3345:
3359:
263:
40:
327:
2301:
295:, which would favor the Japanese archipelago, while in La Niña years the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shift west, which increases the threat to China. In the Atlantic basin, the subtropical ridge position tends to lie about 5 degrees farther south during El Niño years, which leads to a more southerly recurvature for tropical cyclones during those years.
173:. This air mass rises and then diverges, moving away from the equator in both northerly and southerly directions. As the air moves towards the mid-latitudes on both sides of the equator, it cools and sinks. This creates a ridge of high pressure near the 30th parallel in both hemispheres. At the surface level, the sinking air diverges again with some returning to the equator, creating the
100:
called the "dead horse" time, and it usually lasted a month or two. The seaman's ceremony was to celebrate having worked off the "dead horse" debt. As west-bound shipping from Europe usually reached the subtropics at about the time the "dead horse" was worked off, the latitude became associated with the ceremony.
119:
A third explanation, which simultaneously explains both the northern and southern horse latitudes and does not depend on the length of the voyage or the port of departure, is based on maritime terminology: a ship was said to be 'horsed' when, although there was insufficient wind for sail, the vessel
115:
transported horses by ship to their colonies in the West Indies and
Americas. Ships often became becalmed in mid-ocean in this latitude, thus severely prolonging the voyage; the resulting water shortages made it impossible for the crew to keep the horses alive, and they would throw the dead or dying
270:
The subtropical ridge starts migrating poleward in late spring reaching its zenith in early autumn before retreating equatorward during the late fall, winter, and early spring. The equatorward migration of the subtropical ridge during the cold season is due to increasing north-south temperature
99:
of a horse around the deck before throwing it overboard. Seamen were paid partly in advance before a long voyage, and they frequently spent their pay all at once, resulting in a period of time without income. If they got advances from the ship's paymaster, they would incur debt. This period was
282:
form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the
Westerlies. When the subtropical ridge shifts due to ENSO, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to
342:
extend into the United States. The subtropical ridge across North
America typically migrates far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September. When the subtropical ridge is farther north than normal towards the
668:
354:
In summer, On the subtropical ridge's western edge (generally on the eastern coast of continents), the high-pressure cell pushes poleward a southerly flow (northerly in the southern hemisphere) of tropical air. In the United States, the subtropical ridge
351:. When the high pressure moves south, its circulation cuts off the moisture, and the hot, dry continental airmass returns from the northwest, and therefore the atmosphere dries out across the Desert Southwest, causing a break in the monsoon regime.
130:, October 1967). He argued the maritime use of 'horsed' described a ship that was being carried along by an ocean current or tide in the manner of a rider on horseback. The term had been in use since the end of the seventeenth century. Furthermore,
679:
955:
992:
2856:
378:
When surface winds become light, the subsidence produced directly under the subtropical ridge can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge, leading to widespread
2851:
196:
allowing for a more northerly axis for the ridge, while El Niños show flatter, more southerly ridges. The change of the ridge position during ENSO cycles changes the tracks of
874:
367:. This flow pattern also occurs on the eastern coasts of continents in other subtropical climates such as South China, southern Japan, central-eastern South America
271:
differences between the poles and tropics. The latitudinal movement of the subtropical ridge is strongly correlated with the progression of the monsoon trough or
962:
782:
218:
The consistently warm, dry, and sunny conditions of the horse latitudes are the main cause for the existence of the world's major hot deserts, such as the
750:
2811:
138:, an island off the coast of Brazil, mentions it had been visited frequently by ships "occasioned by the currents having horsed them to the westward".
188:
The subtropical ridge moves poleward during the summer, reaching its highest latitude in early autumn, before moving back during the cold season. The
2660:
2127:
2006:
881:
521:
India
Directory, or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent Ports..
200:
that form around their equatorward and western peripheries. As the subtropical ridge varies in position and strength, it can enhance or depress
2790:
2185:
516:
India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and the interjacent ports
2242:
2134:
783:
Interannual and
Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part I: Roles of the Subtropical Ridge.
207:
The horse latitudes are associated with the subtropical anticyclone. The belt in the
Northern Hemisphere is sometimes called the "calms of
854:
915:
538:
3074:
3410:
871:
642:
1999:
1823:
948:
266:
The subtropical ridge shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from
September 2000.
3047:
3040:
2973:
2927:
930:
798:
189:
3135:
3081:
1741:
706:"Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific"
149:. The 'Ross latitudes' were named after the Englishman who described them first but could have been mistranslated, as
3395:
2235:
299:
157:
are German synonyms for a horse. An incorrect translation could therefore have produced the term "horse latitudes".
2467:
2369:
33:
3095:
3054:
1992:
818:
364:
17:
730:
705:
3088:
839:
583:
556:
414:
272:
170:
940:
1719:
760:
178:
92:
141:
A further explanation is that this naming first appeared in the
English translation of a German book where
91:
A likely and documented explanation is that the term is derived from the "dead horse" ritual of seamen (see
3385:
2993:
2872:
2446:
2330:
2228:
1873:
67:. They are characterized by sunny skies, calm winds, and very little precipitation. They are also known as
3199:
3181:
2783:
2200:
2268:
2064:
1943:
238:
deserts in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, all in the
Northern Hemisphere; and the
897:
2963:
2906:
755:
634:
359:
helps create the hot, sultry summers with daily thunderstorms with buoyant airmasses typical of the
338:
season for Asia. The subtropical ridge position is linked to how far northward monsoon moisture and
3349:
2681:
2474:
2425:
1803:
510:
124:. This was suggested by Edward Taube in his article "The Sense of 'Horse' in the Horse Latitudes" (
3263:
2968:
2418:
2383:
2376:
2289:
1122:
399:
3400:
3204:
3158:
1808:
1798:
1734:
909:
334:
When the subtropical ridge in the northwest
Pacific is stronger than normal, it leads to a wet
851:
3405:
3149:
2674:
2495:
2460:
2323:
2044:
2015:
1793:
303:
815:
627:
306:(1995–present), it amplifies the subtropical ridge across the central and eastern Atlantic.
3390:
3273:
3019:
2695:
2411:
2390:
975:
717:
568:
514:
445:
287:
and neutral years, while mainland China experiences much greater landfall frequency during
126:
534:
8:
2950:
2911:
2846:
2625:
2548:
2439:
2432:
2397:
2337:
2316:
2282:
1899:
1863:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1181:
1176:
1151:
1146:
1086:
1047:
1008:
746:
292:
212:
135:
60:
56:
935:
721:
573:
3012:
2252:
2029:
1904:
1868:
1783:
1773:
1640:
1588:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1119:
971:
596:
404:
182:
72:
3268:
3028:
2632:
2404:
2344:
2049:
1919:
1878:
1788:
1758:
1727:
1281:
1191:
835:
638:
588:
383:
251:
601:
3363:
2988:
2576:
1096:
1081:
1057:
1042:
1018:
1003:
725:
578:
291:
years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near
279:
208:
197:
2688:
2583:
2562:
2520:
2275:
2113:
1914:
878:
858:
802:
542:
424:
247:
177:
which during summer is reinforced by other climatological mechanisms such as the
166:
2765:
3241:
2646:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2488:
2481:
2152:
1186:
1156:
970:
495:
360:
239:
235:
223:
112:
104:
1749:
3379:
3166:
3120:
2816:
2611:
2569:
2555:
2362:
2190:
2159:
1909:
1853:
1091:
1052:
1013:
795:
592:
372:
315:
262:
231:
227:
219:
121:
444:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3253:
3171:
3130:
2751:
2744:
2730:
2723:
2709:
2667:
2653:
2639:
2618:
2180:
2120:
2054:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1635:
356:
344:
339:
103:
An alternative theory, of sufficient popularity to serve as an example of
39:
3311:
3231:
3125:
2978:
2841:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2702:
2534:
2453:
1858:
1833:
1754:
419:
174:
76:
283:
experience far fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during
3316:
3306:
3285:
3246:
2958:
2877:
1894:
1848:
1813:
1687:
1583:
1538:
991:
80:
68:
908:
624:
288:
284:
193:
3280:
3236:
3216:
2932:
2821:
2059:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1818:
326:
745:
Bell, Gerald; Chelliah, Muthuvel; Mo, Kingste; Goldenberg, Stanley;
192:(ENSO) can displace the northern hemisphere subtropical ridge, with
3301:
3194:
3189:
2300:
2195:
2071:
409:
52:
785:
Journal of Climate: pp. 4310–4325. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
181:. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological
3258:
3034:
2039:
1933:
1750:
1492:
1076:
1037:
997:
348:
335:
321:
201:
64:
32:
This article is about the geographical area. For other uses, see
368:
96:
43:
A diagram showing the relative positions of the horse latitudes
2034:
1778:
243:
309:
904:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
731:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2
379:
615:
Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
584:
10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:SAASM>2.0.CO;2
485:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003
387:
744:
95:). In this practice, the seaman paraded a straw-stuffed
796:
Basics of the Arizona Monsoon & Desert Meteorology.
29:
Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator
473:, London, Oxford University Press, 1976. pp. 233, 399
443:
816:
Review of Variability in the North American Monsoon.
704:
Wu, M. C.; Chang, W. L.; Leung, W. M. (March 2004).
211:" and that in the Southern Hemisphere the "calms of
120:
could make good progress by latching on to a strong
626:
347:, monsoon thunderstorms can spread northward into
781:C.-P. Chang, Yongsheng Zhang, and Tim Li (1999).
555:Rodwell, M. J.; Hoskins, B. J. (August 1, 2001).
3377:
882:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
625:Roger Graham Barry, Richard J. Chorley (1992).
169:leads to large amounts of convection along the
2791:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
749:; Blake, Eric; Pasch, Richard (May 17, 2004).
557:"Subtropical Anticyclones and Summer Monsoons"
554:
2236:
2000:
1735:
956:
204:regimes around their low-latitude periphery.
703:
931:Physical Geography – The Global Environment
832:Environment: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
2243:
2229:
2014:
2007:
1993:
1742:
1728:
963:
949:
678:. United States Navy. 2006. Archived from
729:
600:
582:
572:
508:
471:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
310:Role in weather formation and air quality
3075:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
325:
261:
38:
2250:
936:Winds and the Global Circulation System
751:"NOAA: 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook"
14:
3378:
2224:
1988:
1723:
944:
386:rises towards 100 percent overnight,
86:
1961:
1824:Tropical cyclones and climate change
902:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
483:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
330:Mean July subtropical ridge position
3048:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3041:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2974:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2857:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
669:"3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies"
24:
3136:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
3082:Australian region tropical cyclone
891:
523:. London: W. H. Allen. p. 31.
25:
3422:
924:
884:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
821:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
794:Arizona State University (2009).
656:Atmosphere, weather, and climate.
300:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
3357:
3343:
2299:
990:
629:Atmosphere, weather, and climate
230:deserts in the Middle East, the
165:The heating of the earth at the
34:Horse latitudes (disambiguation)
3096:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
3055:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
864:
861:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
844:
824:
819:United States Geological Survey
808:
805:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
788:
775:
738:
697:
661:
446:"What are the Horse Latitudes?"
365:East Coast of the United States
3089:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2852:Continental North Asian storms
618:
609:
548:
527:
502:
488:
476:
463:
437:
415:Intertropical Convergence Zone
273:Intertropical Convergence Zone
171:Intertropical Convergence Zone
145:was incorrectly understood as
13:
1:
430:
3411:Tropical cyclone meteorology
3350:Tropical cyclones portal
2391:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
2331:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1874:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
676:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
304:tropical cyclone development
257:
254:in the Southern Hemisphere.
190:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
160:
7:
3200:Mesoscale convective vortex
3182:Mesoscale convective system
2784:List of European windstorms
2201:Pacific Northwest windstorm
850:Myanmar government (2007).
393:
371:, southern Queensland and,
10:
3427:
857:February 24, 2008, at the
375:province in South Africa.
319:
313:
31:
3337:
3294:
3224:
3215:
3180:
3157:
3148:
3113:
3064:
3002:
2987:
2964:Australian east coast Low
2949:
2920:
2907:Australian east coast low
2899:
2890:
2865:
2834:
2804:
2775:
2505:
2447:1992 New Year's Day Storm
2354:
2308:
2297:
2260:
2220:
2213:
2173:
2144:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2022:
1984:
1952:
1941:
1932:
1887:
1841:
1832:
1766:
989:
986:
756:Climate Prediction Center
509:Horsburgh, James (1836).
179:Rodwell–Hoskins mechanism
111:originates from when the
71:ridges or highs. It is a
3396:Meteorological phenomena
2475:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
2468:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1804:Annular tropical cyclone
302:'s mode is favorable to
3264:Multiple-vortex tornado
2703:Friederike (David) 2018
2696:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
2419:December 1981 windstorm
2377:North Sea flood of 1953
2290:Christmas Flood of 1717
916:Encyclopædia Britannica
910:"Horse Latitudes"
814:David K. Adams (2009).
535:Hadley Circulation Cell
400:Atmospheric circulation
3205:Line echo wave pattern
3159:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2928:Southern Ocean cyclone
2016:Extratropical cyclones
1809:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1799:Central dense overcast
919:(11th ed.). 1911.
870:Robert Tardif (2002).
541:March 5, 2009, at the
331:
267:
75:at the divergence of
44:
2577:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
2440:Burns' Day storm 1990
2324:Night of the Big Wind
2045:Post-tropical cyclone
1794:Rapid intensification
898:Horse latitudes entry
877:May 20, 2011, at the
801:May 31, 2009, at the
633:. Routledge. p.
511:"Fernando de Noronha"
450:oceanservice.noaa.gov
329:
265:
42:
3364:Tornadoes portal
3274:Anticyclonic tornado
3242:Low-topped supercell
3020:Cape Verde hurricane
2412:Gale of January 1976
872:Fog characteristics.
747:Landsea, Christopher
382:. If the low-level
127:Journal of Geography
93:Beating a dead horse
3386:Circles of latitude
3066:Southern Hemisphere
3004:Northern Hemisphere
2892:Southern Hemisphere
2847:Western Disturbance
2661:Thomas (Doris) 2017
2433:Great storm of 1987
2398:1968 Scotland storm
2338:Tay Bridge disaster
2317:Great Storm of 1824
2283:Great Storm of 1703
2253:European windstorms
2082:Northern Hemisphere
1900:South Atlantic High
1888:Southern Hemisphere
1864:North American High
1842:Northern Hemisphere
1087:Tropic of Capricorn
1048:Tropic of Capricorn
1009:Tropic of Capricorn
972:Circles of latitude
722:2004JCli...17.1419W
574:2001JCli...14.3192R
533:Owen E. Thompson. "
183:high-pressure areas
136:Fernando de Noronha
132:The India Directory
116:animals overboard.
107:, is that the term
3013:Atlantic hurricane
2969:Lake Huron cyclone
2030:Anticyclonic storm
1905:South Pacific High
1869:North Pacific High
1784:High-pressure area
1774:Anticyclonic storm
763:on January 1, 2019
710:Journal of Climate
561:Journal of Climate
496:"World Wide Words"
405:Circle of latitude
332:
268:
87:Origin of the term
73:high-pressure area
45:
3373:
3372:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3269:Satellite tornado
3144:
3143:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3029:Pacific hurricane
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2886:
2885:
2830:
2829:
2800:
2799:
2345:Eyemouth disaster
2261:14th-18th century
2209:
2208:
2169:
2168:
2050:Low-pressure area
1928:
1927:
1920:Subtropical ridge
1879:Subtropical ridge
1789:Low-pressure area
1759:Centers of action
1717:
1716:
644:978-0-415-07760-6
567:(15): 3192–3211.
384:relative humidity
280:tropical cyclones
252:Australian Desert
198:tropical cyclones
134:in its entry for
55:about 30 degrees
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3222:
3221:
3155:
3154:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2912:Black nor'easter
2897:
2896:
2893:
2812:Black Sea storms
2793:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2454:Braer Storm 1993
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2162:
2155:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1895:South Polar High
1849:North Polar High
1839:
1838:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1097:Antarctic Circle
1082:Tropic of Cancer
1058:Antarctic Circle
1043:Tropic of Cancer
1019:Antarctic Circle
1004:Tropic of Cancer
994:
965:
958:
951:
942:
941:
920:
912:
885:
868:
862:
848:
842:
828:
822:
812:
806:
792:
786:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
759:. Archived from
742:
736:
735:
733:
716:(6): 1419–1428.
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
684:
673:
665:
659:
658:
653:
651:
632:
622:
616:
613:
607:
606:
604:
586:
576:
552:
546:
531:
525:
524:
506:
500:
499:
492:
486:
480:
474:
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
441:
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3344:
3342:
3321:
3290:
3211:
3176:
3140:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2991:
2983:
2937:
2916:
2891:
2882:
2861:
2826:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2276:Burchardi flood
2274:
2269:Grote Mandrenke
2267:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2205:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2140:
2133:
2128:Great basin low
2126:
2119:
2114:Alberta clipper
2112:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2018:
2013:
1980:
1976:South Polar low
1971:North Polar low
1953:
1942:
1924:
1915:Australian High
1883:
1828:
1762:
1748:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1115:
1113:
1110:Horse latitudes
1106:
1103:Horse latitudes
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1071:Horse latitudes
1067:
1064:Horse latitudes
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1032:Horse latitudes
1028:
1025:Horse latitudes
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
982:
980:Horse latitudes
969:
927:
907:
894:
892:Further reading
889:
888:
879:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
859:Wayback Machine
849:
845:
830:Adelson, Glen;
829:
825:
813:
809:
803:Wayback Machine
793:
789:
780:
776:
766:
764:
743:
739:
702:
698:
688:
686:
685:on July 5, 2012
682:
671:
667:
666:
662:
649:
647:
645:
623:
619:
614:
610:
553:
549:
543:Wayback Machine
532:
528:
507:
503:
494:
493:
489:
481:
477:
468:
464:
454:
452:
442:
438:
433:
425:Roaring Forties
396:
324:
318:
312:
260:
248:Kalahari Desert
222:in Africa, the
167:thermal equator
163:
109:horse latitudes
89:
49:horse latitudes
37:
30:
23:
22:
18:Horse Latitudes
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3353:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2633:Christina 2014
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2405:Quimburga 1972
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2153:Panhandle hook
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1944:Synoptic scale
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:of the world (
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
995:
988:
987:
984:
983:
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
939:
938:
933:
926:
925:External links
923:
922:
921:
905:
893:
890:
887:
886:
863:
843:
834:, pp. 466–467
823:
807:
787:
774:
737:
696:
660:
643:
617:
608:
547:
526:
501:
487:
475:
462:
435:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
395:
392:
361:Gulf of Mexico
320:Main article:
311:
308:
259:
256:
240:Atacama Desert
162:
159:
105:folk etymology
88:
85:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Climate zones
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Catalina eddy
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Cold-core low
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Icelandic Low
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2160:November gale
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:North America
2088:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:Surface-based
1951:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Kalahari High
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Siberian High
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:Arctic Circle
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1053:Arctic Circle
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1014:Arctic Circle
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
918:
917:
911:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
883:
880:
876:
873:
867:
860:
856:
853:
847:
841:
837:
833:
827:
820:
817:
811:
804:
800:
797:
791:
784:
778:
762:
758:
757:
752:
748:
741:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
681:
677:
670:
664:
657:
646:
640:
636:
631:
630:
621:
612:
603:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
544:
540:
536:
530:
522:
518:
517:
512:
505:
497:
491:
484:
479:
472:
469:Kemp, Peter.
466:
451:
447:
440:
436:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
373:KwaZulu-Natal
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
341:
340:thunderstorms
337:
328:
323:
317:
316:Air pollution
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
274:
264:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Sahara Desert
216:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
35:
27:
19:
3406:Anticyclones
3355:
3341:
3254:Funnel cloud
3172:Haida Eddies
3131:Polar vortex
2689:Herwart 2017
2682:Ophelia 2017
2605:St Jude 2013
2584:Joachim 2011
2563:Xynthia 2010
2521:Jeanett 2002
2506:21st century
2426:Charley 1986
2363:Ulysses 1903
2355:20th century
2309:19th century
2186:Hatteras low
2181:Aleutian Low
2121:Colorado low
2055:Weather bomb
1755:anticyclones
1666:
1643:
1614:
1591:
1491:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
996:
979:
978:showing the
914:
901:
866:
846:
831:
826:
810:
790:
777:
767:February 11,
765:. Retrieved
761:the original
754:
740:
713:
709:
699:
689:February 11,
687:. Retrieved
680:the original
675:
663:
655:
648:. Retrieved
628:
620:
611:
564:
560:
550:
529:
520:
515:
504:
490:
482:
478:
470:
465:
453:. Retrieved
449:
439:
377:
357:Bermuda High
353:
345:Four Corners
333:
297:
277:
269:
244:Namib Desert
217:
206:
187:
164:
154:
150:
147:Pferdbreiten
146:
142:
140:
131:
125:
118:
108:
102:
90:
48:
46:
26:
3391:Age of Sail
3312:Steam devil
3232:Mesocyclone
3126:Cut-off low
3114:Upper level
2951:Subtropical
2921:Other areas
2866:Other areas
2842:Asiatic Low
2766:Ciarán 2023
2752:Larisa 2023
2745:Eunice 2022
2731:Aurore 2021
2724:Dennis 2020
2710:Adrian 2018
2675:Xavier 2017
2647:Niklas 2015
2598:Andrea 2012
2591:Dagmar 2011
2542:Kyrill 2007
2528:Gudrun 2005
2514:Oratia 2000
2496:Martin 1999
2489:Lothar 1999
2482:Anatol 1999
2384:Debbie 1961
2370:Iberia 1941
2135:Bighorn Low
2106:Lee Cyclone
2099:Continental
1859:Azores High
1834:Anticyclone
650:November 9,
420:Polar front
175:Hadley cell
143:Rossbreiten
77:trade winds
69:subtropical
3380:Categories
3317:Fire whirl
3307:Dust devil
3286:Waterspout
3247:Wall cloud
2959:Kona storm
2878:Kona storm
2759:Babet 2023
2738:Malik 2022
2717:Ciara 2020
2612:Xaver 2013
2570:Berit 2011
2556:Klaus 2009
2191:Nor'easter
1814:Superstorm
840:0300110774
431:References
390:can form.
314:See also:
250:, and the
81:westerlies
3281:Landspout
3237:Supercell
3217:Whirlwind
3150:Mesoscale
2933:Sudestada
2900:Australia
2822:Genoa low
2668:Zeus 2017
2654:Egon 2017
2640:Tini 2014
2626:Anne 2014
2619:Dirk 2013
2549:Emma 2008
2461:Lili 1996
2060:Sting jet
1819:Hypercane
976:Meridians
593:0894-8755
455:April 17,
298:When the
258:Migration
213:Capricorn
161:Formation
53:latitudes
51:are the
3302:Gustnado
3195:Mesohigh
3190:Wake Low
2989:Tropical
2776:See also
2535:Per 2007
2196:Gulf low
2072:Rainband
2023:Concepts
1767:Concepts
1751:Cyclones
875:Archived
855:Archived
799:Archived
602:58891085
539:Archived
410:Doldrums
394:See also
363:and the
79:and the
3259:Tornado
3035:Typhoon
2994:Outline
2979:Thermal
2174:Oceanic
2040:Cyclone
1934:Cyclone
1077:Equator
1038:Equator
998:Equator
718:Bibcode
569:Bibcode
498:. 2008.
349:Arizona
336:monsoon
322:Monsoon
289:La Niña
285:El Niño
236:Sonoran
224:Arabian
202:monsoon
194:La Niña
122:current
113:Spanish
65:Equator
63:of the
2873:Arctic
2214:Europe
838:
641:
599:
591:
369:Pampas
246:, the
242:, the
232:Mojave
228:Syrian
209:Cancer
97:effigy
3295:Minor
3225:Major
2805:Other
2145:Other
2035:Storm
1963:Polar
1779:Storm
1708:45x90
1703:45x90
1698:45x90
1693:45x90
852:Haze.
683:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
597:S2CID
293:130°E
278:Most
151:Pferd
61:south
57:north
2835:Asia
2065:List
1753:and
1487:170°
1482:160°
1477:140°
1472:130°
1467:110°
1462:100°
1427:170°
1422:160°
1417:140°
1412:130°
1407:110°
1402:100°
1367:175°
1362:165°
1357:155°
1352:145°
1347:135°
1342:125°
1337:115°
1332:105°
1277:175°
1272:165°
1267:155°
1262:145°
1257:135°
1252:125°
1247:115°
1242:105°
1187:180°
1182:150°
1177:120°
1157:180°
1152:150°
1147:120°
836:ISBN
769:2007
691:2007
652:2009
639:ISBN
589:ISSN
457:2021
380:haze
234:and
226:and
155:Ross
153:and
59:and
47:The
1688:85°
1683:75°
1678:65°
1673:55°
1667:45°
1661:35°
1656:25°
1651:15°
1636:85°
1631:75°
1626:65°
1621:55°
1615:45°
1609:35°
1604:25°
1599:15°
1584:90°
1579:80°
1574:70°
1569:60°
1564:50°
1559:40°
1554:30°
1549:20°
1544:10°
1539:90°
1534:80°
1529:70°
1524:60°
1519:50°
1514:40°
1509:30°
1504:20°
1499:10°
1457:80°
1452:70°
1447:50°
1442:40°
1437:20°
1432:10°
1397:80°
1392:70°
1387:50°
1382:40°
1377:20°
1372:10°
1327:95°
1322:85°
1317:75°
1312:65°
1307:55°
1302:45°
1297:35°
1292:25°
1287:15°
1237:95°
1232:85°
1227:75°
1222:65°
1217:55°
1212:45°
1207:35°
1202:25°
1197:15°
1172:90°
1167:60°
1162:30°
1142:90°
1137:60°
1132:30°
900:in
726:doi
635:117
579:doi
537:".
388:fog
215:".
3382::
1641:5°
1589:5°
1493:0°
1282:5°
1192:5°
1123:0°
974:/
913:.
753:.
724:.
714:17
712:.
708:.
674:.
654:.
637:.
595:.
587:.
577:.
565:14
563:.
559:.
519:.
513:.
448:.
275:.
185:.
83:.
2996:)
2992:(
2244:e
2237:t
2230:v
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1761:)
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1645:S
1593:N
1126:E
1120:W
964:e
957:t
950:v
771:.
734:.
728::
720::
693:.
605:.
581::
571::
545:.
459:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
