732:
740:
positively. A negative test warrants discussing additional treatments, like proton pump inhibitors, with your doctor. An upper GI endoscopy may also be recommended. In older patients (60 or older), an endoscopy is often the next step in finding out the cause of newly onset indigestion regardless of the presence of alarm symptoms. However, for all patients regardless of age, an official diagnosis requires symptoms to have started at least 6 months ago with a frequency of at least once a week over the last 3 months.
356:" or a burning sensation in the chest as a result of inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the site where the esophagus connects to the stomach. It is often treated with proton pump inhibitors. If left untreated, the chronic damage to the esophageal tissues poses a risk of developing cancer. A meta-analysis showed risk factors for developing GERD included age equal to or greater than 50, smoking, the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory medications, and obesity.
772:. PPIs and H2-RAs are often first-line therapies for treating dyspepsia, having shown to be better than placebo medications. Anti-depressants, notably tricyclic antidepressants, have been tested on patients who do not respond to traditional therapies with some benefits, though the research is of poor quality and adverse affects are noted.
222:
There may be abdominal tenderness, but this finding is nonspecific and is not required to make a diagnosis. However, there are physical exam signs that may point to a different diagnosis and underlying cause for a patient's reported discomfort. A positive
Carnett sign (focal tenderness that increases
797:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were found to be better than placebo in a literature review, especially when looking at long-term symptom reduction. H2 receptor antagonists (H2-RAs) have similar effect on symptoms reduction when compared to PPIs. However, there is little evidence to support prokinetic
868:, and candy sugar), may be as beneficial as conventional therapies when treating dyspepsia symptoms. However, it is important to note that herbal products are not regulated by the FDA and therefore it is difficult to assess the quality and safety of the ingredients found in alternative medications.
722:
The pathophysiology for indigestion is not well understood; however, there are many theories. For example, there are studies that suggest a gut-brain interaction, as patients who received an antibiotic saw a reduction in their indigestion symptoms. Other theories propose issues with gut motility, a
739:
A diagnosis for indigestion is based on symptoms, with a possible need for more diagnostic tests. In younger patients (less than 60 years of age) without red flags (e.g., weight loss), it is recommended to test for H. pylori noninvasively, followed by treatment with antibiotics in those who test
780:
A lifestyle change that may help with indigestion is a change in diet, such as a stable and consistent eating schedule and slowing the pace of eating. Additionally, there are studies that support a reduction in the consumption of fats may also alleviate dyspepsia. While some studies suggest a
876:
Indigestion is a common problem and frequent reason for primary care physicians to refer patients to GI specialists. Worldwide, dyspepsia affects about a third of the population. It can affect a person's quality of life even if the symptoms within themselves are usually not life-threatening.
877:
Additionally, the financial burden on the patient and healthcare system is costly - patients with dyspepsia were more likely to have lower work productivity and higher healthcare costs compared to those without indigestion. Risk factors include NSAID-use, H. pylori infection, and smoking.
331:
Psychosomatic and cognitive factors are important in the evaluation of people with chronic dyspepsia. Studies have shown a high occurrence of mental disorders, notably anxiety and depression, amongst patients with dyspepsia; however, there is little evidence to prove causation.
150:. Functional indigestion (previously called non-ulcer dyspepsia) is indigestion without evidence of underlying disease. Functional indigestion is estimated to affect about 15% of the general population in western countries and accounts for a majority of dyspepsia cases.
327:
is unlikely to be detected on endoscopy but can be broken down into two subtypes, epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and post-prandial distress syndrome (PDS). In addition, indigestion could be caused by medications, food, or other disease processes.
157:(a procedure whereby a camera attached to a flexible tube is inserted down the throat and into the stomach) is recommended to further assess and find a potential cause. In patients younger than 60 years of age, testing for the bacteria
832:, has a history of use as a secondary treatment for dyspepsia. While multiple studies show that it is more effective than placebo, there are multiple concerns about the side effects surrounding the long-term use of these medications.
318:
Indigestion is a diagnosis related to a combination of symptoms that can be attributed to "organic" or "functional" causes. Organic dyspepsia should have pathological findings upon endoscopy, like an ulcer in the stomach lining in
709:
increases the risk of developing chronic dyspepsia. Post-infectious dyspepsia is the term given when dyspepsia occurs after an acute gastroenteritis infection. It is believed that the underlying causes of post-infectious
481:
heartburn. More than 70% of people have no obvious organic cause for their symptoms after evaluation. Symptoms may arise from a complex interaction of increased visceral afferent sensitivity, gastric delayed emptying
2206:
Enck, Paul; Azpiroz, Fernando; Boeckxstaens, Guy; Elsenbruch, Sigrid; Feinle-Bisset, Christine; Holtmann, Gerald; Lackner, Jeffrey M.; Ronkainen, Jukka; Schemann, Michael; Stengel, Andreas; Tack, Jan (2017-11-03).
2980:
2965:
2599:
1355:
Flier, SN; S, Rose (2006). "Is functional dyspepsia of particular concern in women? A review of gender differences in epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanism, clinical presentation and management".
969:
417:
may not lead to complete improvement of a patient's dyspepsia. However, a recent systemic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies published in 2022 suggests that successful treatment of
2314:
Ford, Alexander C.; Moayyedi, Paul; Black, Christopher J.; Yuan, Yuhong; Veettil, Sajesh K.; Mahadeva, Sanjiv; Kengkla, Kirati; Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn; Lee, Yeong Yeh (2020-09-16).
2550:
Pittayanon, Rapat; Yuan, Yuhong; Bollegala, Natasha P; Khanna, Reena; Leontiadis, Grigorios I; Moayyedi, Paul (2018-10-18). Cochrane Upper GI and
Pancreatic Diseases Group (ed.).
1063:
Zajac, P; Holbrook, A; Super, ME; Vogt, M (MarchâApril 2013). "An overview: Current clinical guidelines for the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and management of dyspepsia".
662:
may improve symptoms. Additionally, some people may experience dyspepsia when eating certain spices or spicy food as well as foods like peppers, chocolate, citrus, and fish.
3902:
530:, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, eating during stressful situations, or drinking too much alcohol or coffee. Many medications cause dyspepsia, including
723:
hypersensitivity of gut viscera, and imbalance of the microbiome. A genetic predisposition is plausible, but there is limited evidence to support this theory.
4373:
1212:
115:
earlier than expected when eating. Indigestion is relatively common, affecting 20% of people at some point during their life, and is frequently caused by
3080:
748:
Functional and organic dyspepsia have similar treatments. Traditional therapies used for this diagnosis include lifestyle modification (e.g., diet),
789:
diet or diet low/free from certain complex sugars and sugar alcohols has also been shown to be potentially beneficial in patients with indigestion.
3584:
1860:
Stanghellini, Vincenzo; Chan, Francis K. L.; Hasler, William L.; Malagelada, Juan R.; Suzuki, Hidekazu; Tack, Jan; Talley, Nicholas J. (May 2016).
498:. In some people, it appears before the onset of gut symptoms; in other cases, anxiety develops after onset of the disorder, which suggests that a
1142:
163:
and if positive, treatment of the infection is recommended. More details about how indigestion is diagnosed and treated can be found below.
3179:
1614:
Eusebi, Leonardo H.; Ratnakumaran, Raguprakash; Yuan, Yuhong; Solaymani-Dodaran, Masoud; Bazzoli, Franco; Ford, Alexander C. (March 2018).
3218:
781:
correlation between dyspepsia and celiac disease, not everyone with indigestion needs to refrain from gluten in their diet. However, a
650:. Studies have shown that wheat and dietary fats can contribute to indigestion and suggest foods high in short-chain carbohydrates (
3073:
1950:
518:
Defined by post-prandial fullness or early satiation that interferes with daily life, without any evidence of organic disease.
3446:
2703:
2629:"Efficacy of herbal treatments for functional dyspepsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"
1118:
3358:
3098:
1400:"Limited Value of Alarm Features in the Diagnosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
1710:"Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for functional dyspepsia: updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
974:
886:
535:
153:
In patients who are 60 or older, or who have worrisome symptoms such as trouble swallowing, weight loss, or blood loss, an
4368:
385:
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3659:
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571:
1272:
4331:
4178:
998:
1444:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: global prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia according to the Rome criteria"
4076:
2734:"Are psychological interventions effective in treating functional dyspepsia? A systematic review and metaâanalysis"
1442:
Barberio, Brigida; Mahadeva, Sanjiv; Black, Christopher J.; Savarino, Edoardo V.; Ford, Alexander C. (2020-07-28).
1251:
921:"Effectiveness of management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
4217:
3829:
3812:
3317:
3312:
3189:
809:, eradication of H. pylori, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and NSAID-induced ulcer healing and prevention, but not
510:
Defined by stomach pain and/or burning that interferes with daily life, without any evidence of organic disease.
349:
116:
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4027:
3921:
3743:
3342:
1271:
Ford, Alexander C.; Mahadeva, Sanjiv; Carbone, M. Florencia; Lacy, Brian E.; Talley, Nicholas J. (2020-11-21).
1708:
Ford, Alexander C.; Tsipotis, Evangelos; Yuan, Yuhong; Leontiadis, Grigorios I.; Moayyedi, Paul (2022-01-12).
4282:
4128:
2065:
Duncanson KR, Talley NJ, Walker MM, Burrows TL (2017). "Food and functional dyspepsia: a systematic review".
4037:
3556:
3164:
714:
and post-infectious dyspepsia may be similar and represent different aspects of the same pathophysiology.
502:
disorder may be a possible cause. Although benign, these symptoms may be chronic and difficult to treat.
490:
categorize it into two subtypes by symptom: epigastric pain syndrome and post-prandial distress syndrome.
3251:
2683:
559:
176:
Patients experiencing indigestion likely report one, a combination of, or all of the following symptoms:
2627:
Heiran, Alireza; Bagheri
Lankarani, Kamran; Bradley, Ryan; Simab, Alireza; Pasalar, Mehdi (2021-12-01).
3617:
3546:
3147:
806:
2438:
Pinto-Sanchez, Maria Ines; Yuan, Yuhong; Hassan, Ahmed; Bercik, Premysl; Moayyedi, Paul (2017-11-21).
3890:
3846:
3799:
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3223:
2149:
Tan, V. P. Y.; Liu, K. S. H.; Lam, F. Y. F.; Hung, I. F. N.; Yuen, M. F.; Leung, W. K. (2017-01-23).
208:
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3184:
3154:
3125:
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711:
679:
2844:
Esterita, Tasia; Dewi, Sheilla; Suryatenggara, Felicia
Grizelda; Glenardi, Glenardi (2021-06-18).
2787:
Esterita, Tasia; Dewi, Sheilla; Suryatenggara, Felicia
Grizelda; Glenardi, Glenardi (2021-06-18).
2495:
Huang, Xinyi; Oshima, Tadayuki; Tomita, Toshihiko; Fukui, Hirokazu; Miwa, Hiroto (November 2021).
4161:
3938:
3679:
3471:
3130:
1616:"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis"
919:
Eusebi, Leonardo H; Black, Christopher J; Howden, Colin W; Ford, Alexander C (11 December 2019).
570:
receptor antagonists), antihypertensive medications (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,
269:
Alarm features are thought to be associated with serious gastroenterologic disease and include:
4241:
3965:
3948:
3332:
3208:
3159:
3120:
3090:
2262:
Milivojevic, Vladimir; Rankovic, Ivan; Krstic, Miodrag N.; Milosavljevic, Tomica (2021-06-14).
2151:"Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin versus placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia"
695:
292:
287:
3035:
1211:
van
Kerkhoven LA, van Rossum LG, van Oijen MG, Tan AC, Laheij RJ, Jansen JB (September 2006).
348:
is an inflammation of the esophagus, most commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (
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2496:
2316:"Systematic review and network meta-analysis: efficacy of drugs for functional dyspepsia"
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Rodrigues, David M; Motomura, Douglas I; Tripp, Dean A; Beyak, Michael J (2021-06-16).
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499:
238:. Tenderness to palpation over the right upper quadrant, or Murphy's sign, may suggest
203:
57:
2989:
2846:"Association of Functional Dyspepsia with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review"
2789:"Association of Functional Dyspepsia with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review"
2682:
Kanfer, Isadore; Patnala, Srinivas (2021-01-01), Henkel, Ralf; Agarwal, Ashok (eds.),
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1235:
1213:"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy does not reassure people with functional dyspepsia"
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952:
683:
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478:
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300:
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1768:"Role of the Duodenum in the Pathogenesis of Functional Dyspepsia: A Paradigm Shift"
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634:. Common herbs have also been shown to cause indigestion, like white willow berry,
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50:
2512:
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1725:
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1559:"Pathophysiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Holistic Overview"
1519:
1399:
1076:
825:
430:
108:
2497:"Meta-Analysis: Placebo Response and Its Determinants in Functional Dyspepsia"
1110:
Current diagnosis & treatment. Gastroenterology, hepatology, and endoscopy
735:
Simplified diagram of how indigestion is diagnosed and treatment(s) determined
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proteins) or infections may induce dyspepsia symptoms in a subset of people.
239:
235:
3046:
2974:
2255:
2110:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: post-infectious functional dyspepsia"
2010:
Duncanson, K. R.; Talley, N. J.; Walker, M. M.; Burrows, T. L. (June 2018).
785:
can relieve the symptoms in some patients without celiac disease. Lastly, a
4146:
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2011:
1974:
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1911:
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1801:
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1709:
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1615:
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1423:
1376:
1304:
1239:
1197:
1041:
956:
829:
194:
1835:
1231:
1108:
654:) may be associated with dyspepsia. This suggests reducing or consuming a
4326:
4088:
4066:
3897:
3817:
3461:
3362:
3115:
3030:
2224:
1671:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease and H. pylori Infection"
1189:
1161:"Review article: current and emerging therapies for functional dyspepsia"
802:
659:
599:
539:
345:
306:
2376:
Duboc, Henri; Latrache, Sofya; Nebunu, Nicoleta; Coffin, Benoit (2020).
4102:
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2331:
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1966:
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3393:
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3241:
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2644:
1783:
857:
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154:
135:
120:
96:
88:
2315:
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844:
concluded that herbal remedies, like menthacarin (a combination of
619:
579:
551:
449:
224:
183:
143:
104:
92:
20:
130:", but making the diagnosis can prove challenging for physicians.
3738:
3504:
3408:
3380:
2843:
2786:
2205:
865:
849:
749:
643:
631:
623:
531:
491:
189:
112:
2901:
Tsukanov, V. V.; Vasyutin, A. V.; Tonkikh, Ju. L. (2020-10-22).
1859:
4204:
3822:
3708:
2969:
2903:"Modern aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of dyspepsia"
853:
786:
651:
639:
635:
457:
232:
147:
100:
1107:
Greenberger, Norton; Blumberg, R.S.; Burakoff, Robert (2016).
582:), neuropsychiatric medications (cholinesterase inhibitors ),
3654:
3384:
2549:
2437:
1504:"Functional Dyspepsia: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches"
1441:
583:
567:
486:) or impaired accommodation to food. Diagnostic criteria for
2064:
2009:
391:
2731:
1106:
627:
228:
223:
with abdominal wall contraction and palpation) suggests an
19:"Dyspepsia" redirects here. For the Negativland album, see
3088:
1707:
824:(medications focused on increasing gut motility), such as
2375:
1910:
Mounsey, Anne; Barzin, Amir; Rietz, Ashley (2020-01-15).
368:
include peptic ulcer disease, infection, or medications.
2684:"Chapter 7 - Regulations for the use of herbal remedies"
513:
380:(PUD). PUD is most commonly caused by an infection with
376:
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are the defining feature of
2900:
1557:
Holtmann, Gerald; Shah, Ayesha; Morrison, Mark (2017).
1270:
2494:
2264:"Dyspepsia-challenge in primary care gastroenterology"
1062:
701:
126:
Indigestion is subcategorized as either "organic" or "
2378:"The Role of Diet in Functional Dyspepsia Management"
2313:
1502:
Sayuk, Gregory S.; Gyawali, C. Prakash (2020-09-01).
918:
2947:
2793:
2107:
2012:"Food and functional dyspepsia: a systematic review"
1556:
993:(1. Aufl. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 2.
614:-B inhibitors), weight-loss medications (orlistat),
2058:
1154:
1152:
798:agents are an appropriate treatment for dyspepsia.
550:), bronchodilators (theophylline), diabetes drugs (
1909:
521:
2440:"Proton pump inhibitors for functional dyspepsia"
1912:"Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management"
1761:
1759:
505:
452:micro-inflammation caused by an altered duodenal
4360:
1905:
1903:
1149:
134:is the result of an underlying disease, such as
526:Acute, self-limited dyspepsia may be caused by
2850:Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
1808:
1756:
1669:Fashner, Julia; Gitu, Alfred C. (2015-02-15).
801:Currently, PPIs are FDA indicated for erosive
444:
231:dermatomal distribution of pain may suggest a
3074:
2681:
2148:
1900:
280:progressive difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
4374:Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
3180:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2607:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
2101:
1948:
1501:
1016:"Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia"
2444:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1668:
1013:
424:
3219:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3081:
3067:
2738:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2320:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2155:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1814:
1765:
1448:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1141:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
805:, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
227:involving the abdominal wall musculature.
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2016:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
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912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
730:
421:modestly improves indigestion symptoms.
2600:"Proton Pump Inhibitors: Use in Adults"
2556:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2108:Futagami S, Itoh T, Sakamoto C (2015).
1056:
986:
835:
463:
371:
4361:
2552:"Prokinetics for functional dyspepsia"
1354:
674:that may involve dyspepsia, including
352:). It is defined by the sensation of "
4203:
3447:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3062:
2433:
2431:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2309:
2307:
2005:
2003:
1855:
1853:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1397:
1326:
1324:
1322:
899:
598:-norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (
514:Post-prandial distress syndrome (PDS)
276:progressive unintentional weight loss
266:in gastrointestinal (GI) literature.
166:
2907:Meditsinskiy Sovet = Medical Council
2690:, Academic Press, pp. 189â206,
2501:American Journal of Gastroenterology
1266:
1264:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
665:
536:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
413:is controversial, and treatment for
335:
1014:Talley NJ, Vakil N (October 2005).
792:
702:Post-infectious causes of dyspepsia
13:
2696:10.1016/b978-0-12-815565-3.00007-2
2428:
2362:
2304:
2000:
1850:
1815:Talley NJ, Ford AC (Nov 5, 2015).
1490:
1430:
1319:
717:
572:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
180:upper abdominal pain or discomfort
14:
4385:
4332:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4179:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2943:
1261:
1083:
273:chronic gastrointestinal bleeding
245:
4077:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2916:10.21518/2079-701x-2020-15-40-46
1369:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01015.x
1181:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03005.x
1159:Saad RJ, Chey WD (August 2006).
1033:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00225.x
574:), cholesterol-lowering agents (
3318:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3313:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3190:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2894:
2837:
2780:
2725:
2675:
2620:
2592:
2543:
2488:
2213:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2199:
2142:
1942:
1701:
1662:
1607:
1550:
1391:
1348:
871:
860:, and jollab (a combination of
522:Food, herb, or drug intolerance
200:nausea with or without vomiting
117:gastroesophageal reflux disease
4072:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3922:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3744:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2568:10.1002/14651858.CD009431.pub3
2456:10.1002/14651858.CD011194.pub3
1204:
1007:
990:Dyspepsia in clinical practice
980:
963:
816:
762:-receptor antagonists (H2-RAs)
506:Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)
340:
1:
4129:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2513:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001397
1289:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30469-4
892:
456:, reactions to foods (mainly
242:or gallbladder inflammation.
111:. People may also experience
91:. Symptoms may include upper
87:, is a condition of impaired
4038:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3557:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3165:Esophageal motility disorder
2688:Herbal Medicine in Andrology
2274:(3). S. Karger AG: 270â275.
1949:Ford AC, Moayyedi P (2013).
1878:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.011
1416:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.029
1065:Osteopathic Family Physician
975:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
743:
726:
359:
142:(an ulcer of the stomach or
7:
1766:Jung HK, Talley NJ (2018).
880:
560:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
445:Duodenal micro-inflammation
171:
10:
4390:
4369:Digestive disease symptoms
4023:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3547:Functional colonic disease
3343:ZollingerâEllison syndrome
1862:"Gastroduodenal Disorders"
1772:J Neurogastroenterol Motil
1726:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326583
1720:(10): gutjnlâ2021â326583.
1632:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589
1520:10.1007/s40265-020-01362-4
1077:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.10.005
807:Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
467:
18:
4317:
4196:
4137:
4051:
4008:
3854:
3845:
3798:
3752:
3707:
3593:
3480:
3370:
3357:
3232:
3224:Acute esophageal necrosis
3106:
3097:
3021:
2951:
1916:American Family Physician
1675:American Family Physician
887:Functional bowel disorder
66:
56:
44:
36:
31:
3323:Gastric dumping syndrome
3198:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3185:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2395:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00023
2114:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
1168:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
1113:(3 ed.). New York.
680:congestive heart failure
494:is also associated with
425:Pancreatobiliary disease
313:
217:
3939:Alcoholic liver disease
3472:Bile acid malabsorption
3416:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2382:Frontiers in Psychiatry
987:Duvnjak, Marko (2011).
775:
3949:Hepatic encephalopathy
3333:Buried bumper syndrome
3264:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3148:MalloryâWeiss syndrome
3091:human digestive system
2209:"Functional dyspepsia"
1817:"Functional Dyspepsia"
1398:Vakil, Nimish (2006).
1273:"Functional dyspepsia"
754:proton-pump inhibitors
736:
696:chronic kidney disease
670:There are a number of
288:Iron deficiency anemia
4174:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4043:Porcelain gallbladder
3155:Zenker's diverticulum
2633:Phytotherapy Research
2069:(Systematic Review).
1836:10.1056/NEJMra1501505
1363:(12 Suppl): S644â53.
1232:10.1055/s-2006-944661
734:
642:, chaste tree berry,
477:is a common cause of
3978:Hepatorenal syndrome
3917:BuddâChiari syndrome
3874:Autoimmune hepatitis
3699:Intestinal adhesions
3457:Short bowel syndrome
3286:Functional dyspepsia
3204:Esophageal stricture
3170:Nutcracker esophagus
2225:10.1038/nrdp.2017.81
1283:(10263): 1689â1702.
1020:Am. J. Gastroenterol
836:Alternative medicine
811:functional dyspepsia
606:), Parkinson drugs (
496:functional dyspepsia
488:functional dyspepsia
475:Functional dyspepsia
470:Functional dyspepsia
464:Functional dyspepsia
435:chronic pancreatitis
411:functional dyspepsia
378:peptic ulcer disease
372:Peptic ulcer disease
325:Functional dyspepsia
321:peptic ulcer disease
140:peptic ulcer disease
128:functional dyspepsia
62:Upper abdominal pain
4117:Choledocholithiasis
3988:Metabolic disorders
3954:Acute liver failure
3927:Portal hypertension
3879:Alcoholic hepatitis
3722:Radiation proctitis
3641:Mesenteric ischemia
3613:Gastroenterocolitis
3442:Blind loop syndrome
3252:Ménétrier's disease
3160:Barrett's esophagus
688:hyperparathyroidism
393:Helicobacter pylori
284:persistent vomiting
132:Organic indigestion
4292:Undefined location
4283:GrynfelttâLesshaft
4184:Pancreatic fistula
4167:Pancreatic abscess
4122:Biliary dyskinesia
4093:Mirizzi's syndrome
3594:Large and/or small
3274:Dieulafoy's lesion
3143:Boerhaave syndrome
3022:External resources
2863:10.15403/jgld-3325
2806:10.15403/jgld-3325
2268:Digestive Diseases
1563:Digestive Diseases
1357:Am J Gastroenterol
1332:"Rome IV Criteria"
737:
658:, low-fat, and/or
167:Signs and symptoms
93:abdominal fullness
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4192:
4191:
3794:
3793:
3651:Bowel obstruction
3353:
3352:
3056:
3055:
2750:10.1111/jgh.15566
2705:978-0-12-815565-3
2507:(11): 2184â2196.
2332:10.1111/apt.16072
2281:10.1159/000517668
2168:10.1111/apt.13945
2127:10.1111/apt.13006
2079:10.1111/jhn.12506
2028:10.1111/jhn.12506
1967:10.1136/bmj.f5059
1576:10.1159/000485409
1514:(13): 1319â1336.
1460:10.1111/apt.16006
1120:978-1-259-25097-2
938:10.1136/bmj.l6483
684:diabetes mellitus
672:systemic diseases
666:Systemic diseases
612:monoamine oxidase
439:pancreatic cancer
364:Common causes of
336:Organic dyspepsia
301:Pernicious anemia
236:polyradiculopathy
74:
73:
26:Medical condition
4381:
4344:Pneumoperitoneum
4201:
4200:
4111:Common bile duct
3993:Wilson's disease
3983:Peliosis hepatis
3852:
3851:
3729:Proctalgia fugax
3636:Abdominal angina
3561:Ogilvie syndrome
3510:Pseudomembranous
3368:
3367:
3328:Gastric volvulus
3293:Pyloric stenosis
3104:
3103:
3089:Diseases of the
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3059:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2808:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2744:(8): 2047â2057.
2729:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2645:10.1002/ptr.7333
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2562:(10): CD009431.
2547:
2541:
2540:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2397:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2283:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1946:
1940:
1939:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1872:(6): 1380â1392.
1866:Gastroenterology
1857:
1848:
1847:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1784:10.5056/jnm18060
1763:
1754:
1753:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1404:Gastroenterology
1395:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1250:. Archived from
1217:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1104:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1011:
1005:
1004:
984:
978:
967:
961:
960:
950:
940:
916:
793:Acid suppression
783:gluten-free diet
676:coronary disease
608:Dopamine agonist
500:gut-driven brain
79:, also known as
51:Gastroenterology
29:
28:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4348:
4313:
4302:Internal hernia
4188:
4133:
4098:Biliary fistula
4056:
4047:
4033:Adenomyomatosis
4028:Cholesterolosis
4004:
3998:Hemochromatosis
3869:Viral hepatitis
3841:
3790:
3748:
3734:Rectal prolapse
3703:
3670:Fecal impaction
3660:Intussusception
3623:Crohn's disease
3589:
3572:Toxic megacolon
3484:
3482:Large intestine
3476:
3421:Curling's ulcer
3374:
3372:Small intestine
3361:
3349:
3257:Gastroenteritis
3228:
3093:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3017:
3016:
2960:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2899:
2895:
2842:
2838:
2785:
2781:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2706:
2680:
2676:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2548:
2544:
2493:
2489:
2450:(3): CD011194.
2436:
2429:
2374:
2363:
2312:
2305:
2260:
2256:
2204:
2200:
2147:
2143:
2106:
2102:
2067:J Hum Nutr Diet
2063:
2059:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1947:
1943:
1908:
1901:
1858:
1851:
1830:(19): 1853â63.
1819:
1813:
1809:
1764:
1757:
1706:
1702:
1667:
1663:
1612:
1608:
1555:
1551:
1500:
1491:
1440:
1431:
1396:
1392:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1336:Rome Foundation
1330:
1329:
1320:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1105:
1084:
1061:
1057:
1026:(10): 2324â37.
1012:
1008:
1001:
985:
981:
968:
964:
917:
900:
895:
883:
874:
838:
819:
795:
778:
761:
746:
729:
720:
718:Pathophysiology
707:Gastroenteritis
704:
692:thyroid disease
668:
616:corticosteroids
524:
516:
508:
472:
466:
447:
427:
401:
374:
362:
343:
338:
316:
296:
248:
220:
174:
169:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4339:Hemoperitoneum
4336:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4063:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3808:Blood in stool
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3781:Anal dysplasia
3778:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3646:Angiodysplasia
3643:
3638:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3581:Diverticulosis
3577:Diverticulitis
3574:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3467:Milroy disease
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Tropical sprue
3434:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3390:
3388:
3365:
3359:Lower GI tract
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3099:Upper GI tract
3095:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2992:
2977:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:Classification
2945:
2944:External links
2942:
2939:
2938:
2893:
2856:(2): 259â266.
2836:
2799:(2): 259â266.
2779:
2724:
2704:
2674:
2639:(2): 686â704.
2619:
2591:
2542:
2487:
2427:
2361:
2303:
2254:
2198:
2161:(6): 767â776.
2141:
2100:
2073:(3): 390â407.
2057:
2022:(3): 390â407.
1999:
1941:
1899:
1849:
1807:
1778:(3): 345â354.
1755:
1700:
1681:(4): 236â242.
1661:
1626:(3): 430â440.
1606:
1549:
1489:
1454:(5): 762â773.
1429:
1410:(2): 390â401.
1390:
1347:
1318:
1260:
1257:on 2011-07-27.
1203:
1148:
1119:
1082:
1055:
1006:
999:
979:
962:
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
873:
870:
837:
834:
826:metoclopramide
818:
815:
794:
791:
777:
774:
770:antiflatulents
759:
745:
742:
728:
725:
719:
716:
703:
700:
667:
664:
564:amylin analogs
523:
520:
515:
512:
507:
504:
468:Main article:
465:
462:
454:gut microbiota
446:
443:
431:cholelithiasis
429:These include
426:
423:
400:
390:
373:
370:
361:
358:
342:
339:
337:
334:
315:
312:
311:
310:
304:
294:
290:
285:
282:
277:
274:
256:alert features
252:Alarm features
250:Also known as
247:
246:Alarm symptoms
244:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
206:
201:
198:
192:
186:
181:
173:
170:
168:
165:
109:abdominal pain
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4386:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:Diaphragmatic
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Cholecystitis
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:Liver abscess
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:Liver failure
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:Enterocolitis
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:Malabsorption
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Gastroparesis
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Cushing ulcer
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Megaesophagus
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2909:(15): 40â46.
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
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2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
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2461:
2457:
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2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
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2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2120:(2): 177â88.
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1989:on 2014-12-21
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
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1505:
1498:
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1494:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
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1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:(9): 879â85.
1225:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:2027.42/74835
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:(3): 475â92.
1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1000:9781441917300
996:
992:
991:
983:
977:
976:
971:
966:
958:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
898:
888:
885:
884:
878:
869:
867:
863:
859:
856:, artichoke,
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:meta-analysis
833:
831:
827:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
799:
790:
788:
784:
773:
771:
767:
763:
755:
751:
741:
733:
724:
715:
713:
708:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:metronidazole
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
511:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:gastroparesis
480:
476:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
442:
440:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
369:
367:
357:
355:
351:
347:
333:
329:
326:
322:
308:
305:
302:
298:
291:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
264:warning signs
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
240:cholecystitis
237:
234:
230:
226:
212:
210:
209:regurgitation
207:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
185:
182:
179:
178:
177:
164:
162:
161:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:upset stomach
82:
78:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
16:Upset stomach
4291:
4270:
4147:Pancreatitis
4109:
4059:biliary tree
3932:Nutmeg liver
3909:
3835:Hematochezia
3786:Pruritus ani
3771:Anal abscess
3766:Anal fistula
3762:Anal fissure
3675:Constipation
3629:
3500:Appendicitis
3308:Gastroptosis
3298:Achlorhydria
3137:
3126:Eosinophilic
3040:
3029:
3005:
2994:
2979:
2964:
2906:
2896:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2717:, retrieved
2687:
2677:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2606:
2594:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2447:
2443:
2385:
2381:
2323:
2319:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2019:
2015:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1958:
1954:
1944:
1922:(2): 84â88.
1919:
1915:
1869:
1865:
1827:
1824:N Engl J Med
1823:
1810:
1775:
1771:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1569:(S1): 5â13.
1566:
1562:
1552:
1511:
1507:
1451:
1447:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1280:
1276:
1252:the original
1223:
1219:
1206:
1171:
1167:
1109:
1071:(2): 79â85.
1068:
1064:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
989:
982:
973:
965:
928:
924:
875:
872:Epidemiology
839:
830:erythromycin
820:
800:
796:
779:
768:agents, and
747:
738:
721:
705:
669:
644:saw palmetto
525:
517:
509:
473:
448:
428:
418:
414:
404:
403:The role of
402:
396:
392:
381:
375:
363:
344:
330:
317:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
221:
195:postprandial
175:
158:
152:
131:
125:
113:feeling full
84:
80:
76:
75:
4327:Peritonitis
4089:Cholestasis
4067:Cholangitis
4010:Gallbladder
3898:Fatty liver
3818:Hematemesis
3800:GI bleeding
3606:Necrotizing
3535:Lymphocytic
3530:Collagenous
3525:Microscopic
3462:Steatorrhea
3363:Enteropathy
3209:Inlet patch
3131:Herpetiform
3116:Esophagitis
3047:Indigestion
3031:MedlinePlus
2326:(1): 8â21.
970:"dyspepsia"
822:Prokinetics
817:Prokinetics
803:esophagitis
660:FODMAP diet
656:gluten-free
600:venlafaxine
540:antibiotics
399:) infection
346:Esophagitis
341:Esophagitis
107:, or upper
77:Indigestion
37:Other names
32:Indigestion
4363:Categories
4319:Peritoneal
4297:Incisional
4218:Congenital
4162:Hereditary
4139:Pancreatic
4103:Haemobilia
3776:Hemorrhoid
3754:Anal canal
3692:Infectious
3680:Functional
3515:Ulcerative
3399:Duodenitis
3338:Gastrinoma
3042:Patient UK
3007:DiseasesDB
2719:2022-01-27
2613:2022-01-27
1993:2014-12-21
1951:"Dysepsia"
1826:(Review).
1774:(Review).
1341:2022-01-19
1277:The Lancet
893:References
862:rose water
846:peppermint
766:prokinetic
604:duloxetine
592:sertraline
588:fluoxetine
548:macrolides
538:(NSAIDs),
528:overeating
307:epigastric
297:deficiency
119:(GERD) or
4307:Richter's
4264:Spigelian
4259:Obturator
4249:Umbilical
4082:Ascending
4053:Bile duct
3886:Cirrhosis
3864:Hepatitis
3847:Accessory
3717:Proctitis
3568:Megacolon
3542:Dysentery
3452:Whipple's
3404:Jejunitis
3394:Enteritis
3281:Dyspepsia
3242:Gastritis
3175:Achalasia
3108:Esophagus
2933:226340276
2925:2658-5790
2888:233868221
2872:1842-1121
2831:233868221
2815:1842-1121
2774:235379735
2758:0815-9319
2714:234186151
2669:244774488
2653:1099-1573
2537:237199057
2521:0002-9270
2464:1469-493X
2404:1664-0640
2356:221768794
2340:0269-2813
2290:0257-2753
2233:2056-676X
2219:: 17081.
2193:207052951
2177:0269-2813
2036:1365-277X
1983:220190440
1961:: f5059.
1928:1532-0650
1886:1528-0012
1750:245922275
1734:1468-3288
1687:1532-0650
1640:1468-3288
1585:0257-2753
1544:220656815
1528:1179-1950
1484:221344221
1468:0269-2813
1313:222254300
1297:0140-6736
1248:260135014
1220:Endoscopy
1137:cite book
1129:925478002
931:: l6483.
744:Treatment
727:Diagnosis
620:estrogens
596:serotonin
556:metformin
419:H. pylori
415:H. pylori
406:H. pylori
397:H. pylori
382:H. pylori
366:gastritis
360:Gastritis
354:heartburn
293:Vitamin B
260:red flags
229:Cutaneous
160:H. pylori
155:endoscopy
136:gastritis
121:gastritis
97:heartburn
89:digestion
81:dyspepsia
67:Frequency
46:Specialty
40:Dyspepsia
4237:Indirect
4232:Inguinal
3966:Pyogenic
3911:Vascular
3687:Diarrhea
3665:Volvulus
3631:Vascular
3570: /
3559: /
3520:Ischemic
3487:Appendix
3377:Duodenum
3247:Atrophic
3121:Candidal
2880:33951117
2823:33951117
2766:34105186
2661:34851546
2586:30335201
2529:34404084
2482:29161458
2422:32116840
2348:32936964
2298:34126614
2241:29099093
2185:28112426
2136:25348873
2095:22800900
2087:28913843
2052:22800900
2044:28913843
1975:23990632
1936:31939638
1894:27147122
1844:26535514
1802:29791992
1742:35022266
1695:25955624
1648:28232473
1593:29421808
1536:32691294
1476:32852839
1424:16890592
1385:27922893
1377:17177870
1305:33049222
1240:16981103
1198:16886913
1050:16499689
1042:16181387
957:31826881
881:See also
858:licorice
756:(PPIs),
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