2061:
36:
493:, in which measurements are performed multiple times over a fixed time interval. Kinetic assay results may be visualized numerically (for example, as a slope parameter representing the rate of signal change over time), or graphically (for example, as a plot of the signal measured at each time point). For kinetic assays, both the magnitude and shape of the measured response over time provide important information.
409:
in order to selectively present the target in a discernible or measurable form to a discrimination/identification/detection system. It might involve a simple centrifugal separation or washing or filtration or capture by some form of selective binding or it may even involve modifying the target e.g.
364:
this literally meant analysis of the purity of the gold or silver (or whatever the precious component) that represented the true value of the coin. This might have translated later (possibly after the 14th century) into a broader usage of "analysis", e.g., in pharmacology, analysis for an important
398:
While the analytic steps of the assay itself get much attention, it is those that get less attention of the chain of users—the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures—that typically accumulate the most errors; e.g., pre-analytic steps in medical laboratory assays may contribute 32–75% of all lab
386:
the handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before beginning the assay) are pre-analytic steps. Similarly, after the assay is completed the results must be documented, verified and communicated—the post-analytic steps. As with any multi-step
1415:
i.e. number of assays done per unit time (usually expressed as per hour) etc. Organizations or laboratories that perform Assays for professional purposes e.g. medical diagnosis and prognostics, environmental analysis, forensic proceeding, pharmaceutical research and development must undergo well
1386:
When multiple assays measure the same target their results and utility may or may not be comparable depending on the natures of the assay and their methodology, reliability etc. Such comparisons are possible through study of general quality attributes of the assays e.g. principles of measurement
776:
When the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light while passing through a fixed path-length through a cuvette of liquid test sample is measured and the absorbance is compared with a blank and standards with graded amounts of the target compound. If the emitted light is of a specific visible
553:, i.e. assays that give the read-out in an approximate fashion rather than an exact number for the quantity of the substance. Generally they have a few more gradations than just two outcomes, positive or negative, e.g. scoring on a scale of 1+ to 4+ as used for blood grouping tests based on RBC
455:
may be done at any or all of the steps above. Since the more downstream a step/process during an assay, the higher the chance of carrying over noise from the previous process and amplifying it, multiple steps in a sophisticated assay might involve various means of signal-specific
442:
enzyme so that it can be discerned as a more prominent component compared to any other potential components. Sometimes the concentration of the analyte is too large and in that case the assay may involve sample dilution or some sort of signal diminution system which is a negative
1444:
and must document appropriate certifications from the relevant regulating bodies in order to establish the reliability of their assays, especially to remain legally acceptable and accountable for the quality of the assay results and also to convince customers to use their assay
563:, i.e. assays that give accurate and exact numeric quantitative measure of the amount of a substance in a sample. An example of such an assay used in coagulation testing laboratories for the most common inherited bleeding disease -
449:: A system of deciphering the amplified signal into an interpretable output that can be quantitative or qualitative. It can be visual or manual very crude methods or can be very sophisticated electronic digital or analog detectors.
414:. Generally there are multiple separate steps done before an assay and are called preanalytic processing. But some of the manipulations may be inseparable part of the assay itself and will not thus be considered pre-analytic.
1003:
blood cells. This is measured by different physical methods (light transmission, electric current change). But other methods use biochemical probing cell structure or physiology (stains). Another application is to monitor
434:: The presence and quantity of that analyte is converted into a detectable signal generally involving some method of signal amplification, so that it can be easily discriminated from noise and measured - e.g. in a
819:
where a measurement of the amount of light scattering that occurs when a beam of light is passed through the solution is used to determine size and/or concentration and/or size distribution of particles in the
381:
An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information)
420:: to discriminate from background (noise) of similar components and specifically identify a particular target component ("analyte") in a biological material by its specific attributes. (e.g. in a
247:, may be much more gross and less quantitative (e.g., counting death or dysfunction of an organism or cells in a population, or some descriptive change in some body part of a group of animals).
674:: Enzymes may be tested by their highly repeating activity on a large number of substrates when loss of a substrate or the making of a product may have a measurable attribute like color or
395:
system, the variation and errors in reporting final results entail not only those intrinsic to the assay itself but also those occurring in the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures.
274:
sectors of professional industries. They have also undergone generations of development and sophistication. In some cases, they are protected by intellectual property regulations such as
223:), then their quantities are kept fixed (or in excess) so that the quantity and quality of the target are the only limiting factors. The difference in the assay outcome is used to
588:
and gradually increasing quantities of drug named ristocetin while measuring agglutination of the fixed platelets. A similar assay but used for a different purpose is called
547:, i.e. assays which generally give just a pass or fail, or positive or negative or some such sort of only small number of qualitative gradation rather than an exact quantity.
504:). Such assays are able to test large number of compounds or analytes or make functional biological readouts in response to a stimuli and/or compounds being tested.
1967:
Wang, Yanli; Bryant, Stephen H.; Cheng, Tiejun; Wang, Jiyao; Gindulyte, Asta; Shoemaker, Benjamin A.; Thiessen, Paul A.; He, Siqian; Zhang, Jian (4 January 2017).
1396:
995:
A cell-counting assay may determine the number of living cells, the number of dead cells, or the ratio of one cell type to another, such as enumerating and typing
1411:, turn around time i.e. time taken to finish a whole cycle from the preanalytic steps till the end of the last post analytic step (report dispatch/transmission),
156:
for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. The measured entity is often called the
577:, i.e. an assay that tries to quantify functioning of an active substance rather than just its quantity. The functional counterpart of the VWF antigen assay is
1400:
1392:
1433:
282:
and with automated organization of the procedure, from ordering an assay to pre-analytic sample processing (sample collection, necessary manipulations e.g.
1796:
243:
and involve greater difficulties in interpretation than an accurate chemical titration. On the other hand, older generation qualitative assays, especially
799:
of light may be used to measure e.g. clearing of opacity of a liquid created by suspended particles due to decrease in number of clumps during a platelet
1484:
1421:
1556:
1274:
1219:
828:
When color of light reflected from a (usually dry) sample or reactant is assessed e.g. the automated readings of the strip urine dipstick assays.
531:
enabled rapid, efficient sample testing in many fields, including immunology, cytochemistry, genetics/genomics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
811:
when the opacity of straight-transmitted light passing through a liquid sample is measured by detectors placed straight across the light source.
592:
or RIPA, which tests response of endogenous live platelets from a patient in response to
Ristocetin (exogenous) & VWF (usually endogenous).
1552:
714:
373:
in a formulation that previously was measured only grossly by its observable action on an organism (e.g., a lethal dose or inhibitory dose).
527:
are used to simultaneously measure the presence, concentration, activity, or quality of multiple analytes in a single test. The advent of
1479:
2050:
1047:
478:
Depending on whether an assay just looks at a single time point or timed readings taken at multiple time points, an assay may be:
589:
500:
can be either an endpoint or a kinetic assay usually done on an automated platform in 96-, 384- or 1536-well microplate formats (
456:
sharpening/enhancement arrangements and noise reduction or filtering arrangements. These may simply be in the form of a narrow
1932:
1144:
1387:(including identification, amplification and detection), dynamic range of detection (usually the range of linearity of the
1357:
technique. The number of cells which secrete those particular substances can be determined using a related technique, the
239:
or phenomena that are intrinsically more complex in composition or behavior, or both. Thus, reading of an assay may be
197:
1671:
1642:
739:
119:
581:
Cofactor assay, which measures the functional activity of the VWF present in a patient's plasma by adding exogenous
227:
the unknown quality or quantity of the target in question. Some assays (e.g., biochemical assays) may be similar to
100:
72:
1818:
914:
1375:
2090:
1069:
582:
57:
1091:
1039:
310:
79:
1561:
1458:
Bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from
1297:
1161:
734:
Assays may utilize a combination of the above and other amplification methods to improve sensitivity. e.g.
718:
665:
Depending on the nature of the signal amplification system assays may be of numerous types, to name a few:
438:
assay among a mixture of DNA sequences only the specific target is amplified into millions of copies by a
212:, functional activity in enzyme international units, degree of effect in comparison to a standard, etc.).
1267:
1270:
or survival assay or invasion assay to assess ability of pathogens (bacteria) to invade eukaryotic cells
19:
This article is about assays associated with biological applications. For assays of various metals, see
1429:
86:
791:
signals of another specific wavelength which is detected via very specific wavelength optical filters.
1408:
1404:
1301:
1198:
1086:
724:
435:
421:
1337:
formed by a viral inoculum is counted, from which the actual virus concentration can be determined.
1609:
1065:
951:
929:
679:
464:
reagent in a fluorescence detection system that prevents "autofluorescence" of background objects.
460:
optical filter, or a blocking reagent in a binding reaction that prevents nonspecific binding or a
392:
271:
255:
1013:
287:
68:
2056:
This includes a detailed, technical explanation of contemporaneous metallic ore assay techniques.
1057:
890:
800:
554:
46:
1875:
1848:
1255:
1202:
957:
564:
53:
571:
antigen assay where the amount of VWF present in a blood sample is measured by an immunoassay.
270:, curbside, or field levels. Assays in high commercial demand have been well investigated in
2085:
1194:
694:
568:
353:
means "trial, test of quality, test of character" (from mid-14th century), from Anglo-French
314:
267:
240:
149:
24:
305:, and the results are verified and automatically returned to ordering service providers and
1594:
934:
759:
690:
644:
228:
278:
granted for inventions. Such industrial-scale assays are often performed in well-equipped
8:
1214:
1169:
1123:
Many cell assays have been developed to assess specific parameters or response of cells (
1009:
962:
832:
766:
410:
epitope retrieval in immunological assays or cutting down the target into pieces e.g. in
361:
224:
201:
137:
20:
2040:
2095:
1993:
1968:
1946:
1660:
1210:
984:
322:
1892:
1756:"A Review of Medical Errors in Laboratory Diagnostics and Where We Are Today: Table 1"
1128:
1998:
1938:
1928:
1897:
1736:
1667:
1638:
1604:
1417:
1186:
895:
843:
772:
411:
366:
318:
251:
193:
181:
153:
1950:
648:
when a ligand (usually a small molecule) binds a receptor (usually a large protein).
1988:
1980:
1920:
1887:
1767:
1726:
1223:
1073:
1029:
1000:
706:
263:
177:
93:
1687:
1285:
1241:
1228:
1053:
1043:
990:
967:
939:
524:
1924:
1788:
1731:
1714:
540:
Depending on the quality of the result produced, assays may be classified into:
486:, in which a single measurement is performed after a fixed incubation period; or
402:
Assays can be very diverse, but generally involve the following general steps:
1261:
1190:
1181:
1153:
1140:
996:
979:
874:
may be used directly or indirectly for many types of quantitative measurements.
839:
439:
236:
185:
2079:
2045:
1772:
1755:
1437:
1315:
1237:
824:
795:
710:
608:: when the response is biological activity of live objects. Examples include
259:
2065:
2054:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 776–778.
1108:
1016:). A cytotoxicity assay measures how toxic a chemical compound is to cells.
709:
and equilibrium dialysis assays and can be detected by the amplification in
601:
Depending on the general substrate on which the assay principle is applied:
2002:
1942:
1901:
1740:
1334:
1326:
1206:
1005:
815:
807:
701:
670:
425:
302:
173:
145:
1984:
1425:
1319:
1305:
867:
863:
788:
779:
652:
557:
in response to grouping reagents (antibody against blood group antigens).
388:
337:
means "to try, endeavor, strive, test the quality of"; from Anglo-French
2060:
751:
Depending on the nature of the
Detection system assays can be based on:
1412:
1165:
1157:
1136:
1111:
1104:
885:
871:
686:
675:
578:
468:
299:
283:
279:
1535:
to their metadata about experimental conditions and protocol designs.
857:: When the size statistics of cells is assessed by an image processor.
1614:
1532:
1459:
1441:
1370:
1249:
1233:
1124:
1020:
880:
853:
849:
Imaging assays, that involve image analysis manually or by software:
457:
370:
232:
216:
35:
1515:
1350:
1346:
1258:
measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by a cancer drug
1061:
918:
614:, whole organism (e.g. mouse or other subject injected with a drug)
585:
461:
306:
244:
205:
189:
903:
2016:
1571:
1494:
1358:
1245:
1180:) to enumerate B-Cells or antigen-specific cells, in solution by
1177:
1173:
1148:
424:
assay a specific oligonucleotide primer identifies the target by
295:
291:
220:
209:
1919:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1939. pp. 37–47.
1915:
Harris, JB (2019). "Post-processing of Large
Bioactivity Data".
783:, or it may involve specific wavelength of light e.g. by use of
728:
Assays that amplify a DNA (or RNA) target rather than the signal
428:
based on the specific nucleotide sequence unique to the target).
2039:
1826:
1599:
1510:
656:
when the response is an antigen antibody binding type reaction.
275:
141:
23:. For the French commune in the Indre-et-Loire department, see
1874:
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (November 1951).
991:
Cell counting, viability, proliferation or cytotoxicity assays
831:
Viscoelastic measurements e.g. viscometry, elastography (e.g.
513:
Depending on how many targets or analytes are being measured:
1354:
1330:
1308:
784:
735:
685:
Light detection systems that may use amplification e.g. by a
325:, the physical autoanalyzer instruments, and other automata.
1712:
357:; and its meaning "analysis" is from the late 14th century.
1713:
Bonini, P; Plebani, M; Ceriotti, F; Rubboli, F (May 2002).
521:
which is usually the default unless it is called multiplex.
169:
1873:
1576:
1499:
922:
309:. These are made possible through the use of an advanced
1635:
The
American heritage dictionary of the English language
473:
418:
Target-specific discrimination/identification principle
1025:
Cell
Counting Kit-8 (WST-8 based cell viability assay)
762:: e.g. by multiplying bacteria or proliferating cells.
1345:
A wide range of cellular secretions (say, a specific
1333:
present in a sample. In this technique the number of
1080:
1797:
National Center for
Advancing Translational Sciences
1637:(4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 2006.
469:
Assay types based on the nature of the assay process
1966:
1876:"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent"
365:component of a target inside a mixture—such as the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1962:
1960:
1659:
632:part of an organ (e.g. a segment of an intestine).
1666:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1658:Abate, Frank (2001). J. Jewell, Elizabeth (ed.).
746:
2077:
1462:in literature, patents, and screening programs.
196:. An assay usually aims to measure an analyte's
1957:
1264:detect the presence of antigen specific T-cells
1035:CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay
904:Assay types based on the targets being measured
298:, etc.). Analytes are generally tested in high-
266:. Other businesses may also employ them at the
508:
1448:
877:Other physical property based assays may use
447:Signal detection (and interpretation) system
250:Assays have become a routine part of modern
136:is an investigative (analytic) procedure in
1786:
1789:"Assay Guidance Manual [Internet]"
1753:
1531:Protocol databases correlate results from
1992:
1891:
1819:"Multiplexed Assays in the Life Sciences"
1771:
1730:
1048:Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
596:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1754:Hammerling, Julie A. (1 February 2012).
1453:
846:/impedance principle based cell counters
333:According to Etymology Online, the verb
1038:Cell counting instruments and methods:
678:at a particular wavelength or light or
660:
590:Ristocetin Induced Platelet Aggregation
432:Signal (or target) amplification system
2078:
1914:
1340:
453:Signal enhancement and noise filtering
2037:
1816:
1688:"Online Etymology Dictionary - Assay"
1657:
1526:
1300:uses a proprietary, high-performance
474:Time and number of measurements taken
16:Measure the amount of a target entity
1162:ImmunoHistoChemistry or Fluorescence
1118:
235:. However, assays typically involve
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
168:of the assay. The analyte can be a
13:
1795:. Eli Lilly & Company and the
1662:The new Oxford American dictionary
1081:Environmental or food contaminants
862:Electric detection e.g. involving
407:Sample processing and manipulation
290:if necessary, storage, retrieval,
14:
2107:
2031:
1917:Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery
1279:
1139:, calcium signaling assays using
740:enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
2059:
2038:Blair, Andrew Alexander (1911).
1114:in water with a bluing reaction.
376:
34:
2009:
1969:"PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update"
1908:
1715:"Errors in laboratory medicine"
200:and express it in the relevant
45:needs additional citations for
1867:
1841:
1810:
1780:
1747:
1706:
1680:
1651:
1627:
1329:is to calculate the number of
1129:Techniques used to study cells
1097:
1070:Bacteriological water analysis
1068:(detect dead or dying cells),
842:cell or particle counters, or
747:Detection method or technology
705:labeled substrates as used in
620:body part (e.g. leg of a frog)
535:
1:
2064:The dictionary definition of
1893:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
1620:
1445:commercially/professionally.
1040:CASY cell counting technology
682:or electrical/redox activity.
311:laboratory informatics system
1817:Banks, Peter (7 June 2010).
1562:Collaborative Drug Discovery
1353:) can be detected using the
1298:HPCE-based viral titer assay
838:Counting assays: e.g. optic
777:wavelength it may be called
635:tissue (e.g. limulus lysate)
328:
7:
1925:10.1007/978-1-4939-9089-4_3
1588:
1291:
1268:Gentamicin protection assay
1135:reporter assays using i.e.
626:organ (e.g. heart of a dog)
517:Usual assays are simple or
509:Number of analytes detected
369:of a drug inside the inert
10:
2112:
1449:List of BioAssay databases
1430:analytical quality control
1409:negative predictive values
1381:
999:versus different types of
945:
18:
1732:10.1093/clinchem/48.5.691
1376:Radioligand binding assay
1371:Testing for Illegal Drugs
1302:capillary electrophoresis
1012:of cell proliferation or
736:Enzyme-linked immunoassay
725:Polymerase Chain Reaction
502:High Throughput Screening
349:, "trial". Thus the noun
1787:Sittampalam, GS (2004).
1773:10.1309/LM6ER9WJR1IHQAUY
1610:Pharmaceutical chemistry
1364:
1066:Ethidium homodimer assay
952:Bicinchoninic acid assay
930:DNase footprinting assay
891:Ion Selective electrodes
680:Electrochemiluminescence
551:Semi-quantitative assays
345:(noun), from Old French
321:with end-users, central
272:research and development
2051:Encyclopædia Britannica
362:assay of currency coins
284:spinning for separation
1973:Nucleic Acids Research
1694:. Douglas Harper. 2016
1397:functional sensitivity
1256:Chemosensitivity assay
1203:Computational genomics
1156:of cells on slides by
1092:Aquatic toxicity tests
973:
958:Bradford protein assay
908:
597:Sample type and method
565:Von Willebrand disease
215:If the assay involves
2091:Laboratory techniques
2021:assay.biometadata.com
1454:Bioactivity databases
1420:procedures including
1318:is used to determine
1248:activity assays, and
1195:in situ hybridization
695:charge-coupled device
638:cell (e.g. platelets)
498:high throughput assay
174:biochemical substance
150:environmental biology
25:Assay, Indre-et-Loire
1595:Analytical chemistry
1401:analytic specificity
1393:analytic sensitivity
1304:system to determine
1127:, cell physiology).
935:Filter binding assay
913:Assays for studying
760:virtual colony count
691:photomultiplier tube
661:Signal amplification
645:Ligand binding assay
519:single target assays
54:improve this article
1985:10.1093/nar/gkw1118
1853:The Free Dictionary
1760:Laboratory Medicine
1434:proficiency testing
1341:Cellular secretions
1236:assays such as the
1215:Immunoprecipitation
1189:techniques such as
963:Lowry protein assay
833:thromboelastography
732:Combination Methods
561:Quantitative assays
264:forensic technology
237:biological material
138:laboratory medicine
21:metallurgical assay
1719:Clinical Chemistry
1527:Protocol databases
1211:Cell fractionation
985:Ribosome profiling
545:Qualitative assays
319:computer terminals
198:intensive property
1979:(D1): D955–D963.
1934:978-1-4939-9088-7
1605:Multiplex (assay)
1586:
1585:
1524:
1523:
1485:Jason Bret Harris
1422:method validation
1418:quality assurance
1187:Molecular biology
1176:(and its variant
1119:Other cell assays
1074:Clonogenic assays
896:Syndromic testing
773:spectrophotometry
707:radioimmunoassays
575:Functional assays
412:Mass Spectrometry
367:active ingredient
229:chemical analysis
154:molecular biology
130:
129:
122:
104:
2103:
2063:
2055:
2043:
2041:"Assaying"
2025:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1631:
1572:PubChem-BioAssay
1557:BioAssay Express
1547:Initial release
1538:
1537:
1495:PubChem-BioAssay
1474:Initial release
1465:
1464:
1275:Metastasis Assay
1229:Secretion assays
1224:Chemotaxis assay
1220:Migration assays
1058:resazurin method
1054:viability assays
1030:Sulforhodamine B
787:and emission of
525:Multiplex assays
202:measurement unit
178:chemical element
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2076:
2075:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1965:
1958:
1935:
1913:
1909:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1829:Instruments Inc
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1785:
1781:
1752:
1748:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1591:
1529:
1456:
1451:
1384:
1367:
1343:
1294:
1286:Crude oil assay
1282:
1242:Nicoletti assay
1191:DNA microarrays
1131:include :
1121:
1100:
1083:
1044:Coulter counter
993:
976:
968:Secretion assay
948:
940:Gel shift assay
911:
906:
840:Flow cytometric
749:
663:
599:
538:
511:
484:end point assay
476:
471:
379:
331:
219:reactants (the
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2072:
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2057:
2046:Chisholm, Hugh
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2032:External links
2030:
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2008:
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1855:. Farlex. 2016
1849:"Nephelometry"
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1280:Petrochemistry
1278:
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1265:
1262:Tetramer assay
1259:
1253:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1197:, combined to
1184:
1182:Flow cytometry
1172:including the
1154:Immunostaining
1151:
1141:Coelenterazine
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711:Gamma counters
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443:amplification.
440:DNA polymerase
429:
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317:with multiple
260:pharmaceutical
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491:kinetic assay
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377:General steps
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2086:Biochemistry
2073:
2066:
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2020:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1916:
1910:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1793:ncbi.nlm.com
1792:
1782:
1766:(2): 41–44.
1763:
1759:
1749:
1725:(5): 691–8.
1722:
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1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1661:
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1629:
1530:
1457:
1388:
1385:
1344:
1327:plaque assay
1324:
1313:
1295:
1273:
1207:Transfection
1122:
1014:cytotoxicity
1006:cell culture
994:
915:interactions
912:
852:
823:
816:Nephelometry
814:
808:Turbidimetry
806:
794:
778:
771:
765:
755:
750:
731:
723:
715:X-ray plates
702:Radioisotope
700:
693:or a cooled
671:Enzyme assay
669:
664:
651:
643:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
600:
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560:
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539:
529:multiplexing
528:
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501:
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431:
426:base pairing
417:
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393:transmission
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346:
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334:
332:
280:laboratories
249:
214:
165:
161:
157:
146:pharmacology
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1859:9 September
1553:BioMetaData
1426:calibration
1320:HIV tropism
1306:baculovirus
1240:assay, the
1166:microplates
1112:surfactants
1098:Surfactants
1087:Bisphenol F
954:(BCA assay)
868:Voltammetry
864:amperometry
789:fluorescent
780:colorimetry
653:Immunoassay
536:Result type
389:information
192:or organic
110:August 2016
2080:Categories
1823:biotek.com
1692:etymonline
1621:References
1424:, regular
1416:regulated
1413:throughput
1325:The viral
1178:FluoroSpot
1170:photometry
1158:Microscopy
1137:Luciferase
1125:biomarkers
1107:indicates
1105:MBAS assay
886:Viscometer
872:coulometry
767:Photometry
687:photodiode
676:absorbance
579:Ristocetin
371:excipients
315:interfaces
300:throughput
296:aspiration
288:aliquoting
268:industrial
80:newspapers
2096:Titration
1833:13 August
1802:12 August
1698:13 August
1615:Titration
1533:bioassays
1480:ScrubChem
1460:bioassays
1442:licensing
1250:Annexin V
1234:Apoptosis
1021:MTT assay
925:include:
881:Osmometer
854:Cytometry
803:reaction.
586:platelets
462:quenching
458:band-pass
329:Etymology
307:end-users
292:pipetting
245:bioassays
233:titration
217:exogenous
164:, or the
162:measurand
2003:27899599
1951:73493315
1943:30848455
1902:14907713
1741:11978595
1589:See also
1516:EMBL-EBI
1405:positive
1351:cytokine
1347:antibody
1292:Virology
1252:staining
1062:ATP test
919:proteins
738:or EIA,
606:Bioassay
399:errors.
221:reagents
206:molarity
190:organism
182:compound
2048:(ed.).
1994:5210581
1579:
1502:
1440:, test
1436:, test
1382:Quality
1361:assay.
1359:ELISPOT
1331:viruses
1246:caspase
1174:ELISpot
1149:Calcein
1109:anionic
1032:) assay
946:Protein
844:coulter
820:sample.
630:ex vivo
624:ex vivo
618:ex vivo
612:in vivo
341:, from
339:assaier
323:servers
276:patents
252:medical
210:density
158:analyte
94:scholar
69:"Assay"
2017:"Home"
2001:
1991:
1949:
1941:
1931:
1900:
1827:BioTek
1739:
1670:
1641:
1600:MELISA
1511:ChEMBL
1205:, and
1164:), on
1010:assays
262:, and
225:deduce
204:(e.g.
194:sample
188:in an
166:target
160:, the
142:mining
96:
89:
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67:
2067:assay
2044:. In
1947:S2CID
1582:2004
1566:2016
1541:Name
1520:2009
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1489:2016
1468:Name
1365:Drugs
1355:ELISA
1309:titer
1076:, ...
1052:Cell
1028:SRB (
1001:white
921:with
785:laser
717:, or
689:or a
355:assai
351:assay
347:essai
343:assai
335:assay
313:that
241:noisy
184:, or
134:assay
101:JSTOR
87:books
1999:PMID
1939:PMID
1929:ISBN
1898:PMID
1861:2016
1835:2016
1804:2016
1737:PMID
1700:2016
1668:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1314:The
1296:The
1145:CFSE
360:For
231:and
186:cell
170:drug
152:and
73:news
1989:PMC
1981:doi
1921:doi
1888:doi
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1768:doi
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1577:NIH
1555:or
1500:NIH
1391:),
1349:or
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1199:PCR
1168:by
1147:or
1103:An
997:red
974:RNA
923:DNA
917:of
909:DNA
758:or
713:or
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567:is
482:An
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422:PCR
384:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
