1021:. By contrast, the boom of the 'thirty glorious' post-war years indicated that this normal functioning had somehow been evaded, and Emmanuel now offered the institutionalised rise in wages, plus a policy of permanent inflation, as the principal stimulant directing the boom in investments. Since neither the wage- nor the consumption levels of the well-off countries could be internationally equalised - upwards for both ecological reasons and because it would eat up all profits, and downwards for political reasons in the same rich countries - unequal exchange was the necessary consequence, in a sense saving the capitalist economy from itself.
161:
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860:) (nor by Stalin), to whom it came rather inconveniently, and it was soon put down by British troops and Emmanuel sentenced to death by a Greek court-martial in Alexandria. The mutiny appears to have been directed more immediately against the return of the monarch, so that participation does not in itself suggest communist or Marxist leanings, rather than merely republican, although in Emmanuel's case this would seem probable.
25:
872:, but when the situation hardened in 1957, he prudently departed for France. Observations from the Congos appear frequently in his writings and can probably help explain the peculiarity of his approach and its differences to common French Marxism. After some years as an art student, and in the context of the publication of
807:
Not much is known about
Emmanuel's whereabouts in the years before moving to France. He was born in Patras, Greece, the son of Charalambos Emmanuel and Katina (born Menounou). Studied at the High School of Economics and Commerce from 1927 to 1932 and then at the Faculty of Law until 1934, from where
863:
By the end of 1945 he was pardoned and returned to the
Belgian Congo, where there now had grown a small community of Greeks and Portuguese, in addition to the African and Belgian ones. Here, too, he participated in debates: on colonists and against the common accusation for illegitimate profits on
816:
is evidenced in a 1937 article on 'psychoanalysis as a global theory and dialectical materialism', and yet another on gold as an 'unwelcome immigrant' perhaps links to a long-standing concern with gold and the special economic role of the money commodity. No published record of membership in a
1039:
1966b. "La
Division internationale du travail et le commerce exterieur des pays socialistes," in idem, La Division internationale de travail et le marchĂ© socialiste, pp. 1â35. Also "Appendice", pp. 1â7. ProblĂšmes de planification, No. 7, Sorbonne: Centre d'Ătude de Planification
975:. Emmanuel was not late to point out that his theory fitted well with the observed absence of such solidarity, particularly between high- and low-wage countries, and, in fact, made the nationally enclosed workers movements into the principal cause of unequal exchange.
894:, the same is not evident for Emmanuel. In addition, many other differences were visible from the start, such as Bettelheim's desire to make unequal exchange due to wage differentials a subcategory of unequal exchange due to differences in 'organic composition' (i.e.
1077:, Vol. I, No. 73(MayâJune): 35â57. (Orig. in French as "Le colonialisme des "poor-whites" et le mythe de l'impĂ©rialisme d'investisement" in L'Homme et la sociĂ©tĂ©, No. 22, 1971; also in Emmanuel 1985, Ch. 1, pp. 1â43, including a debate with Suzanne de Brunhoff.)
898:), which was common enough to Marxist understanding and continues to be the focus of modern 'developments' of the theory of unequal exchange. This distinction was also the cause of some confusion when the theory was eventually debated in the
1056:
1970b. "The
Delusions of Internationalism." Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 2(June): 13â19. Uncut trans. B. Pearce of Emmanuel 1969b; together with Bettelheim 1970 as "International Solidarity of Workers: Two
1148:
Arghiri
Emmanuel, E. Somaini, L. Boggio, & M. Salvati, 1975 (orig. 1973). Un débat sur l'échange inégal: Salaires, sous-développement, impérialisme. Paris: François Maspero. (Trans. from the Italian by M. C. Paoletti & A.
811:
While his later works clearly identify him as a
Marxist or communist of sorts, it is still uncertain when and under which circumstances he began considering himself as such. Publishing articles at least from 1928, an interest in
1043:
1966c. "Le Prix mondial et le marchĂ© international socialiste," in idem, La division internationale du travail et le marchĂ© socialiste, pp. 1â15. ProblĂšmes de planification, No. 7, Sorbonne: Centre d'Ătude de
Planification
1063:
1970d. "La question de l'Ă©change inĂ©gal", L'homme et la sociĂ©tĂ©, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 35â59. (Excepting introduction and ending , also in
Emmanuel 1972a, "Appendix V: Some Keenly Contested Points",
1145:
Arghiri
Emmanuel & Charles Bettelheim, 1962. Ăchange inĂ©gal et politique de dĂ©veloppement, ProblĂšmes de planification, No. 2, Sorbonne: Centre d'Ătude de Planification Socialiste.
864:
behalf of colonial merchants (to whom
Emmanuel and commonly other Greeks belonged). He may even have been in contact with the liberation movement to be organised around
1009:. In Emmanuel's view, because selling had to take place without the income generated by the sale itself, there was a permanent excess of (the value of) goods over (the
1053:
1970a. "DĂ©mystifier les antagonismes entre les nations." Politique aujourd'hui, No. 1(Jan.): 78â94. (Trans. in Emmanuel 1972, Appendix IV, pp. 357â72, 378â83.)
991:
767:
987:
1103:
1977. "La contradiction interieure du mode de production socialiste." Socialism in the World (Belgrade, Tribune internationale etc.), No. 7: 108â111.
662:
1071:
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1972a. Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. (Trans. of Emmanuel 1969a by B. Pearce.) New York & London: Monthly Review Press.
1050:
1969b. "Le Prolétariat des nations privilégiées participe à l'éxploitation du 'Tiers monde'." Le Monde, Supplément au numéro 7722, 11 Nov., p. iv.
1017:. This obliged the economy to function below its full potential and made it prone to crises such as the one he had himself experienced during the
1246:
1142:
1988. "Le Surcroit d'endettement des pays Ă monnaie internationale: ses limites et ses contradictions". Ăconomie et SociĂ©tĂ©, Nos. 6-7: 113â127.
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1969a. L'échange inégal: Essais sur les antagonismes dans les rapports économiques internationaux. Paris: François Maspero.
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1976., "The Multinational Corporations and Inequality of Development", International Social Science Journal 28(4): 754â765.
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in the Middle East, and was active in the April 1944 left-wing uprising of the Middle Eastern forces against the
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1978a. "Gains and Losses from the International Division of Labour." Review, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 87â108.
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the cause (and thereby justification) of higher wages, and 'monopolies' the cause of unequal exchange.
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1984. Profit and Crises. (Trans. of Emmanuel 1974a by N. P. Costello) New York: St. Martin's Press.
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Emmanuel's theory of unequal exchange was part of a more comprehensive explanation of the post-war
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1980. "Le 'prix rĂ©munĂ©rateur': Ăpilogue Ă l'Ă©change inĂ©gal." Revue Tiers-Monde, 21(81): 21â39.
127:
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1978b. "A Note on 'Trade Pattern Reversals'." Journal of International Economics, 8: 143â145.
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1970c. "Ăchange inĂ©gal et dĂ©vĂ©loppement inĂ©gal", Politique aujourd'hui, No. 11(Nov.): 75â90.
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Arghiri Emmanuel, 1962. "Ăchange inĂ©gal," in Emmanuel & Bettelheim 1962, pp. 1â32.
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1966a. "Le taux de profit et les incompatibilitĂ©s Marx-Keynes." Annales, 21(6): 1189â1211.
87:
8:
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1982 (orig. 1981). Appropriate or Underdeveloped Technology? (Trans. T. E. A. Benjamin.)
887:, the theme being his theory of unequal exchange which was first presented in 1961â1962.
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policies closed the traditional Greek safety vault, and under the yoke of depression and
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to do so as only half-hearted attempts. It stated, contrary to the then conventional
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844:'s dictatorship (1936â1941), Emmanuel, in 1937, went to work in commerce in the
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communist party is familiar, and it was uncommon in Greece until the
978:
By contrast, all subsequent versions of the theory such as those by
65:
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1975a. "Unequal Exchange Revisited." IDS Discussion Paper, No. 77,
1072:"White-Settler Colonialism and the Myth of Investment Imperialism."
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952:, not the other way around, and, contrary to the assumptions of
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1974a. Le profit et les crises. Paris: François Maspero et Cie.
292:
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The Bias of the World: Theories of Unequal Exchange in History
1085:"The Myths of Development versus 'Myths of Underdevelopment'."
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1964. "El intercambio desigual", Revue Economica, Havana, Feb.
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The theory was an attempt to explain the falling trend in the
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1985. La dynamique des inĂ©galitĂ©s. Paris: Ăditions Anthropos.
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who became known in the 1960s and 1970s for his theory of '
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circles was the theory's implications about international
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in Cairo. In fact, the uprising was not supported by EAM (
791:; June 7, 1911 – December 14, 2001) was a French
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he went on to work in commerce in Athens until 1937.
956:, that capital was internationally mobile and the
1193:
1119:, Vol. I, Nos. 113-114 (JanuaryâApril): 111â131.
932:, while criticising the different approaches of
182:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
902:world in the 1970s (among non-Marxists, e.g.,
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649:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
92:introducing citations to additional sources
890:While Bettelheim was certainly inspired by
883:Emmanuel began as a graduate student under
821:, but his later works identified him as a '
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
913:
768:
754:
963:What made the theory a heated subject in
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213:Learn how and when to remove this message
848:. In 1942, Emmanuel volunteered for the
829:sense and as a supporter of centralised
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1114:"The State in the Transitional Period."
1013:of) income in the normal workings of a
1247:Prisoners sentenced to death by Greece
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1129:, Brisbane, Toronto, & Singapore:
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1090:, Vol. I, No. 85 (MayâJune): 61â82.
13:
1227:Greek prisoners sentenced to death
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1252:Recipients of Greek royal pardons
724:Primitive accumulation of capital
34:This article has multiple issues.
998:, have preferred to make higher
994:, and almost every critic since
946:Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson theory
819:Resistance years of World War II
635:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
374:
334:Ăcole Pratique des Hautes Ătudes
159:
75:relies largely or entirely on a
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469:Uneven and combined development
42:or discuss these issues on the
1212:20th-century French economists
1:
704:Global North and Global South
449:Ecologically unequal exchange
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7:
960:correspondingly equalised.
954:Ricardo's comparative costs
621:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
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833:, even on a global scale.
719:PrebischâSinger hypothesis
1222:Greek emigrants to France
879:The Wretched of the Earth
858:National Liberation Front
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930:underdeveloped countries
168:This article includes a
914:Unequal exchange theory
850:Greek Liberation Forces
825:-Marxist', both in the
699:Illicit financial flows
197:more precise citations.
827:historical materialist
1160:Brolin, John (2006).
1131:John Wiley & Sons
557:Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
1169:(PhD dissertation).
1127:Chichester, New York
1095:University of Sussex
992:Paul Antoine Delarue
838:American immigration
694:Economic development
602:Immanuel Wallerstein
431:World-systems theory
88:improve this article
1257:Writers from Patras
1232:Imperialism studies
1112:1979 (orig. 1977).
1025:Select bibliography
854:government-in-exile
522:John Bellamy Foster
421:Three Worlds Theory
368:Imperialism studies
323:Academic background
1237:Marxian economists
1064:pp. 387â418.)
1007:capitalist economy
996:Charles Bettelheim
988:Jan Otto Andersson
885:Charles Bettelheim
527:Andre Gunder Frank
502:Charles Bettelheim
411:Social imperialism
344:Charles Bettelheim
170:list of references
103:"Arghiri Emmanuel"
1242:Marxist theorists
1184:978-91-628-7022-5
973:worker solidarity
896:capital intensity
831:economic planning
793:Marxian economist
789:ÎÏÎłÏÏÎ·Ï ÎÎŒÎŒÎ±ÎœÎżÏ
Ολ
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537:Rudolf Hilferding
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36:Please help
33:
1207:2001 deaths
1202:1911 births
1044:Socialiste.
1040:Socialiste.
984:Oscar Braun
938:Hans Singer
908:David Evans
900:Anglo-Saxon
714:Neo-Marxism
642:Imperialism
592:Paul Sweezy
542:Peter Gowan
507:ÄœuboĆĄ Blaha
464:Superprofit
311:Concept of
300:Nationality
195:introducing
1196:Categories
1149:Benaneti.)
980:Samir Amin
487:Samir Amin
329:Alma mater
259:1911-06-07
203:April 2013
114:newspapers
39:improve it
803:Biography
663:Multitude
84:talk page
45:talk page
742:Category
562:Li Minqi
443:Concepts
385:Theories
360:a series
358:Part of
1154:Sources
1083:1974b.
1070:1972b.
1057:Views".
965:Marxist
866:Lumumba
683:Related
191:improve
128:scholar
1181:
1171:Sweden
940:, and
628:Empire
481:People
303:French
293:France
271:Greece
267:Patras
130:
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101:
1167:(PDF)
823:paleo
785:Greek
614:Works
362:about
289:Paris
176:, or
135:JSTOR
121:books
1179:ISBN
967:and
928:for
278:Died
253:Born
107:news
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