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1310:(completion of a BA degree), compared to a system-wide recidivism rate between 40 and 43 percent.10 One report, sponsored by the Correctional Education Association, focused on recidivism in three states, concluding that education prevented crime. More recently, a 2013 Department of Justice funded study from the RAND Corporation found that incarcerated individuals who participated in correctional education were 43% less likely to return to prison within 3 years than prisoners who did not participate in such programmes. The research implies that education has the potential to impact recidivism rates positively by lowering them.
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adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in a greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary". However, while
Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of "prisonization" this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.
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code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmer. Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.
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1152:"Prisonization" as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot, the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.
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The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate's identity as a convict. As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict
1148:
In this world, for
Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they
1038:
A psychopathological condition identified as "SHU syndrome" has been observed among such prisoners. Symptoms are characterized as problems with concentration and memory, distortions of perception, and hallucinations. Most convicts suffering from SHU syndrome exhibit extreme generalized anxiety and
1086:
Long durations may lead to depression and changes in brain physiology. In the absence of a social context that is needed to validate perceptions of their environment, prisoners become highly malleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased vulnerability to the influence of those controlling
1045:(STAI) was developed to understand the mechanisms behind anxiety. State anxiety describes anxiety that takes place in a stressful situation while trait anxiety is the tendency of feeling anxious in many situations because of a set of beliefs that an individual has that threatens their well-being
1304:
Growing research associates education with a number of positive outcomes for prisoners, the institution, and society. Although at the time of the ban's enactment there was limited knowledge about the relationship between education and recidivism, there is growing merit to idea that education in
1090:
Prisoners exhibit the paradoxical effect of social withdrawal after long periods of solitary confinement. A shift takes place from a craving for greater social contact to a fear of it. They may grow lethargic and apathetic, and no longer be able to control their own conduct when released from
1309:
reduced the likelihood of re-incarceration by 29 percent. In 2000, the Texas
Department of Education conducted a longitudinal study of 883 men and women who earned college degrees while incarcerated, finding recidivism rates between 27.2 percent (completion of an AA degree) and 7.8 percent
1051:
SHU syndrome is a term that was created by
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian to describe the six basic mechanisms that happen in a cognitive matter in prisoners that are in solitary confinements or supermax level cell prison. The six basic mechanisms that occur together are:
1155:
Opposed to these theories, several
European sociologists have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception
1110:
describes a paradoxical phenomenon where, over time, hostages develop positive feelings towards their captors. The victim's ego develops a series of defense mechanisms to achieve survival and cope with stress in a traumatic situation.
1094:
Long-term stays in solitary confinement can cause prisoners to develop clinical depression, and long-term impulse control disorder. Those with pre-existing mental illnesses are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric
1119:
The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts: Donald
Clemmer's
1132:
where he worked as a clinical sociologist, propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.
1384:
are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.
1418:
are prisoners that are illegally held captive for their use as illegal laborers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint., which is
1305:
prison is a preventative to re-incarceration. Several studies help illustrate the point. For example, one study in 1997 that focused on 3,200 prisoners in
Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio, showed that
2197:
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is a frequent term used by certain governments to refer to individuals who are held in custody and are not liable to be classified and treated under the law as either
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their environment. Social connection and the support provided by social interaction are prerequisites to long-term social adjustment as a prisoner.
2208:
62:
1725:
Bruce A. Arrigo, Jennifer Leslie
Bullock (November 2007). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units".
1356:, who is then incarcerated at a federal prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a
1301:. However, the mass incarcerations in the United States prisons raise concerns about the 8th Amendment being overridden by these conditions.
974:
Glanville
Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.
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describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.
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Both federal and state laws govern the rights of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States do not have full rights under the
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2002:
1770:"Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis"
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Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:
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1128:, which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the
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solitary confinement. They can come to depend upon the prison structure to control and limit their conduct.
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1298:
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257:
1889:"Stockholm Syndrome - Law Enforcement Policy and Ego Defenses of the Hostage | Office of Justice Programs"
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The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in
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306:
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2169:, T. (1965) The Defences of the Weak: a Study of Norwegian Correctional Institution, London: Tavistock
1624:
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32:
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169:
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2019:
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1941:
1802:
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1403:
660:
495:
301:
224:
39:
2477:
Victorian
Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.
2476:
1939:
Crewe, Ben (2006). "Male prisoners' orientations towards female officers in an English prison".
1912:
Simon, Jonathan (1 August 2000). "The 'Society of Captives' in the Era of Hyper-Incarceration".
4786:
4415:
4157:
3519:
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Prison overcrowding and the eighth amendments' prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
1422:
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Stuart Grassian proposed that the symptoms are unique and are not found in any other situation.
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17:
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1124:, which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study
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461:
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149:
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who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a
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The Powers that Punish : Prison and Politics in the Era of the "Big House," 1920-2009
1035:
and lack of social contact that can have a severe negative impact on their mental health.
8:
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4091:
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3098:
1834:
Pratt, John; Brown, David; Brown, Mark; Hallsworth, Simon; Morrison, Wayne (2013-06-17).
1605:
1032:
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for long durations. When held in "Special Housing Units" (SHU), prisoners are subject to
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2041:
1958:
1929:
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967:. The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the
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788:
763:
420:
370:
326:
219:
1027:
Some of the most extreme adverse effects suffered by prisoners appear to be caused by
952:
as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in
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4448:
4366:
4103:
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3823:
3563:
3540:
3329:
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2985:
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2546:
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2178:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010) "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers",
2147:
2120:
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1998:
1962:
1933:
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1841:
1742:
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680:
598:
451:
321:
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cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".
247:
61:
deal primarily with the United States and the United Kingdom and do not represent a
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1921:
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2428:
Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry
70:
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Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement.
1992:
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277:
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1606:
Johan Knutsonin kivipiirros moninkertaisesta murhamiehestÀ Juhani Aataminpojasta
1164:
1098:
Some common behaviours are self-mutilation, suicidal tendencies, and psychosis.
871:
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for security reasons. They can either be friendly, neutral, or enemy nationals.
1141:
926:
907:
875:
867:
542:
159:
2086:
Faine, John R. (Autumn 1973). "A self-consistency approach to prisonization".
1820:
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2698:
2371:
Gillen, S. & Nebraska Legislature Legislative Research Division. (1989).
1954:
1807:
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74:
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SpearIt, Restoring Pell Grants for Prisoners- Growing Momentum for Reform
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2795:
2756:
2684:
2532:
2180:
1803:"Subjects Without a World? A Husserlian Analysis of Solitary Confinement"
1586:"Prisoner - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
1317:
Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population, 2017.
1003:
964:
738:
525:
430:
377:
229:
189:
112:
2482:
A Voice From Prison, NGO reporting from within the Federal prison system
1724:
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2045:
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758:
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3828:
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2816:
1727:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
1363:
1331:
397:
333:
2464:
2399:"Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population"
2386:
2270:
2037:
1464:
1390:, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to
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1136:
4533:
4491:
4358:
4324:
4282:
4267:
4227:
3972:
2539:
2481:
2442:"Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation.
1395:
1375:
1344:
are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the
1341:
1285:
1912 illustration of an inmate being punished in an American prison
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124:
116:
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4108:
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3845:
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2580:
2255:
Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code
1509:
1381:
1371:
1172:
1011:
922:
568:
2486:
2119:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. pp. 95â96.
1712:
Simon and Schuster; Rockefeller Centre; New York, New York; 1997
4501:
4314:
4247:
4187:
4182:
3989:
3656:
2640:
1438:
1415:
1357:
1270:
960:
948:, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a
899:
895:
515:
139:
3237:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
2253:
Brannigan, Augustine (May 1976). "Review: D. Lawrence Wieder,
918:
4309:
4237:
3788:
3554:
2587:
2375:. Nebraska Legislative Council Legislative Research Division.
1994:
The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison
1274:
510:
291:
2351:"Prisoners' rights | LII / Legal Information Institute"
2329:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. p. 94.
4319:
3861:
1391:
929:, also known as "Kerpeikkari", in the 1849 lithography by
1833:
1335:
2065:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 23.
959:"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for
1022:
2146:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 6.
1257:
Human rights in the United States § Prison system
1460:
27:
Person who is deprived of liberty against their will
2292:Colvin, Mark (February 2010). "Review: David Ward.
2198:"Conversational actions and organizational actions"
1864:
Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome
1176:
US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight
963:. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for
2437:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
1683:. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 3, note 3.
1437:Other types of prisoners can include those under
4941:
3577:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1402:, or combatants acting within the bounds of the
1352:or a felon, is a person convicted of violating
2062:Living Inside Prison Walls: Adjustment Behavior
937:"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is
2195:
2186:-Annual English Selection-Supplement, p. 41-68
1039:panic disorder, with some suffering amnesia.
3672:
2502:
1694:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies
1453:, and peoples restricted to a specific area.
848:
59:The examples and perspective in this article
38:"Inmate" redirects here. For other uses, see
4576:
4356:
2020:"Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community"
906:. The term usually applies to one serving a
3679:
3665:
3259:International Network of Prison Ministries
2509:
2495:
1006:. This evidence suggests that people from
855:
841:
2433:Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986).
2252:
1997:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1980:. New York: Holt, Rhineheart and Winston.
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
4564:
3085:Mentally ill people in the United States
1800:
1312:
1280:
1260:
1171:
1163:
1135:
1017:
981:
971:has rendered this distinction obsolete.
917:
866:
2322:
2112:
2058:
2025:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
2017:
1975:
1767:
1540:List of countries by incarceration rate
1505:History of United States Prison Systems
1425:are anyone imprisoned because of their
14:
4942:
3338:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
2444:National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).
2370:
2291:
2139:
1189:Don't interfere with inmate interests.
4563:
3920:
3660:
2490:
2085:
1990:
1938:
1911:
1293:, however, they are protected by the
1101:
1056:Hyperresponsivity to External Stimuli
3640:
2353:. Topics.law.cornell.edu. 2012-03-02
1860:
1720:
1718:
1106:The psychological syndrome known as
1023:Special Housing Units (SHU) syndrome
45:
2196:Watson, Rod; Sharrock, Wes (1990).
1827:
24:
3922:
3921:
2420:
2100:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1973.tb01392.x
25:
4976:
2516:
2448:
2387:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2814358
1715:
1667:. Fourth Edition. 1960. Page 151.
1334:who are detained by a party to a
1114:
1043:The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
874:'s image of the exercise yard at
4924:
4923:
3686:
3639:
3628:
3627:
2018:Clemmer, Donald (MarâApr 1938).
1463:
1250:
200:Risk & actuarial criminology
123:
50:
3409:Countries by incarceration rate
3322:Prison Fellowship International
2455:Human Rights Watch on Detainees
2391:
2379:
2364:
2343:
2316:
2285:
2246:
2189:
2172:
2160:
2133:
2106:
2079:
2052:
2011:
1984:
1969:
1905:
1881:
1854:
1794:
1761:
1433:, religion, or political views.
1159:
4565:
2298:The American Historical Review
1702:
1686:
1670:
1650:
1634:
1610:
1599:
1578:
1480:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1074:Intrusive Obsessional Thoughts
913:
13:
1:
2323:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2113:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2059:DeRosia, Victoria R. (1998).
1867:. National Geographic Books.
1571:
1225:Be wary, and try to be a man.
1062:Illusions, and Hallucinations
993:
3301:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2294:Alcatraz: The Gangster Years
1535:Judicial corporal punishment
1299:cruel and unusual punishment
1201:Don't put a guy on the spot.
7:
2326:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
2116:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
1926:10.1177/1362480600004003003
1661:A First Book of English Law
1530:Independent custody visitor
1456:
73:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4981:
4960:Imprisonment and detention
3771:Weberian (three-component)
3633:Imprisonment and detention
2561:Stanford prison experiment
1991:Sykes, Gresham M. (1958).
1861:King, David (2020-08-04).
1254:
1243:
1130:Menard Correctional Center
1068:Difficulties with Thinking
977:
180:Expressive function of law
29:
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4030:
3933:
3929:
3916:
3779:
3733:
3729:
3700:
3622:
3432:
3400:
3375:
3294:Prison abolition movement
3252:Florida Justice Institute
3228:
3032:
2947:
2907:
2826:
2773:
2648:
2639:
2570:
2524:
1821:10.1007/s10746-011-9182-0
1788:10.1177/00328855211069142
1265:A police bus used by the
1239:
33:Prisoner (disambiguation)
4893:Pre-industrial East Asia
3345:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2789:Administrative detention
2465:Prisoner Search in U.S.A
2140:Bright, Charles (1996).
1976:Clemmer, Donald (1940).
1955:10.1177/1462474506067565
1942:Punishment & Society
1739:10.1177/0306624X07309720
1698:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
1642:Prison Security Act 1992
1447:psychiatric institutions
1321:
1168:Inmates in a prison yard
1071:Concentration and Memory
946:Prison Security Act 1992
170:Differential association
3941:Administrative detainee
3423:Films featuring prisons
3280:Mount Tamalpais College
2934:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2664:Corrective labor colony
2207:(2): 26. Archived from
1914:Theoretical Criminology
1768:Walters, G. D. (2022).
1404:laws and customs of war
1204:Be loyal to your class.
1126:The Society of Captives
987:To Visit the Imprisoned
933:while he was imprisoned
225:Symbolic interactionism
40:Inmate (disambiguation)
4357:
3057:Contemplative programs
2764:Youth detention center
2616:Prisoner of conscience
2259:Contemporary Sociology
2234:Cite journal requires
2088:Sociological Quarterly
1423:Prisoner of conscience
1318:
1286:
1278:
1228:Never talk to a screw.
1216:Don't exploit inmates.
1198:Keep off a man's back.
1177:
1169:
1145:
1059:Perceptual Distortions
999:
934:
879:
4898:Pre-industrial Europe
3308:Prison-Ashram Project
2426:Grassian, S. (1983).
2310:10.1086/ahr.115.1.246
1801:Guenther, L. (2011).
1588:. Merriam-webster.com
1495:Detention of suspects
1394:. They can be either
1316:
1284:
1264:
1255:Further information:
1175:
1167:
1139:
1018:Psychological effects
985:
969:Criminal Law Act 1967
921:
870:
729:Biosocial criminology
436:Uniform Crime Reports
145:Biosocial criminology
4755: or countries
4566:By country or region
3804:Class discrimination
3492:Ireland, Republic of
3182:Solitary confinement
2743:Prisoner-of-war camp
1978:The Prison Community
1837:The New Punitiveness
1122:The Prison Community
1029:solitary confinement
944:In section 1 of the
604:Solitary confinement
268:Alexandre Lacassagne
79:create a new article
71:improve this article
31:For other uses, see
4965:Criminals by status
4287:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3359:Prison Reform Trust
1410:Political prisoners
1192:Never rat on a con.
1033:sensory deprivation
794:Radical criminology
155:Collective efficacy
4868:18th-century Spain
4722:Standard of living
4426:Upper middle class
4421:Lower middle class
4012:Political prisoner
3794:Chattering classes
3766:Spoon class theory
3366:WriteAPrisoner.com
3129:Protective custody
2678:Extermination camp
2609:Political prisoner
2470:2020-08-12 at the
2440:Haney, C. (1993).
1677:Glanville Williams
1623:. 1636. Page 202.
1555:Prisoner's dilemma
1431:sexual orientation
1328:Civilian internees
1319:
1287:
1279:
1267:Maharashtra Police
1231:Have a connection.
1178:
1170:
1146:
1108:Stockholm syndrome
1102:Stockholm syndrome
1000:
989:by Flemish artist
935:
904:physical restraint
886:(also known as an
880:
4937:
4936:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4748:
4747:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4449:Lumpenproletariat
3951:illegal immigrant
3912:
3911:
3824:Classless society
3654:
3653:
3590:England and Wales
3330:Prison Legal News
3315:Prison Fellowship
3273:Justice Defenders
2943:
2942:
2547:Prison healthcare
2460:ACLU on Detainees
2403:Our World in Data
2336:978-0-7637-2904-2
2153:978-0-472-10732-2
2126:978-0-7637-2904-2
2072:978-0-275-95895-4
1874:978-0-393-63508-9
1847:978-1-134-01855-0
1665:Sweet and Maxwell
1560:Prisoners' rights
1246:Prisoners' rights
1213:Don't bring heat.
1210:Do your own time.
865:
864:
611:
610:
548:Prisoners' rights
452:Positivist school
107:
106:
99:
81:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
4972:
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4754:
4655:Mexican-American
4583:
4582:
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4362:
4305:Business magnate
4195:Knowledge worker
4080:
4079:
3968:dual or multiple
3931:
3930:
3918:
3917:
3872:Social exclusion
3867:Social cleansing
3781:
3731:
3730:
3720:Economic classes
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3643:
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3597:Northern Ireland
3592:
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2893:
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2872:
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2805:
2803:Maximum security
2798:
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1681:Learning the Law
1674:
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1657:O. Hood Phillips
1654:
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1632:
1621:Termes de la Ley
1614:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
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1582:
1550:Prisoner support
1473:
1468:
1467:
1451:internment camps
1398:affiliated with
1388:Prisoners of war
1368:prisoners of war
1307:prison education
1297:which prohibits
1295:Eighth Amendment
998:
995:
991:Cornelis de Wael
857:
850:
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447:Crime statistics
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127:
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4667:Underprivileged
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4390:
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3887:Social position
3877:Social mobility
3775:
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2623:Prisoner of war
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2472:Wayback Machine
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2421:Further reading
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2271:10.2307/2064132
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2107:
2084:
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2073:
2057:
2053:
2038:10.2307/1136755
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1974:
1970:
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1710:The Slave Trade
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1545:Older prisoners
1485:Civil liberties
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724:Anthropological
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426:Critical theory
411:
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383:State-corporate
371:
294:
283:
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278:Archibald Reiss
273:Cesare Lombroso
263:Michel Foucault
243:
242:Major theorists
235:
234:
210:Social learning
195:Rational choice
185:Labeling theory
165:Criminalization
135:
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4595:American Dream
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4007:Migrant worker
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3923:By demographic
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3903:Status Anxiety
3899:
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3857:Ranked society
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3799:Class conflict
3796:
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3783:
3782: topics
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3384:Rehabilitation
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3376:Leaving prison
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3245:Black and Pink
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2918:Prison escapes
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2449:External links
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2265:(3): 349â350.
2245:
2236:|journal=
2188:
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2132:
2125:
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2078:
2071:
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2032:(6): 861â872.
2010:
2004:978-0691130644
2003:
1983:
1968:
1949:(4): 395â421.
1904:
1880:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1815:(3): 257â276.
1793:
1775:Prison Journal
1760:
1714:
1708:Thomas, Hugh:
1701:
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1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1565:Prison uniform
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1455:
1439:police custody
1435:
1434:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1350:federal inmate
1339:
1323:
1320:
1252:
1249:
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:Don't cop out.
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:Don't be nosy.
1193:
1190:
1186:
1161:
1158:
1142:Newgate Prison
1116:
1115:Inmate culture
1113:
1103:
1100:
1079:
1078:
1077:Overt Paranoia
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
979:
976:
927:Johan Adamsson
925:serial killer
915:
912:
876:Newgate Prison
863:
862:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:Organizational
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:
696:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:Transformative
586:
581:
573:
572:
565:
564:
563:
562:
557:
555:Rehabilitation
552:
551:
550:
545:
543:Prisoner abuse
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
513:
508:
506:Incapacitation
503:
498:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
324:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
295:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Ămile Durkheim
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Social control
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:Crime analysis
157:
152:
150:Broken windows
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
120:
119:
105:
104:
65:of the subject
63:worldwide view
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4977:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4852:United States
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
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4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:Other regions
4751:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
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4690:
4686:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
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4648:
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4629:
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4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:United States
4575:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
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4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
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4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
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4442:
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4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
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4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
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4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
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4184:
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4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Socioeconomic
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Social stigma
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Social orphan
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:Nouveau riche
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Class traitor
3812:
3810:
3809:Class society
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Gilbert model
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3646:
3637:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3613:United States
3610:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
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3542:
3538:
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3528:
3524:
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3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
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3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
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3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:Organizations
3227:
3218:
3217:United States
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3159:United States
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:United States
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:United States
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:Mobile phones
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3048:United States
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:Social issues
3031:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2977:United States
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:Trusty system
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
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2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
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2740:
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2733:
2730:
2726:
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2714:
2710:
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2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
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2679:
2675:
2672:
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2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Incarceration
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2228:
2214:on 2015-09-24
2210:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1840:. Routledge.
1839:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:Human Studies
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:(6): 622â40.
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1666:
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1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Incarceration
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Foot whipping
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1454:
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1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
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1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:United States
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1251:United States
1247:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
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1182:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:Panic Attacks
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1015:
1014:-like tribe.
1013:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
984:
975:
972:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
954:legal custody
951:
947:
942:
940:
932:
931:Johan Knutson
928:
924:
920:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
873:
869:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
838:
836:
835:
828:
825:
823:
822:Organizations
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Environmental
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
687:
686:Postmodernist
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:Neo-classical
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Environmental
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
617:
616:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:Participatory
577:
576:
575:
574:
570:
567:
566:
561:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
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497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
480:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
442:
441:Crime mapping
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Transnational
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:International
354:
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2782:House arrest
2736:Penal colony
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1636:
1629:Google Books
1625:Digital copy
1617:John Rastell
1612:
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1580:
1520:Human rights
1515:House arrest
1443:house arrest
1436:
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496:Denunciation
462:Quantitative
372:Public-order
327:White-collar
258:Enrico Ferri
253:Hans Eysenck
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4822:New Zealand
4539:Untouchable
4464:Proletariat
4454:Pea-pickers
4404:Bourgeoisie
4092:Aristocracy
3978:naturalized
3973:native-born
3520:North Korea
3513:New Zealand
3106:Pay-to-stay
2533:Criminology
1893:www.ojp.gov
1445:, those in
1354:federal law
1140:A scene in
1010:enslaved a
1004:Lower Egypt
997: 1640
914:English law
910:in prison.
764:Development
739:Criminology
661:Integrative
599:Utilitarian
594:Retributive
584:Restorative
571:in penology
457:Qualitative
431:Ethnography
416:Comparative
322:Blue-collar
230:Victimology
190:Psychopathy
113:Criminology
4944:Categories
4812:Luxembourg
4702:Inequality
4367:Superclass
4158:Hereditary
4134:Post-Roman
4125:Patrician
3995:adolescent
3819:Classicide
3434:By country
3071:Informants
2986:Literature
2925:Helicopter
2884:Sally port
2849:Commissary
2827:Components
2720:Chain gang
2706:Labor camp
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2657:Black site
2554:Punishment
2430:, 140(11).
2357:2012-04-19
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2218:2011-04-09
2094:(4): 576.
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1898:2023-11-14
1592:2012-04-19
1572:References
1471:Law portal
1400:combatants
939:imprisoned
759:Demography
681:Positivist
560:Recidivism
501:Deterrence
393:Victimless
220:Subculture
4837:Sri Lanka
4730:Education
4697:Household
4590:Affluence
4525:Rat tribe
4487:Ant tribe
4459:Precariat
4444:Lazzaroni
4386:Bohemians
4347:Overclass
4342:Old money
4278:Spartiate
4253:Kshatriya
4243:Hashashin
4200:Professor
4141:Political
4114:Oligarchy
4104:Hanseaten
4022:Stateless
4002:Convicted
3934:By status
3897:Subaltern
3829:Euthenics
3761:New class
3443:Australia
3175:Sexuality
3064:Education
3023:Tattooing
2817:Death row
2713:Battalion
2572:Prisoners
1963:145696051
1934:145534095
1490:Detention
1396:civilians
1364:Detainees
1332:civilians
1234:Be sharp.
1222:Be tough.
1095:symptoms.
784:Political
713:Subfields
636:Classical
626:Anarchist
521:abolition
421:Profiling
366:Political
361:Organized
346:Corporate
334:Cold case
290:Types of
75:talk page
4955:Penology
4929:Category
4861:Historic
4782:Colombia
4772:Cambodia
4707:Personal
4605:Mobility
4534:Freedman
4520:Plebeian
4506:Prisoner
4492:Commoner
4378:Creative
4359:Seigneur
4325:Nobility
4283:Vanniyar
4268:Pendekar
4228:Cossacks
3862:Snobbery
3734:Theories
3604:Scotland
3239:(Brazil)
3203:Violence
3152:Religion
2993:American
2842:Cemetery
2810:Supermax
2729:Military
2671:Debtors'
2595:Detainee
2588:Criminal
2540:Penology
2468:Archived
1755:10433547
1747:18025074
1457:See also
1419:illegal.
1382:Hostages
1376:criminal
1372:suspects
1342:Convicts
1207:Be cool.
1144:, London
908:sentence
892:detainee
884:prisoner
817:Journals
744:Critical
734:Conflict
719:American
690:Realism
656:Feminist
646:Critical
641:Conflict
538:Prisoner
485:Penology
351:Juvenile
302:Humanity
298:Against
175:Deviance
117:penology
87:May 2021
69:You may
4832:Romania
4827:Nigeria
4712:Poverty
4615:Classes
4600:History
4511:Peasant
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4436:Working
4416:Burgher
4273:Samurai
4263:OcÄlĆtl
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3852:Poverty
3846:Parvenu
3780:Related
3751:Marxian
3713:Stratum
3645:Commons
3583:Bermuda
3571:Ukraine
3499:Jamaica
3478:Iceland
3471:Germany
3464:Estonia
3416:Prisons
3196:Suicide
3189:Strikes
2948:Culture
2877:Officer
2870:Nursery
2863:Library
2750:Private
2641:Prisons
2602:Hostage
2581:Convict
2525:Science
2408:6 March
2279:2064132
2046:1136755
1510:Hostage
978:History
923:Finnish
894:) is a
749:Culture
671:Marxist
666:Italian
631:Chicago
620:Schools
569:Justice
410:Methods
339:Perfect
4787:France
4767:Belize
4762:Africa
4689:Income
4645:Middle
4638:Gentry
4502:Outlaw
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4315:Gentry
4248:Knight
4188:Priest
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961:felony
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900:prison
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888:inmate
827:People
806:Browse
789:Public
531:reform
516:Prison
318:Class
307:Person
215:Strain
140:Anomie
134:Theory
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4883:Aztec
4842:Tibet
4817:Nepal
4807:Italy
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3041:Abuse
3016:Slang
3000:Blogs
2649:Types
2630:Slave
2275:JSTOR
2212:(PDF)
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1930:S2CID
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902:, or
812:Index
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699:Right
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292:crime
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