64:
40:
379:
533:
is endemic. Malaria parasites live inside red blood cells, but subtly disturb normal cellular function. In patients predisposed for rapid clearance of red blood cells, this may lead to early destruction of cells infected with the parasite and increased chance of survival for the carrier of the trait.
255:
Hb structural variants are qualitative defects that cause a change in the structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and/or quaternary) of the Hb molecule. The majority of Hb variants do not cause disease and are most commonly discovered either incidentally or through newborn screening. A subset of Hb
1134:
Nabarrete, J. M.; Pereira, A. Z.; GarĂłfolo, A.; Seber, A.; Venancio, A. M.; Grecco, C. E.; Bonfim, C. M.; Nakamura, C. H.; Fernandes, D.; Campos, D. J.; Oliveira, F. L.; Cousseiro, F. K.; Rossi, F. F.; Gurmini, J.; Viani, K. H.; Guterres, L. F.; Mantovani, L. F.; Darrigo Lg, Junior; Albuquerque, M.
196:
Fetal Hb (HbF) is produced from approximately eight weeks of gestation through birth and constitutes approximately 80 percent of Hb in the full-term neonate. It declines during the first few months of life and, in the normal state, constitutes <1 percent of total Hb by early childhood. HbF is
325:
Change in oxygen affinity: High or low oxygen affinity Hb molecules are more likely than normal to adopt the relaxed (R, oxy) state or the tense (T, deoxy) state, respectively. High oxygen affinity variants (R state) cause polycythemia (e.g., Hb
Chesapeake, Hb Montefiore). Low oxygen affinity
390:
Thalassemias: Thalassemias are quantitative defects that lead to reduced levels of one type of globin chain, creating an imbalance in the ratio of alpha-like chains to beta-like chains. As noted above, this ratio is normally tightly regulated to prevent excess globin chains of one type from
391:
accumulating. The excess chains that fail to incorporate into Hb form non-functional aggregates that precipitate within the RBC. This can lead to premature RBC destruction in the bone marrow (beta thalassemia) and/or in the peripheral blood (alpha thalassemia). Types:
512:
This is how abnormal hemoglobin variants are isolated and identified using these two methods. For example, a Hgb G-Philadelphia would migrate with S on alkaline electrophoresis and would migrate with A on acid electrophoresis, respectively
827:
Natarajan K, Townes TM, Kutlar A. Disorders of hemoglobin structure: sickle cell anemia and related abnormalities. In: Williams
Hematology, 8th ed, Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Beutler E, et al. (Eds), McGraw-Hill, 2010.
1355:
1340:
552:
to the tissues: This is due to the peculiar cooperation of the globin chains that allows the molecule to take in more oxygen where there is increased oxygen and to release oxygen in low concentration of
614:
Methemoglobinemia: The iron in the heme portion of hemoglobin is easily oxidised and this reduces the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen. More deoxygenated hemoglobin are formed and the blood becomes
211:(HbA) is the predominant Hb in children by six months of age and onward; it constitutes 96-97% of total Hb in individuals without a hemoglobinopathy. It is composed of two α globins and two β globins (α
1099:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
103:, which are caused by an underproduction of otherwise normal hemoglobin molecules. The main structural hemoglobin variants are HbS, HbE and HbC. The main types of thalassemia are
386:
Copy number variation (e.g., deletion, duplication, insertion) is also a common genetic cause of Hb disorders, and complex rearrangements and globin gene fusions can also occur.
818:
Huisman TH. The structure and function of normal and abnormal haemoglobins. In: Baillière's
Clinical Haematology, Higgs DR, Weatherall DJ (Eds), W.B. Saunders, London 1993. p.1.
1183:
Forman SJ, Negrin RS, Antin JH, Appelbaum FR. Thomas' hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation. 5th ed. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2016. p.1416.
225:
is a minor adult Hb that normally accounts for approximately 2.5–3.5% of total Hb from six months of age onward. It is composed of two α globins and two δ (delta) globins (α
114:
The two conditions may overlap because some conditions which cause abnormalities in hemoglobin proteins also affect their production. Some hemoglobin variants do not cause
411:
Haemoglobin variant are not necessarily pathological. For example, haemoglobin
Valletta and haemoglobin Marseille are two haemoglobin variants which are non-pathological
1024:
Joseph
Bonavetura and Austin Riggs, March 1968, "Hemoglobin Kansas, A Human Hemoglobin with a Neutral Amino Acid Substitution and an Abnormal Oxygen Equilibrium",
134:
composed of two pairs of globin chains, each of which contains one α (alpha) chain and one β (beta) chain. Each globin chain is associated with an iron-containing
358:
is a form of Hb that contains the ferric form of iron. The affinity for oxygen of ferric iron is impaired. The binding of oxygen to methaemoglobin results in an
141:. Throughout life, the synthesis of the α and the β chains is balanced so that their ratio is relatively constant and there is no excess of either type.
337:
residues, can produce M-hemoglobin, in which the iron atom in heme is oxidized from the ferrous (Fe) state to the ferric (Fe) state, with resultant
497:
In general a sickling test is performed on abnormal hemoglobins migrating in the S location to see if the hemoglobin precipitates in solution of
494:
In general on alkaline electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins A2, E=O=C, G=D=S=Lepore, F, A, K, J, Bart's, N, I, and H.
264:
state in combination with another structural variant or a thalassemia mutation. When clinical consequences occur, they may include anemia due to
730:
1597:
522:
1802:
978:"Hemoglobin Kenya composed of alpha- and ((A)gammabeta)-fusion-globin chains, associated with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin"
1953:
1455:
927:
Percy, M. J.; Butt, N. N.; Crotty, G. M.; Drummond, M. W.; Harrison, C.; Jones, G. L.; Turner, M.; Wallis, J.; McMullin, M. F. (2009).
272:
due to alterations in the oxygen affinity of the abnormal Hb. Common examples of hemoglobin variants associated with hemolysis include
1905:
1727:
1797:
1737:
624:
1614:
333:
Oxidation of heme iron: Mutations of the heme binding site, particularly those affecting the conserved proximal or distal
291:
Change in physical properties (solubility): Common beta globin mutations can alter the solubility of the Hb molecule: HbS
284:
methods; however, DNA-based methods may be required for variants with ambiguous or unusual results from protein analysis.
1769:
99:
There are two main groups: abnormal structural hemoglobin variants caused by mutations in the hemoglobin genes, and the
362:
affinity for oxygen in the remaining heme sites that are in ferrous state within the same tetrameric haemoglobin unit.
1778:
1749:
859:
571:
to produce water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is mopped up by hemoglobin to favor this reversible reaction.
759:
1809:
1681:
509:
In general on acid electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins F, A=D=G=E=O=Lepore, S, and C.
929:"Identification of high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variants in the investigation of patients with erythrocytosis"
1742:
1448:
1196:
Felfly H, Haddad GG (2014). "Hematopoietic stem cells: potential new applications for translational medicine".
885:"Severe hemolytic anemia associated with the homozygous state for an unstable hemoglobin variant (Hb Bushwick)"
1763:
1671:
1836:
1788:
582:. This assists in the regulation of vascular reaction in times of stress as experienced during inflammation.
1693:
607:
Unstable hemoglobins: Red blood cells are easily destroyed under stress and hemolysis occurs with possible
1421:
1064:
Greene DN, Vaughn CP, Crews BO, Agarwal AM (January 2015). "Advances in detection of hemoglobinopathies".
298:
Reduced protein stability (instability): Unstable Hb variants are mutations that cause the Hb molecule to
1845:
1719:
1583:
1538:
627:(HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow,
311:
1783:
1609:
1137:"Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Children and adolescents"
1710:
1700:
1688:
1441:
593:
due to reduced life span of the red cells of reduced production of the cells, e.g., HbS, HbC and HbE.
1135:
I.; Brumatti, M.; Neves, M. A.; Duran, N.; Villela, N. C.; Zecchin, V. G.; Fernandes, J. F. (2021).
63:
1982:
1676:
1370:
586:
Pathology and organic structural abnormalities may lead to any of the following disease processes:
144:
The specific α and β chains that are incorporated into Hb are highly regulated during development:
738:
1881:
1732:
901:
884:
976:
Wilcox I, Boettger K, Greene L, Malek A, Davis L, Steinberg MH, Luo HY, Chui DH (January 2009).
1872:
1533:
1410:
596:
Increased oxygen affinity: The red blood cells do not release their oxygen content readily in
560:
from the tissues to the lungs: The end product of tissue metabolism is acidic which increases
1852:
1619:
93:
89:
883:
Srivastava, P.; Kaeda, J. S.; Roper, D.; Vulliamy, T. J.; Buckley, M.; Luzzatto, L. (1995).
809:
Weatherall DJ. The New
Genetics and Clinical Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991.
1862:
1857:
1665:
1551:
1152:
1038:
665:
148:
287:
The major functional consequences of Hb structural variants can be classified as follows:
8:
1970:
Category:Hereditary hemolytic anemias
Category:Disorders of globin and globulin proteins
1911:
1656:
1464:
1359:
483:
1943:
1916:
1521:
1303:
1276:
1252:
1227:
1161:
1136:
1007:
953:
928:
707:
690:
597:
138:
131:
1364:
851:
838:
Eaton, William A.; Hofrichter, James (1990). "Sickle Cell
Hemoglobin Polymerization".
1948:
1938:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1828:
1660:
1649:
1639:
1573:
1556:
1547:
1529:
1491:
1381:
1308:
1257:
1205:
1166:
1116:
1081:
999:
958:
906:
865:
855:
712:
338:
273:
104:
52:
1011:
1644:
1568:
1298:
1288:
1247:
1239:
1228:"Hematopoietic stem cell expansion and generation: the ways to make a breakthrough"
1156:
1148:
1108:
1073:
989:
948:
940:
896:
847:
785:
702:
628:
498:
307:
303:
208:
156:
108:
1823:
1375:
944:
635:
blood to replicate inside a patient and to produce normal blood cells. It may be
315:
162:
Hb Gower-1, composed of two ζ (zeta) globins and two ε (epsilon) globins, i.e., ζ
77:
777:
1840:
1468:
1386:
632:
557:
85:
1433:
1349:
1077:
1976:
1243:
526:
355:
152:
1483:
1312:
1293:
1277:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
1261:
1209:
1170:
1120:
1112:
1085:
1003:
962:
716:
579:
575:
319:
269:
261:
910:
869:
604:
therefore needs to produce more red blood cells and there is polycythemia.
155:
and disappear around the eighth week of gestation as they are replaced by
1634:
1592:
1405:
601:
568:
299:
292:
100:
1332:
1603:
640:
636:
257:
81:
57:
994:
977:
691:"Inherited haemoglobin disorders: An increasing global health problem"
354:
a condition caused by elevated levels of methemoglobin in the blood.
334:
265:
115:
183:
Hb
Portland, composed of two ζ globins and two γ (gamma) globins (ζ
1416:
644:
608:
561:
327:
1066:
Clinica
Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
530:
1512:
1344:
590:
545:
119:
39:
1133:
281:
222:
882:
525:) seem to have given an evolutionary benefit, especially to
549:
277:
135:
172:
Hb Gower-2, composed of two α globins and two ε globins (α
975:
766:. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2007-11-10
564:
427:
378:
1063:
521:
Some hemoglobinopathies (and also related diseases like
256:
variants can cause severe disease when inherited in the
122:, and thus are often not classed as hemoglobinopathies.
926:
280:. Hb variants can usually be detected by protein-based
237:
752:
477:
1322:
1028:, Vol. 243, No. 5, Issue of March 10, pages 980–991.
47:
Red blood cells from a person with sickle cell trait
382:
Red blood cells from a person with beta thalassemia
1974:
125:
1463:
1098:
1045:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
837:
688:
151:are expressed as early as four to six weeks of
197:composed of two α globins and two γ globins (α
1449:
76:is the medical term for a group of inherited
1598:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1195:
1057:
969:
902:10.1182/blood.V86.5.1977.bloodjournal8651977
567:in solution. The hydrogen ions combine with
523:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1482:
783:
489:
373:
247:
1954:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
1456:
1442:
1225:
670:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
92:and, in most cases, they are inherited as
62:
38:
1906:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
1728:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
1302:
1292:
1251:
1221:
1219:
1191:
1189:
1160:
993:
952:
900:
786:"A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants"
706:
695:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
639:(the patient's own stem cells are used),
345:
16:Any of various genetic disorders of blood
689:Weatherall, D. J.; Clegg, J. B. (2001).
377:
314:Hb can attach to the inner layer of the
1226:Park B, Yoo KH, Kim C (December 2015).
922:
920:
657:
625:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
504:
482:Hemoglobin variants can be detected by
295:when deoxygenated and HbC crystallizes.
1975:
1216:
1186:
1127:
1092:
643:(the stem cells come from a donor) or
406:
1511:
1437:
1281:International Journal of Cell Biology
1274:
318:of the red blood cell (RBC) and form
1615:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
1153:10.31744/einstein_journal/2021AE5254
917:
731:"Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia"
238:Classification of hemoglobinopathies
1770:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1738:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
1718:
1026:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
735:medicalassistantonlineprograms.org/
663:
13:
478:Electrophoretic migration patterns
368:
330:(e.g., Hb Kansas, Hb Beth Israel).
14:
1994:
1779:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
1750:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
242:
1810:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1101:Briefings in Functional Genomics
1268:
1177:
1031:
1018:
876:
792:. Pennsylvania State University
1743:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
982:American Journal of Hematology
831:
821:
812:
803:
723:
682:
1:
852:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60287-9
840:Advances in Protein Chemistry
666:"Hemoglobinopathies Research"
650:
619:
130:Normal human hemoglobins are
126:Hemoglobin structural biology
1694:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
1682:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
945:10.3324/haematol.2009.008037
516:
7:
10:
1999:
1803:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
1784:Thrombotic microangiopathy
1610:pyruvate kinase deficiency
647:(from an identical twin).
1931:
1871:
1822:
1789:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
1709:
1701:Hereditary stomatocytosis
1689:Hereditary elliptocytosis
1582:
1567:
1520:
1504:
1475:
1396:
1326:
1078:10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.006
159:. Embryonic Hbs include:
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1677:Hereditary spherocytosis
1244:10.5045/br.2015.50.4.194
490:Alkaline electrophoresis
374:Production abnormalities
302:, spontaneously or upon
248:Structural abnormalities
1882:Mean corpuscular volume
1846:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
1798:Drug-induced autoimmune
1733:Cold agglutinin disease
1539:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
1534:Iron-deficiency anemia
383:
346:Chemical abnormalities
1853:Pure red cell aplasia
1620:hexokinase deficiency
1198:Journal of Stem Cells
760:"Hemoglobin Variants"
381:
94:autosomal co-dominant
90:single-gene disorders
1858:Sideroblastic anemia
1666:Hemoglobin C disease
1552:Megaloblastic anemia
1294:10.1155/2016/6940283
1113:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
784:Huisman THJ (1996).
578:: Nitric oxide is a
538:Hemoglobin functions
505:Acid electrophoresis
1657:Sickle cell disease
484:gel electrophoresis
407:Hemoglobin variants
351:Methemoglobinemia:
326:variants can cause
132:tetrameric proteins
1944:Sulfhemoglobinemia
1397:External resources
790:Globin Gene Server
664:CDC (2019-02-08).
441:Hb Constant Spring
384:
33:Hemoglobinopathies
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1949:Reticulocytopenia
1939:Methemoglobinemia
1927:
1926:
1818:
1817:
1758:
1757:
1557:Pernicious anemia
1500:
1499:
1492:Polycythemia vera
1431:
1430:
1275:Mahla RS (2016).
995:10.1002/ajh.21308
529:, in areas where
435:Hb G-Philadelphia
339:methemoglobinemia
105:alpha-thalassemia
84:, the protein of
71:
70:
19:Medical condition
1990:
1716:
1715:
1630:hemoglobinopathy
1580:
1579:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1480:
1479:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
997:
973:
967:
966:
956:
939:(9): 1321–1322.
924:
915:
914:
904:
895:(5): 1977–1982.
880:
874:
873:
835:
829:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
801:
800:
798:
797:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:Lab Tests Online
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
737:. Archived from
727:
721:
720:
710:
686:
680:
679:
677:
676:
661:
629:peripheral blood
600:conditions. The
499:sodium bisulfite
449:Hemoglobin Kenya
369:B) Quantitative
310:. Precipitated,
308:hemolytic anemia
304:oxidative stress
109:beta thalassemia
74:Hemoglobinopathy
67:
66:
42:
25:Hemoglobinopathy
22:
21:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:Blood disorders
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1923:
1867:
1826:
1814:
1754:
1705:
1571:
1563:
1496:
1471:
1469:red blood cells
1462:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1392:
1391:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1273:
1269:
1224:
1217:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1132:
1128:
1097:
1093:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
974:
970:
925:
918:
881:
877:
862:
836:
832:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
804:
795:
793:
782:
778:
769:
767:
758:
757:
753:
744:
742:
729:
728:
724:
687:
683:
674:
672:
662:
658:
653:
622:
519:
507:
492:
480:
432:HbO (Hb O-Arab)
409:
376:
371:
348:
316:plasma membrane
306:, resulting in
250:
245:
243:A) Qualitative
240:
232:
228:
218:
214:
204:
200:
190:
186:
179:
175:
169:
165:
128:
86:red blood cells
78:blood disorders
61:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:Fanconi anemia
1834:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1352:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:Classification
1319:
1318:
1287:(7): 6940283.
1267:
1238:(4): 194–203.
1232:Blood Research
1215:
1204:(3): 163–197.
1185:
1176:
1126:
1107:(3): 159–176.
1091:
1056:
1030:
1017:
968:
916:
875:
860:
830:
820:
811:
802:
776:
751:
722:
701:(8): 704–712.
681:
655:
654:
652:
649:
633:umbilical cord
621:
618:
617:
616:
612:
605:
594:
584:
583:
572:
558:carbon dioxide
554:
518:
515:
506:
503:
491:
488:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
467:Hb N-Baltimore
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
442:
436:
433:
430:
425:
422:
419:
416:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
398:
395:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
364:
363:
356:Methaemoglobin
347:
344:
343:
342:
331:
323:
296:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
230:
226:
220:
216:
212:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
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80:involving the
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27:
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9:
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1864:
1863:Myelophthisic
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983:
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933:Haematologica
930:
923:
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861:9780120342402
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834:
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791:
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741:on 2015-01-09
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574:Transport of
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559:
556:Transport of
555:
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547:
544:Transport of
543:
542:
541:
539:
535:
532:
528:
527:heterozygotes
524:
514:
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153:embryogenesis
150:
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54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1968:
1912:normochromic
1904:
1880:
1762:
1670:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1591:
1484:Polycythemia
1415:
1404:
1380:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1235:
1231:
1201:
1197:
1179:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1039:"rs33948057"
1033:
1025:
1020:
985:
981:
971:
936:
932:
892:
888:
878:
843:
839:
833:
823:
814:
805:
794:. Retrieved
789:
779:
768:. Retrieved
763:
754:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
734:
725:
698:
694:
684:
673:. Retrieved
669:
659:
623:
585:
576:nitric oxide
569:bicarbonates
537:
536:
520:
511:
508:
496:
493:
481:
410:
400:Beta (Minor)
397:Beta (Major)
385:
359:
320:Heinz bodies
286:
270:polycythemia
262:heterozygous
260:or compound
253:Hb variants:
252:
251:
149:Embryonic Hb
143:
129:
113:
101:thalassemias
98:
73:
72:
1917:hypochromic
1873:Blood tests
1635:Thalassemia
1593:enzymopathy
1522:Nutritional
1406:MedlinePlus
1147:: eAE5254.
988:(1): 55–8.
602:bone marrow
580:vasodilator
452:Hb Korle-Bu
446:Hb Hasharon
300:precipitate
293:polymerizes
88:. They are
30:Other names
1898:macrocytic
1893:microcytic
1888:normocytic
1851:Acquired:
1837:Hereditary
1604:glycolysis
1584:Hereditary
1382:DiseasesDB
1049:7 February
846:: 63–279.
796:2008-10-12
770:2008-10-12
745:2013-11-07
675:2019-05-05
651:References
641:allogeneic
637:autologous
620:Treatments
276:(HbS) and
258:homozygous
82:hemoglobin
58:Hematology
1569:Hemolytic
645:syngeneic
615:cyanotic.
548:from the
517:Evolution
461:Hb Kansas
455:Hb Lepore
424:Hb Bart's
360:increased
335:histidine
312:denatured
274:sickle Hb
266:hemolysis
116:pathology
53:Specialty
1977:Category
1827:(mostly
1824:Aplastic
1764:membrane
1711:Acquired
1672:membrane
1572:(mostly
1465:Diseases
1417:Orphanet
1313:27516776
1262:26770947
1210:25157450
1171:34909973
1141:Einstein
1121:35265979
1086:25314938
1072:: 50–7.
1012:29114149
1004:19006227
963:19734427
828:p.ch.48.
717:11545326
609:jaundice
562:hydrogen
328:cyanosis
209:Adult Hb
157:fetal Hb
96:traits.
1376:D006453
1304:4969512
1253:4705045
1162:8664291
954:2738729
911:7655024
870:2195851
708:2566499
598:hypoxic
553:oxygen.
531:malaria
473:Hb Pisa
470:Hb Hope
1829:normo-
1574:normo-
1548:Macro-
1530:Micro-
1513:Anemia
1411:001291
1311:
1301:
1260:
1250:
1208:
1169:
1159:
1119:
1084:
1010:
1002:
961:
951:
909:
868:
858:
715:
705:
591:Anemia
546:oxygen
139:moiety
120:anemia
60:
1932:Other
1661:trait
1650:delta
1640:alpha
1422:68364
1387:19674
1365:282.7
1350:D58.2
1043:dbSNP
1008:S2CID
889:Blood
631:, or
550:lungs
394:Alpha
282:assay
1720:AIHA
1645:beta
1371:MeSH
1360:9-CM
1309:PMID
1285:2016
1258:PMID
1206:PMID
1167:PMID
1117:PMID
1082:PMID
1051:2014
1000:PMID
959:PMID
907:PMID
866:PMID
856:ISBN
713:PMID
565:ions
438:HbH
223:HbA2
136:heme
107:and
1467:of
1356:ICD
1341:ICD
1299:PMC
1289:doi
1248:PMC
1240:doi
1157:PMC
1149:doi
1109:doi
1074:doi
1070:439
990:doi
949:PMC
941:doi
897:doi
848:doi
703:PMC
464:HbJ
458:HbM
428:HbD
421:HbE
418:HbC
415:HbS
278:HbC
268:or
118:or
1979::
1839::
1550::
1532::
1420::
1409::
1385::
1374::
1363::
1348::
1345:10
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1297:.
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1246:.
1236:50
1234:.
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1218:^
1200:.
1188:^
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1155:.
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1105:21
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1080:.
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1041:.
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998:.
986:84
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980:.
957:.
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937:94
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919:^
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893:86
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887:.
864:.
854:.
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699:79
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693:.
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1576:)
1505:↓
1476:↑
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231:2
229:δ
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215:β
213:2
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201:Îł
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189:2
187:Îł
185:2
180:)
178:2
176:ε
174:2
168:2
166:ε
164:2
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