Judah P. Benjamin - Knowledge

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Benjamin was rarely written about, in contrast to Davis and other Confederate leaders. Part of this was due to Benjamin depriving his potential biographers of source material, but even Davis, in his two-volume war memoir, mentions him only twice. Evans suggests that as Davis wrote the books in part to defend and memorialize his place in history, it would not have been characteristic of him to give much credit to Benjamin. Davis, in the midst of postwar business struggles, may have resented Benjamin's success as a barrister, or may have feared that allegations of involvement in Lincoln's assassination would again be made against the two men. Brook concurs that Benjamin's postwar success, that began as Davis lay in prison and other Confederates struggled for survival, may have soured Southerners towards the former secretary, but that anti-Semitism was also likely a factor. "For the guardians of Confederate memory after Reconstruction, Benjamin became a kind of pet Jew, generally ignored, but then trotted out at opportune moments to defend the segregated South against charges of bigotry."

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use of black soldiers. Benjamin responded that this was not feasible, principally for legal and financial reasons, and that the slaves were performing valuable services for the Confederacy where they were. According to Meade, "Benjamin did not offer any objections to Micou's plan except on practical grounds—he was not repelled by the radical nature of the proposal". A British financial agent for the Confederacy, James Spence, also urged emancipation as a means of gaining British recognition. Benjamin allowed Spence to remain in his position for almost a year despite the differences with Confederate policy, before finally dismissing him in late 1863. Despite official neutrality, tens of thousands from British-ruled Ireland were enlisting in the Union cause; Benjamin sent an agent to Ireland hoping to impede those efforts and

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that Benjamin began to be mentioned as a significant figure in the history of the United States, and in the chronicle of the Jews there. Nevertheless, Tom Mountain, in his 2009 article on Benjamin, points out that Benjamin was respected in the South as a leader of the rebel cause for a century after the Civil War, and that Southern schoolchildren who could not name the current Secretary of State in Washington knew about Benjamin. Reform Rabbi Daniel Polish noted in 1988 that Benjamin "represent a significant dilemma my years growing up as a Jew both proud of his people and with an intense commitment to the ideals of liberalism and human solidarity that I found embodied in the civil rights movement."

1515:. Additionally, when the war began, Britain had a large surplus of cotton in warehouses, enough to keep the mills running at least part-time for a year or so. Although many prominent Britons believed the South would prevail, there was a reluctance to recognize Richmond until it had gained the military victories to put its foe at bay. Much of this was due to hatred of slavery, though part of it stemmed from a desire to remain on good terms with the U.S. government—due to a drought in 1862, Britain was forced to import large quantities of wheat and flour from the United States. Also, Britain feared the expansionist Americans might invade the vulnerable Canadian colonies, as Seward hinted they might. 894:, in an 1852 speech to a railroad builders' convention, Benjamin said this trade route "belongs to New Orleans. Its commerce makes empires of the countries to which it flows." Benjamin lobbied fellow lawmakers about the project, gained funds from private New York bankers, and even helped organize construction crews. In private correspondence he warned backers of problems; project workers suffered yellow fever, shipments of construction materials hit rough seas, and actions or inaction by both U.S. and Mexican officials caused delays and increases in construction costs. Backers had invested several hundred thousand dollars by the time the project died after the outbreak of the 1296:

little to solve. The Confederacy lacked sufficient soldiers, trained officers to command them, naval and civilian ships, manufacturing capacity to make ships and many weapons, and powder for guns and cannon. The Union had those things and moved to block the South's access to European supplies, both by blockades and by buying up supplies that the South might have secured. Other problems included drunkenness among the men and their officers and uncertainty as to when and where the expected Northern invasion would begin. Also, Benjamin had no experience of the military or of the executive branch of the government, placing him in a poor position to contradict Davis.

928:. Despite his absence, he was easily elected. When the new legislature met in January 1852, Benjamin emerged as one of the leading Whig candidates for election to the U.S. Senate seat that would become vacant on March 4, 1853. As the Louisiana legislature, responsible for electing the state's senators, met once in two years under the 1845 constitution, it was not scheduled to meet again before the seat became vacant. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the two houses over Democrat 844:, Bellechasse. This purchase, and the subsequent construction of a grand house there, advanced Benjamin's ambitions; the planter class controlled Louisiana politics and would trust only a man who also owned substantial land and slaves. The Benjamin marriage was by then failing, and he hoped in vain that his wife would be content at the plantation. Benjamin threw his energy into improving Bellechasse, importing new varieties of sugar cane and adopting up-to-date methods and equipment to extract and process the sugar. He purchased 140 slaves to work the plantation, and had a reputation as a humane slaveowner. 1246:

Louisianan in his Cabinet, but that a smarter course of action would have been to send Benjamin abroad to win over the European governments. Butler called Benjamin's appointment "a waste of good material". Historian William C. Davis, in his volume on the formation of the Confederate government, notes, "For some there was next to nothing to do, none more so than Benjamin." The role of the attorney general in a Confederacy that did not yet have federal courts or marshals was so minimal that initial layouts for the building housing the government in Montgomery allotted no space to the Justice Department.

1598:. British newspapers mocked Lincoln for hypocrisy in freeing slaves only in Confederate-held areas, where he could exercise no authority. British officials had been shocked by the outcome of Antietam—they had expected Lee to deliver another brilliant victory—and now considered an additional reason for intervening in the conflict. Antietam, the bloodiest day of the war, had been a stalemate; they read this as presaging an overall deadlock in the war, with North and South at each other's throats for years as Britain's mills sat empty and its people starved. France agreed with this assessment. 2084: 1609:, expressed confidence in Confederate victory, stating in Newcastle, "There is no doubt that Jefferson Davis and other leaders of the South have made an army. They are making, it appears, a navy, and they have made what is more than either—they have made a nation." Later that month, Napoleon proposed to the British and Russians (a U.S. ally) that they combine to require a six months' armistice for mediation, and an end to the blockade; if they did so, it would likely lead to Southern independence. The proposal divided the British Cabinet. In mid-November, at the urgings of Palmerston and 2080:, in 1861, deemed Benjamin "the greatest mind" in North America. Nevertheless, according to Meade, "he was given to quixotic enthusiasms and was sometimes too cocksure of his knowledge." Ginsburg said of Benjamin, "he rose to the top of the legal profession twice in one lifetime, on two continents, beginning his first ascent as a raw youth and his second as a fugitive minister of a vanquished power." Davis, after Benjamin's death, deemed him the most able member of his Cabinet, and said that the lawyer's postwar career had fully vindicated his confidence in him. 6627: 6252: 820:, acquired licenses for carriages. A voter did not have to demonstrate that the carriage existed, but his license had to be accepted as evidence of ownership by election officials. The Democratic press blamed Benjamin as the strategist behind this maneuver. In 1844, the legislature voted to hold a constitutional convention, and Benjamin was chosen as a delegate from New Orleans. At the convention, Benjamin successfully opposed counting a slave as three-fifths of a human being for purposes of representation in state elections, as 1145:, printed a letter from Benjamin dated December 8 stating that, as the people of the North were of unalterable hostility to their Southern brethren, the latter should depart from the government common to them. He also signed a joint letter from Southern Representatives to their constituents, urging the formation of a confederation of the seceding states. According to a letter reportedly written by Benjamin during the crisis, he saw secession as a means of obtaining more favorable terms in a reformed Union. 402: 1721:, to Paris and London, with an offer of emancipation in exchange for recognition. Davis was only willing to offer gradual emancipation, and both Napoleon and Palmerston rejected the proposal. Benjamin continued to press the matter, addressing a mass meeting in Richmond in February 1865 in support of arming the slaves and emancipating them. A bill eventually emerged from the Confederate Congress in March, but it had many restrictions, and it was too late to affect the outcome of the war. 9488: 907: 1652:

country. In October, with Davis absent on a trip to Tennessee, Benjamin heard that the British consul in Savannah had forbidden British subjects in the Confederate Army from being used against the United States. The Secretary of State convened a Cabinet meeting, that expelled the remaining British consuls in Confederate-controlled territory, then notified Davis by letter. Evans suggests that Benjamin's actions made him the Confederacy's acting president—the first Jewish president.

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in London and Paris as putative ministers from the Confederacy, seeking recognition by the governments of Britain and France. With difficult communications between the South and Europe (dispatches were often lost or intercepted), Benjamin was initially reluctant to change the instructions given the agents by Secretary Hunter. Communications improved by 1863, with Benjamin ordering that dispatches be sent to Bermuda or the Bahamas, from where they reached the Confederacy by

1395:, commanding Roanoke, also demanded troops and supplies. He received little from Benjamin's War Department that had no arms to send, as the Union blockade was preventing supplies from being imported. That Confederate armories were empty was a fact not publicly known at the time. Benjamin and Davis hoped that the island's defenses could hold off the Union forces, but an overwhelming number of troops were landed in February 1862 at an undefended point, and the Confederates 9500: 2064:

senator, hinting that Benjamin was an "Israelite in Egyptian clothing". Benjamin is supposed to have replied, "It is true that I am a Jew, and when my ancestors were receiving their Ten Commandments from the immediate hand of deity, amidst the thunderings and lightnings of Mount Sinai, the ancestors of my opponent were herding swine in the forests of Great Britain." However, this anecdote is likely apocryphal as the same exchange between British Prime Minister

38: 9434: 9444: 1183: 1477: 1353:, a war hero since his victory at First Manassas. Beauregard sought to add a rocket battery to his command, an action that Benjamin stated was not authorized by law. He was most likely relaying Davis's views, and when challenged by Beauregard, Davis backed Benjamin, advising the general to "dismiss this small matter from your mind. In the hostile masses before you, you have a subject more worthy of your contemplation". In January 1862, 676:, aged 11 and 16 (together worth about $ 1,000). Even before the marriage, Natalie St. Martin had scandalized New Orleans society by her conduct. William De Ville, in his journal article on the Benjamin marriage contract, suggests that the "St. Martin family was not terribly distraught to be rid of their young daughter" and that "Benjamin was virtually suborned to marry , and did so without hesitation in order to further his ambitions". 695:. Daniel Brook, in a 2012 article about Benjamin, suggests that early biographies read as though "historians are presenting him as an almost farcically stereotypical gay man and yet wear such impervious heteronormative blinders that they themselves know not what they write". These conjectures were not given scholarly weight until 2001, when, in an introduction to a reprinting of Meade's biography of Benjamin, Civil War historian 963:, a Democrat, also offered Benjamin a place on the Supreme Court. Pierce Butler suggested in his 1908 biography of Benjamin that the newly elected senator likely declined these offers not only because he preferred active politics, but because he could maintain his law practice and substantial income as a senator, but could not as a justice. As an advocate before the U.S. Supreme Court, Benjamin won 13 of his first 18 cases. 1524:

not understand Benjamin and somewhat disliked him. As there was not much open opposition to Davis in the South at the time, Benjamin's appointment was not criticized, but was not given much praise either. Meade noted, "the silence of many influential newspapers was ominous. promotion in the face of such bitter criticism of his conduct in the war office caused the first serious lack of confidence in the Davis government."

1079: 1365:. Distant from Jackson's other forces and ill-supplied, Loring and other officers petitioned the War Department to be recalled, and Benjamin, after consulting Davis, so ordered after he used the pretext of rumored Union troop movements in the area. Jackson complied but, in a letter to Benjamin, asked to be removed from the front or to resign. High-ranking Confederates soothed Jackson into withdrawing his request. 1440:, had quarreled with Davis and resigned, and in March 1862, Benjamin was appointed as his replacement. Varina Davis noted that some in Congress had sought Benjamin's ouster "because of reverses which no one could have averted, the President promoted him to the State Department with a personal and aggrieved sense of injustice done to the man who had now become his friend and right hand." Richmond diarist 1287:. It was his job, with Davis looking over his shoulder, to supervise the Confederate Army and to feed, supply, and arm it in a nascent country with almost no arms manufacturers. Accordingly, Benjamin saw his job as closely tied to foreign affairs, as the Confederacy was dependent on imports to supply its troops. Davis had chosen a "defensive war" strategy: the Confederacy would await invasion by the 1930:, "repeating his Louisiana progress, Benjamin made his reputation among his new peers by publication". In an early representation, he wrote a complex governing document for an insurance firm that other counsel had declined despite the substantial fee, due to the early deadline. After brief study, Benjamin wrote out the document, never making a correction or erasure. In 1868, Benjamin published 1635:, head of the firm, journeyed to Richmond in early 1863, and negotiated with Benjamin, although the transaction properly fell within the jurisdiction of Treasury Secretary Memminger. The banker softened the terms somewhat, though they were still lucrative for his firm. Benjamin felt the deal was worth it, as it would provide the Confederacy with badly needed funds to pay its agents in Europe. 2015: 641:, a South Carolinian, was among its alumni. Although Benjamin was successful as a student at Yale, he left abruptly in 1827 without completing his course of study. The reasons for this are uncertain: In 1861, when Louisiana left the Union and Benjamin resigned as a U.S. senator, an abolitionist newspaper alleged that he had been caught as a thief at Yale. He considered bringing suit for 1250:

meeting, Benjamin counseled Davis to have the government buy 150,000 bales of cotton for shipment to the United Kingdom, with the proceeds used to buy arms and for future needs. His advice was not taken, as the Cabinet believed the war would be short and successful. Benjamin was called upon from time to time to render legal opinions, writing on April 1 to assure Treasury Secretary

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coreligionist who was a man among men". According to Evans, "Benjamin survives, as he willed it: a shadowy figure in Civil War history". Kahn noted that Benjamin "is epitomized as a foremost orator, lawyer, and statesman, without a peer at the bars of two of the world's greatest nations". Meade questioned whether Benjamin's character can ever be fully understood:

1702:, proposed emancipating and arming the slaves. Davis, when he heard of it, turned it down and ordered it kept secret. Evans notes that Benjamin "had been thinking in similar terms for much longer, and perhaps the recommendation of so respected an officer was just the impetus he needed." The year 1864 was a disastrous one for the Confederacy, with Lee forced 1616:, members decided to continue to wait for the South to defeat Lincoln's forces before recognizing it. Although proponents of intervention were prepared to await another opportunity, growing realization among the British public that the Emancipation Proclamation meant that Union victory would be slavery's end made succoring the South politically infeasible. 731:. By 1840, the city had become the fourth largest in the United States and among the wealthiest. Many of the best lawyers in the country practiced commercial law there, and Benjamin successfully competed with them. In one case, he successfully represented the seller of a slave against allegations that the seller knew the slave had incurable 1346:, who had been captured, and eventually allowed him to cross to Union-controlled territory in the hope that it would cause Lincoln to release Confederate prisoners. While Brownlow was in Southern custody, he stated that he expected, "no more mercy from Benjamin than was shown by his illustrious predecessors towards Jesus Christ". 992:

stealing". He avoided the arguments of some that the slaves were inferior beings, and that their position was ordained by God: Evans ascribes this to Benjamin not being raised as a slaveowner, but coming to it later in life. Benjamin joined in a widespread view of white Southerners that the African American would not be ready for

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substantially for his clients, but not satisfied, they appealed. They lost the case entirely to an adverse decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, three justices dissenting, the following year. Benjamin was by then a Confederate Cabinet officer, and could not argue the case. His co-counsel filed his brief with the court.

609:. That city had the largest Jewish community in the United States and a reputation for religious tolerance. Benjamin was learned in his faith but not a successful businessman; Rebecca earned money for the family by operating a fruit stand near the harbor. Phillip Benjamin was a first cousin and business partner of 543:, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. To preserve the Confederacy as military defeats made its situation increasingly desperate, he advocated freeing and arming the slaves, but his proposals were only partially accepted in the closing month of the war. When Davis fled the Confederate capital of 1852:

exploded on the way, and he and the three black crewmen eventually managed to return to Bimini. Tresca's ship was still there, and he chartered it to take him to Nassau. From there, he took a ship for Havana, and on August 6, 1865, left there for Britain. He was not yet done with disaster; his ship

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sketched the bleak military situation. Davis, backed as usual by Benjamin, was determined to continue to fight. The refugee government moved south on April 15. With the train tracks cut, most Cabinet members rode on horseback, but the heavyset Benjamin declared he would not ride on one until he had

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Davis appointed Benjamin as Secretary of State on March 17, 1862. He was promptly confirmed by the Confederate Senate. A motion to reconsider the confirmation was lost, 13–8. According to Butler, the appointment of Benjamin brought Davis little political support, as the average white Southerner did

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wrote, "Mr. Benjamin was not forgiven... this act on the part of the President , in defiance of public opinion, was considered as unwise, arbitrary, and a reckless risking of his reputation and popularity... was ever afterwards unpopular in the Confederacy, and particularly in Virginia." Despite the

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In his months as War Secretary, Benjamin sent thousands of communications. According to Evans, Benjamin initially "turn prejudice to his favor and play on the Southerner's instinctive respect for the Jewish mind with a brilliant performance." Nevertheless, Benjamin faced difficulties that he could do

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congregation in the United States. It developed practices that included shorter services conducted in English rather than in Hebrew. Benjamin was ultimately expelled from that community, as he did not keep the Sabbath. The extent of Judah's religious education is uncertain. The boy's intelligence was

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Benjamin's Treatise on the law of sale of personal property, with references to the American decisions, and to the French code and civil law. Third edition. Brought down to the end of the year 1883 (with the author's sanction and revision) by Arthur Beilby Pearson, B.A., (of Trinity Hall, Cambridge)

2310:"Instructions to Receivers under the Act entitled "An Act for the Sequestration of the Estates, property and Effects of Alien Enemies, and for the indemnity of citizens of the Confederate States, and persons aiding the same in the existing war against the United States." — Approved 30th August, 1861" 2102:

Those writing on Jewish history were reluctant to glorify a slaveowner, and reacted to Benjamin's story with "embarrassed dismay". This was especially so in the two generations following 1865 when the question of the Civil War remained an active issue in American politics. It was not until the 1930s

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in the Bahamas. His escape from Florida to England was not without hardship: at one point he pretended to be a Jewish cook on Tresca's vessel, to deceive American soldiers who inspected it—one of whom stated it was the first time he had seen a Jew do menial labor. The small sponge-carrying vessel on

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In Charlotte, Benjamin stayed in the home of a Jewish merchant as surrender negotiations dragged. Here, Benjamin abandoned Davis's plan to fight on, telling him and the Cabinet that the cause was hopeless. When negotiations failed, Benjamin was part of the shrunken remnant of associates that moved

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favorably received proposals from Benjamin, through Slidell, for the French to intervene on the Confederacy's behalf in exchange for trade concessions. Nevertheless, the Emperor proved unwilling to act without Britain. In August 1862, Mason, angered by the refusal of British government ministers to

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during the latter part of that period. The case concerned a land grant by the former Mexican government of California. Castillero had leased part of his land to British mining companies, and when American authorities ruled the grant invalid, they hired Benjamin; he spent four months in San Francisco

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of the picture of the Jew as the Biblical patriarch and apostle of freedom was the image of the Judas-traitor and the Shylock-materialist who preyed on the misfortunes of the country. But the high incidence of Jewish assimilation, the availability of the black as a scapegoat for social ills, and the

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We can easily prove that Benjamin was the only genius in the Confederate cabinet. We can demonstrate that his career, with its American and English phases, was more glamorous than that of any other prominent Confederate. But we are still confronted by one perplexing problem: Judah P. Benjamin was

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In 1867, Benjamin had been indicted in Richmond, along with Davis, Lee, and others, for waging war against the United States. The indictment was soon quashed. Davis visited London in 1868, free on bail, and Benjamin advised him not to take legal action against the author of a book that had angered

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and James Slidell (Benjamin's former Louisiana colleague in the U.S. Senate) and their private secretaries from a British-flagged vessel. The crisis brought the U.S. and Britain near war, and was resolved by their release. By the time of Benjamin's appointment, Mason and Slidell were at their posts

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Meade wrote that, since the Secretary of State would have to work closely with Jefferson Davis, Benjamin was likely the person best suited to the position. In addition to his relationship with the President, Benjamin was very close to the Confederate First Lady, Varina Davis, with whom he exchanged

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recorded that "the mob calls him Mr. Davis's pet Jew." The Wise family never forgave Benjamin, to the detriment of his memory in Southern eyes. Wise's son, Captain Jennings Wise, fell at Roanoke Island, and Henry's grandson John Wise, interviewed in 1936, told Meade that "the fat Jew sitting at his

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Once Virginia joined the Confederacy, the capital was moved to Richmond, though against Benjamin's advice—he believed that the city was too close to the North. Nevertheless, he traveled there with his brother-in-law, Jules St. Martin; the two lived in the same house throughout the war, and Benjamin

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What may be the fate of this horrible contest none can foretell; but this much I will say: the fortunes of war may be adverse to our arms; you may carry desolation into our peaceful land, and with torch and firebrand may set our cities in flames ... you may do all this, and more, but you never

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wrote that Benjamin, "a distinguished stranger", drew the largest crowds to the courtroom and "the Senator is making this terribly tedious case interesting". Once the case was submitted for decision in early November, Benjamin departed for the East. The court's ruling, rendered in January 1861, was

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as a final settlement. When the Senate was not in session, Benjamin remained in Washington, D.C., conducting a lucrative practice including many cases before the Supreme Court, then conveniently located in a room of the Capitol. His law partners in New Orleans took care of his firm's affairs there.

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With one companion, Benjamin travelled south in a poor carriage, pretending to be a Frenchman who spoke no English. He had some gold with him, and left much of it for the support of relatives. He was traveling in the same general direction as the Davis party, but evaded capture whereas Davis was

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on May 2, and Benjamin told Davis that he wanted to separate from the presidential party temporarily, and go to the Bahamas to be able to send instructions to foreign agents before rejoining Davis in Texas. According to historian William C. Davis, "the pragmatic Secretary of State almost certainly

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By March 1865, the Confederate military situation was desperate. Most major population centers had fallen, and General Lee's defense of Richmond was faltering against massive Union forces. Nevertheless, Benjamin retained his usual good humor; on the evening of April 1, with evacuation likely, he

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As the Confederacy's military fortunes flagged, there was increasing consideration of what would have been unthinkable in 1861—enlisting male slaves in the army and emancipating them for their service. In August 1863, B. H. Micou, a relative of a former law partner, wrote to Benjamin proposing the

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Throughout his time as Secretary of State, Benjamin tried to induce Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy—no other nation was likely to do so unless these powerful states led the way. The protection this would bring to the Confederacy and its foreign trade was hoped to be enough to save

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With Southern opinion turning in favor of secession, Benjamin made a farewell speech in the Senate on December 31, 1860, to a packed gallery, desirous of hearing one of the South's most eloquent voices. They were not disappointed; Evans writes that "historians consider Benjamin's farewell ...

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In May 1856, Benjamin joined the Democrats, stating they had the principles of the old-time Whig Party. He indicated, in a letter to constituents, that, as Northern Whigs had failed to vote to uphold the rights granted to Southern states in the Constitution, the Whigs, as a national party, were no

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Judah and two siblings were boarded with relatives in Fayetteville for about 18 months after the rest of the family moved to Charleston. He attended the Fayetteville Academy, a well-regarded school where his intelligence was recognized. In Charleston, his father was among the founders of the first

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was soon made out, giving Benjamin the privileges of a Queen's Counsel. As he became prominent as a barrister, he discontinued practice before juries (at which he was less successful) in favor of trials or appeals before judges. In his last years in practice, he demanded an additional fee of 100

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Benjamin had not been allowed to offer the inducement for intervention that might have succeeded—abolition of slavery in the Confederacy, and because of that, Meade deemed his diplomacy "seriously, perhaps fatally handicapped". The Secretary of State blamed Napoleon for the failure, believing the

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but litigation was impractical. In 1901, his sole surviving classmate wrote that Benjamin had been expelled for gambling. One of his biographers, Robert Meade, considered the evidence of wrongdoing by Benjamin to be "too strong to be ignored", but noted that at the time Benjamin left Yale, he was

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Edgar M. Kahn, in his journal article on the 1860 California sojourn, wrote, "Benjamin's life is an example of a man's determination to overcome almost insurmountable barriers by industry, perseverance, and intelligent use of a remarkable brain." This brilliance was recognized by contemporaries;

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In his final years, Benjamin suffered from health issues. In 1880, he was badly injured in a fall from a tram in Paris. He also developed diabetes. He suffered a heart attack in Paris at the end of 1882, and his doctor ordered him to retire. His health improved enough to allow him to travel to

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in early July 1863 made it unlikely that Britain, or any other nation, would recognize a slaveholding Confederacy staggering towards oblivion. Accordingly, in August, Benjamin wrote to Mason telling him that as Davis believed the British unwilling to recognize the South, he was free to leave the

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Benjamin, in his speeches in the Senate, took the position that the Union was a compact by the states from which any of them could secede. Nevertheless, he understood that any dissolution would not be peaceful, stating in 1856 that "dreadful will be the internecine war that must ensue". In 1859,

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described the Louisiana senator as having "rather the air of a witty bon vivant than of a great senator". The two men, both ambitious for leadership in the South and the nation, formed a relationship that Evans describes as "respectful but wary". The two had occasional differences; when in 1858,

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According to Brook, "in every age, a heroic sage struggles to rescue Benjamin from obscurity—and invariably fails." Benjamin left no memoir and destroyed his personal papers, by which "the task of future researchers and historians was made exceedingly difficult and laborious". After his death,

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Benjamin spent a week in London assisting Mason in winding up Confederate affairs. He then went to Paris to visit his wife and daughter for the first time since before the war. Friends in Paris urged him to join a mercantile firm there, but Benjamin felt that such a career would be subject to

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and then seek to defeat its armies until Lincoln tired of sending them. Davis and Benjamin worked together closely, and as Davis came to realize that his subordinate was loyal to the Confederacy and to Davis personally, he returned complete trust in Benjamin. Varina Davis wrote, "It was to me a

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of 1820. In the debate over the bill, Benjamin defended this change as returning to "the traditions of the fathers", that the federal government not legislate on the subject of slavery. He said that the South merely wished to be left alone. The bill passed, but its passage had drastic political

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Benjamin's Treatise on the Law of Sale of Personal Property; with References to the American Decisions and to the French Code and Civil Law. By J. P. Benjamin, Esq., Q. C. Of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister–at–Law. From the latest English edition. With American notes entirely re-written. By Edmund H.

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Greensboro, fearing wrathful reprisal from the Union, gave the fugitives little hospitality, forcing Benjamin and the other Cabinet members to bunk in a railroad boxcar. Davis hoped to reach Texas, where rumor had it large Confederate forces remained active. The Cabinet met in Greensboro, and

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by threatening Washington, Walker was criticized in the press. In September, Walker resigned to join the army as a brigadier general, and Davis appointed Benjamin in his place. Butler wrote that Davis had found the cheerfully competent Benjamin "a most useful member of the official family, and

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Davis, in his memoirs, remarked that he chose Benjamin because he "had a very high reputation as a lawyer, and my acquaintance with him in the Senate had impressed me with the lucidity of his intellect, his systematic habits, and capacity for labor". Meade suggested that Davis wanted to have a

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Benjamin's view that slavery should continue was based in his belief that citizens had a right to their property as guaranteed by the Constitution. As Butler put it, "he could no more see that it was right for Northern people to rob him of his slave than it would be for him to connive at horse

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The marriage was not a success. By the 1840s, Natalie Benjamin was living in Paris with the couple's only child, Ninette, whom she raised as a Catholic. Benjamin would visit them annually. While a senator, in the late 1850s he persuaded Natalie to rejoin him and expensively furnished a home in

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in 1860, though whether this occurred is open to question as Wise was not there and it was not reported in the city's Jewish newspaper. One quote from Senate debate that remains "part of the Benjamin legend", according to Evans, followed an allusion to Moses as a freer of slaves by a Northern

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By the 1850s, cheap Southern cotton fueled the industries of Europe. The mills of Britain, developed during the first half of the 19th century, by 1860 used more cotton than the rest of the industrialized world combined. Cotton imports to Britain came almost entirely from the American South.

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Meade found the time that Benjamin spent as attorney general to be fruitful, as it allowed him the opportunity to judge Davis's character and to ingratiate himself with the president. Benjamin served as a host, entertaining dignitaries and others Davis had no time to see. At the first Cabinet

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at Beth Ahabah synagogue in Richmond. However, there is no proof of this, nor does Benjamin's name appear in any surviving record of the Jews of that city. "But whether or not Benjamin practiced Judaism overtly or contributed to Jewish causes, to the Jews of the South, he was a symbol of a

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When war came, Davis, against Benjamin's advice, imposed an embargo on exports of cotton to nations that had not recognized the Confederate government, hoping to force such relations, especially with Britain and France. As the Union was attempting to prevent cotton from being exported from

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What is a slave? He is a human being. He has feelings and passion and intellect. His heart, like the heart of the white man, swells with love, burns with jealousy, aches with sorrow, pines under restraint and discomfort, boils with revenge, and ever cherishes the desire for liberty ...

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an enigmatic figure—the most incomprehensible of all the Confederate leaders. Lee, Jackson, even Jefferson Davis, are crystal clear in comparison with the Jewish lawyer and statesman. The acrimonious debate about his character began before the Civil War and has not ceased to this day.

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case represented Benjamin's personal view; rather, he was an advocate for his clients in an era when it was usual to write dramatically to distract attention from the weaker points of a case. Evans finds it remarkable and a testament to Benjamin that he could be elected to office in

761:

in 1834. The owners of the slaves brought suit for $ 150,000 against their insurers, who declined to pay. Benjamin made several arguments, the most prominent of which was that the slaveowners had brought the revolt on themselves by packing the slaves in overcrowded conditions.

770:

Considering the character of the slave, and the peculiar passions which, generated by nature, are strengthened and stimulated by his condition, he is prone to revolt in the near future of things, and ever ready to conquer his liberty where a probable chance presents itself.

1110:

of Kentucky. Despite their agreement in opposing Douglas, Benjamin and Davis differed on some race issues: in May, Benjamin voted for a bill to aid Africans liberated by U.S. naval vessels from illegal slave ships, in order to return them to their native continent from

1047:, a group pledged to oppose the spread of slavery. Benjamin continued to caucus with the remains of the Whig Party through 1854 and 1855 but, as a member of a legislative minority, he had little influence on legislation and received no important committee assignments. 887:

Benjamin became interested in strengthening trade connections between New Orleans and California, and promoted an infrastructure project to build a railroad across the Mexican isthmus near Oaxaca; this would speed passenger traffic and cargo shipments. According to

1098:, had stated Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, the people of each territory could pass legislation to bar it. This position was anathema to the South. Benjamin praised Douglas's opponent in his re-election bid, former US Representative 824:. His position prevailed, and slaves were not counted at all for electoral purposes in Louisiana state elections. According to Evans, his "tact, courtesy, and ability to find compromises impressed the political elders in all corners of the state". 719:

in 1834, which required the analysis of 6,000 cases. The book was an immediate success and helped launch Benjamin's career. When Slidell published a revised edition in 1840, he did so alone, as Benjamin was too busy litigating cases to participate.

1102:, for at least being true to his principles as an opponent of the expansion of slavery, whereas Benjamin considered Douglas to be a hypocrite. Benjamin was joined in his opposition to Douglas by Senator Davis; the two were so successful that the 1070:

Benjamin was elected to a second term, but allegations of involvement in land scandals and the fact that upstate legislators objected to both of Louisiana's senators being from New Orleans stretched the contest to 42 ballots before he prevailed.

1946:

Davis, as it would only give the book publicity. Benjamin corresponded with Davis, and met with him on the former rebel president's visits to Europe during Benjamin's lifetime, though the two were never as close as they had been during the war.

1019:'s portrayal. He said that slaves were for the most part well treated, and plantation punishments, such as whipping or branding, were more merciful than sentences of imprisonment that a white man might receive in the North for similar conduct. 2332:

and Hugh Fenwick, [sic] Boyd, (Of Brasenose College, Oxford), of the Inner Temple, Barristers–at–Law. With American notes by James M. Kerr, Editor of "American and English Railroad Cases", and the"American and English Corporate Cases"

1503:. Christy argued that the flow of cotton was so important to the industrialized world that cutting it off would be devastating—not least to the Northern United States, as cotton was by far the largest U.S. export. This became known as the " 2253:

Kansas Bill. Speech of Hon. J. P. Benjamin, of La., delivered in Senate of United States on Thursday, March 11, 1858.—Slavery protected by the Common Law of the New World.—Guaranteed by Constitution.—Vindication of the Supreme Court of the

1892:, who took him as a pupil at his father's direction. Benjamin, despite his age of 54, was initially required, like his thirty-years-younger peers, to attend for twelve terms, that is, three years. According to Benjamin's obituary in 2055:, was not a member of a synagogue, and took no part in communal affairs. He rarely spoke of his Jewish background publicly, but was not ashamed of it. Some of the stories told of Benjamin that touch on this subject come from Rabbi 996:

for many years, if ever. They feared that freeing the slaves would ruin many and lead to murders and rapes by the newly liberated of their former masters and mistresses. Such a massacre had been feared by Southerners since the

1495:

in 1853, "let any great social or physical convulsion visit the United States, and England would feel the shock from Land's End to John O'Groats. The lives of nearly two million of our countrymen ... hang upon a thread."

1631:. The company offered to float a loan to benefit the Confederacy. The proposed terms provided a large commission to Erlanger and would entitle the bondholder to cotton at a discounted price once the South won the war. Baron 1043:

effects, as the differences between North and South that had been thought settled by both the 1820 and 1850 compromises were reopened. The Whig Party was torn apart North from South, with many Northern Whigs joining the new

1874:. Most of Benjamin's property had been destroyed or confiscated, and he needed to make a living for himself and his relatives. He had money in the United Kingdom as he had, during the war, purchased cotton for transport to 1066:

Davis, by then a Mississippi senator, was irritated by Benjamin's questioning him on a military bill and suggested that Benjamin was acting as a paid attorney, the Louisianan challenged him to a duel. Davis apologized.

1765:

recorded that Benjamin's "hope and good humor inexhaustible ... with a 'never-give-up-the-ship' sort of air, referred to other great national causes which had been redeemed from far gloomier reverses than ours".

1158:

According to Geoffrey D. Cunningham in his article on Benjamin's role in secession, "Swept up in the popular cries for independence, Benjamin willingly went out with the Southern tide." He and his Louisiana colleague,

1425:(1899) in which he said that Benjamin "had more brains and less heart than any other civic leader in the South. ... The Confederacy and its collapse were no more to Judah P. Benjamin than last year's birds nest." 594:

Judah, the third of seven children, was given the same name as an older brother who died in infancy. Following a tradition adhered to by some Sephardi, he was named for his paternal grandfather, who performed the

9620: 5745: 2282:

Defence of the national Democracy against the attack of Judge Douglas--constitutional rights of the states. Speech of Hon. J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana. Delivered in the Senate of the United States, May 22,

2005:

who had vanished some years previously, and Orton had perjured himself in the course of defending his claim. Benjamin sought to overturn the sentence of 14 years passed on Orton, but was not successful.

1795: 1671:(an attack on a Vermont town from Canada) and an unsuccessful attempt to burn New York City. In the aftermath of the war, these activities led to accusations that Benjamin and Davis were involved in the 2268:

Defence of the national democracy against the attack of Judge Douglas—constitutional rights of the states. Speech of Hon. J. P. Benjamin, of LA—Delivered in the Senste of the United States, May 22, 1860

1938:, became a classic in both Britain and America, and launched his career as a barrister. It went through three editions prior to Benjamin's death in 1884; an eighth edition was published in 2010. Today 1507:" theory, to which Davis was an enthusiastic subscriber. Benjamin also spoke in favor of the theory, though Butler suspected he may have "known better", based on his firsthand knowledge of Europe. 9555: 859:, who was elected U.S. President. He and other Louisianans accompanied President-elect Taylor to Washington for his inauguration, and Benjamin attended a state dinner given by outgoing president 1757:—the only railroad still running out of Richmond—for a short time. Those who did not leave Richmond would be trapped. At 11:00 pm that night, the Confederate President and Cabinet left aboard a 6384: 4344: 847:

Benjamin scaled back his involvement in politics in the late 1840s, distracted by his plantation and law practice. His mother Rebecca, whom he had brought to New Orleans, died in 1847 during a

4903: 955:

The outgoing president, Fillmore, offered to nominate Benjamin, a fellow Whig, to fill a Supreme Court vacancy after the Senate Democrats had defeated Fillmore's other nominees for the post.

2027:

London in June 1883 for a dinner in his honor attended by the English bench and bar. He returned to Paris and suffered a relapse of his heart trouble in early 1884. Natalie Benjamin had the

1587:

meet with him, threatened to resign his post. Benjamin soothed him, stating that while Mason should not submit to insulting treatment, resignation should not take place without discussion.

1539:

publicized his gambling, feeling that it was an invasion of his private affairs. He was also displeased that Russell depicted him as a losing gambler, when his reputation was the opposite.

1292:

curious spectacle, the steady approximation to a thorough friendliness of the President and his War Minister. It was a very gradual rapprochement, but all the more solid for that reason."

601:, or circumcision ceremony. The Benjamins encountered hard times in the Danish West Indies, as normal trade was blocked due to the British occupation. In 1813, the Benjamin family moved to 9615: 1135:

By the time Benjamin returned to the east, the Republican candidate, Lincoln, had been elected president, and there was talk, in Louisiana and elsewhere, of secession from the Union. The

868: 1566:

As a practical matter, Benjamin's chances of gaining European recognition rose and fell with the military fortunes of the Confederacy. When, at the end of June 1862, Confederate General

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The Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park, established in 1925 at this site, recalls Benjamin and his escape from the collapsing Confederacy.

1410:

It was revealed a quarter-century after the war that Benjamin and Davis had agreed for Benjamin to act as a scapegoat, rather than to reveal the shortage of arms. Not knowing it, the

2031:

of the Catholic Church administered to her Jewish husband before his death in Paris on May 6, 1884, and funeral services were held in a church prior to Judah Benjamin's interment at

1154:

can subjugate us; you never can convert the free sons of the soil into vassals, paying tribute to your power; you never can degrade them to a servile and inferior race. Never! Never!

1266:, Davis—a war hero and former U.S. War Secretary—considered himself more qualified and gave many orders himself. When the Confederates were unable to follow up their victory at the 1242:; the Louisianan was approved immediately and unanimously by the provisional Congress. Davis thus became the first chief executive in North America to appoint a Jew to his Cabinet. 9092: 2122:. The subject of Benjamin's fictional afterlife has been discussed by Michael Hoberman, who notes how the man's "many mysteries" have appealed to novelists as well as historians. 9610: 9411: 9238: 6953: 6463: 5323: 966:

Judah Benjamin was sworn in as senator from Louisiana on March 4, 1853, at a brief meeting called just prior to President Pierce's inauguration. These new colleagues included

2162: 1092:

Benjamin worked to deny Douglas the 1860 Democratic presidential nomination, feeling he had turned against the South. Douglas contended that although the Supreme Court, in

924:

Benjamin spent the summer of 1851 abroad, including a visit to Paris to see Natalie and Ninette. He was still away in October 1851, when the Whigs nominated him for the

9680: 6001: 2051:, born David Levy, his second cousin, had been sworn in for Florida, but he renounced Judaism and eventually formally converted to Christianity. As an adult, Benjamin 1769:

In Danville, Benjamin shared a room with another refugee, in the home of a banker. For a week, Danville served as capital of the Confederacy, until word came of Lee's

1271:

thought him suited for almost any post in it." In addition to his appointment as War Secretary, Benjamin continued to act as Attorney General until November 15, 1861.

738:

In 1842, Benjamin had a group of cases with international implications. He represented insurance companies being sued for the value of slaves who had revolted aboard

1342:

in late 1861, and at Davis's order, Benjamin sent troops to crush it. Once it was put down, Benjamin and Davis were in a quandary about what to do about its leader,

831:

Hidden beneath the free and easy relationships between Jew and Gentile in the antebellum South was a layer of prejudice that derived from historic anti-Semitism. The

1773:. With no army to shield the Confederate government, it would be captured by Union forces within days, so Davis and his Cabinet, including Benjamin, fled south to 665:

in English; he taught the language to Natalie Bauché de St. Martin on the condition that she teach him French. In late 1832, at age 21, he was admitted to the bar.

547:

in early 1865, Benjamin went with him. He left the presidential party and was successful in escaping from the mainland United States, but Davis was captured by the

1038:

territories should enter the Union as slave or free states. Depending on the outcome of such elections, slavery might spread to territories closed to it under the

442:. Benjamin was the first Jew to hold a Cabinet position in North America and the first to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced his faith. 9640: 8921: 5702: 5448: 2205: 8376: 8371: 5755: 1870:

interference by Seward and the United States. Accordingly, Benjamin sought to shape his old course in a new country, resuming his legal career as an English

680:

Washington for all three to live in. Natalie and their daughter soon embarked again for France. Benjamin, publicly humiliated by his failure to keep Natalie,

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was not able to nominate anyone and split into Northern and Southern factions. The Northerners backed Douglas while Southern delegates chose Vice President

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Meade, Robert D. (November 1939). "The Relations Between Judah P. Benjamin and Jefferson Davis: Some New Light on the Working of the Confederate Machine".

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goodbye, the postmaster general asked where Benjamin was going. "To the farthest place from the United States, if it takes me to the middle of China."

4348: 1222:

Fearful of arrest as a rebel once he left the Senate, Benjamin quickly departed Washington for New Orleans. On the day of Benjamin's resignation, the

9585: 9525: 8836: 5970: 4914: 871:. He was confirmed by the Senate, but he declined the appointment as the salary of $ 3,500 was too small. The following year, Benjamin assisted the 551:. Benjamin sailed to Britain, where he settled and became a barrister, again rising to the top of his profession before retiring in 1883. He died in 9700: 7251: 5740: 836:

relative absence of crises—economic and otherwise—were factors which repressed, at least temporarily, the latent anti-Jewish feeling in the South.

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in New Orleans in prosecuting American adventurers who had tried to spark a rebellion against Spanish rule in Cuba, but two trials both ended in

1407:

in Tennessee, it was the most severe military blow yet to the Confederacy, and there was a public outcry against Benjamin, led by General Wise.

591:) and the former Rebecca de Mendes. Philip and Rebecca had been shopkeepers and migrated to the West Indies in search of better opportunities. 8853: 8496: 7885: 7764: 6449: 6220: 6099: 5991: 9540: 9380: 8738: 8491: 8486: 7912: 6472: 5503: 9600: 1594:

in September 1862 that ended Lee's first major incursion into the North gave Lincoln the confidence in Union arms he needed to announce the

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reported on February 15, 1853, that "if the President nominates Benjamin, the Democrats are determined to confirm him." The new president,

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confidences regarding war events and the President's health. "Together, and by turns, they could help him over the most difficult days."

540: 1823:. Benjamin decided to continue alone on horseback, east and south along Florida's Gulf Coast, pretending to be a South Carolina farmer. 804:

from the time of its formation in the early 1830s. He became increasingly involved in the party, and in 1841 ran unsuccessfully for the

9710: 9705: 9395: 9258: 9243: 7674: 7290: 6064: 1560: 1511:

Confederate ports by a blockade and other means, this played to a certain extent into the hands of Lincoln and his Secretary of State,

1421:

desk" was to blame. Another of the general's sons, also named John Wise, wrote a highly-popular book about the South in the Civil War,

717:

Digest of the Reported Decisions of the Superior Court of the Late Territory of Orleans and the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana

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had taken place before Benjamin took office as Secretary of State: a U.S. warship had in October 1861 removed Confederate diplomats

9695: 9162: 9097: 7799: 7774: 7010: 6985: 6935: 6915: 6365: 5934: 5849: 5547: 5366: 2297:

Speech of Hon. J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, on the right of secession. Delivered in the Senate of the United States, Dec. 31, 1860

1966: 1027: 9545: 5075:"Remarks for Jewish Council for Public Affairs in appreciation for the Albert D. Chernin Award (Four Louisiana Giants in the Law)" 4524: 1445:

promotion, the committee reported that any blame for the defeat at Roanoke Island should attach to Wise's superior, Major General

9365: 9340: 9056: 8753: 8649: 8501: 7834: 7714: 6925: 5854: 2035:

in the St. Martin family crypt. His grave did not bear his name until 1938, when a plaque was placed by the Paris chapter of the

1979: 1957:, in July 1869. There was a large creation of Queen's Counsel in early 1872, but Benjamin was not included; it was stated in his 1613: 1223: 7724: 9650: 9570: 9550: 9535: 9306: 9051: 7794: 7789: 7464: 5688: 1932:

A Treatise on the Law of Sale of Personal Property, With Reference to the American Decisions, to the French Code, and Civil Law

711:

and won. Still, clients were slow to come in his first years in practice. He had enough free time to compile and publish, with

7634: 5386: 1663:

to work behind the scenes financing operations that might undermine Lincoln politically. Although efforts were made to boost

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Early the following year, Benjamin married Natalie, who was Catholic and from a wealthy French Creole family. As part of her

521: 504:. After Louisiana seceded in 1861, Benjamin resigned as senator and returned to New Orleans. He soon moved to Richmond after 59: 9675: 1127:

working on the case. The trial began in October, and Benjamin gave an address lasting six days. The local correspondent for

1001:, the violent revolt known as "Santo Domingo" in the South, in which the slaves of what became Haiti killed many whites and 827:

Rabbi Myron Berman, in his history of Jews in Richmond, describes the attitude of antebellum white Southerners toward Jews:

9137: 8841: 8813: 8052: 7860: 7829: 7759: 7619: 7193: 6681: 6506: 6016: 5960: 5457: 2378: 2220:

Slidell described the contact as "uninvited". His daughter was engaged at the time to, and later married, d'Erlanger. See

1736:, but Davis insisted on modifying them to refer to North and South as "two nations". This was the point that scuttled the 1141:

reported that Benjamin favored secession only in the last resort. On December 23, 1860, another Louisiana periodical, the

605:, where they had relatives. Philip Benjamin was not financially successful there, and around 1821 moved with his family to 9127: 9117: 8768: 8476: 7839: 7804: 7699: 7277: 6781: 6731: 6403: 6322: 6207: 6161: 6042: 5950: 5929: 5902: 5610: 5576: 2036: 1263: 1231: 1103: 816:

alleged fraud: Whig supporters, to obtain the vote at a time when the state had a restrictive property qualification for

517: 513: 164: 111: 9595: 7754: 1790:

to, and shared an ambulance with Jules St. Martin and others. For the entertainment of his companions, Benjamin recited

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The court ruled for Benjamin's clients, although on other grounds. Benjamin's brief was widely reprinted, including by

735:. Although Benjamin tried some jury cases, he preferred bench trials in commercial cases and was an expert at appeals. 576: 532: 462: 288: 1843:, on the southwest coast of Florida. From there, assisted by the blockade runner Captain Frederick Tresca, he reached 727:, of which there was a great deal in New Orleans' busy river port—a center of international commerce and the domestic 9655: 9390: 9273: 9263: 8991: 8587: 8481: 8358: 7855: 7819: 7739: 7679: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7604: 7035: 7027: 6905: 6849: 6126: 6032: 5955: 5890: 5878: 5873: 5099: 5060: 5013: 4987: 4892: 2865: 1970: 1854: 1149:

one of the great speeches in American history." Benjamin foresaw that the South's departure would lead to civil war:

852: 841: 431: 401: 9605: 7784: 7749: 7689: 7644: 6807: 6059: 4910: 1728:

as an emissary to Richmond, hoping to secure reunion without further bloodshed. Both sides agreed to a meeting at

1679:, who had received money from Benjamin, was tried for involvement in the conspiracy, though Surratt was acquitted. 1672: 1044: 813: 564: 341: 9715: 9350: 9335: 9217: 9177: 9076: 9061: 9046: 9041: 8873: 8778: 7809: 7704: 7664: 7385: 7221: 5907: 5866: 4861: 1871: 1749:

was at the State Department offices, singing a silly ballad of his own composition, "The Exit from Shocko Hill",

1368:

The power of state governments was another flaw in the Confederacy and a problem for Benjamin. Georgia Governor

1284: 439: 6626: 4298: 9630: 9375: 8694: 8458: 7814: 7779: 7684: 7390: 6920: 6141: 6011: 2379:"More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation" 2052: 1913:(1869). He had need of rapid success, as most of his remaining assets were lost in the collapse of the firm of 1754: 1234:

on February 18, 1861. At home in New Orleans for, it would prove, the last time, Benjamin addressed a rally on

1055: 5425: 1753:

located in Richmond. On April 2, Lee sent word that he could only keep Union troops away from the line of the

983:

About this time Benjamin sold his interest in Bellechasse, lacking the time to deal with plantation business.

8733: 8654: 8471: 7937: 7395: 7203: 6106: 5985: 5711: 1714: 516:. Benjamin had little to do in that position, but Davis was impressed by his competence and appointed him as 505: 5023:

De Ville, Winston (Winter 1996). "The Marriage Contract of Judah P. Benjamin and Natalie St. Martin, 1833".

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established a special committee to investigate the military losses, and Benjamin testified before it. The

9575: 9437: 9185: 8936: 8773: 8763: 8758: 8716: 8140: 7439: 6890: 6800: 6089: 5735: 5324:

The Mysterious Prince of the Confederacy: Judah P. Benjamin and the Jewish Goal of Whiteness in the South

2348: 2077: 1914: 1602: 1429: 1327: 584: 497: 446: 1372:

repeatedly demanded arms and the return of Georgian troops to defend his state. North Carolina Governor

840:

By the early 1840s, Benjamin was wealthy from his law practice and, with a partner, bought a sugar cane

9665: 9466: 9328: 8916: 8743: 8626: 8604: 8533: 8448: 7509: 7310: 7188: 7170: 5419: 5305: 2295: 1857:, and the crew put out the flames only with difficulty. On August 30, 1865, Judah Benjamin arrived at 1774: 1691:

to forbid Catholic Irish from enlisting. The Pope did not do so, though he responded sympathetically.

1656: 1628: 1610: 1288: 1137: 801: 758: 708: 606: 500:

prior to his election by the legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1852. There, he was a vocal advocate of

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The final few months of 1862 saw a high water mark for Benjamin's diplomacy. In October, the British

1595: 1481: 2032: 2019: 1732:, Virginia. Benjamin drafted vague instructions for the Southern delegation, led by Vice President 469:. Seeking greater opportunities, his family immigrated to the United States, eventually settling in 326: 9670: 9323: 9207: 9132: 9107: 9102: 9066: 8986: 8684: 8669: 8250: 7534: 7499: 7434: 7375: 7370: 7100: 6486: 6185: 5406: 5092:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

1737: 1446: 1396: 1267: 1235: 805: 525: 1323: 657:, studying as an apprentice. Knowledge of French was important in practicing law in Louisiana, as 9311: 8931: 8899: 8894: 8592: 8565: 7957: 7454: 7444: 7216: 7211: 7065: 6501: 6200: 4862:"There's a memorial in Charlotte to Confederate Judah Benjamin, and the city's Jews want it gone" 1832: 1659:, responsible for covert operations in the North, and financed former federal Interior Secretary 1606: 1441: 1023: 978:

of Texas. The slavery issue was in a brief remission as much of the country wished to accept the

821: 662: 1163:, resigned from the Senate on February 4, 1861, nine days after their state declared secession. 9296: 8996: 8570: 8160: 7997: 7972: 7504: 7405: 7320: 7060: 6969: 5785: 5292: 1889: 1886: 1740:; Lincoln would not consider the South a separate entity, insisting on union and emancipation. 1621: 1583: 1536: 1094: 933: 925: 872: 650: 5159: 4330: 2396: 2083: 778:

groups. Historian Eli Evans, Benjamin's biographer, does not believe that the argument in the

9580: 9212: 9112: 8926: 8575: 8528: 8438: 8406: 8113: 8103: 7549: 7539: 7524: 7474: 7429: 7085: 7070: 6963: 6716: 6671: 6299: 6240: 5775: 5360: 2144: 1791: 1725: 1362: 1251: 1211: 1195: 1016: 1006: 867:, who succeeded Taylor after his death earlier that year, appointed Benjamin as judge of the 746: 316: 5333: 4942:

Cunningham, Geoffrey D. (March 2013). "The Ultimate Step: Judah P. Benjamin and Secession".

9530: 9520: 9492: 9370: 9222: 9195: 8664: 8443: 8426: 8083: 7579: 7564: 7559: 7529: 7514: 7494: 7112: 7016: 6900: 6696: 6561: 6354: 6121: 6116: 5730: 5487: 1974: 1644: 1107: 1011: 685: 536: 423: 215: 1620:

Emperor had betrayed the Confederacy to get the ruler the French had installed in Mexico,

1349:

Benjamin had difficulty in managing the Confederacy's generals. He quarreled with General

1009:, after successfully gaining independence from French control. When the anti-slavery book 684:

the household goods to auction. There were rumors, never substantiated, that Benjamin was

8: 9355: 9147: 9036: 8910: 8555: 8508: 8255: 8215: 8200: 8093: 7942: 7614: 7574: 7449: 7410: 7380: 7335: 7295: 6895: 6885: 6736: 6721: 6606: 6591: 6274: 5811: 5070: 2069: 1927: 1816: 1703: 1648: 1571: 1437: 1343: 1227: 1039: 971: 941: 832: 6441: 6172: 4532: 1238:, February 22, 1861. On February 25, Davis appointed Benjamin, still in New Orleans, as 9201: 9071: 8597: 8582: 8463: 8421: 8393: 8230: 8195: 8042: 8002: 7519: 7489: 7479: 7355: 7350: 7330: 7325: 7305: 7055: 6958: 6875: 6823: 6751: 6656: 6581: 6526: 6521: 6511: 6342: 6193: 6136: 6069: 6037: 5831: 5620: 5265: 5188: 5126: 5032: 5002: 4976: 4959: 4528: 2430: 2317: 1950: 1942:

forms part of the "common law library" of key practitioner texts on English civil law.

1919: 1786: 1762: 1758: 1733: 1710: 1707: 1591: 1579: 1575: 1555: 1199: 1172: 1035: 998: 979: 967: 895: 890: 568: 544: 501: 458: 435: 312: 292: 156: 28: 8175: 2314:

An act for the sequestration of the property of alien enemies, adopted August 30, 1861

1781:, Union cavalry raiders burned the bridge, trapping the trains that followed Davis's. 1254:

that lemons and oranges could enter the Confederacy duty-free, but walnuts could not.

520:. He was a firm supporter of Davis, who reciprocated that loyalty by promoting him to 9443: 8699: 8301: 8235: 8170: 7992: 7952: 7554: 7360: 7315: 6930: 6761: 6726: 6706: 6646: 6641: 6596: 6566: 6516: 6330: 5816: 5630: 5603: 5375:

Reviewed at: Finkelman, Paul (Winter 2022). "An Israelite with Egyptian Principles,"

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Within months of his admission to the bar, Benjamin argued his first case before the

422:(August 6, 1811 – May 6, 1884) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a 418: 144: 92: 1118:

Between June and December 1860 Benjamin was almost entirely absorbed in the case of

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obituary that he had put his name forward. Later that year, he argued the case of

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who married in London, Philip Benjamin (who had been born on the British colony of

390: 243: 9504: 9385: 8674: 8523: 8416: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8276: 8245: 8155: 8098: 8088: 8047: 7075: 7045: 6865: 6766: 6756: 6711: 6701: 6423: 6373: 6305: 6223: 6049: 5801: 5750: 5461: 5432: 5049: 4345:"Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park" 2855: 2610: 2382: 1998: 1849: 1828: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1369: 1207: 1191: 1099: 1058: 1002: 960: 949: 750: 638: 634: 580: 509: 492:

He rose rapidly both at the bar and in politics, becoming a wealthy slaveholding

466: 185: 132: 80: 6686: 6536: 5680: 5512: 5454: 2059:, who referred to an address Benjamin delivered in a San Francisco synagogue on 1531:

For recreation, Benjamin frequented Richmond's gambling dens, playing poker and

1384:. If it fell, a number of ports in that area of the coast would be at risk, and 1258:

probably procured the young man's job at the War Department. Although Alabama's

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Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park

2329: 2251: 2126: 1990: 1824: 1660: 1381: 1380:, on the North Carolina's coast, was captured, Confederate forces fell back to 1373: 1339: 856: 724: 712: 626: 255: 5256:

Strode, Hudson (Fall 1966). "Judah P. Benjamin's Loyalty to Jefferson Davis".

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assisted in hiding Benjamin in a swamp, before eventually transporting him to

1724:

In January 1865, Lincoln, who had been re-elected the previous November, sent

661:

was (and is still) based on French and Spanish law. To earn money, he tutored

524:

in March 1862, while Benjamin was being criticized for the Confederate defeat

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King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America

4929:. American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. 2266: 1885:, and soon thereafter was admitted to read law under Charles Pollock, son of 1718: 1567: 1491: 1417: 1404: 1392: 1377: 1215: 1123: 860: 630:

noted by others in Charleston, one of whom offered to finance his education.

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Benjamin was the first U.S. senator to profess the Jewish faith. In 1845,

1807:

never had any intention of returning to the South once gone". When he bade

1750: 1688: 1548: 1279:

As War Secretary, Benjamin was responsible for a territory stretching from

1160: 1062: 993: 918: 848: 775: 757:, a British colony, where those who came ashore were freed, as Britain had 732: 474: 386: 5229: 5212: 4955: 4934: 7962: 7000: 6980: 6771: 6074: 5806: 5539: 5438: 5352: 5150: 2106:

Benjamin appears as a character in a number of works of fiction, notably

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guineas (£105) to appear in any court besides the House of Lords and the

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Benjamin was created a "Palatine silk", entitled to the precedence of a

37: 9345: 8220: 7982: 7183: 7178: 6556: 5586: 5557: 5192: 5036: 4007:

Mountain, Tom (30 January 2009). "The Curious Case of Judah Benjamin".

2060: 2028: 1954: 1230:, and soon chose Davis as president. Davis was sworn in as provisional 692: 597: 548: 207: 5025:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

2857:

The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members

9621:

Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America

8609: 6792: 6586: 5665: 5122: 4463: 4302: 2328:; Pearson, Arthur Beilby; Boyd, Hugh Fenwick; Kerr, James M. (1888). 2115: 1894: 1875: 1778: 1182: 427: 220: 6215: 5184: 1403:'s capture of Fort Henry, the site of the Battle of Fort Henry, and 869:

United States District Court for the Northern District of California

691:

Benjamin's troubled married life has led to speculation that he was

8614: 2168:

List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

1476: 817: 654: 1717:. Benjamin urged Davis to send the secretary's fellow Louisianan, 1376:

also wanted troops returned to him to defend his coastline. After

5055:(First Free Press Paperback ed.). New York: The Free Press. 2002: 1983: 1917:. He was reduced to penning columns on international affairs for 1357:'s forces had advanced in western Virginia, leaving troops under 1078: 932:. He was the fifth person of Jewish descent to be elected to the 637:, an institution popular among white Southerners; Vice President 621:. Levy also immigrated to the United States, in the early 1820s. 5302:

The Confederate Jurist : The Legal Life of Judah P Benjamin

5004:

An Honorable Defeat: The Last Days of the Confederacy Government

4503:"BOOK REVIEWS - Bridge (Ed): Benjamin's Sale of Goods (8th edn)" 2125:

Berman recounts a story that during the Civil War, Benjamin was

749:

from Virginia to New Orleans. The rebels had sailed the ship to

9556:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

9412:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

1844: 450: 5349:," Journal of Law and Society, 42 (1), 2015, pp. 150–172. 699:

acknowledged "cloaked suggestions that he was a homosexual".

2163:

List of United States senators born outside the United States

1909:) on appeal, he was successful against his former enemies in 1335:

An insurgency against the Confederacy developed in staunchly

669: 642: 588: 552: 308: 7134: 4159: 2320:: Richmond Tyler, Wise, Allegre & Smith. pp. 13–15. 2014: 1501:

Cotton Is King: or Slavery in the Light of Political Economy

9616:

Emigrants from the British West Indies to the United States

6002:

South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum

5346:

Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?

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Once qualified as a barrister, Benjamin chose to join the

1627:

In Paris, Slidell had been approached by the banking firm

6471: 6177: 5668:'s secession, the Senate seat was vacant for seven years. 5426:

Judah P. Benjamin, Queen's Counsel: Original Letter, 1873

5404: 5224:(second ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4746: 4744: 4742: 4717: 4715: 3747: 3745: 3634: 3494: 3470: 3419: 3335: 3252: 3240: 3189: 3165: 3141: 3105: 5439:

Guide to the Collection of Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884)

4978:"A Government of Our Own": The Making of the Confederacy 4171: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3296: 3294: 2913: 2208:, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures. See 2143:

commemorating Benjamin. It was removed in 2020 amid the

5207:(reprint ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3549: 3547: 3545: 3009: 2666: 2637: 2625: 2351:

Bennett, LL.D. Dean of the Boston University Law School

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Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

9611:

Democratic Party United States senators from Louisiana

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At a state dinner given by Pierce, Benjamin first met

787:

Louisiana, a slave society, after writing such words.

649:

After a brief return to Charleston, Benjamin moved to

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Kahn, Edgar M. (June 1968). "Judah Philip Benjamin".

4768: 4756: 4610: 4387: 4243: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4087: 4063: 4027: 3985: 3949: 3901: 3889: 3841: 3829: 3805: 3781: 3769: 3670: 3530: 3506: 3371: 3359: 3318: 3291: 3177: 3153: 3117: 3069: 3033: 3021: 2997: 2949: 2925: 2889: 2767: 2765: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2576: 1638: 1115:. Davis and many other Southerners opposed the bill. 851:

epidemic. In 1848, Benjamin was a Whig member of the

563:

Judah Philip Benjamin was born on August 6, 1811, in

5412:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

5264:(3). Regents of the University of Georgia: 251–260. 4406: 4404: 4402: 3682: 3624: 3622: 3595: 3542: 3518: 3482: 3458: 3395: 3347: 3216: 3093: 2973: 2835: 2777: 2714: 2564: 2173:

List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

496:

who was elected to and served in both houses of the

6080:

Historiographic issues about the American Civil War

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Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)

2421:Landman, Rowland H. (1951–1952). "Judah Benjamin". 2257:

Washington, D.C.: Washington, G.S. Gideon, printer.

1993:, before the House of Lords. Orton, a butcher from 1582:, ending the immediate threat to Richmond, Emperor 434:and, after his escape to Britain at the end of the 5976:Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) 5365:Reviewed at: Cole, Diane (September 25–26, 2021). 5048: 5001: 4975: 4818: 4780: 4673: 3730: 3646: 3129: 3057: 2985: 2961: 2937: 2879: 2877: 2762: 2726: 2690: 2649: 2552: 2540: 2477: 2335:(3rd ed.). Boston: Charles H. Edson & Co. 1449:, "and the late secretary of war, J.P. Benjamin." 1416:accused Benjamin of "stupid complacency." Diarist 1015:was published in 1852, Benjamin spoke out against 531:As Secretary of State, Benjamin attempted to gain 9681:Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives 5710: 5289:Judah Philip Benjamin: Conservative Revolutionary 5117:(2). California Historical Association: 157–173. 4904:"Judah P. Benjamin: Part II: The Queen's Counsel" 4830: 4483: 4399: 4111: 3973: 3937: 3925: 3865: 3757: 3706: 3694: 3619: 3583: 3559: 3383: 3306: 3264: 2813:"Letters Reveal Doubts of Senator Judah Benjamin" 2702: 1819:, on May 13 to learn Union troops were in nearby 1452: 855:; he voted for fellow Louisiana planter, General 9512: 9098:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 4727: 4685: 4658: 3607: 3571: 3446: 3431: 3407: 3276: 3228: 3201: 3081: 2738: 2489: 1989:In 1881, Benjamin represented Arthur Orton, the 1308:Looked round the council-chamber with the slight 5179:(4). Southern Historical Association: 468–478. 4950:(1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 1–19. 3045: 2874: 2789: 2453: 2441: 2339: 1777:. Five minutes after the train passed over the 808:. The following year, he was nominated for the 745:in 1841, as they were being transported in the 9641:Jewish American state legislators in Louisiana 8922:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 5504:United States Senator (Class 2) from Louisiana 5031:(1). Louisiana Historical Association: 81–84. 4559: 4437: 2513: 1667:, the most prominent actions proved to be the 1535:. He was incensed when British correspondent 1314:Behind the fan, his quick, shrewd, fluid mind, 1022:In early 1854, Senator Douglas introduced his 672:, she brought with her $ 3,000 and two female 177:February 25, 1861 – November 15, 1861 6808: 6457: 6201: 5696: 5094:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 1499:In 1855, an Ohioan, David Christy, published 9686:People from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 9636:Jewish American people in Louisiana politics 5475: 4002: 4000: 2420: 2072:took place in the House of Commons in 1835. 633:At the age of 14, in 1825, Benjamin entered 124:September 17, 1861 – March 24, 1862 6095:List of Confederate monuments and memorials 5160:"Judah Benjamin: the Confederate Barrister" 2001:, had claimed to be Sir Roger Tichborne, a 1304:Seal-sleek, black-eyed, lawyer and epicure, 6815: 6801: 6464: 6450: 6208: 6194: 5703: 5689: 5145:. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press. 1881:On January 13, 1866, Benjamin enrolled at 1796:Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington 558: 36: 16:American politician and lawyer (1811–1884) 9591:British people of American-Jewish descent 9566:American people of British-Jewish descent 9561:American people of Spanish-Jewish descent 5051:Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate 4456: 4454: 4452: 3997: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2474:(Coral Gables, FL: MOSAIC, Inc., 1991): 9 1542: 1472:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 901: 765:Benjamin said in his brief to the court: 477:but left without graduating. He moved to 432:Cabinet officer of the Confederate States 233:March 4, 1853 – February 4, 1861 9586:British people of Spanish-Jewish descent 9526:1848 United States presidential electors 7011:Treatment of slaves in the United States 5286: 5205:Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman 4798: 4006: 2304: 2290: 2275: 2261: 2246: 2082: 2013: 1815:taken by Union troops. Benjamin reached 1475: 1181: 1166: 1077: 986: 905: 533:official recognition for the Confederacy 9701:United States senators who owned slaves 8754:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 6926:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 5322:Goodman, Bonnie K. (January 4, 2019). " 5299: 5111:California Historical Society Quarterly 2806: 2804: 2377:Weil, Julie Zauzmer (10 January 2022). 2204:Until 1913 and the ratification of the 2191:Anne Julie Marie Natalie Benjamin. See 1306:Able, well-hated, face alive with life, 1224:Provisional Confederate States Congress 9513: 8739:Modern display of the Confederate flag 6822: 5202: 5170: 4996: 4970: 4941: 4848: 4801:"The Counterlife of Judah P. Benjamin" 4721: 4604: 4592: 4553: 4477: 4449: 4381: 4369: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4105: 4081: 4057: 4045: 4021: 3967: 3919: 3883: 3859: 3823: 3799: 3751: 3724: 3640: 3500: 3476: 3425: 3365: 3341: 3329: 3300: 3258: 3246: 3222: 3195: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3123: 3111: 3027: 3015: 2979: 2919: 2783: 2720: 2672: 2643: 2631: 2588: 2582: 2507: 1310:Perpetual smile he held before himself 72:March 18, 1862 – May 10, 1865 8957: 8346: 7910: 7133: 6936:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 6834: 6796: 6473:United States senators from Louisiana 6445: 6189: 6178:Articles related to Judah P. Benjamin 6176: 5684: 5640:Confederate States Secretary of State 5474: 5157: 4580: 4431: 2853: 2847: 2089:Gamble Plantation Historic State Park 1694:In January 1864, Confederate General 60:Confederate States Secretary of State 9541:19th-century American Sephardic Jews 5548:Senate Private Land Claims Committee 5158:MacMillan, Catharine (Summer 2012). 5077:. Supreme Court of the United States 5069: 5022: 4799:Hoberman, Michael (11 August 2020). 4706: 4410: 4347:. Florida State Park. Archived from 2810: 2801: 2558: 2546: 2376: 2209: 2139:A monument was installed in 1948 in 2009: 1864: 1316:Weighed Gentiles in an old balance. 9093:Committee on the Conduct of the War 8769:United Daughters of the Confederacy 6162:United Daughters of the Confederacy 5611:Confederate States Secretary of War 5577:Confederate States Attorney General 5466:The Historic New Orleans Collection 5239:Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man 2370: 2300:. Washington, Printed by L. Towers. 2037:United Daughters of the Confederacy 1771:surrender at Appomattox Court House 1462:Basis of Confederate foreign policy 1312:Continually like a silk-ribbed fan. 1274: 1177: 1073: 882: 795: 790: 702: 165:Confederate States Attorney General 112:Confederate States Secretary of War 13: 9163:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 8958: 8502:impeachment managers investigation 6881:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 6085:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 5443:American Jewish Historical Society 5332:Kite-Powell, Rodney H. II (2018) " 5280: 5255: 5241:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5219: 4924: 4878: 4824: 4679: 3736: 3688: 3664: 3652: 3628: 3589: 3565: 3536: 3512: 3389: 3377: 3312: 3270: 3183: 3075: 3039: 3003: 2955: 2931: 2895: 2841: 2829: 2744: 2708: 2684: 2534: 2483: 2192: 1639:Increasing desperation (1863–1865) 1302:Judah P. Benjamin, the dapper Jew, 810:Louisiana House of Representatives 14: 9727: 9711:Whig Party United States senators 9706:United States Virgin Islands Jews 9601:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 8588:Reconstruction military districts 7036:Abolitionism in the United States 6991:Plantations in the American South 6906:Origins of the American Civil War 6127:Origins of the American Civil War 6033:Abolitionism in the United States 5407:"Judah P. Benjamin (id: B000365)" 5398: 5236: 5089: 5046: 4836: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4667: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4489: 4393: 4249: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4093: 4069: 4033: 3991: 3979: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3907: 3895: 3871: 3847: 3835: 3811: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3712: 3700: 3676: 3613: 3601: 3577: 3553: 3524: 3488: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3413: 3401: 3353: 3285: 3234: 3210: 3135: 3099: 3087: 3063: 3051: 2991: 2967: 2943: 2883: 2811:Kahn, Eve M. (31 December 2009). 2771: 2732: 2696: 2660: 2603: 2570: 2495: 2459: 2447: 2221: 1934:. This work, known for short as 1802:on with Davis. The party reached 1624:, accepted by the United States. 1480:Benjamin on the 1864 Confederate 688:and that Natalie was unfaithful. 9498: 9486: 9474: 9442: 9433: 9432: 8571:Enforcement Act of February 1871 8544:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 6625: 6250: 5392:American Jewish Archives Journal 5220:Owsley, Frank Lawrence (1959) . 5140: 5108: 4911:Supreme Court Historical Society 4901: 4854: 4792: 4733: 4694: 4565: 4517: 4495: 4443: 4337: 4317: 4291: 2907: 2860:. Scarecrow Press. p. 629. 2795: 2756: 2519: 2227: 2214: 1706:at Petersburg and Union General 1673:assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1190:, 1861. L-R: Judah P. Benjamin, 800:Benjamin was a supporter of the 723:Benjamin became a specialist in 400: 9356:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 9218:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 8779:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5334:The Escape of Judah P. Benjamin 5173:The Journal of Southern History 4872: 2606:"The Forgotten Confederate Jew" 2356:Houghton, Mifflin & Company 2240: 2198: 2185: 1848:which he left Bimini bound for 1388:, might be threatened by land. 364: 8459:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 6142:Secession in the United States 6012:White House of the Confederacy 5141:Korn, Bertram Wallace (1969). 2472:Mosaic: Jewish Life in Florida 2465: 2414: 1755:Richmond and Danville Railroad 1675:, as one Confederate courier, 1518: 1453:Confederate Secretary of State 1399:. Combined with Union General 812:. He was elected, though the 1: 9651:Jewish United States senators 9571:American proslavery activists 9551:American emigrants to England 9536:19th-century American lawyers 8874:Ladies' Memorial Associations 8576:Enforcement Act of April 1871 8472:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 8347: 6107:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5712:Confederate States of America 5435:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 5387:Judah P. Benjamin and slavery 5143:The Early Jews of New Orleans 2363: 2087:Memorial plaque to Benjamin, 1761:-bound train. Navy Secretary 1083: 911: 822:was done in federal elections 806:New Orleans Board of Aldermen 43: 9691:Politicians from New Orleans 9007:Confederate revolving cannon 8749:Sons of Confederate Veterans 8620:South Carolina riots of 1876 8598:Indian Council at Fort Smith 8549:South Carolina riots of 1876 8514:Knights of the White Camelia 7006:Slavery in the United States 6152:Sons of Confederate Veterans 6147:Slavery in the United States 5455:Judah Philip Benjamin Papers 5287:Judelson, Paul Alan (1981). 5008:. New York: The Free Press. 4982:. New York: The Free Press. 4885:University Press of Virginia 2042: 1853:caught fire after departing 1232:Confederate States President 603:Fayetteville, North Carolina 573:United States Virgin Islands 354:Natalie Bauché de St. Martin 7: 9696:Secession crisis of 1860–61 9546:19th-century King's Counsel 9361:New York City riots of 1863 9186:Battle Hymn of the Republic 8937:United Confederate Veterans 8774:Children of the Confederacy 8764:United Confederate Veterans 8759:Southern Historical Society 7911: 7391:Price's Missouri Expedition 6861:Timeline leading to the War 6835: 5736:Confederate States Congress 5300:Gilmore, William C (2021). 4883:. Charlottesville, VA: The 4881:Richmond's Jewry, 1769–1976 2150: 1915:Overend, Gurney and Company 1713:and devastating Georgia on 1603:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1489:According to an article in 1430:Confederate States Congress 1120:United States v. Castillero 10: 9732: 9329:Confederate Secret Service 8917:Grand Army of the Republic 8809:Grand Army of the Republic 8627:Southern Claims Commission 5986:Sherman's March to the Sea 5951:American Civil War museums 5306:Edinburgh University Press 5203:Meade, Robert D. (2001) . 1775:Greensboro, North Carolina 1657:Confederate Secret Service 1643:The twin rebel defeats at 1570:turned back Union General 1465: 1170: 709:Supreme Court of Louisiana 607:Charleston, South Carolina 471:Charleston, South Carolina 9626:Jewish American activists 9428: 9404: 9317:Confederate States dollar 9289: 9231: 9176: 9128:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 9123:Emancipation Proclamation 9085: 9017:Medal of Honor recipients 8974: 8970: 8953: 8905:Confederate Memorial Hall 8887: 8866: 8824: 8796: 8787: 8707:Confederate Memorial Hall 8680:Confederate History Month 8660:Civil War Discovery Trail 8640: 8561:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 8392: 8367:Reconstruction Amendments 8357: 8353: 8342: 8264: 8133: 8126: 8066: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7906: 7848: 7595: 7588: 7419: 7275: 7234: 7202: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7129: 7026: 6976:Emancipation Proclamation 6944: 6845: 6841: 6830: 6634: 6623: 6479: 6402: 6383: 6364: 6321: 6292:Secretary of the Treasury 6290: 6259: 6248: 6231: 6183: 6132:Reconstruction Amendments 6112:Museum of the Confederacy 6025: 5981:Confederate Memorial Hall 5943: 5840: 5794: 5746:Executive Cabinet members 5718: 5662: 5653: 5637: 5627: 5617: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5583: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5554: 5544: 5536: 5521: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5481: 4467:. 9 May 1884. p. 10. 2157:Oscar Straus (politician) 2141:Charlotte, North Carolina 2110:'s 1956 historical novel 1982:. In 1875, he was made a 1804:Abbeville, South Carolina 1743: 1633:Frederic Emile d'Erlanger 1596:Emancipation Proclamation 1344:William "Parson" Brownlow 1030:to determine whether the 408: 396: 382: 374: 348: 332: 322: 298: 271: 266: 262: 249: 237: 226: 214: 201: 191: 181: 170: 162: 150: 138: 128: 117: 109: 99: 86: 76: 65: 57: 53: 35: 23: 9676:Members of Lincoln's Inn 9656:Lawyers from New Orleans 9391:U.S. Sanitary Commission 9302:Battlefield preservation 9208:Marching Through Georgia 9133:Hampton Roads Conference 9108:Confiscation Act of 1862 9103:Confiscation Act of 1861 8879:U.S. national cemeteries 8685:Confederate Memorial Day 8670:Civil War Trails Program 8539:New Orleans riot of 1866 5476:Offices and distinctions 5422:, Jewish Virtual Library 5405:United States Congress. 5384:Wiseman, Maury (2007). " 5367:"The Ultimate Outsider," 2286:. Printed by L. Towers. 2178: 1940:Benjamin's Sale of Goods 1785:Generals Beauregard and 1738:Hampton Roads Conference 1655:Benjamin supervised the 1268:First Battle of Manassas 577:under British occupation 9606:Confederate expatriates 9312:Confederate war finance 8932:Southern Cross of Honor 8900:1938 Gettysburg reunion 8895:1913 Gettysburg reunion 8593:Reconstruction Treaties 8566:Enforcement Act of 1870 8449:Freedman's Savings Bank 7066:Lane Debates on Slavery 6891:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6090:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6060:Confederate expatriates 5843:(in order of secession) 5343:MacMillan, Catharine. " 5275:(subscription required) 5198:(subscription required) 5136:(subscription required) 5047:Evans, Eli N. (1989) . 5042:(subscription required) 4944:American Jewish History 4925:Butler, Pierce (1907). 4329:. Vol. 3. p. 2854:Stone, Kurt F. (2011). 1590:The bloody standoff at 1442:Sallie Ann Brock Putnam 559:Early and personal life 555:in the following year. 9716:Yale University alumni 9596:British King's Counsel 9371:Richmond riots of 1863 9297:Baltimore riot of 1861 9077:U.S. Military Railroad 8997:Confederate Home Guard 8729:Historiographic issues 8695:Historical reenactment 7194:Revenue Cutter Service 7061:William Lloyd Garrison 6970:Dred Scott v. Sandford 5971:Confederate cemeteries 5786:William Lowndes Yancey 5377:Jewish Review of Books 5293:Brown University Press 5237:Stahr, Walter (2012). 5090:Jones, Howard (1999). 4879:Berman, Myron (1979). 4461:"Mr. Benjamin, Q.C.". 4326:Men of Mark in Georgia 2397:"Congress slaveowners" 2137: 2095: 2033:Père Lachaise Cemetery 2023: 2020:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1907:United States v Wagner 1890:Charles Edward Pollock 1614:George Cornewall Lewis 1584:Napoleon III of France 1543:Early days (1862–1863) 1537:William Howard Russell 1485: 1319: 1219: 1156: 1095:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1089: 934:United States Congress 921: 902:Election to the Senate 873:United States Attorney 838: 772: 651:New Orleans, Louisiana 327:Père Lachaise Cemetery 276:Judah Phillip Benjamin 25:Judah Phillip Benjamin 9631:American slave owners 9336:Great Revival of 1863 9213:Maryland, My Maryland 9002:Confederate railroads 8665:Civil War Roundtables 8534:Meridian riot of 1871 8529:Memphis riots of 1866 7086:George Luther Stearns 7071:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 6964:Crittenden Compromise 6366:Secretary of the Navy 6241:Alexander H. Stephens 5776:Alexander H. Stephens 5460:20 April 2021 at the 5361:Yale University Press 5340:: Vol. 22, Article 9. 4956:10.1353/ajh.2011.0020 4168:, pp. 54–55, 79. 2145:George Floyd protests 2132: 2086: 2078:Salomon de Rothschild 2017: 1926:According to Justice 1911:United States v McRae 1479: 1466:Further information: 1397:were quickly defeated 1361:at the small town of 1324:Stephen Vincent Benét 1299: 1252:Christopher Memminger 1236:Washington's Birthday 1196:Christopher Memminger 1185: 1171:Further information: 1167:Confederate statesman 1151: 1122:, which was tried in 1081: 1017:Harriet Beecher Stowe 987:Spokesman for slavery 909: 829: 767: 747:coastwise slave trade 575:), a colony that was 498:Louisiana legislature 445:Benjamin was born to 424:United States senator 415:Judah Philip Benjamin 216:United States Senator 9223:Daar kom die Alibama 9138:National Union Party 8814:memorials to Lincoln 8734:Lost Cause mythology 8439:Eufaula riot of 1874 8427:Confederate refugees 7640:District of Columbia 7267:Union naval blockade 7113:Underground Railroad 6901:Nullification crisis 6355:John C. Breckinridge 6122:Nullification Crisis 6117:Nashville Convention 6017:Winchester, Virginia 5731:John C. Breckinridge 5656:Notes and references 5073:(18 February 2002). 5071:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 4920:on 26 February 2013. 4753:, pp. xiii–xix. 4535:on 19 September 2015 4525:"Common Law Library" 2018:Benjamin's grave at 1975:patent of precedence 1878:by blockade runner. 1751:a graveyard district 1715:his march to the sea 1138:New Orleans Picayune 1108:John C. Breckinridge 1024:Kansas–Nebraska Bill 473:. Benjamin attended 197:Position established 9661:Louisiana Democrats 9381:Supreme Court cases 9148:Radical Republicans 8927:Old soldiers' homes 8911:Confederate Veteran 8837:artworks in Capitol 8556:Reconstruction acts 8417:Colfax riot of 1873 7381:Richmond-Petersburg 6986:Fugitive slave laws 6916:Popular sovereignty 6896:Missouri Compromise 6886:Kansas-Nebraska Act 6275:Robert M. T. Hunter 5992:Lexington, Kentucky 5812:Moses Jacob Ezekiel 5648:Position abolished 5451:, Ellenton, Florida 5420:"Judah P. Benjamin" 5394:, 59, 1–2, 107–114. 5370:Wall Street Journal 4777:, pp. 388–389. 4765:, pp. 386–387. 4619:, pp. 398–403. 4607:, pp. 377–379. 4556:, pp. 344–345. 4529:Sweet & Maxwell 4480:, pp. 335–336. 4396:, pp. 326–327. 4384:, pp. 323–325. 4372:, pp. 353–356. 4288:, pp. 316–319. 4276:, pp. 244–245. 4264:, pp. 243–244. 4252:, pp. 307–310. 4240:, pp. 315–316. 4228:, pp. 126–128. 4216:, pp. 112–119. 4156:, pp. 277–281. 4144:, pp. 282–291. 4132:, pp. 273–279. 4108:, pp. 304–305. 4096:, pp. 249–250. 4084:, pp. 296–297. 4072:, pp. 234–235. 4048:, pp. 289–290. 4036:, pp. 340–341. 4024:, pp. 300–301. 4009:The Jewish Advocate 3994:, pp. 240–241. 3958:, pp. 194–197. 3922:, pp. 261–263. 3910:, pp. 154–156. 3898:, pp. 137–144. 3850:, pp. 115–117. 3838:, pp. 191–193. 3826:, pp. 260–261. 3814:, pp. 185–187. 3802:, pp. 247–249. 3790:, pp. 307–323. 3778:, pp. 217–218. 3679:, pp. 116–117. 3643:, pp. 248–250. 3604:, pp. 154–155. 3556:, pp. 147–148. 3539:, pp. 251–253. 3527:, pp. 145–146. 3515:, pp. 251–252. 3503:, pp. 198–199. 3491:, pp. 133–135. 3479:, pp. 203–205. 3467:, pp. 132–133. 3428:, pp. 189–191. 3404:, pp. 121–123. 3380:, pp. 239–240. 3356:, pp. 120–121. 3344:, pp. 168–169. 3261:, pp. 178–180. 3249:, pp. 159–160. 3198:, pp. 470–471. 3186:, pp. 202–204. 3174:, pp. 129–130. 3150:, pp. 126–128. 3114:, pp. 136–137. 3102:, pp. 107–108. 3078:, pp. 153–158. 3042:, pp. 145–146. 3006:, pp. 116–118. 2958:, pp. 148–149. 2934:, pp. 147–148. 2910:, pp. 157–158. 2898:, pp. 118–119. 2759:, pp. 163–164. 2573:, pp. 103–106. 2401:The Washington Post 2127:called to the Torah 1928:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1920:The Daily Telegraph 1817:Monticello, Florida 1572:George B. McClellan 1438:Robert M. T. Hunter 1228:Montgomery, Alabama 1188:Confederate Cabinet 1040:Missouri Compromise 1028:popular sovereignty 972:Robert M. T. Hunter 942:Lewis Charles Levin 646:only 16 years old. 583:. His parents were 463:occupied by Britain 9576:British barristers 9202:A Lincoln Portrait 9143:Politicians killed 9067:U.S. Balloon Corps 9062:Union corps badges 8842:memorials to Davis 8712:Disenfranchisement 8583:Reconstruction era 8464:Timber Culture Act 8422:Compromise of 1877 7386:Franklin–Nashville 7056:Frederick Douglass 6959:Cornerstone Speech 6876:Compromise of 1850 6824:American Civil War 6385:Postmaster-General 6374:Stephen R. Mallory 6343:George W. Randolph 6261:Secretary of State 6137:Reconstruction era 6070:Cornerstone speech 6038:American Civil War 5832:Edmund Kirby Smith 5596:Political offices 5526:Title next held by 5510:Served alongside: 5431:4 May 2014 at the 5258:The Georgia Review 4305:on 29 January 2020 2922:, pp. .87–91. 2844:, pp. 99–100. 2817:The New York Times 2345:Bennett, Edmund H. 2318:Richmond, Virginia 2096: 2024: 1991:Tichborne claimant 1986:of Lincoln's Inn. 1787:Joseph E. Johnston 1763:Stephen R. Mallory 1734:Alexander Stephens 1708:William T. Sherman 1704:within siege lines 1580:Seven Days Battles 1576:Peninsula Campaign 1486: 1434:Secretary of State 1220: 1200:Alexander Stephens 1173:American Civil War 1129:The New York Times 1090: 999:Haitian Revolution 980:Compromise of 1850 968:Stephen A. Douglas 957:The New York Times 922: 896:American Civil War 891:The New York Times 569:Danish West Indies 522:Secretary of State 459:Danish West Indies 436:American Civil War 293:Danish West Indies 105:Position abolished 9666:Louisiana lawyers 9462: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9254:Italian Americans 9239:African Americans 9196:John Brown's Body 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8862: 8861: 8700:Robert E. Lee Day 8444:Freedmen's Bureau 8407:Brooks–Baxter War 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8122: 8121: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7311:Northern Virginia 7257:Trans-Mississippi 7230: 7229: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7017:Uncle Tom's Cabin 6954:African Americans 6790: 6789: 6439: 6438: 6412:Judah P. Benjamin 6337:Judah P. Benjamin 6281:Judah P. Benjamin 6170: 6169: 6065:Confederate flags 5817:Stonewall Jackson 5795:Other individuals 5726:Judah P. Benjamin 5719:Political leaders 5678: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5658: 5618:Succeeded by 5584:Succeeded by 5555:Succeeded by 5508:1853–1861 5315:978-1-4744-8200-4 5248:978-1-4391-2118-4 4998:Davis, William C. 4972:Davis, William C. 4927:Judah P. Benjamin 4655:, pp. 94–95. 4643:, pp. 91–92. 4631:, pp. 47–48. 4180:, pp. 58–59. 3691:, pp. 39–41. 3667:, pp. 15–19. 3138:, pp. 93–94. 3066:, pp. 98–99. 3018:, pp. 98–99. 2994:, pp. 86–87. 2970:, pp. 39–40. 2946:, pp. 32–33. 2832:, pp. 97–98. 2774:, pp. 41–42. 2735:, pp. 31–33. 2699:, pp. 40–41. 2687:, pp. 67–70. 2675:, pp. 46–47. 2663:, pp. 37–39. 2646:, pp. 38–39. 2634:, pp. 36–37. 2537:, pp. 34–36. 2510:, pp. 24–29. 2486:, pp. 25–26. 2403:, 13 January 2022 2093:Ellenton, Florida 2066:Benjamin Disraeli 2053:married a non-Jew 2010:Decline and death 1969:and so impressed 1936:Benjamin on Sales 1865:Career in England 1700:Army of Tennessee 1607:William Gladstone 1513:William H. Seward 1423:The End of an Era 1413:Richmond Examiner 1386:Norfolk, Virginia 1359:William W. Loring 1355:Stonewall Jackson 1351:P.G.T. Beauregard 1328:John Brown's Body 1204:LeRoy Pope Walker 1012:Uncle Tom's Cabin 974:of Virginia, and 853:Electoral College 759:abolished slavery 526:at Roanoke Island 512:appointed him as 453:who had moved to 440:English barrister 412: 411: 9723: 9646:Confederate Jews 9503: 9502: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9470: 9446: 9436: 9435: 9259:Native Americans 9244:German Americans 9037:Partisan rangers 9032:Official Records 8972: 8971: 8955: 8954: 8847:memorials to Lee 8794: 8793: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8343: 8131: 8130: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7907: 7881:Washington, D.C. 7675:Indian Territory 7635:Dakota Territory 7593: 7592: 7510:Chancellorsville 7301:Jackson's Valley 7291:Blockade runners 7167: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7131: 7130: 7091:Thaddeus Stevens 7081:Lysander Spooner 7041:Susan B. Anthony 6843: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6629: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6404:Attorney-General 6323:Secretary of War 6254: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6174: 6173: 6055:Confederate Army 6007:Washington, D.C. 5705: 5698: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5663: 5654: 5628:Preceded by 5601:Preceded by 5537:Preceded by 5494:Preceded by 5484: 5483: 5472: 5471: 5416: 5319: 5296: 5276: 5273: 5252: 5233: 5216: 5199: 5196: 5167: 5154: 5137: 5134: 5123:10.2307/25154286 5105: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5066: 5054: 5043: 5040: 5019: 5007: 4993: 4981: 4967: 4938: 4921: 4919: 4913:. Archived from 4908: 4898: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4531:. 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Grant 1331: 1275:Secretary of War 1264:Secretary of War 1240:attorney general 1178:Attorney General 1088: 1087: 1860–1865 1085: 1074:Secession crisis 1056:Secretary of War 1045:Republican Party 946:David S. Kaufman 938:David Levy Yulee 930:Solomon W. Downs 916: 913: 883:Mexican railroad 865:Millard Fillmore 796:State politician 791:Electoral career 703:Louisiana lawyer 697:William C. Davis 659:the state's code 619:David Levy Yulee 617:, the father of 615:Moses Elias Levy 518:Secretary of War 514:Attorney General 447:Sephardic Jewish 421: 404: 368: 366: 305: 285: 283: 267:Personal details 252: 240: 231: 204: 194: 175: 153: 141: 122: 102: 89: 70: 48: 45: 40: 21: 20: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9671:Louisiana Whigs 9511: 9510: 9509: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9416: 9400: 9285: 9249:Irish Americans 9227: 9172: 9081: 9072:U.S. Home Guard 9012:Field artillery 8966: 8965: 8941: 8883: 8858: 8820: 8789: 8783: 8675:Civil War Trust 8642: 8636: 8524:Ethnic violence 8509:Kirk–Holden war 8388: 8349: 8326: 8260: 8118: 8062: 7915: 7890: 7844: 7597: 7584: 7415: 7396:Sherman's March 7376:Bermuda Hundred 7271: 7226: 7198: 7154: 7153: 7117: 7076:J. Sella Martin 7046:James G. Birney 7022: 6940: 6866:Bleeding Kansas 6854: 6837: 6826: 6821: 6791: 6786: 6630: 6621: 6475: 6470: 6440: 6435: 6424:Thomas H. Watts 6398: 6379: 6360: 6349:James A. Seddon 6331:Leroy P. Walker 6317: 6300:C. G. Memminger 6286: 6255: 6246: 6227: 6224:Jefferson Davis 6214: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6050:Bleeding Kansas 6021: 5939: 5842: 5836: 5802:John C. Calhoun 5790: 5751:Jefferson Davis 5714: 5709: 5679: 5674: 5643: 5635: 5633: 5623: 5621:George Randolph 5614: 5606: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5527: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5477: 5462:Wayback Machine 5433:Wayback Machine 5401: 5338:Sunland Tribune 5316: 5283: 5281:Further reading 5274: 5249: 5197: 5185:10.2307/2191828 5135: 5102: 5080: 5078: 5063: 5041: 5016: 4990: 4917: 4906: 4895: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4864:. 24 June 2020. 4860: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4793: 4789:, p. xiii. 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4417: 4409: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580:, pp. 154. 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2611:Tablet Magazine 2604:Brook, Daniel. 2602: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462:, pp. 5–6. 2458: 2454: 2450:, pp. 3–5. 2446: 2442: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2383:Washington Post 2375: 2371: 2366: 2341:Benjamin, J. P. 2326:Benjamin, Judah 2306:Benjamin, J. P. 2292:Benjamin, J. P. 2277:Benjamin, J. P. 2263:Benjamin, J. P. 2248:Benjamin, J. P. 2243: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2153: 2045: 2012: 1999:New South Wales 1963:Potter v Rankin 1951:Queen's Counsel 1867: 1833:C. J. Munnerlyn 1746: 1711:sacking Atlanta 1677:John H. Surratt 1669:St. Albans Raid 1665:Peace Democrats 1641: 1629:Erlanger et Cie 1561:blockade runner 1545: 1521: 1474: 1464: 1455: 1370:Joseph E. Brown 1333: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1277: 1208:Jefferson Davis 1192:Stephen Mallory 1180: 1175: 1169: 1104:1860 convention 1100:Abraham Lincoln 1086: 1076: 1059:Jefferson Davis 989: 961:Franklin Pierce 950:Emanuel B. Hart 914: 904: 885: 798: 793: 705: 639:John C. Calhoun 611:Moroccan-Jewish 581:Napoleonic Wars 561: 510:Jefferson Davis 467:Napoleonic Wars 417: 389: 370: 367: 1833) 362: 358: 355: 340: 333:Political party 307: 303: 287: 281: 279: 278: 277: 250: 238: 232: 227: 218: 202: 192: 186:Jefferson Davis 176: 171: 157:George Randolph 151: 139: 133:Jefferson Davis 123: 118: 100: 87: 81:Jefferson Davis 71: 66: 49: 46: 31: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9508: 9507: 9495: 9483: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9440: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9396:Women soldiers 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Naming the war 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8987:Campaign Medal 8984: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962:Related topics 8959: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8800: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8709: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8690:Decoration Day 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8646: 8644: 8643:Reconstruction 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8497:second inquiry 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8461: 8454:Homestead Acts 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8402:Alabama Claims 8398: 8396: 8394:Reconstruction 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8382:15th Amendment 8379: 8377:14th Amendment 8374: 8372:13th Amendment 8363: 8361: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8003:J. E. Johnston 8000: 7998:A. S. Johnston 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7938:R. H. Anderson 7934: 7932: 7925: 7917: 7916: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7800:South Carolina 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:North Carolina 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:Fredericksburg 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7440:Wilson's Creek 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7252:Lower Seaboard 7249: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7164: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7108:Harriet Tubman 7105: 7104: 7103: 7096:Charles Sumner 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6931:States' rights 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6846: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:J. S. Johnston 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6393:John H. Reagan 6389: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6312:John H. Reagan 6309: 6306:G. A. Trenholm 6303: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6235: 6233:Vice-President 6229: 6228: 6213: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5935:North Carolina 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5850:South Carolina 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5827:Colin J. McRae 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:James M. Mason 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5664:1. Because of 5660: 5659: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5636: 5631:William Browne 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5565:Legal offices 5562: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5423: 5417: 5400: 5399:External links 5397: 5396: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5357:Judah Benjamin 5350: 5341: 5330: 5320: 5314: 5297: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5253: 5247: 5234: 5217: 5200: 5168: 5155: 5138: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5067: 5061: 5044: 5020: 5014: 4994: 4988: 4968: 4939: 4922: 4899: 4893: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4853: 4851:, p. 469. 4841: 4839:, p. xii. 4829: 4827:, p. 182. 4817: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4738: 4736:, p. 164. 4726: 4724:, p. 478. 4711: 4699: 4697:, p. 158. 4684: 4682:, p. 434. 4672: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 370. 4585: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4516: 4494: 4492:, p. 344. 4482: 4470: 4448: 4436: 4415: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4336: 4316: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4204:, p. 313. 4194: 4192:, p. 312. 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4120:, p. 267. 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4060:, p. 291. 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 236. 3972: 3970:, p. 271. 3960: 3948: 3946:, p. 194. 3936: 3934:, p. 184. 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3886:, p. 256. 3876: 3874:, p. 195. 3864: 3862:, p. 257. 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3766:, p. 215. 3756: 3754:, p. 241. 3741: 3739:, p. 275. 3729: 3727:, p. 235. 3717: 3715:, p. 222. 3705: 3703:, p. 223. 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3631:, p. 256. 3618: 3616:, p. 155. 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 255. 3582: 3570: 3568:, p. 254. 3558: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3455:, p. vii. 3445: 3443:, p. 134. 3430: 3418: 3416:, p. 122. 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 240. 3382: 3370: 3368:, p. 178. 3358: 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 185. 3317: 3315:, p. 229. 3305: 3303:, p. 471. 3290: 3288:, p. 116. 3275: 3273:, p. 251. 3263: 3251: 3239: 3237:, p. 110. 3227: 3215: 3213:, p. 109. 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3162:, p. 129. 3152: 3140: 3128: 3126:, p. 139. 3116: 3104: 3092: 3090:, p. 102. 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3030:, p. 104. 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2873: 2866: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2800: 2798:, p. 162. 2788: 2776: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2711:, p. 184. 2701: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2587: 2585:, p. 179. 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2524: 2522:, p. 187. 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2413: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2337: 2322: 2302: 2288: 2273: 2259: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2226: 2213: 2197: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2152: 2149: 2118:'s 2009 novel 2044: 2041: 2011: 2008: 1971:Lord Hatherley 1967:House of Lords 1866: 1863: 1861:, in Britain. 1837:Gamble Mansion 1825:John T. Lesley 1745: 1742: 1661:Jacob Thompson 1640: 1637: 1544: 1541: 1520: 1517: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1447:Benjamin Huger 1382:Roanoke Island 1374:Henry T. Clark 1340:East Tennessee 1300: 1298: 1276: 1273: 1212:John H. Reagan 1179: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1075: 1072: 1026:, calling for 988: 985: 903: 900: 884: 881: 857:Zachary Taylor 797: 794: 792: 789: 725:commercial law 713:Thomas Slidell 704: 701: 663:French Creoles 560: 557: 541:United Kingdom 487:passed the bar 410: 409: 406: 405: 398: 394: 393: 384: 380: 379: 376: 372: 371: 360: 356: 353: 352: 350: 346: 345: 334: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 306:(aged 72) 300: 296: 295: 286:August 6, 1811 275: 273: 269: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 253: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 224: 223: 212: 211: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 168: 167: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 115: 114: 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 93:William Browne 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 63: 62: 55: 54: 51: 50: 41: 33: 32: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9728: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9494: 9493:United States 9484: 9482: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9439: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9366:Photographers 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9341:Gender issues 9339: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9168:War Democrats 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158:Union Leagues 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9057:Turning point 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9027:Naval battles 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8790:and memorials 8786: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650:Commemoration 8648: 8647: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8492:first inquiry 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8412:Carpetbaggers 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:West Virginia 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7755:New Hampshire 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715:Massachusetts 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Hampton Roads 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7445:Fort Donelson 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:Morgan's Raid 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:Anaconda Plan 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7262:Pacific Coast 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6996:Positive good 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6911:Panic of 1857 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Border states 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6269:Robert Toombs 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841:Member states 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Robert E. Lee 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781:Henry A. Wise 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Leonidas Polk 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5546:Chair of the 5541: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5497:Solomon Downs 5492: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5372:, p. C9. 5371: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359:. New Haven: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5304:. Edinburgh: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5164:Amicus Curiae 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5101:0-8032-2582-2 5097: 5093: 5088: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5062:0-02-909911-0 5058: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5015:0-15-100564-8 5011: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4989:0-02-907735-4 4985: 4980: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4902:Best, Judah. 4900: 4896: 4894:0-8139-0743-8 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4709:, p. 82. 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4670:, p. 97. 4669: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3225:, p. 19. 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3054:, p. 82. 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2982:, p. 93. 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2886:, p. 83. 2885: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2867:9780810857315 2863: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 65. 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2747:, p. 95. 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2723:, p. 43. 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2561:, p. 84. 2560: 2555: 2549:, p. 83. 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2402: 2398: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2230: 2224:, p. 194 2223: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2016: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980:Privy Council 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883:Lincoln's Inn 1879: 1877: 1873: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Francis Blair 1722: 1720: 1719:Duncan Kenner 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611:War Secretary 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Robert E. Lee 1564: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492:The Economist 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1436:, Virginia's 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1418:Mary Chestnut 1415: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1405:Fort Donelson 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:Henry A. Wise 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:Cape Hatteras 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1216:Robert Toombs 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186:The original 1184: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1124:San Francisco 1121: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1080: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061:, whose wife 1060: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1007:1804 massacre 1004: 1000: 995: 984: 981: 977: 973: 970:of Illinois, 969: 964: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 920: 908: 899: 897: 893: 892: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:James K. Polk 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 837: 834: 828: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 788: 786: 781: 777: 771: 766: 763: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743: 736: 734: 730: 726: 721: 718: 714: 710: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 677: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 644: 640: 636: 631: 628: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 592: 590: 586: 585:Sephardi Jews 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449:parents from 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 416: 407: 403: 399: 395: 392: 391:Lincoln's Inn 388: 385: 381: 377: 373: 351: 347: 343: 339:(before 1856) 338: 335: 331: 328: 325: 323:Resting place 321: 318: 314: 310: 301: 297: 294: 290: 289:Christiansted 274: 270: 265: 261: 257: 254: 248: 245: 244:Solomon Downs 242: 236: 230: 225: 222: 217: 213: 209: 206: 200: 196: 190: 187: 184: 180: 174: 169: 166: 161: 158: 155: 149: 146: 143: 137: 134: 131: 127: 121: 116: 113: 108: 104: 98: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 39: 34: 30: 22: 19: 9581:British Jews 9307:Bibliography 9290:Other topics 9232:By ethnicity 9200: 9153:Trent Affair 9052:Signal Corps 8909: 8632:White League 8519:Ku Klux Klan 8432:Confederados 8359:Constitution 8231:D. D. Porter 8084:Breckinridge 8073: 7795:Rhode Island 7790:Pennsylvania 7545:Spotsylvania 7505:Stones River 7485:2nd Bull Run 7435:1st Bull Run 7321:Stones River 7222:Marine Corps 7189:Marine Corps 7028:Abolitionism 7015: 6968: 6752:E. Broussard 6737:R. Broussard 6546: 6430:George Davis 6418:Thomas Bragg 6411: 6336: 6280: 6157:Trent affair 5771:John Slidell 5725: 5655: 5647: 5638: 5609: 5604:LeRoy Walker 5575: 5570: 5545: 5528: 5522: 5517:John Slidell 5513:Pierre Soulé 5511: 5502: 5410: 5391: 5385: 5369: 5356: 5353:Traub, James 5344: 5337: 5327: 5301: 5288: 5261: 5257: 5238: 5221: 5204: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5142: 5114: 5110: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5050: 5028: 5024: 5003: 4977: 4947: 4943: 4926: 4915:the original 4880: 4873:Bibliography 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4804: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4729: 4702: 4675: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4583:, p. 4. 4568:, p. 7. 4561: 4549: 4537:. Retrieved 4533:the original 4519: 4507:. 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Retrieved 2609: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2405:, retrieved 2400: 2394:Database at 2386:. Retrieved 2372: 2349: 2340: 2330: 2325: 2313: 2305: 2296: 2291: 2281: 2276: 2267: 2262: 2252: 2247: 2241:Publications 2229: 2216: 2200: 2195:, p. 36 2187: 2138: 2133: 2124: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2074: 2046: 2025: 1988: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1880: 1868: 1813: 1800: 1783: 1768: 1747: 1723: 1693: 1689:Pope Pius IX 1681: 1654: 1642: 1626: 1618: 1600: 1589: 1565: 1549: 1546: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1487: 1482:$ 2 banknote 1456: 1427: 1422: 1411: 1409: 1390: 1367: 1348: 1334: 1320: 1301: 1294: 1278: 1260:Leroy Walker 1256: 1248: 1244: 1226:gathered in 1221: 1161:John Slidell 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1093: 1091: 1068: 1053: 1049: 1021: 1010: 994:emancipation 990: 965: 956: 954: 926:state Senate 923: 919:Adolph Rinck 889: 886: 863:. In 1850, 849:yellow fever 846: 839: 830: 826: 799: 779: 776:abolitionist 773: 768: 764: 741: 737: 733:tuberculosis 722: 716: 706: 690: 678: 667: 648: 635:Yale College 632: 623: 596: 593: 562: 530: 491: 475:Yale College 461:when it was 444: 414: 413: 387:Yale College 304:(1884-05-06) 251:Succeeded by 228: 203:Succeeded by 172: 152:Succeeded by 145:LeRoy Walker 119: 101:Succeeded by 67: 18: 9531:1884 deaths 9521:1811 births 9113:Copperheads 8825:Confederate 8717:Black Codes 8043:E. K. Smith 7924:Confederate 7871:New Orleans 7866:Chattanooga 7730:Mississippi 7630:Connecticut 7598:territories 7589:Involvement 7550:Cold Harbor 7540:Fort Pillow 7530:Chattanooga 7525:Chickamauga 7475:Seven Pines 7465:New Orleans 7430:Fort Sumter 7371:Valley 1864 7204:Confederacy 7001:Slave Power 6981:Fire-Eaters 6607:B. Johnston 6226:(1861–1865) 6075:Fire-Eaters 5862:Mississippi 5855:Declaration 5807:Jubal Early 5540:John Pettit 5530:John Harris 5488:U.S. Senate 5445:, New York. 4810:30 November 2429:: 161–170. 2108:Viña Delmar 2049:David Yulee 1995:Wagga Wagga 1965:before the 1887:Chief Baron 1859:Southampton 1829:James McKay 1809:John Reagan 1730:Fort Monroe 1685:Dudley Mann 1556:James Mason 1519:Appointment 1505:King Cotton 976:Sam Houston 915: 1853 877:hung juries 755:the Bahamas 729:slave trade 579:during the 571:(today the 506:Confederate 481:, where he 479:New Orleans 465:during the 455:Saint Croix 344:(from 1856) 302:May 6, 1884 256:John Harris 239:Preceded by 193:Preceded by 140:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 47: 1856 9515:Categories 9346:Juneteenth 8867:Cemeteries 8744:Red Shirts 8655:Centennial 8605:Red Shirts 8013:Longstreet 7943:Beauregard 7886:Winchester 7861:Charleston 7830:Washington 7765:New Mexico 7760:New Jersey 7620:California 7596:States and 7580:Five Forks 7565:Mobile Bay 7535:Wilderness 7515:Gettysburg 7495:Perryville 7480:Seven Days 7411:Appomattox 7336:Gettysburg 7296:New Mexico 7163:Combatants 7138:Combatants 7051:John Brown 6767:R. B. Long 6592:R. M. Long 6517:Livingston 5961:Charleston 5918:Convention 5884:Convention 5644:1862–1865 5615:1861–1862 5587:Wade Keyes 5571:New office 5558:Ira Harris 5552:1855–1861 5166:(90): 2–4. 5081:2 February 4849:Meade 1939 4722:Meade 1939 4605:Meade 1943 4593:Meade 1943 4554:Meade 1943 4478:Meade 1943 4382:Meade 1943 4370:Davis 2001 4286:Davis 2001 4274:Davis 2001 4262:Davis 2001 4238:Meade 1943 4226:Davis 2001 4214:Davis 2001 4202:Meade 1943 4190:Meade 1943 4178:Davis 2001 4166:Davis 2001 4106:Meade 1943 4082:Meade 1943 4058:Meade 1943 4046:Meade 1943 4022:Meade 1943 3968:Meade 1943 3920:Meade 1943 3884:Meade 1943 3860:Meade 1943 3824:Meade 1943 3800:Meade 1943 3752:Meade 1943 3725:Meade 1943 3641:Meade 1943 3501:Meade 1943 3477:Meade 1943 3426:Meade 1943 3366:Meade 1943 3342:Meade 1943 3330:Davis 1994 3301:Meade 1939 3259:Davis 1994 3247:Meade 1943 3223:Cunningham 3196:Meade 1939 3172:Meade 1943 3160:Meade 1943 3148:Meade 1943 3124:Meade 1943 3112:Meade 1943 3028:Meade 1943 3016:Meade 1943 2980:Meade 1943 2920:Meade 1943 2784:Meade 1943 2721:Meade 1943 2673:Meade 1943 2644:Meade 1943 2632:Meade 1943 2583:Davis 1994 2508:Meade 1943 2364:References 2354:. Boston: 2061:Yom Kippur 2029:last rites 1955:Lancashire 1855:St. Thomas 1792:Tennyson's 1645:Gettysburg 1622:Maximilian 1082:Benjamin, 910:Benjamin, 842:plantation 802:Whig Party 785:antebellum 598:brit milah 549:Union Army 508:President 342:Democratic 282:1811-08-06 208:Wade Keyes 42:Benjamin, 9481:Biography 9324:Espionage 9118:Diplomacy 9086:Political 9042:POW camps 8788:Monuments 8615:Scalawags 8610:Redeemers 8348:Aftermath 8297:Pinkerton 8236:Rosecrans 8201:McClellan 8104:Memminger 7840:Wisconsin 7805:Tennessee 7725:Minnesota 7700:Louisiana 7575:Nashville 7520:Vicksburg 7450:Pea Ridge 7401:Carolinas 7356:Red River 7351:Knoxville 7331:Tullahoma 7326:Vicksburg 7306:Peninsula 7278:campaigns 7144:Campaigns 6921:Secession 6722:Blanchard 6647:Fromentin 6502:Claiborne 6487:Destréhan 6432:(1864–65) 6426:(1862–63) 6420:(1861–62) 6395:(1861–65) 6376:(1861–65) 6351:(1862–65) 6339:(1861–62) 6308:(1864–65) 6302:(1861–64) 6283:(1862–65) 6277:(1861–62) 6243:(1861–65) 6221:President 5988:(Georgia) 5930:Tennessee 5903:Louisiana 5896:Ordinance 5867:Ordinance 5756:Governors 5741:Diplomats 5666:Louisiana 4964:162313090 4581:MacMillan 4539:30 August 4464:The Times 4432:MacMillan 4355:17 August 4309:9 January 4299:"History" 2308:(1861) . 2116:Dara Horn 2043:Appraisal 1895:The Times 1876:Liverpool 1872:barrister 1779:Haw River 1698:, of the 1649:Vicksburg 1337:pro-Union 1003:mulattoes 898:in 1861. 814:Democrats 740:the ship 682:consigned 565:St. Croix 428:Louisiana 397:Signature 383:Education 229:In office 221:Louisiana 182:President 173:In office 129:President 120:In office 77:President 68:In office 9505:Politics 9438:Category 9279:Seminole 9269:Cherokee 9022:Medicine 8975:Military 8888:Veterans 8722:Jim Crow 8487:timeline 8282:Ericsson 8265:Civilian 8246:Sheridan 8206:McDowell 8166:Farragut 8151:Burnside 8141:Anderson 8134:Military 8114:Stephens 8074:Benjamin 8067:Civilian 7953:Buchanan 7931:Military 7876:Richmond 7825:Virginia 7770:New York 7745:Nebraska 7735:Missouri 7720:Michigan 7710:Maryland 7695:Kentucky 7670:Illinois 7645:Delaware 7625:Colorado 7610:Arkansas 7570:Franklin 7490:Antietam 7361:Overland 7316:Maryland 7235:Theaters 7141:Theaters 6732:Thornton 6642:Magruder 6612:Landrieu 6597:Ellender 6582:Ransdell 6547:Benjamin 6527:Nicholas 6522:Waggaman 6512:Bouligny 6100:Removals 5997:Richmond 5966:Columbia 5925:Arkansas 5913:Virginia 5458:Archived 5429:Archived 5355:(2021). 5270:41396272 5131:25154286 5000:(2001). 4974:(1994). 4707:De Ville 4411:Ginsburg 2559:De Ville 2547:De Ville 2435:29777899 2407:29 April 2347:(1888). 2294:(1861). 2279:(1860). 2265:(1860). 2250:(1858). 2210:Ginsburg 2151:See also 2022:in Paris 1841:Ellenton 1759:Danville 1592:Antietam 1391:General 1330:" (1928) 1281:Virginia 1113:Key West 1036:Nebraska 936:, after 818:suffrage 686:impotent 655:read law 545:Richmond 539:and the 483:read law 375:Children 210:(acting) 95:(acting) 9467:Portals 9405:Related 9274:Choctaw 9264:Catawba 9047:Rations 8992:Cavalry 8854:Removal 8482:efforts 8466:of 1873 8312:Stevens 8307:Stanton 8292:Lincoln 8251:Sherman 8186:Halleck 8176:Frémont 8161:Du Pont 8099:Mallory 8058:Wheeler 7993:Jackson 7973:Forrest 7913:Leaders 7856:Atlanta 7820:Vermont 7740:Montana 7680:Indiana 7655:Georgia 7650:Florida 7615:Arizona 7605:Alabama 7555:Atlanta 7470:Corinth 7422:battles 7366:Atlanta 7346:Bristoe 7247:Western 7242:Eastern 7147:Battles 6946:Slavery 6850:Origins 6836:Origins 6782:Kennedy 6757:Overton 6727:McEnery 6697:Kellogg 6692:Slidell 6682:Johnson 6635:Class 3 6617:Cassidy 6602:Edwards 6587:H. Long 6572:Caffery 6562:Kellogg 6507:Johnson 6480:Class 2 6217:Cabinet 6043:Museums 6026:Related 5956:Atlanta 5891:Georgia 5879:Alabama 5874:Florida 5441:at the 5328:Medium. 5193:2191828 5037:4233263 2112:Beloved 2003:baronet 1984:bencher 1973:that a 1953:within 1821:Madison 1578:in the 1005:in the 833:obverse 613:trader 567:of the 502:slavery 494:planter 457:in the 369: 361: 357: 9448:Portal 9386:Tokens 8322:Welles 8302:Seward 8287:Hamlin 8256:Thomas 8191:Hooker 8156:Butler 8109:Seddon 8094:Hunter 8079:Bocock 8053:Taylor 8048:Stuart 8038:Semmes 8018:Morgan 7978:Gorgas 7958:Cooper 7849:Cities 7785:Oregon 7750:Nevada 7690:Kansas 7660:Hawaii 7560:Crater 7460:Shiloh 7420:Major 7406:Mobile 7276:Major 7150:States 7101:Caning 6777:Vitter 6772:Breaux 6762:Feazel 6712:Eustis 6702:Eustis 6677:Porter 6672:Conrad 6667:Mouton 6662:Porter 6577:Foster 6567:Gibson 6552:Harris 6532:Barrow 6414:(1861) 6357:(1865) 6345:(1862) 6333:(1861) 6314:(1865) 6271:(1861) 5944:Places 5634:Acting 5590:Acting 5523:Vacant 5312: 5268: 5245: 5230:445011 5228: 5213:444475 5211: 5191: 5149: 5129: 5098: 5059: 5035: 5012: 4986: 4962: 4935:664335 4933: 4891: 4825:Berman 4805:Tablet 4680:Butler 4509:21 May 4505:. 2012 3737:Butler 3689:Owsley 3665:Owsley 3653:Owsley 3629:Butler 3590:Butler 3566:Butler 3537:Butler 3513:Butler 3390:Butler 3378:Butler 3313:Butler 3271:Strode 3184:Butler 3076:Butler 3040:Butler 3004:Butler 2956:Butler 2932:Butler 2896:Butler 2864: 2842:Butler 2830:Butler 2745:Butler 2709:Berman 2685:Butler 2617:21 May 2535:Butler 2484:Butler 2433: 2193:Butler 1850:Nassau 1845:Bimini 1831:, and 1744:Escape 1552:Affair 1363:Romney 1063:Varina 1051:more. 1032:Kansas 948:, and 780:Creole 751:Nassau 742:Creole 715:, the 674:slaves 627:Reform 537:France 451:London 349:Spouse 317:France 258:(1868) 9191:Dixie 9178:Music 8797:Union 8641:Post- 8477:trial 8277:Chase 8272:Adams 8241:Scott 8216:Meigs 8211:Meade 8181:Grant 8171:Foote 8146:Buell 8127:Union 8089:Davis 8033:Price 8023:Mosby 7968:Ewell 7963:Early 7948:Bragg 7810:Texas 7705:Maine 7665:Idaho 7171:Union 6742:Guion 6717:White 6707:Jonas 6687:Soulé 6652:Brown 6542:Downs 6537:Soulé 6497:Brown 6492:Posey 5908:Texas 5581:1861 5266:JSTOR 5189:JSTOR 5151:24515 5127:JSTOR 5033:JSTOR 4960:S2CID 4918:(PDF) 4907:(PDF) 4837:Evans 4787:Evans 4775:Evans 4763:Evans 4751:Evans 4668:Evans 4653:Evans 4641:Evans 4629:Evans 4617:Evans 4490:Evans 4394:Evans 4250:Evans 4154:Evans 4142:Evans 4130:Evans 4118:Evans 4094:Evans 4070:Evans 4034:Evans 3992:Evans 3980:Evans 3956:Evans 3944:Evans 3932:Jones 3908:Jones 3896:Jones 3872:Evans 3848:Jones 3836:Evans 3812:Evans 3788:Stahr 3776:Evans 3764:Evans 3713:Evans 3701:Evans 3677:Evans 3614:Evans 3602:Evans 3578:Evans 3554:Evans 3525:Evans 3489:Evans 3465:Evans 3453:Evans 3441:Evans 3414:Evans 3402:Evans 3354:Evans 3286:Evans 3235:Evans 3211:Evans 3136:Evans 3100:Evans 3088:Evans 3064:Evans 3052:Evans 2992:Evans 2968:Evans 2944:Evans 2884:Evans 2772:Evans 2733:Evans 2697:Evans 2661:Evans 2571:Evans 2496:Evans 2460:Evans 2448:Evans 2431:JSTOR 2388:5 May 2222:Evans 2179:Notes 1959:Times 1550:Trent 1289:Union 1285:Texas 1143:Delta 917:, by 670:dowry 643:libel 589:Nevis 553:Paris 438:, an 426:from 363:( 359: 313:Seine 309:Paris 219:from 9376:Salt 8982:Arms 8832:List 8804:List 8317:Wade 8226:Pope 8196:Hunt 8028:Polk 7988:Hood 7983:Hill 7815:Utah 7780:Ohio 7685:Iowa 7217:Navy 7212:Army 7184:Navy 7179:Army 6557:West 5310:ISBN 5243:ISBN 5226:OCLC 5209:OCLC 5147:OCLC 5096:ISBN 5083:2021 5057:ISBN 5010:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4931:OCLC 4889:ISBN 4812:2022 4734:Kahn 4695:Kahn 4566:Best 4541:2015 4511:2014 4444:Best 4357:2017 4311:2019 2908:Kahn 2862:ISBN 2796:Kahn 2757:Kahn 2619:2014 2520:Korn 2409:2024 2390:2024 2283:1860 2254:U.S. 2114:and 2068:and 1647:and 1547:The 1533:faro 1470:and 1458:it. 1428:The 1262:was 1214:and 1034:and 485:and 430:, a 337:Whig 299:Died 272:Born 163:1st 110:2nd 58:3rd 8221:Ord 8008:Lee 6747:Gay 6219:of 5464:at 5390:," 5336:," 5326:", 5181:doi 5119:doi 4952:doi 4331:386 1839:in 1798:". 1574:'s 1326:, " 1283:to 753:in 693:gay 535:by 9517:: 5515:, 5409:. 5308:. 5291:. 5262:20 5260:. 5187:. 5175:. 5162:. 5125:. 5115:47 5113:. 5029:37 5027:. 4958:. 4948:97 4946:. 4909:. 4887:. 4803:. 4741:^ 4714:^ 4687:^ 4660:^ 4573:^ 4527:. 4451:^ 4418:^ 4401:^ 3999:^ 3744:^ 3621:^ 3544:^ 3433:^ 3320:^ 3293:^ 3278:^ 3203:^ 2876:^ 2815:. 2803:^ 2764:^ 2651:^ 2608:. 2590:^ 2527:^ 2427:17 2425:. 2399:, 2381:. 2343:; 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