:
16441:
16439:
16438:
16437:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16411:
16404:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16376:
16366:
16365:
16364:
16359:
16345:
16338:
16331:
16330:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16302:
16295:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16271:
16270:
16269:
16255:
16246:
16245:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16199:
16198:
16193:
16178:
16173:
16172:
16171:
16159:
16158:
16157:
16145:
16144:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16110:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16086:
16085:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16066:
16061:
16046:
16045:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16017:
16016:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15952:
15950:
15944:Farthest North
15940:
15939:
15937:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15908:
15907:
15895:
15894:
15887:
15886:
15879:
15872:
15864:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15835:
15832:
15831:
15828:
15827:
15825:
15824:
15822:Russian Arctic
15819:
15818:
15817:
15806:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15795:
15794:
15793:
15792:
15781:
15779:
15770:
15764:
15763:
15761:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15724:
15722:
15716:
15715:
15712:
15711:
15709:
15708:
15702:
15700:
15694:
15693:
15691:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15643:Great Victoria
15640:
15635:
15629:
15627:
15618:
15612:
15611:
15609:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15591:Tule (Arizona)
15588:
15586:Tonopah Desert
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15561:Painted Desert
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15452:
15450:
15444:
15443:
15441:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15409:
15407:
15401:
15400:
15397:
15396:
15394:
15393:
15387:
15385:
15383:Southeast Asia
15379:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15334:
15332:
15326:
15325:
15323:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15291:
15289:
15283:
15282:
15280:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15263:
15262:
15257:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15216:
15214:
15208:
15207:
15205:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15162:Dasht-e Naomid
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15138:
15136:
15130:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15080:
15078:
15069:
15063:
15062:
15060:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14948:
14946:
14940:
14939:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14905:
14902:
14901:
14893:
14892:
14885:
14878:
14870:
14861:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14851:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14815:
14814:
14811:
14810:
14807:
14806:
14802:
14801:
14799:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14781:Eastern Africa
14778:
14773:
14768:
14754:
14752:
14750:
14749:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14694:
14692:
14690:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14662:
14660:
14658:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14580:
14578:
14572:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14375:
14373:
14367:
14360:
14359:
14356:
14355:
14351:
14350:
14337:
14335:
14322:
14320:
14307:
14305:
14292:
14290:
14284:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14268:
14267:
14254:
14252:
14239:
14237:
14224:
14222:
14209:
14207:
14194:
14192:
14179:
14177:
14164:
14162:
14156:
14149:
14148:
14137:
14136:
14129:
14122:
14114:
14105:
14104:
14102:
14101:
14096:
14086:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14069:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14050:Ui-te-Rangiora
14047:
14045:Douglas Mawson
14042:
14037:
14035:Roald Amundsen
14031:
14029:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13974:Gateway cities
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13934:Antarctica Day
13930:
13928:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13853:
13851:
13845:
13844:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13806:
13804:Microorganisms
13801:
13795:
13793:
13789:
13788:
13786:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13768:List of rivers
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13737:
13735:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13722:
13721:
13720:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13698:Extreme points
13695:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13678:
13673:
13667:
13665:
13658:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13626:
13625:
13620:
13618:Climate change
13610:
13604:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13588:
13587:
13580:
13573:
13565:
13556:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13530:
13519:
13497:
13483:
13476:
13464:
13447:
13446:
13444:
13443:External links
13441:
13440:
13439:
13425:
13419:
13404:
13394:
13370:
13364:
13343:
13337:
13322:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13304:
13284:
13271:
13263:10.17226/26338
13249:
13230:
13207:
13201:
13184:
13178:
13159:
13153:
13132:
13126:
13116:. Chichester:
13112:, ed. (2002).
13106:
13100:
13083:
13077:
13055:
13049:
13030:
13024:
12999:
12993:
12974:
12968:
12952:, ed. (2007).
12946:
12940:
12918:
12912:
12893:
12887:
12874:
12868:
12847:
12841:
12822:
12816:
12794:
12788:
12765:
12759:
12739:
12733:
12718:
12712:
12682:
12676:
12657:
12651:
12633:, ed. (1999).
12627:
12621:
12607:, ed. (1983).
12601:
12595:
12577:Defler, Thomas
12573:
12567:
12546:
12540:
12518:
12512:
12492:Crystal, David
12488:
12482:
12463:
12457:
12437:
12431:
12412:
12398:
12369:
12363:
12350:
12344:
12324:
12318:
12294:
12288:
12269:
12253:
12248:Main article:
12245:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12212:
12201:. 21 June 1986
12186:
12160:
12134:
12121:Sail-World.com
12108:
12082:
12056:
12030:
12004:
11978:
11952:
11921:
11895:
11870:
11841:
11827:
11819:10.17226/26338
11800:
11786:
11778:10.17226/26338
11759:
11734:
11705:
11676:
11650:
11619:
11589:
11547:
11515:
11485:
11448:(4): 417–469.
11427:
11397:
11362:
11360:, p. 160.
11350:
11301:
11289:
11277:
11252:
11226:
11193:
11159:
11157:, p. 107.
11147:
11117:
11102:
11069:
11033:
10993:
10981:
10970:on 7 July 2011
10954:"La Antartida"
10939:
10909:
10879:
10846:
10844:, p. 204.
10831:
10812:(in Spanish).
10798:
10772:
10746:
10719:
10704:
10691:
10660:(2): 342–359.
10640:
10610:
10604:978-0957747111
10603:
10581:
10551:
10517:
10505:
10493:
10461:
10435:
10401:
10399:, p. 238.
10386:
10356:
10323:Ousland, Børge
10314:
10293:"Pamela Young"
10281:
10251:
10208:
10170:
10158:
10156:, p. 159.
10146:
10134:
10108:
10096:
10084:
10072:
10070:, p. 154.
10060:
10047:10.2307/208819
10017:
10015:, p. 479.
10013:Ainsworth 1847
10005:
10003:, p. 131.
9993:
9966:(5): 578–600.
9950:
9938:
9926:
9922:Baughmann 1994
9914:
9868:
9833:
9831:, p. 139.
9821:
9809:
9778:
9776:, p. 643.
9766:
9764:, p. 250.
9754:
9752:, p. 296.
9742:
9735:
9703:
9682:(6): 670–680.
9662:
9632:
9596:
9566:
9540:
9528:
9496:
9426:
9395:
9358:
9307:
9268:
9207:
9174:
9148:
9087:
9051:
9022:(6): 637–643.
9002:
8935:
8872:
8870:, p. vii.
8860:
8823:(2): 233–241.
8799:
8749:
8710:
8680:
8649:
8642:
8616:
8555:
8551:Stromberg 1991
8543:
8501:
8499:, p. 114.
8489:
8454:
8420:
8413:
8395:
8368:(5): 461–468.
8344:
8280:
8240:
8222:. NOAA. 2010.
8204:
8174:
8146:
8113:
8069:
8024:Solomon, Susan
8011:
7954:
7904:The Cryosphere
7887:
7825:
7794:
7724:
7669:
7620:
7561:
7544:
7489:
7470:
7454:
7389:
7340:
7286:
7227:
7196:(11): 114002.
7172:
7139:
7082:
7049:
7014:(8): 762–770.
6994:
6966:
6947:
6898:
6891:. NASA. 2020.
6876:
6874:, p. 241.
6864:
6845:(5): 633–642.
6829:
6762:
6732:
6696:
6659:
6610:
6592:. p. 12.
6567:
6549:New York Times
6534:
6532:, p. 124.
6522:
6481:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6370:
6342:
6340:, p. 116.
6330:
6294:
6282:
6223:
6172:
6161:
6098:
6056:
6045:(3): 802–837.
6028:
6009:(3): 274–292.
5989:
5977:
5946:
5897:
5851:
5806:
5788:(4): 657–674.
5765:
5763:, p. 413.
5753:
5714:
5702:
5681:(1): 151–169.
5658:
5639:(2): 309–321.
5623:
5621:, p. 139.
5619:Jasinoski 2013
5611:
5592:
5569:
5562:
5544:
5522:
5472:
5460:
5398:
5386:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5316:, p. 135.
5306:
5255:
5229:
5227:, p. 532.
5217:
5186:
5151:
5112:(1): 375–393.
5106:The Cryosphere
5091:
5056:Tectonophysics
5042:
5030:
5018:
5016:, p. 115.
5003:
4991:
4961:
4950:. 16 June 2012
4939:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4879:, p. 130.
4869:
4857:
4855:, p. 176.
4845:
4843:, p. 158.
4833:
4788:
4762:
4750:
4725:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4651:discovered by
4640:
4595:
4591:Terry Tickhill
4566:
4541:Ross Ice Shelf
4532:
4519:
4510:
4494:Southern Ocean
4485:
4465:Medieval Latin
4435:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4409:Antarctica Day
4396:
4393:
4372:
4369:
4296:
4295:Music and film
4293:
4280:
4277:
4273:sea level rise
4269:climate change
4242:remote sensing
4085:carbon-neutral
4063:, the largest
4049:Main article:
4046:
4043:
4020:McDonald Beach
3948:Wilhelmina Bay
3913:Main article:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3893:Peter I Island
3879:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3740:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3587:Peter I Island
3555:
3553:Peter I Island
3542:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3506:
3496:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3448:
3426:
3413:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3380:
3367:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3319:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3261:in tribute to
3214:, created the
3184:Main article:
3181:
3178:
3140:Herman Phleger
3131:
3128:
3100:prohibits any
3045:Esperanza Base
3000:
2997:
2943:from the ship
2941:Roald Amundsen
2929:Ross Ice Shelf
2925:Douglas Mawson
2887:, the largest
2865:
2862:
2832:Charles Wilkes
2695:on Antarctica.
2677:Southern Cross
2663:
2660:
2603:Roald Amundsen
2575:Farthest South
2551:Farthest south
2538:
2535:
2410:
2407:
2349:
2346:
2251:Main article:
2248:
2245:
2210:model organism
2150:Yalour Islands
2135:
2132:
2101:Adélie penguin
2074:apex predators
1945:with juveniles
1935:
1932:
1920:glacial cycles
1901:
1898:
1825:Main article:
1822:
1819:
1795:thaws release
1741:sea level rise
1718:Southern Ocean
1694:Climate change
1675:
1667:
1653:
1652:Climate change
1650:
1636:often blow at
1625:Weather fronts
1620:
1617:
1613:Arctic sea ice
1593:blue-ice areas
1567:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:Main article:
1524:
1521:
1485:has occurred.
1417:remote sensing
1397:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1348:gondwanatheres
1341:astrapotherian
1304:
1301:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1211:Glacialisaurus
1146:Early Triassic
1097:
1094:
975:
972:
953:supercontinent
945:Neoproterozoic
931:Main article:
928:
925:
785:Vostok Station
738:Southern Ocean
685:Main article:
682:
679:
587:Middle English
576:pole antartike
542: 350 BCE
517:('anti-') and
462:from the word
437:Jan Janssonius
422:
419:
407:sea level rise
399:climate change
365:Antarctica is
360:Roald Amundsen
261:, with annual
232:Southern Ocean
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
126:
125:
120:
114:
112:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
93:All time zones
91:
87:
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81:
77:
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69:
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55:
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50:
15:
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18087:
18083:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18073:
18069:
18068:
18067:
18066:
18062:
18058:
18057:Discovery Hut
18055:
18053:
18052:
18048:
18047:
18046:
18045:
18041:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18031:
18027:
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17894:
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17708:
17706:
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17694:
17688:
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17683:
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17678:
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17615:
17612:
17610:
17609:
17605:
17603:
17602:
17598:
17594:
17591:
17590:
17589:
17588:
17587:A. Sibiryakov
17584:
17580:
17577:
17576:
17575:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17561:
17560:
17559:Glavsevmorput
17556:
17552:
17549:
17548:
17547:
17546:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17528:
17525:
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17510:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17502:
17498:
17495:
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17492:
17491:
17485:
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17478:
17476:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17448:
17444:
17443:
17442:
17441:
17437:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
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17423:
17422:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
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17390:
17389:
17388:
17387:
17382:
17378:
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17372:
17371:
17366:
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17357:
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17352:
17351:
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17344:
17343:
17341:
17336:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17323:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17314:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17301:
17300:
17299:
17295:
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17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
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17218:
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17213:
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17129:
17127:
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17122:
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17105:
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17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
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17084:
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17077:
17075:
17071:
17067:
17061:
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17048:
17047:
17042:
17038:
17035:
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17026:
17021:
17019:
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17012:
17009:
17008:
17007:
17006:
17005:
17000:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16991:
16990:
16986:
16982:
16979:
16978:
16977:
16976:
16971:
16967:
16964:
16963:
16962:
16961:
16957:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16947:
16942:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16935:
16931:
16928:
16927:
16926:
16925:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16896:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16883:
16878:
16877:
16876:
16875:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16862:
16861:J. Richardson
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16852:
16851:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16837:
16832:
16830:
16829:
16824:
16823:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16813:
16810:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16779:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16756:
16755:
16750:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16741:
16740:
16735:
16731:
16728:
16727:
16726:
16725:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16701:
16698:
16697:
16696:
16695:
16690:
16686:
16683:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16623:M. Corte-Real
16621:
16619:
16618:G. Corte-Real
16616:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16608:
16606:
16602:
16598:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16569:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16556:
16553:
16552:
16551:
16550:
16546:
16542:
16541:C. Richardson
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16523:
16522:
16521:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16499:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16477:
16473:
16471:
16470:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16423:
16419:
16418:
16417:
16416:
16412:
16410:
16409:
16405:
16403:
16402:
16401:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16382:
16377:
16375:
16374:
16373:
16367:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16354:
16353:
16352:
16351:
16350:Georgiy Sedov
16346:
16344:
16343:
16339:
16337:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16309:
16308:
16307:
16303:
16301:
16300:
16296:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16278:
16277:
16276:
16272:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16263:
16262:
16261:
16256:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16247:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16237:Riiser-Larsen
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16219:
16218:
16217:
16216:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16188:
16187:
16186:
16185:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16170:
16167:
16166:
16165:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16153:
16152:
16151:
16150:
16146:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16126:
16122:
16121:
16120:
16119:
16117:
16111:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16092:
16091:
16087:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16059:
16054:
16053:
16052:
16051:
16047:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16032:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16025:
16023:
16018:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15990:
15989:
15988:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15951:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15916:
15913:
15909:
15905:
15900:
15896:
15892:
15885:
15880:
15878:
15873:
15871:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15836:
15833:
15823:
15820:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15808:
15807:
15805:
15803:
15799:
15791:
15788:
15787:
15786:
15783:
15782:
15780:
15778:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15768:Polar regions
15765:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15725:
15723:
15721:
15720:South America
15717:
15707:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15699:
15695:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15628:
15626:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15613:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15596:Tule (Nevada)
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15448:North America
15445:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15402:
15392:
15389:
15388:
15386:
15384:
15380:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15327:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15292:
15290:
15288:
15284:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15230:Gurbantünggüt
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15217:
15215:
15213:
15209:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15114:Rub' al Khali
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15081:
15079:
15077:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15064:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14941:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14906:
14903:
14899:
14891:
14886:
14884:
14879:
14877:
14872:
14871:
14868:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14824:
14817:
14816:
14812:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14762:
14761:
14760:Subcontinents
14756:
14755:
14753:
14748:
14747:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14725:Kumari Kandam
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14711:
14709:
14705:
14701:
14696:
14695:
14693:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14668:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14596:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14582:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14575:
14570:
14566:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14446:
14442:
14441:
14439:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14384:
14383:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14365:
14361:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14336:
14333:
14332:
14327:
14321:
14318:
14317:
14312:
14306:
14303:
14302:
14297:
14291:
14288:
14287:
14282:
14278:
14265:
14264:
14263:South America
14259:
14253:
14250:
14249:
14248:North America
14244:
14238:
14235:
14234:
14229:
14223:
14220:
14219:
14214:
14208:
14205:
14204:
14199:
14193:
14190:
14189:
14184:
14178:
14175:
14174:
14169:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14154:
14150:
14146:
14142:
14135:
14130:
14128:
14123:
14121:
14116:
14115:
14112:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14087:
14085:
14077:
14076:
14073:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13979:Midwinter Day
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13931:
13929:
13925:
13919:
13918:Treaty System
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13893:
13889:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13850:
13846:
13841:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13794:
13790:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13773:McMurdo Sound
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13743:
13739:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13726:
13723:
13719:
13716:
13715:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13586:
13581:
13579:
13574:
13572:
13567:
13566:
13563:
13559:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13540:
13539:
13534:
13531:
13528:
13524:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13509:
13505:
13501:
13486:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13416:
13412:
13411:
13405:
13401:
13397:
13391:
13386:
13385:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13361:
13357:
13352:
13351:
13344:
13340:
13334:
13330:
13329:
13323:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13312:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13274:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13255:
13250:
13235:
13231:
13219:
13212:
13208:
13204:
13198:
13193:
13192:
13185:
13181:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13166:
13160:
13156:
13150:
13146:
13141:
13140:
13133:
13129:
13123:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13097:
13093:
13089:
13084:
13080:
13074:
13070:
13067:. Amsterdam:
13066:
13065:
13060:
13056:
13052:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13037:
13031:
13027:
13021:
13017:
13012:
13011:
13005:
13000:
12996:
12990:
12986:
12982:
12981:
12975:
12971:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12956:
12951:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12900:
12894:
12890:
12884:
12880:
12875:
12871:
12865:
12861:
12856:
12855:
12848:
12844:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12829:
12823:
12819:
12813:
12809:
12806:. Dordrecht:
12805:
12804:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12781:
12777:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12762:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12736:
12730:
12726:
12725:
12719:
12715:
12713:9789070351557
12709:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12696:
12688:
12683:
12679:
12673:
12669:
12666:. Cambridge:
12665:
12664:
12658:
12654:
12648:
12644:
12643:Penguin Books
12639:
12638:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12618:
12614:
12611:. Cambridge:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12598:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12583:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12547:
12543:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12528:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12509:
12505:
12500:
12499:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12479:
12475:
12472:. Newcastle:
12471:
12470:
12464:
12460:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12445:Lopes, Rosaly
12442:
12438:
12434:
12428:
12424:
12421:. Cambridge:
12420:
12419:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12370:
12366:
12360:
12356:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12315:
12311:
12306:
12305:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12285:
12281:
12278:. Cambridge:
12277:
12276:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12251:
12226:
12222:
12216:
12200:
12196:
12190:
12175:. 19 May 1911
12174:
12170:
12164:
12148:
12144:
12138:
12122:
12118:
12112:
12097:
12093:
12086:
12071:
12067:
12060:
12045:. 14 May 2024
12044:
12040:
12034:
12018:
12014:
12008:
11993:
11989:
11982:
11967:
11966:Polar Journal
11963:
11956:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11925:
11909:
11905:
11899:
11884:
11880:
11874:
11858:
11854:
11848:
11846:
11830:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11811:
11804:
11789:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11763:
11744:
11738:
11722:
11715:
11709:
11693:
11686:
11680:
11664:
11660:
11654:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11623:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11585:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11551:
11535:
11531:
11530:
11525:
11519:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11489:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11442:
11437:
11431:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11401:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11378:(2): 97–101.
11377:
11373:
11372:Polar Science
11366:
11359:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11305:
11299:, p. 41.
11298:
11293:
11286:
11281:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11240:
11236:
11230:
11214:
11210:
11209:
11204:
11197:
11181:
11178:. July 2020.
11177:
11173:
11169:
11163:
11156:
11151:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11114:
11109:
11107:
11090:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11073:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11037:
11030:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11000:
10998:
10991:, p. 219
10990:
10985:
10966:
10962:
10955:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10927:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10883:
10867:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10838:
10836:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10802:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10760:
10756:
10750:
10734:
10730:
10723:
10715:
10708:
10702:Vol. 4, 1987.
10701:
10695:
10687:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10644:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10614:
10606:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10585:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10555:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10529:
10521:
10514:
10509:
10502:
10501:Headland 1984
10497:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10465:
10449:
10445:
10439:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10398:
10397:Headland 1984
10393:
10391:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10360:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10318:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10286:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10168:, p. 44.
10167:
10162:
10155:
10150:
10143:
10138:
10122:
10118:
10112:
10105:
10100:
10094:, p. 88.
10093:
10088:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10064:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10009:
10002:
9997:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9954:
9948:, p. 67.
9947:
9942:
9935:
9930:
9924:, p. 133
9923:
9918:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9856:
9852:
9851:
9845:
9837:
9830:
9825:
9819:, p. 39.
9818:
9813:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9775:
9770:
9763:
9758:
9751:
9746:
9738:
9736:9780820343594
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9715:
9707:
9699:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9636:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9600:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9537:
9532:
9516:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9492:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9380:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9311:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9195:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9178:
9163:
9159:
9152:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9091:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9006:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8898:: 1434–1451.
8897:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8876:
8869:
8864:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8812:
8803:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8765:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8653:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8559:
8553:, p. 247
8552:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8508:
8506:
8498:
8493:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8416:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8244:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8208:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8150:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8117:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8074:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8029:Physics Today
8025:
8021:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7182:Rogelj, Joeri
7176:
7168:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7077:
7072:
7069:(6): 064034.
7068:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6971:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6807:1969.1/180875
6803:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6578:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6431:, p. 71.
6430:
6425:
6419:, p. 28.
6418:
6417:Anderson 2010
6413:
6406:
6401:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6371:9780813711690
6367:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6305:Polar Science
6298:
6292:, p. 88.
6291:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:Gaina, Carmen
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5470:, p. 31.
5469:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5438:10044/1/76835
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5396:, p. 92.
5395:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5340:, p. 38.
5339:
5334:
5328:, p. 75.
5327:
5322:
5315:
5314:Monteath 1997
5310:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5040:, p. 99.
5039:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4949:
4943:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4903:, p. 20.
4902:
4897:
4891:, p. 75.
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4841:Lettinck 2021
4837:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4760:, p. 172
4759:
4754:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4714:on 9 May 2022
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4628:Ocean Harbour
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4608:Leith Harbour
4605:
4599:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4514:
4507:
4506:Indian Oceans
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4481:An-tar(c)tica
4478:
4477:Ant-ar(c)tica
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:Midwinter Day
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:and starring
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4290:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:In 2021, the
4216:
4214:
4211:In 2022, the
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:An Antarctic
4126:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:seasonal snow
4104:
4103:Glaciologists
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3836:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3801:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3728:
3726:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3679:
3677:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3633:
3622:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3460:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3379:
3368:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3345:Claim limits
3334:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:King of Spain
3206:In 1539, the
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:South Georgia
3016:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2992:Børge Ousland
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2951:Bay of Whales
2948:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2937:an expedition
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2893:American Tern
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:Discovery Hut
2870:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2605:reaching the
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:James Weddell
2588:
2584:
2581:(B), 1521 by
2580:
2579:Yaghan people
2576:
2573:Positions of
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:Lake Untersee
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:phytoplankton
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:cyanobacteria
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:species, the
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:sea cucumbers
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:phytoplankton
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:, fur seals,
2023:
2022:leopard seals
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:polar plateau
1631:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:precipitation
1586:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1375:feedback loop
1372:
1368:
1367:Drake Passage
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1350:and possibly
1349:
1346:, as well as
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:Antarctopelta
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Bennettitales
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:, ferns, and
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:glossopterids
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Carboniferous
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:invertebrates
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
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946:
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934:
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917:
913:
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905:
901:
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896:Vinson Massif
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
852:
844:
843:Vinson Massif
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Victoria Land
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
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766:
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469:
468:Middle French
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264:
263:precipitation
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66:
62:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
26:
22:
19302:
19261:South Africa
19249:Solar System
19213:Paleontology
18932:
18920:Pole of Cold
18918:
18844:
18835:
18803:
18796:
18772:
18743:
18729:
18723:Borchgrevink
18715:
18702:
18687:
18667:
18652:
18621:
18602:
18595:
18579:
18565:
18556:
18539:
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18348:
18334:
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18299:
18292:
18279:
18270:
18232:
18224:
18215:
18208:
18196:
18189:
18175:
18163:Pourquoi-Pas
18162:
18154:
18146:
18138:
18133:Orcadas Base
18131:
18123:
18110:
18104:C. A. Larsen
18092:
18084:
18070:
18063:
18050:
18042:
18036:Borchgrevink
18029:
18021:
17978:
17970:
17945:C. A. Larsen
17938:
17919:
17910:
17892:
17874:
17865:
17852:
17837:
17828:
17815:
17776:
17762:
17755:
17736:
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17676:
17631:
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17296:
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17045:
17043:
17023:
17022:
17002:
17001:
16987:
16974:
16959:
16945:
16936:
16923:
16894:
16882:Investigator
16881:
16872:
16848:
16835:
16827:
16818:
16805:
16776:
16753:
16738:
16723:
16693:
16678:
16648:
16567:
16547:
16518:
16514:Erik the Red
16496:
16474:
16467:
16424:submersibles
16421:
16415:Arktika 2007
16413:
16406:
16399:
16396:
16380:
16371:
16368:
16349:
16347:
16340:
16333:
16304:
16297:
16273:
16259:
16258:
16250:
16248:
16214:
16212:
16183:
16180:
16169:S. A. Andrée
16161:
16148:
16123:
16115:
16112:
16088:
16070:
16057:
16048:
16030:
16021:
16019:
15985:
15790:Meyer Desert
15784:
15648:Little Sandy
15418:Cabo de Gata
15300:Indus Valley
15220:Badain Jaran
15142:Aral Karakum
15134:Central Asia
15124:Wahiba Sands
15037:Richtersveld
14962:Black Desert
14919:Polar desert
14819:
14758:
14744:
14708:hypothesised
14698:
14666:
14584:
14515:Kazakhstania
14490:Congo Craton
14444:
14380:Prehistoric
14379:
14338:
14323:
14308:
14301:Afro-Eurasia
14293:
14255:
14240:
14225:
14210:
14195:
14187:
14180:
14165:
13964:Firefighting
13949:Demographics
13872:Colonization
13867:World War II
13591:
13557:
13537:
13428:
13409:
13398:– via
13383:
13349:
13327:
13315:
13296:. Retrieved
13291:
13276:. Retrieved
13253:
13241:. Retrieved
13222:. Retrieved
13217:
13190:
13164:
13138:
13113:
13087:
13063:
13035:
13009:
12979:
12954:
12926:
12898:
12878:
12853:
12827:
12802:
12774:
12770:Lystrosaurus
12769:
12746:
12723:
12699:
12693:
12662:
12636:
12608:
12605:Drewry, D.J.
12581:
12550:
12526:
12497:
12468:
12448:
12417:
12377:
12354:
12331:
12303:
12274:
12259:
12244:Bibliography
12229:. Retrieved
12224:
12215:
12203:. Retrieved
12198:
12189:
12177:. Retrieved
12172:
12163:
12151:. Retrieved
12146:
12137:
12125:. Retrieved
12120:
12111:
12099:. Retrieved
12095:
12085:
12073:. Retrieved
12069:
12059:
12047:. Retrieved
12042:
12033:
12021:. Retrieved
12016:
12007:
11995:. Retrieved
11991:
11981:
11969:. Retrieved
11965:
11955:
11943:. Retrieved
11939:the original
11934:
11924:
11912:. Retrieved
11907:
11898:
11886:. Retrieved
11882:
11873:
11861:. Retrieved
11856:
11832:. Retrieved
11809:
11803:
11791:. Retrieved
11768:
11762:
11750:. Retrieved
11737:
11725:. Retrieved
11720:
11708:
11696:. Retrieved
11691:
11679:
11667:. Retrieved
11663:the original
11653:
11641:. Retrieved
11637:the original
11632:
11622:
11610:. Retrieved
11601:
11592:
11560:(20): 7–12.
11557:
11550:
11538:. Retrieved
11527:
11518:
11506:. Retrieved
11497:
11488:
11445:
11439:
11430:
11418:. Retrieved
11409:
11400:
11375:
11371:
11365:
11353:
11318:
11315:Polar Record
11314:
11304:
11292:
11280:
11268:. Retrieved
11264:
11255:
11243:. Retrieved
11229:
11217:. Retrieved
11213:the original
11206:
11196:
11184:. Retrieved
11171:
11162:
11150:
11138:. Retrieved
11120:
11093:. Retrieved
11082:
11072:
11060:. Retrieved
11045:
11036:
11028:
11021:. Retrieved
11017:the original
11008:
10984:
10972:. Retrieved
10965:the original
10960:
10930:. Retrieved
10921:
10912:
10900:. Retrieved
10891:
10882:
10870:. Retrieved
10859:
10849:
10822:. Retrieved
10808:
10801:
10789:. Retrieved
10775:
10763:. Retrieved
10749:
10737:. Retrieved
10722:
10713:
10707:
10699:
10694:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10631:. Retrieved
10622:
10613:
10590:
10584:
10572:. Retrieved
10568:the original
10554:
10542:. Retrieved
10538:the original
10527:
10520:
10515:, p. 17
10513:Russell 1986
10508:
10496:
10484:. Retrieved
10475:
10464:
10452:. Retrieved
10448:the original
10438:
10426:. Retrieved
10413:
10410:"Antarctica"
10404:
10377:. Retrieved
10368:
10359:
10347:. Retrieved
10331:The Guardian
10330:
10317:
10305:. Retrieved
10272:. Retrieved
10268:the original
10263:
10254:
10221:
10218:Polar Record
10217:
10211:
10199:. Retrieved
10186:
10173:
10161:
10149:
10137:
10127:27 September
10125:. Retrieved
10111:
10106:, p. 85
10099:
10087:
10075:
10063:
10030:
10026:
10020:
10008:
9996:
9963:
9960:Polar Record
9959:
9953:
9941:
9936:, p. 5.
9929:
9917:
9884:
9881:Polar Record
9880:
9871:
9859:. Retrieved
9848:
9836:
9824:
9812:
9800:. Retrieved
9791:
9781:
9769:
9762:Edwards 1999
9757:
9745:
9713:
9706:
9679:
9675:
9665:
9653:. Retrieved
9649:the original
9644:
9635:
9623:. Retrieved
9616:the original
9611:
9599:
9587:. Retrieved
9578:
9569:
9557:. Retrieved
9543:
9531:
9519:. Retrieved
9508:
9499:
9448:
9444:
9417:. Retrieved
9413:the original
9409:Science News
9408:
9398:
9386:. Retrieved
9361:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9298:. Retrieved
9281:
9271:
9231:. Abstract.
9224:
9220:
9210:
9198:. Retrieved
9187:
9177:
9165:. Retrieved
9161:
9151:
9100:
9096:
9090:
9078:. Retrieved
9063:
9054:
9019:
9016:Polar Record
9015:
9005:
8952:
8948:
8938:
8891:
8885:
8875:
8868:de Hoog 2005
8863:
8820:
8817:Astrobiology
8816:
8810:
8802:
8790:. Retrieved
8778:
8774:
8740:. Retrieved
8736:the original
8731:
8727:
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8692:
8683:
8671:. Retrieved
8662:
8652:
8625:
8619:
8574:
8568:
8558:
8546:
8521:
8517:
8492:
8480:. Retrieved
8467:
8457:
8445:. Retrieved
8432:
8423:
8404:
8398:
8365:
8361:
8354:Ha, Kyung-Ja
8347:
8302:
8296:
8283:
8271:. Retrieved
8255:
8243:
8231:. Retrieved
8219:
8207:
8195:. Retrieved
8186:
8177:
8165:. Retrieved
8158:
8149:
8137:. Retrieved
8133:the original
8126:
8116:
8089:
8085:
8063:1721.1/99159
8033:
8027:
8014:
7971:
7967:
7957:
7945:. Retrieved
7907:
7903:
7890:
7847:
7843:
7816:. Retrieved
7812:
7764:10871/131584
7746:
7742:
7686:
7682:
7672:
7637:
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7623:
7582:
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7564:
7554:
7547:
7506:
7502:
7492:
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7457:
7406:
7402:
7392:
7357:
7353:
7343:
7326:10356/143900
7300:
7296:
7289:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7193:
7189:
7175:
7166:
7156:Hewitt, H.T.
7099:
7095:
7085:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6985:. Retrieved
6981:
6960:
6950:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6888:
6879:
6867:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6744:
6735:
6723:. Retrieved
6708:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6672:
6662:
6627:
6623:
6613:
6601:. Retrieved
6583:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6547:
6537:
6525:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:. Retrieved
6355:
6345:
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6308:
6304:
6297:
6285:
6240:
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6226:
6185:
6181:
6164:
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6101:
6076:
6072:
6059:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:11336/154407
6006:
6002:
5992:
5980:
5968:. Retrieved
5964:the original
5949:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5785:
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5756:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5705:
5678:
5674:
5661:
5636:
5632:
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5595:
5582:
5553:
5547:
5492:
5488:
5475:
5463:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5367:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5241:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5199:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5164:
5154:
5109:
5105:
5094:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5033:
5021:
4994:
4982:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4942:
4930:. Retrieved
4917:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4853:Hyginus 1992
4848:
4836:
4816:. Retrieved
4805:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:
4765:
4758:Crystal 2006
4753:
4743:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4712:the original
4703:
4700:"Antarctica"
4657:life on Mars
4643:
4598:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4549:Mount Terror
4545:Mount Erebus
4535:
4522:
4513:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4398:
4374:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4340:
4322:
4313:
4298:
4262:
4255:, and solid
4246:
4232:
4217:
4210:
4198:
4194:Solar System
4187:
4183:
4169:The largest
4168:
4166:from space.
4149:
4142:
4089:
4069:
4024:
4001:
3997:cruise ships
3979:
3957:, iron ore,
3955:hydrocarbons
3952:
3943:Silver Cloud
3941:
3862:
3644:E, and 142°2
3252:
3248:
3205:
3157:Soviet Union
3149:
3114:
3106:Operation 90
3095:
3076:
3038:
3012:
2999:Demographics
2985:
2966:
2959:
2944:
2917:Mount Erebus
2904:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2864:20th century
2852:
2845:
2813:
2760:
2754:
2751:sloop-of-war
2740:
2717:
2705:Yamana Beach
2698:
2675:
2662:19th century
2646:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2609:in 1911 (K).
2508:
2486:established
2481:
2455:
2428:
2387:extremophile
2351:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2300:soil quality
2277:
2238:
2232:
2229:life on Mars
2218:
2214:astrobiology
2203:
2173:
2158:
2143:
2105:
2078:
2070:seal hunters
2004:
1987:
1954:
1948:
1917:
1900:Biodiversity
1893:polar vortex
1889:stratosphere
1886:
1842:
1813:Aurora Basin
1809:Wilkes Basin
1783:, and large
1750:
1726:
1722:oceanic heat
1692:
1622:
1609:Arctic Ocean
1587:with little
1585:polar desert
1582:
1578:
1574:
1549:Lake Fryxell
1511:. There are
1498:
1487:
1460:
1445:
1410:
1356:
1314:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1189:
1171:
1150:
1141:Lystrosaurus
1139:
1116:cycadophytes
1112:ginkgophytes
1105:
1099:
1082:glossopterid
1065:Glossopteris
1063:
1041:
990:
984:Glossopteris
982:
942:
894:
859:Enderby Land
848:
798:
762:
727:
670:
662:
660:
653:cartographer
648:
644:
640:
625:
606:
604:
591:pol antartik
532:
501:
493:
478:
470:
463:
457:
440:
364:
315:
259:polar desert
252:
165:
164:
36:
19324: /
19177:New Zealand
19165:Marine life
19117:Environment
18623:Lake Vostok
18573:Tryoshnikov
18495:Schlossbach
18386:Christensen
18328:James Caird
18249:E. R. Evans
18015:Dobrowolski
17985:de Gerlache
17687:Expeditions
17573:Aviaarktika
17527:Samoylovich
17398:Kolomeitsev
17292:Middendorff
17252:Gedenshtrom
16672:I. Fyodorov
16434:Chilingarov
16322:E. Fyodorov
15929:Expeditions
15698:New Zealand
15678:Sturt Stony
15638:Great Sandy
15576:Smoke Creek
15541:Lechuguilla
15526:Great Sandy
15516:Great Basin
15157:Betpak-Dala
14682:Novopangaea
14550:South China
14530:North China
14052:(legendary)
13959:Field camps
13857:Expeditions
13783:Weddell Sea
13763:Lake Vostok
13758:Lake Mercer
13630:Ice shelves
13538:In Our Time
13533:Antarctica.
12980:Climatology
12049:4 September
11997:3 September
11914:17 December
11888:17 December
11575:11089/41341
11186:14 February
11155:Trewby 2002
11140:14 February
11113:Trewby 2002
10989:Morris 1988
10932:22 December
10902:22 December
10872:21 February
10861:Aftenposten
10677:10852/93248
10486:28 February
10476:Pravoslavye
10379:30 December
10349:30 December
10307:21 February
10274:12 February
10166:Trewby 2002
10154:Trewby 2002
10080:Trewby 2002
10068:Trewby 2002
10001:Cawley 2015
9946:Trewby 2002
9934:Joyner 1992
9861:13 February
9829:Trewby 2002
9817:Trewby 2002
9625:20 February
9559:20 February
9300:20 February
8980:10023/12701
8792:10 February
8524:(1): 1–12.
8497:Trewby 2002
8273:20 February
7974:(1): 5328.
6689:20 February
6530:Trewby 2002
6429:Trewby 2002
6405:Trewby 2002
6290:Trewby 2002
5985:Defler 2019
5891:11336/46572
5868:: 311–324.
5845:11336/76749
5822:: 186–193.
5495:: 123–133.
5394:Trewby 2002
5326:Trewby 2002
5062:: 127–138.
5014:Trewby 2002
4999:Drewry 1983
4954:9 September
4932:23 February
4877:Cawley 2015
4801:"Antarctic"
4587:Kay Lindsay
4492:Before the
4329:horror film
4319:Alice Giles
4309:short films
3939:cruise ship
3648:E to 160°00
3640:E to 136°11
3579: /
3494:New Zealand
3386:E to 136°11
3378:Adélie Land
2953:and up the
2903:During the
2881:Ross Island
2790: /
2435:overfishing
2423:King George
2375:Lake Vostok
2225:adaptations
2046:blue whales
2034:albatrosses
1981:springtails
1969:tardigrades
1845:ozone layer
1775:of certain
1729:ice shelves
1638:storm force
1632:off of the
1597:sublimation
1396:Present day
1333:xenarthrans
1239:Imperobator
1233:Morrosaurus
1074:sphenopsids
1070:Cordaitales
991:During the
960:Phanerozoic
947:era to the
904:Ross Island
870:Wilkes Land
781:Lake Vostok
775:or various
758:ice streams
632:New Holland
564:Greek name
534:Meteorology
504:Antarcticus
496:antarcticus
481:antarctique
334:exploration
299:tardigrades
32:Australasia
19355:Continents
19345:Antarctica
19339:Categories
19273:Technology
19009:Arthropods
18846:Terra Nova
18751:Shackleton
18694:J. C. Ross
18653:Resolution
18643:South Pole
18418:New Swabia
18342:Mackintosh
18314:Shackleton
18233:Terra Nova
18226:Terra Nova
17960:Heroic Age
17920:Challenger
17880:J. C. Ross
17790:Bransfield
17722:Resolution
17637:icebreaker
17601:Chelyuskin
17342:expedition
17320:Expedition
17262:Matyushkin
17220:Kh. Laptev
17215:Chelyuskin
17109:Heemskerck
17099:Chancellor
17094:Willoughby
17089:Koch boats
17032:Stefansson
16966:McClintock
16930:Inglefield
16772:J. C. Ross
16679:Resolution
16531:Cunningham
16429:Sagalevich
16118:expedition
16077:Stephenson
16037:C. F. Hall
16024:expedition
15998:J. C. Ross
15961:Heemskerck
15948:North Pole
15785:Antarctica
15748:Patagonian
15733:La Guajira
15673:Strzelecki
15566:Red Desert
15506:Forty Mile
15491:Chihuahuan
15471:Black Rock
15287:South Asia
15272:Taklamakan
15047:Tanezrouft
14818:See also:
14720:Hyperborea
14710:continents
14645:Seychelles
14630:Madagascar
14610:Doggerland
14505:Euramerica
14460:Asiamerica
14188:Antarctica
14141:Continents
13862:Heroic Age
13713:South Pole
13623:Heat waves
13592:Antarctica
13500:Audio help
13491:2023-12-16
13350:Antarctica
13143:. London:
12641:. London:
12551:Antarctica
12530:. Oxford:
12522:Day, David
12502:. Oxford:
12263:. London:
12023:18 October
11669:9 February
11540:6 February
11508:19 January
11420:8 February
11245:7 February
11219:5 February
11095:19 January
11023:22 October
10574:9 February
10544:9 February
10454:7 February
10033:(4): 640.
9792:BBC Future
9655:13 January
9589:8 February
9521:13 January
9451:(1): 946.
9419:22 October
9388:30 January
9373:(Report).
9200:6 February
8742:22 October
8673:22 October
8482:22 October
8167:6 February
8139:6 February
7910:(1): 390.
7409:(1): 383.
7102:(1): 340.
6725:13 January
5970:24 January
5799:12 January
5379:2 February
5210:7 February
5179:16 January
5137:1808/18763
4830:required.)
4818:17 January
4733:Antarctica
4667:References
4579:Lois Jones
4469:Old French
4305:Scott Base
4249:atmosphere
4111:Biologists
4099:meteorites
4091:Geologists
3983:have been
3919:See also:
3768:W to 53°00
3757:W to 74°00
3697:W to 44°38
3585: (
3512:E to 150°0
3342:Territory
3232:South Pole
3142:signs the
3081:, born in
3030:South Pole
2962:Expedition
2960:Terra Nova
2875:(1902) at
2858:Cape Adare
2809:Hughes Bay
2805:John Davis
2775:69°21′28″S
2724:Royal Navy
2685:Cape Adare
2641:Resolution
2637:'s ships,
2607:South Pole
2587:James Cook
2555:See also:
2492:World Park
2484:Greenpeace
2393:waters of
2358:snow algae
2316:liverworts
2312:bryophytes
2288:rainforest
2280:Cretaceous
2216:research.
2200:crust-like
2176:morphology
2089:cormorants
1904:See also:
1849:atmosphere
1827:Ozone hole
1793:permafrost
1696:caused by
1601:desiccated
1501:Expedition
1494:Frank Wild
1359:New Guinea
1329:marsupials
1284: Ma (
1282: 150
1227:Trinisaura
1191:Nothofagus
1186:Cretaceous
1182:horsetails
1107:Dicroidium
1102:seed ferns
1078:lycophytes
1023:(416
1017:trilobites
1005:limestones
1001:sandstones
949:Cretaceous
920:Dome Argus
851:Coats Land
691:See also:
649:Antarctica
572:Old French
473:antartique
460:originates
303:vegetation
271:sea levels
267:freshwater
240:South Pole
166:Antarctica
90:Time zones
64:Population
40:Antarctica
19141:Geography
19081:Dinosaurs
19033:Australia
19021:Astronomy
18997:Argentina
18945:Tolstikov
18731:Discovery
18701:HMS
18686:HMS
18668:Adventure
18666:HMS
18651:HMS
18587:Tolstikov
18308:Endurance
18093:Antarctic
18078:Drygalski
18051:Discovery
18044:Discovery
18005:Arctowski
17918:HMS
17891:HMS
17885:Abernethy
17873:HMS
17851:USS
17838:Vincennes
17836:USS
17816:Astrolabe
17756:San Telmo
17737:Adventure
17735:HMS
17720:HMS
17715:Kerguelen
17677:Continent
17662:Antarctic
17539:Urvantsev
17497:Vilkitsky
17350:Jeannette
17348:USS
17340:Jeannette
17304:Weyprecht
17282:Pakhtusov
17232:Chichagov
17225:D. Laptev
17168:Permyakov
17143:Stadukhin
17138:Perfilyev
17115:Mangazeya
17053:H. Larsen
17018:Rasmussen
16973:HMS
16944:USS
16893:HMS
16880:HMS
16844:Collinson
16834:HMS
16826:HMS
16804:HMS
16752:HMS
16737:HMS
16722:HMS
16707:Mackenzie
16694:Discovery
16692:HMS
16677:HMS
16649:Discovery
16628:Frobisher
16591:Rasmussen
16504:Gunnbjörn
16450:Greenland
16379:USS
16370:USS
16242:Ellsworth
16184:Roosevelt
16114:Nansen's
16071:Discovery
16069:HMS
16056:HMS
16003:Abernethy
15971:Marmaduke
15815:Greenland
15777:Antarctic
15625:Australia
15501:Escalante
15438:Deliblato
15295:Cholistan
15212:East Asia
15012:Moçâmedes
14791:Greenland
14655:Zealandia
14620:Jan Mayen
14605:Cathaysia
14525:Laurentia
14520:Laramidia
14510:Kalaharia
14465:Atlantica
14398:Kenorland
14218:Australia
14014:Transport
13753:Lake CECs
13730:ice sheet
13686:ice sheet
13655:Volcanoes
13645:Mountains
13600:Geography
13456:hour and
13218:bas.ac.uk
12960:Routledge
12408:0166-2481
12231:26 August
12205:26 August
12179:26 August
12153:26 August
12127:26 August
12101:26 August
12075:26 August
11971:26 August
11945:26 August
11721:bas.ac.uk
11692:bas.ac.uk
11584:2353-6063
11455:1007.2225
11345:132258248
11297:Hund 2014
11270:21 August
10824:30 August
10791:30 August
10765:25 August
10739:30 August
10686:239218549
10619:"Parties"
10428:31 August
10339:0261-3077
10246:131433193
10104:Pyne 2017
9988:132425113
9909:129664580
9850:Postimees
9473:2041-1723
9290:0036-8156
9127:1292-895X
9110:1406.5031
9103:(3): 25.
8989:0146-6380
8728:Mycotaxon
8390:248151959
8040:: 42–48.
7947:6 January
7818:2 October
7789:252161375
7773:0036-8075
7719:221885420
7664:264476246
7615:266436146
7523:0048-9697
7431:2045-2322
7335:218541055
7303:(1): 18.
7044:220261150
7036:1758-6798
6942:222179485
6918:(1): 39.
6816:0260-3055
6674:USA Today
6654:2156-2202
6380:0016-7606
6311:: 23–46.
6156:133542067
5941:146325060
5748:131433262
5517:134360219
5455:214736648
5350:Hund 2014
5275:: 20–32.
5244:: 35–58.
5086:0040-1951
4616:Stromness
4604:Grytviken
4575:Pam Young
4553:HMS
4415:in 1959.
4345:Hollywood
4238:Satellite
4164:neutrinos
4130:meteorite
3885:W to 90°0
3841:W to 25°0
3830:W to 53°0
3819:W to 25°0
3798:Argentina
3746:W to 53°0
3619:Australia
3465:W to 25°0
3454:W to 53°0
3443:W to 74°0
3432:W to 20°0
3339:Claimant
3212:Charles V
3170:consensus
3083:Grytviken
2853:Antarctic
2778:2°14′50″W
2652:field ice
2647:Adventure
2639:HMS
2629:classical
2523:pollution
2401:in cold,
2341:Poa annua
2188:melanised
2145:Caloplaca
2116:cetaceans
2058:fur seals
2018:ecosystem
2012:, is the
1965:nematodes
1877:catalysts
1753:meltwater
1551:, in the
1547:covering
1456:volcanism
1437:sediments
1344:ungulates
1337:litoptern
1317:Paleogene
1196:Ammonites
1136:Synapsids
1124:Tetrapods
1090:tetrapods
898:, in the
769:ice sheet
754:ice shelf
681:Geography
645:Antipodea
562:romanised
531:wrote in
529:Aristotle
464:antarctic
421:Etymology
391:pollution
287:nematodes
255:elevation
224:continent
98:Internet
80:Countries
21:Antarctic
19321:90°S 0°E
19225:Reptiles
18957:A. Fuchs
18914:V. Fuchs
18894:McKinley
18857:E. Evans
18816:Bjaaland
18811:Amundsen
18761:Marshall
18674:Furneaux
18526:V. Fuchs
18490:E. Ronne
18485:F. Ronne
18424:Ritscher
18278:SY
18266:Filchner
18210:Framheim
18204:Amundsen
18010:Racoviță
17995:Amundsen
17990:Lecointe
17859:Ringgold
17853:Porpoise
17743:Furneaux
17579:Shevelev
17534:Begichev
17513:Amundsen
17475:Nagórski
17453:Brusilov
17447:Sv. Anna
17361:Melville
17331:Palander
17287:Tsivolko
17247:Sannikov
17242:Billings
17185:Chirikov
17104:Barentsz
17046:St. Roch
17037:Bartlett
17011:Amundsen
16995:Sverdrup
16895:Resolute
16784:Franklin
16712:Kotzebue
16579:Sverdrup
16562:Scoresby
16536:Lindenov
16387:Plaisted
16372:Nautilus
16317:Shirshov
16291:Belyakov
16286:Baydukov
16260:Nautilus
16222:Amundsen
16182:SS
16141:Sverdrup
16136:Johansen
16106:Brainard
16101:Lockwood
15956:Barentsz
15844:Category
15496:Colorado
15476:Carcross
15461:Amargosa
15433:Tabernas
15423:Monegros
15373:Registan
15177:Moiynkum
15172:Kyzylkum
15084:Ad-Dahna
15002:Kalahari
14952:Algerian
14849:Category
14715:Atlantis
14700:Mythical
14635:Mauritia
14600:Beringia
14485:Cimmeria
14480:Chilenia
14470:Avalonia
14450:Amazonia
14433:Vaalbara
14418:Pannotia
14403:Laurasia
14393:Gondwana
14388:Columbia
14316:Americas
14084:Category
13989:Religion
13891:Politics
13809:Wildlife
13778:Ross Sea
13640:Glaciers
13502: ·
13380:(2009).
13298:27 March
13278:27 March
13243:27 March
13224:27 March
12924:(2017).
12800:(1992).
12704:Elsevier
12579:(2019).
12524:(2013).
12494:(2006).
12447:(2019).
12382:Elsevier
12330:(1968).
12300:(1994).
12070:ESPN.com
12043:Deadline
12017:BBC News
11863:27 March
11834:27 March
11793:27 March
11752:27 March
11727:27 March
11698:27 March
11606:Archived
11534:Archived
11502:Archived
11500:. 2011.
11480:16843819
11414:Archived
11285:Day 2013
11239:Archived
11180:Archived
11134:Archived
11089:Archived
11056:Archived
10926:Archived
10922:BBC News
10896:Archived
10866:Archived
10818:Archived
10785:Archived
10759:Archived
10733:Archived
10627:Archived
10480:Archived
10422:Archived
10373:Archived
10343:Archived
10301:Archived
10195:Archived
10121:Archived
10092:Day 2013
9855:Archived
9796:Archived
9698:89943276
9583:Archived
9553:Archived
9536:Day 2019
9515:Archived
9491:30808907
9379:Archived
9353:31134036
9327:: 1019.
9294:Archived
9255:26667905
9227:(2059).
9194:Archived
9135:28255919
9080:24 April
9074:Archived
9046:84747627
8997:46651929
8955:: 4–14.
8930:23702515
8855:73420634
8847:30742495
8783:Archived
8781:: 1–32.
8697:Archived
8667:Archived
8663:BBC News
8611:29870541
8570:PLOS ONE
8538:23537764
8476:Archived
8447:25 April
8441:Archived
8339:31262810
8291:(2019).
8264:Archived
8262:. ES.3.
8224:Archived
8191:Archived
8108:19675624
8006:36088458
7938:Archived
7934:13129041
7882:33931453
7781:36074831
7711:32968257
7607:38127761
7539:53093132
7531:30360282
7484:ABC News
7449:35013425
7384:29675467
7281:31110015
7134:35039511
6893:Archived
6824:22195720
6749:Archived
6719:Archived
6683:Archived
6594:Archived
6560:14 March
6554:Archived
6390:18 March
6384:Archived
6277:27917060
6210:12529638
6148:26388506
6124:: 5775.
5917:: 1–16.
5790:Archived
5447:32238944
5373:Archived
5204:Archived
5173:Archived
5146:13129041
5026:Day 2019
4978:Archived
4926:Archived
4781:17 April
4736:Archived
4649:ALH84001
4502:Atlantic
4419:See also
4395:Holidays
4301:Icestock
4289:Icestock
4265:channels
4045:Research
4039:airports
3981:Tourists
3967:chromium
3959:platinum
3891:(except
3240:Zaragoza
3130:Politics
3047:and the
2973:tractors
2856:reached
2593:(F) and
2391:alkaline
2381:'s moon
2085:penguins
2042:penguins
1973:rotifers
1953:such as
1865:emission
1789:penguins
1787:such as
1773:collapse
1733:glaciers
1683:infrared
1545:Blue ice
1509:iron ore
1483:faulting
1159:period (
1157:Jurassic
1128:Triassic
1120:conifers
964:tropical
956:Gondwana
817:Ross Sea
596:treatise
579:(modern
558:Apuleius
552:authors
525:the Bear
520:ἀρκτικός
447:(1657),
301:. Where
291:penguins
281:include
159:Apollo 4
19201:Oceania
19105:Ecology
19045:Biology
18983:Portals
18962:Messner
18909:Hillary
18889:Balchen
18837:Polheim
18831:Wisting
18709:Crozier
18681:Weddell
18659:J. Cook
18629:Kapitsa
18610:Fiennes
18552:Klenova
18521:Hillary
18471:Ketchum
18397:BANZARE
18372:·
18217:Polheim
18183:Shirase
18169:Charcot
17979:Belgica
17898:Crozier
17810:Morrell
17805:Weddell
17783:Lazarev
17728:J. Cook
17682:History
17632:Arktika
17608:Krassin
17593:Voronin
17565:Schmidt
17551:Ushakov
17490:Vaygach
17458:Albanov
17427:Rusanov
17408:Kolchak
17403:Matisen
17377:Makarov
17356:De Long
17257:Wrangel
17237:Lyakhov
17190:Malygin
17148:Dezhnev
16975:Pandora
16946:Advance
16913:Kennedy
16908:Belcher
16901:Kellett
16888:McClure
16812:Beechey
16806:Blossom
16799:Simpson
16767:Crozier
16760:Hoppner
16717:J. Ross
16685:J. Cook
16633:Gilbert
16526:J. Hall
16492:Ingólfr
16482:Naddodd
16476:Vikings
16463:Brendan
16458:Pytheas
16446:Iceland
16400:Arktika
16392:Herbert
16357:Badygin
16327:Krenkel
16312:Papanin
16281:Chkalov
16267:Wilkins
16232:Wisting
16176:F. Cook
16082:Markham
16042:Bessels
16031:Polaris
16022:Polaris
15993:J. Ross
15976:Carolus
15924:History
15849:Commons
15839:Project
15758:Tatacoa
15753:Sechura
15728:Atacama
15706:Rangipo
15668:Simpson
15663:Pedirka
15658:Painted
15616:Oceania
15581:Sonoran
15428:Oleshky
15305:Katpana
15277:Tengger
15202:Ustyurt
15192:Sarykum
15167:Karakum
15152:Barsuki
15147:Aralkum
15099:Judaean
15094:Arabian
15057:Western
14987:Eastern
14977:Danakil
14898:deserts
14735:Meropis
14730:Lemuria
14545:Siberia
14495:Cuyania
14475:Baltica
14455:Arctica
14423:Rodinia
14413:Pangaea
14346:Oceania
14331:Eurasia
14094:Commons
14009:Tourism
13954:Economy
13927:Society
13849:History
13819:Mammals
13708:Islands
13664:Regions
13635:Geology
13613:Climate
13541:at the
13489: (
13460:minutes
13006:(ed.).
11643:2 April
11612:2 April
11460:Bibcode
11380:Bibcode
11323:Bibcode
10974:19 July
10633:2 April
10226:Bibcode
10201:27 June
10035:Bibcode
9968:Bibcode
9889:Bibcode
9802:22 July
9723:Georgia
9482:6391489
9453:Bibcode
9344:6524460
9263:8399775
9233:Bibcode
9167:25 June
9143:3759495
9060:"Algae"
9024:Bibcode
8957:Bibcode
8921:3695302
8900:Bibcode
8825:Bibcode
8703:12 July
8602:5988266
8579:Bibcode
8370:Bibcode
8330:6642375
8307:Bibcode
8233:2 April
8042:Bibcode
7997:9464198
7976:Bibcode
7912:Bibcode
7873:8087405
7852:Bibcode
7743:Science
7691:Bibcode
7642:Bibcode
7587:Bibcode
7579:Science
7440:8748732
7411:Bibcode
7375:5906079
7305:Bibcode
7272:6561295
7249:Bibcode
7198:Bibcode
7125:8764023
7104:Bibcode
7016:Bibcode
6920:Bibcode
6847:Bibcode
6784:Bibcode
6755:2 April
6679:Gannett
6632:Bibcode
6603:5 March
6503:Bibcode
6464:Bibcode
6364:: 551.
6313:Bibcode
6268:5126512
6245:Bibcode
6241:ZooKeys
6218:4326971
6190:Bibcode
6126:Bibcode
6081:Bibcode
5919:Bibcode
5870:Bibcode
5824:Bibcode
5683:Bibcode
5641:Bibcode
5497:Bibcode
5417:Bibcode
5277:Bibcode
5114:Bibcode
5064:Bibcode
4632:Godthul
4498:Pacific
4316:harpist
4279:Culture
4154:at the
4119:viruses
3566:90°35′W
3563:68°50′S
3165:acceded
3108:by the
3072:priests
3062:at the
2848:whaling
2713:sealing
2707:at the
2700:Sealers
2689:in 1895
2656:journal
2403:methane
2379:Jupiter
2362:sea ice
2292:Neogene
2284:conifer
2202:lichen
2196:endemic
2081:petrels
2030:icefish
2016:of the
2010:schools
1997:⁄
1934:Animals
1855:on the
1847:in the
1646:equator
1523:Climate
1496:on the
1463:Archean
1413:geology
1056:Permian
1033:Horlick
908:volcano
882:islands
815:to the
807:by the
383:Tourism
324:led by
19326:-90; 0
19237:Russia
19189:Norway
19069:Brazil
18872:Bowers
18867:Wilson
18826:Hassel
18821:Helmer
18790:Mackay
18780:Mawson
18745:Nimrod
18703:Terror
18688:Erebus
18615:Burton
18410:Rymill
18286:Mawson
18280:Aurora
18259:Lashly
18244:Wilson
18147:Nimrod
18124:Scotia
17931:Murray
17906:Cooper
17893:Terror
17875:Erebus
17844:Wilkes
17795:Palmer
17763:Vostok
17710:Bouvet
17634:-class
17614:Gakkel
17482:Taymyr
17463:Konrad
17432:Kuchin
17370:Yermak
17277:Lavrov
17195:Ovtsyn
17180:Bering
17158:Ivanov
17121:Hudson
17083:Pomors
17060:Cowper
17025:Karluk
16924:Isabel
16918:Bellot
16868:Austin
16836:Terror
16828:Erebus
16724:Griper
16700:Clerke
16660:Baffin
16643:Hudson
16574:Nansen
16487:Garðar
16408:Barneo
16275:ANT-25
16251:Italia
16227:Nobile
16196:Henson
16155:Amedeo
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