40:
1533:
744:
1544:
455:
that occurs when money is illegally earned, transferred, or spent. This money is intended to disappear from any record in the country of origin, and earnings on the stock of illicit financial flows outside a country generally do not return to the country of origin.
488:'s Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) database to analyze discrepancies in trade statistics between partner countries. Another way to estimate trade mispricing is with the IPPS-based model, which was developed by John Zdanowicz of
594:
534:
In
Pakistan estimates of illicit financial flows put over $ 10 billion as escaping taxation and being siphoned off outside the country. This is with nearly one third of the population living below the poverty line.
492:. This method uses individual import and export transactions of the United States with the rest of the world to find inconsistencies in export and import prices. Economists also use
601:
562:
431:
326:
644:
480:
There are several economic models used to provide estimates of illicit financial flows and capital flight. The two most common methods are the
312:
581:
CSIS and GFI Conference: Illicit
Financial Flows: The Missing Link in Development; Panel 1 — What is Known About Illicit Financial Flows
507:
estimated illicit financial flows "out of developing countries are approximately $ 1 trillion a year". This study also found that
424:
675:
717:
737:
1080:
417:
526:
has a target to significantly reduce illicit financial flows and strengthen recovery and return of stolen assets by 2030.
1085:
1426:
1326:
543:
Swaziland lost approximately $ 556 million to illicit financial flows in 2012 and a record of $ 1.139 billion in 2007.
1179:
1070:
931:
387:
489:
298:
1569:
1172:
580:
523:
132:
1579:
382:
1107:
367:
290:
112:
459:
Illicit financial flows can be generated in a variety of ways that are not revealed in national accounts or
1584:
1574:
808:
405:
23:
1226:
798:
773:
710:
284:
1251:
1100:
504:
652:
946:
909:
481:
304:
1167:
845:
788:
747:
1471:
867:
815:
31:
1536:
1411:
1053:
1043:
926:
862:
793:
778:
703:
1351:
1189:
921:
850:
220:
117:
1476:
1381:
1194:
1162:
1152:
1137:
1038:
1033:
976:
357:
265:
94:
8:
1013:
1003:
998:
981:
872:
855:
768:
464:
460:
185:
84:
1256:
1321:
1147:
1095:
1058:
803:
190:
165:
74:
39:
1509:
1376:
1261:
1142:
1048:
914:
820:
372:
333:
200:
89:
79:
54:
1416:
1396:
1311:
1236:
1065:
936:
835:
557:
500:
319:
180:
175:
170:
155:
122:
64:
59:
1548:
1499:
1431:
1406:
1371:
1286:
1157:
1075:
993:
902:
830:
783:
352:
1401:
1266:
1241:
1112:
958:
897:
752:
552:
452:
392:
245:
230:
215:
69:
1563:
1514:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1436:
1346:
1316:
1276:
1184:
951:
825:
726:
519:
accounted for the three largest shares of worldwide illicit financial flows.
250:
240:
235:
195:
160:
1494:
1421:
1391:
1336:
1246:
1018:
260:
210:
1504:
1386:
1341:
1331:
1281:
1271:
1221:
1028:
377:
255:
205:
127:
1446:
1441:
1306:
1231:
1090:
1008:
988:
619:
150:
1117:
941:
840:
493:
474:
448:
225:
695:
1543:
516:
512:
469:
595:"Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries: 2002-2011"
508:
563:
Task Force on
Financial Integrity and Economic Development
496:(Narrow) Method and the Dooley Method in these estimates.
484:
and the DOTS-based Trade
Mispricing Model, which uses the
485:
676:"Sd loses about 11.8% of its gross domestic product"
1561:
711:
425:
313:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
718:
704:
592:
432:
418:
1562:
699:
1081:New international division of labour
13:
624:United Nations and the Rule of Law
14:
1596:
725:
673:
620:"Sustainable Development Goal 16"
593:Kar, Dev; LeBlanc, Brian (2011).
388:Primitive accumulation of capital
1542:
1532:
1531:
742:
617:
490:Florida International University
299:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
38:
743:
642:
524:Sustainable Development Goal 16
133:Uneven and combined development
667:
636:
611:
586:
574:
16:Form of illegal capital flight
1:
568:
368:Global North and Global South
113:Ecologically unequal exchange
538:
499:A 2013 paper, authorized by
7:
799:Environmental globalization
774:Anti-globalization movement
546:
529:
285:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
1601:
947:Offshore financial centres
505:Global Financial Integrity
383:Prebisch–Singer hypothesis
1527:
1485:
1360:
1295:
1212:
1203:
1130:
967:
888:
881:
761:
733:
482:World Bank Residual Model
789:Democratic globalization
451:, are a form of illegal
1071:Investor-state disputes
1024:Illicit financial flows
868:Political globalization
816:Global financial system
467:, bulk cash movements,
445:Illicit financial flows
363:Illicit financial flows
1570:Economic globalization
1412:Christopher Chase-Dunn
1180:Primitive accumulation
863:Military globalization
794:Economic globalization
779:Cultural globalization
645:"Hunt for black money"
1580:International finance
221:Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
1477:Immanuel Wallerstein
1138:Capital accumulation
1004:Endangered languages
522:The United Nations
358:Economic development
266:Immanuel Wallerstein
95:World-systems theory
1585:International trade
1575:Imperialism studies
1549:Business portal
1108:Transnational crime
1014:Forced displacement
999:Economic inequality
873:Trade globalization
769:Alter-globalization
649:tns.thenews.com.pk/
463:figures, including
461:balance of payments
186:John Bellamy Foster
85:Three Worlds Theory
32:Imperialism studies
1322:Andre Gunder Frank
1096:Race to the bottom
1086:North–South divide
804:Global citizenship
503:, Director of the
473:transactions, and
191:Andre Gunder Frank
166:Charles Bettelheim
75:Social imperialism
1557:
1556:
1523:
1522:
1382:K. Anthony Appiah
1377:Daniele Archibugi
1126:
1125:
915:COVID-19 pandemic
821:Global governance
643:Haq, Dr Ikramul.
442:
441:
373:Lumpenbourgeoisie
334:Naked Imperialism
201:Rudolf Hilferding
118:North–South model
90:Ultra-imperialism
80:Super-imperialism
55:Dependency theory
1592:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1488:
1397:Jean Baudrillard
1365:
1312:Giovanni Arrighi
1300:
1257:Branko Milanović
1237:Jagdish Bhagwati
1215:
1210:
1209:
1101:pollution havens
1066:Invasive species
970:
891:
886:
885:
836:Global workforce
746:
745:
720:
713:
706:
697:
696:
691:
690:
688:
686:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
655:on 19 April 2015
651:. Archived from
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
615:
609:
608:
606:
600:. Archived from
599:
590:
584:
578:
558:Money laundering
501:Raymond W. Baker
465:trade mispricing
434:
427:
420:
320:Monopoly Capital
181:Arghiri Emmanuel
176:Nikolai Bukharin
156:Giovanni Arrighi
123:Unequal exchange
65:Neo-Gramscianism
60:Intercommunalism
42:
19:
18:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1519:
1500:Thomas Friedman
1486:
1481:
1432:Anthony Giddens
1407:Manuel Castells
1372:Arjun Appadurai
1363:
1361:
1356:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:Joseph Stiglitz
1227:Richard Baldwin
1213:
1205:
1199:
1158:Fiscal localism
1122:
1076:McDonaldization
994:Development aid
968:
963:
932:Multilingualism
927:Labor arbitrage
903:Climate justice
889:
877:
831:Global politics
784:Deglobalization
757:
729:
724:
694:
684:
682:
680:observer.org.sz
674:Zwane, Teetee.
672:
668:
658:
656:
641:
637:
628:
626:
616:
612:
604:
597:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
549:
541:
532:
438:
398:
397:
353:Banana republic
348:
340:
339:
279:
271:
270:
146:
138:
137:
108:
100:
99:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Zygmunt Bauman
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Thomas Piketty
1264:
1262:Kevin O'Rourke
1259:
1254:
1252:Michael Hudson
1249:
1244:
1242:Robert Brenner
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:Westernization
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
985:
984:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
955:
954:
952:Tax inversions
949:
939:
934:
929:
924:
922:Digital divide
919:
918:
917:
907:
906:
905:
898:Climate change
894:
892:
883:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:
853:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
763:
759:
758:
756:
755:
750:
740:
734:
731:
730:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
693:
692:
666:
635:
610:
607:on 2018-04-04.
585:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
553:Capital flight
548:
545:
540:
537:
531:
528:
453:capital flight
440:
439:
437:
436:
429:
422:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
400:
399:
396:
395:
393:Third worldism
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Huey P. Newton
243:
238:
233:
231:Rosa Luxemburg
228:
223:
218:
216:Vladimir Lenin
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
70:Neocolonialism
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1516:
1515:Vandana Shiva
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Saskia Sassen
1465:
1463:
1462:George Ritzer
1460:
1458:
1457:Antonio Negri
1455:
1453:
1452:L. H. M. Ling
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Michael Hardt
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Alfred Crosby
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Susan Strange
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Robert W. Cox
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:Jeffrey Sachs
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:World-systems
1193:
1191:
1190:World history
1188:
1186:
1185:Social change
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:Modernization
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
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1079:
1077:
1074:
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1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
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1032:
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1030:
1027:
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1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
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1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
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983:
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978:
975:
974:
972:
966:
960:
957:
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948:
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938:
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928:
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923:
920:
916:
913:
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908:
904:
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869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:Global health
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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782:
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772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
754:
751:
749:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
728:
727:Globalization
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
701:
698:
681:
677:
670:
654:
650:
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639:
625:
621:
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589:
583:(.m3u format)
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267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Walter Rodney
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Kwame Nkrumah
239:
237:
236:Antonio Negri
234:
232:
229:
227:
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222:
219:
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209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
196:Michael Hardt
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161:Paul A. Baran
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33:
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29:
25:
21:
20:
1510:John R. Saul
1495:Noam Chomsky
1487:Non–academic
1427:Susan George
1422:Nancy Fraser
1392:Walden Bello
1337:David Harvey
1327:Stephen Gill
1247:Jayati Ghosh
1153:Earth system
1023:
1019:Human rights
959:Water crisis
856:early modern
683:. Retrieved
679:
669:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
648:
638:
627:. Retrieved
623:
618:Doss, Eric.
613:
602:the original
588:
576:
542:
533:
521:
498:
479:
468:
458:
444:
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362:
332:
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318:
311:
305:
297:
291:
283:
261:Leon Trotsky
211:J. A. Hobson
1505:Naomi Klein
1387:Ulrich Beck
1362:Politics /
1352:Robert Wade
1342:Ronen Palan
1332:Peter Gowan
1282:Amartya Sen
1272:Dani Rodrik
1222:David Autor
1148:Development
1029:Imperialism
977:Brain drain
378:Neo-Marxism
306:Imperialism
256:Paul Sweezy
206:Peter Gowan
171:Ľuboš Blaha
128:Superprofit
1564:Categories
1447:Paul Hirst
1442:David Held
1307:Samir Amin
1297:Political
1232:Ravi Batra
1173:history of
1168:ecological
1143:Dependency
1091:Offshoring
1054:scientific
1044:linguistic
1009:Fair trade
989:Care drain
942:Tax havens
937:Population
846:History of
629:2020-09-25
569:References
151:Samir Amin
1472:John Urry
1364:sociology
1214:Economics
1118:World war
841:Globality
809:education
539:Swaziland
494:hot money
475:smuggling
449:economics
327:Multitude
1537:Category
1206:scholars
1131:Theories
1039:cultural
1034:academic
738:Journals
659:26 April
547:See also
530:Pakistan
406:Category
226:Li Minqi
107:Concepts
49:Theories
24:a series
22:Part of
1299:economy
1204:Notable
982:reverse
910:Disease
851:archaic
762:Aspects
753:Studies
748:Outline
347:Related
1059:social
890:Global
882:Issues
685:25 May
517:Mexico
515:, and
513:Russia
470:hawala
292:Empire
145:People
1049:media
969:Other
605:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
509:China
447:, in
278:Works
26:about
687:2015
661:2015
486:IMF
1566::
678:.
647:.
622:.
511:,
477:.
719:e
712:t
705:v
689:.
663:.
632:.
433:e
426:t
419:v
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