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On May 5, Jackson's army camped around
Staunton, about 6 miles from Johnson's command. On May 7, Milroy, whose troops were based at McDowell, with pickets east of the mountain (elements of the 32nd Ohio) as an advance picket, and more troops posted around North Mountain, received intelligence that Jackson and Johnson were combining against him and, and skirmishing intensified across the valley between Union and Confederate pickets. Despite wishing for battle, he began to fall back across the Alleghenies due to knowledge of the enemy's numerical superiority, and he dispatched requests to Franklin for reinforcements, which general Schenck obliged and prepared his troops to move southwards to reinforce Milroy at 11:00 AM on May 7. Milroy attempted to stifle the rebel advance over Shenandoah Mountain by posting two artillery pieces along the road, which slowed down Jackson's column. As more Confederate columns continued to cross the mountains, Milroy decided to retreat northwards for McDowell and await arrival of reinforcements. On the morning of May 8, Milroy's command was surprised to see the Confederate troops moving to occupy strong positions atop Bull Pasture Mountain. Milroy immediately decided that a swift attack must be done while the rebel forces had still not consolidated their position, so he ordered his artillery to bombard the rebel positions atop Bull Pasture Mountain. Soon afterwards, at 10:00 AM, Schenck's column arrived and reinforced Milroy.
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for their troops to withdraw at night, Milroy recommended a preemptive assault on the hill and
Schenck, his superior officer, approved. At about 4:30 p.m., 2,300 Federal troops crossed the river and assaulted Sitlington Hill. Their initial assault almost broke Johnson's right, but Jackson sent up Taliaferro's infantry and repulsed the Federals. The next attack was at the vulnerable center of the Confederate line, where the 12th Georgia Infantry occupied a salient that was subjected to fire from both sides. The Georgians, the only non-Virginians on the Confederate side, proudly and defiantly refused to withdraw to a more defensible position and took heavy casualties as they stood and fired, silhouetted against the bright sky as easy targets at the crest of the hill. One Georgia private exclaimed, "We did not come all this way to Virginia to run before Yankees." By the end of the day the 540 Georgians suffered 180 casualties, losses three times greater than any other regiment on the field. Johnson was wounded and Taliaferro assumed command of the battle while Jackson brought up additional reinforcements. The fighting continued until about 10 p.m., when the Union troops withdrew.
1617:, and the 1st Maryland Infantry, the latter bitter enemies of Kenly's Union 1st Maryland Infantry. The first shots were fired around 2 p.m. and the Confederates quickly pushed the small Federal detachment out of town. Kenly and his men made a stand on a hill just north of town and Jackson prepared to charge them with the Marylanders in the center and the Louisianians against their left flank. Before the attack could commence, Kenly saw Confederate cavalry approaching the bridges that he needed for his escape route and he immediately ordered his men to abandon their position. They first crossed the South Fork bridges and then the wooden Pike Bridge over the North Fork, which they set afire behind them. Taylor's Brigade raced in pursuit and Jackson ordered them to cross the burning bridge. As he saw the Federals escaping, Jackson was frustrated that he had no artillery to fire at them. His guns were delayed on the Gooney Manor Road detour route the infantry had taken and Ashby's cavalry had failed to deliver Jackson's orders for them to take the direct route after the battle started.
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they did with little opposition, but they were soon subjected to punishing artillery and small arms fire from a second ridge to the southwest—Bower's Hill, the extreme right flank of the
Federal line—and their attack stalled. Jackson ordered Taylor's Brigade to deploy to the west and the Louisianians conducted a strong charge against Bower's Hill, moving up the steep slope and over a stone wall. At the same time, Ewell's men were outflanking the extreme left of the Union line. The Union lines broke and the soldiers retreated through the streets of town. Jackson later wrote that Banks's troops "preserved their organization remarkably well" through the town. They did so under unusual pressure, as numerous civilians—primarily women—fired at the men and hurled objects from doorways and windows. Jackson was overcome with enthusiasm and rode cheering after the retreating enemy. When a staff officer protested that he was in an exposed position, Jackson shouted "Go back and tell the whole army to press forward to the Potomac!"
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reached a rise outside of
Middletown at about 3 p.m. and began artillery bombardments of the Union column. The chaos that this produced was exacerbated by a charge by the Louisiana Tigers, who began looting and pillaging in the wagon train. When Union artillery and infantry arrived to challenge Jackson at around 4 p.m, Richard Taylor's infantry turned to meet the threat while Jackson sent his artillery and cavalry north to harass the Union column ahead. By the time Taylor's attack started the Union troops had withdrawn and Jackson realized that it was merely the rearguard of Banks's column. He sent word to Ewell to move quickly to Winchester and deploy for an attack south of the town. Jackson's men began a pursuit down the Valley Pike, but they were dismayed to see that Ashby's cavalrymen had paused to loot the wagon train and many of them had become drunk from Federal whiskey. The pursuit continued long after dark and after 1 a.m., Jackson reluctantly agreed to allow his exhausted men to rest for two hours.
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return to the army protecting
Richmond if Banks moved eastward to join McDowell at Fredericksburg. Since Shields's division was reported to have left the Valley, Ewell was in a quandary about which orders to follow. He met in person with Jackson on May 18 at Mount Solon and the two generals decided that while in the Valley, Ewell reported operationally to Jackson, and that a prime opportunity existed to attack Banks's army, now depleted to fewer than 10,000 men, with their combined forces. When subsequent peremptory orders came to Ewell from Johnston to abandon this idea and march to Richmond, Jackson was forced to telegraph for help from Robert E. Lee, who convinced President Davis that a potential victory in the Valley had more immediate importance than countering Shields. Johnston modified his orders to Ewell: "The object you have to accomplish is the prevention of the junction of General Banks's troops and those of General McDowell's."
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March 23. Ashby's cavalry skirmished with the
Federals on March 22, during which engagement Shields was wounded with a broken arm from an artillery shell fragment. Despite his injury, Shields sent part of his division south of Winchester and one brigade marching to the north, seemingly abandoning the area, but in fact halting nearby to remain in reserve. He then turned over tactical command of his division to Col. Nathan Kimball, although throughout the battle to come, he sent numerous messages and orders to Kimball. Confederate loyalists in Winchester mistakenly informed Turner Ashby that Shields had left only four regiments and a few guns (about 3,000 men) and that these remaining troops had orders to march for
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detachment. The results of the battle were lopsided. Union casualties were 773, of which 691 were captured. Confederate losses were 36 killed and wounded. Jackson's men captured about $ 300,000 of
Federal supplies; Banks soon became known as "Commissary Banks" to the Confederates because of the many provisions they won from him during the campaign. Banks initially resisted the advice of his staff to withdraw, assuming the events at Front Royal were merely a diversion. As he came to realize that his position had been turned, at about 3 a.m. he ordered his sick and wounded to be sent from Strasburg to Winchester and his infantry began to march midmorning on May 24.
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determined skirmishers of the 15th
Alabama Infantry for over an hour and he was unable to bring up his guns until 10 a.m. His opening artillery barrage was ineffective and did little more than alert Jackson at Port Republic that the battle had started. Frémont's men were arranged in a line running southwest to northeast on the Keezletown Road, facing Ewell's strong position about a mile south on a ridge behind Mill Creek, with both flanks anchored by dense woods. As they advanced, they wheeled left to become roughly parallel with the Confederate line. At about noon the Federal brigade on the left, commanded by Brig. Gen.
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346:, a strategic small promontory but a commanding defensive position astride the Valley Turnpike south of Mt. Jackson. It was at Rude's Hill, which was Jackson's headquarters from April 2–17, that Jackson reorganized his command. Jackson had instructed Hotchkiss to "make me a map of the Valley, from Harper's Ferry to Lexington, showing all the points of offence and defence in those places." The Shenandoah Valley had never been comprehensively mapped before, and Hotchkiss' maps and knowledge of the terrain proved to be a decisive tactical advantage for Jackson throughout the rest of the campaign.
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the afternoon, inviting an attack that never came. As Frémont withdrew his men back to the
Keezletown Road, Ewell decided against a counterattack, knowing that his force was seriously outnumbered. Trimble proposed the idea of a night attack to both Ewell and Jackson, but neither general agreed. The Confederates merely advanced to the previous Union position, ending a battle that, considering the percentage of troops engaged, was little more than a skirmish. Union casualties were 684, Confederate only 288, although two of Ewell's brigade commanders, Brig. Gens.
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widely scattered on a perimeter within which his troops could maneuver to concentrate against first one and then another of the Union forces. Lincoln managed very well, personally maneuvering the scattered Union armies. Since neither
Lincoln nor his advisers felt that Jackson's small force could truly threaten Washington, they chose an offensive response as they sought to exploit their overwhelming forces and exterior position to overwhelm his army. But Jackson's great ability, celerity of movement, and successful series of small fights determined the outcome.
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positioned to attack and pursue Jackson's column as it passed by, and then to crush Jackson's army against Frémont's position at Harrisonburg. Unfortunately for Lincoln, his plan was complex and required synchronized movements by separate commands. McDowell was unenthusiastic about his role, wishing to retain his original mission of marching against Richmond to support McClellan, but he sent the division of Brig. Gen. James Shields, recently arrived from Banks's army, marching back to the Valley, to be followed by a second division, commanded by Maj. Gen.
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1492:, who were resisting the advance toward Staunton of Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, the leading element of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's army. If Frémont and Banks were allowed to combine, Jackson's forces could be overwhelmed, so Jackson planned to defeat them in detail. Without waiting for Lee's reply, Jackson executed his plan and on April 30, Ewell's division replaced Jackson's men at Swift Run Gap. Jackson marched south to the town of Port Republic in heavy rains and on May 2, turned his men east in the direction of
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Jackson's piecemeal deployment of troops for his heavy losses and argues that it was a battle that did not need to have been fought—the Confederates could have easily burned the North River bridge and slipped into the Blue Ridge via Brown's Gap Turnpike without losses. Union soldiers were particularly upset with the performance of their commanders, Shields and Frémont, and both of their military careers faded. Frémont resigned his command just weeks later, rather than be subordinated to his rival Maj. Gen.
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division to withdraw under the cover of darkness. They slipped away from Frémont and crossed the North River bridge. A hastily constructed bridge across the South River allowed the Confederates to move into the foggy, flat bottomland below the south bank of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. The Stonewall Brigade led the advance on the road to Conrad's Store, the direction from which Shields would be approaching. Also that morning, Jackson ordered his trains to begin a march into Brown's Gap.
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1531:. Overlooking the scene was a spur of Bullpasture Mountain known as Sitlington Hill, a mile-long plateau that could potentially dominate the Union position. However, there were two disadvantages: the single trail that reached the summit was so difficult that artillery could not be deployed there, and the rugged terrain—densely forested, steep slopes and ravines—offered opportunities for Union attackers to climb the 500 feet to the summit without being subjected to constant Confederate fire.
555:. In contrast, the orientation of the Valley offered little advantage to a Northern army headed toward Richmond. But denying the Valley to the Confederacy would be a significant blow. It was an agriculturally rich area—the 2.5 million bushels of wheat produced in 1860, for example, accounted for about 19% of the crop in the entire state and the Valley was also rich in livestock—that was used to provision Virginia's armies and the Confederate capital of Richmond. If the Federals could reach
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building, tore up railroad track, and cut the telegraph wires, isolating Front Royal from Banks at Strasburg. Meanwhile, Jackson led his infantry on a detour over a path named Gooney Manor Road to skirt the reach of Federal guns on his approach to Front Royal. From a ridge south of town, Jackson observed that the Federals were camped near the confluence of the South and North Forks and that they would have to cross two bridges in order to escape from his pending attack.
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the Blue Ridge. Jackson decided to watch the road from Cedarville to Middletown. If Banks moved directly to Winchester, Jackson could hit him in his flank by using that road, but he deemed it unwise to commit his entire force from the Front Royal area until he could rule out the Blue Ridge escape possibility. He sent scouts from Turner Ashby's cavalry on the Strasburg–Front Royal Road and two regiments of cavalry from Ewell's division, commanded by Brig. Gen.
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five days, frequent clashes occurred between Turner Ashby's cavalry (screening the rear of Jackson's march) and lead Union cavalry. Ashby also burned some bridges across the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, delaying the Union pursuit and keeping Shields's and Frémont's forces separated. When contact was reestablished on June 6, Ashby was killed on Chestnut Ridge near Harrisonburg in a skirmish with Frémont's cavalry, commanded by Brig. Gen.
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1759:, he ordered the Stonewall Brigade to demonstrate against Harpers Ferry on May 29–30. On May 30, Shields recaptured Front Royal and Jackson began moving his army back to Winchester. Lincoln's plan continued to unravel as Banks declared his army was too shaken to move in pursuit (and would remain north of the Potomac until June 10), Frémont moved slowly on poor roads (in contrast to Jackson, whose men had the advantage of the
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1377:, which was moving south against Richmond in support of McClellan, remain in the vicinity of the capital. McClellan claimed that the loss of these forces prevented him from taking Richmond during his campaign. The strategic realignment of Union forces caused by Jackson's battle at Kernstown—the only battle he lost in his military career—turned out to be a strategic victory for the Confederacy.
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his line with the 7th Louisiana Infantry of Taylor's brigade and ordered Taylor to make another attempt against the Union batteries. Winder perceived that the Federals were about to attack, so he ordered a preemptive charge, but in the face of point-blank volleys and running low on ammunition, the Stonewall Brigade was routed. At this point, Ewell arrived on the battlefield and ordered the
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armies in the field, took aggressive action in response. Not yielding to panic and drawing troops in for the immediate defense of the capital, he planned an elaborate offensive. He ordered Frémont to march from Franklin to Harrisonburg to engage Jackson and Ewell, to "operate against the enemy in such a way as to relieve Banks." He also sent orders to McDowell at Fredericksburg:
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travel 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against a combined force of over 50,000. Jackson had accomplished his difficult mission, causing Washington to withhold over 40,000 troops from McClellan's offensive. Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones summarized a successful campaign:
1421:, showing all the points of offense and defense." Given Hotchkiss's mapmaking skills, Jackson would have a significant advantage over his Federal opponents in the campaign to come. On April 1, Banks lunged forward, advancing to Woodstock along Stony Creek, where he once again was delayed by supply problems. Jackson took up a new position at
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to his left, but by the time they arrived around 6 p.m., Garnett's Stonewall Brigade had run out of ammunition and he pulled them back, leaving Fulkerson's right flank exposed. Jackson tried in vain to rally his troops to hold, but the entire Confederate force was forced into a general retreat. Kimball organized no effective pursuit.
519:, at an average width of 25 miles. By the conventions of local residents, the "upper Valley" referred to the southwestern end, which had a generally higher elevation than the lower Valley to the northeast. Moving "up the Valley" meant traveling southwest, for instance. Between the North and South Forks of the Shenandoah River,
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to attack Strasburg, where Banks began to be concerned that his 4,476 infantry, 1,600 cavalry, and 16 artillery pieces might be insufficient to withstand Jackson's 16,000 men. However, Jackson's plan was first to defeat the small Federal outpost at Front Royal (about 1,000 men of the 1st Maryland Infantry under Col.
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Explains that casualty figures are difficult to calculate because the Union forces reported combined losses for Front Royal and First Winchester, amounting to 71 killed, 243 wounded, and 1,714 missing or captured; for those same 3 days, May 23–25, the Confederates reported 68 killed, 329 wounded, and
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Jackson's troops were awakened at 4 a.m. on May 25 to fight the second Sunday battle of the campaign. Jackson was pleased to find during a personal reconnaissance that Banks had not properly secured a key ridge south of the town. He ordered Charles Winder's Stonewall Brigade to occupy the hill, which
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While Jackson was at McDowell, Ewell was fidgeting at Swift Run Gap, trying to sort out numerous orders he was receiving from Jackson and Johnston. On May 13 Jackson ordered Ewell to pursue Banks if he withdrew down the Valley from Strasburg, whereas Johnston had ordered Ewell to leave the Valley and
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and began marching over the Blue Ridge. To the surprise of his men and officers, whom Jackson habitually left in the dark as to his intentions, on May 4 they boarded trains that were heading west, not east toward Richmond, as they had anticipated. The movement to the east had been a clever deception.
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During this period, Jackson also faced difficulty within his own command. He arrested Garnett and had a nasty confrontation with Turner Ashby in which Jackson displayed his displeasure at Ashby's performance by stripping him of 10 of his 21 cavalry companies and reassigning them to Charles S. Winder,
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Banks advanced again on April 16, surprising Ashby's cavalry by fording Stony Creek at a place they had neglected to picket, capturing 60 of the horsemen, while the remainder of Ashby's command fought their way back to Jackson's position on Rude's Hill. Jackson assumed that Banks had been reinforced,
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Around 4 p.m, Tyler attacked Fulkerson and Garnett on a narrow front. The Confederates were temporarily able to counter this attack with their inferior numbers by firing fierce volleys from behind the stone wall. Jackson, finally realizing the strength of the force opposing him, rushed reinforcements
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With the success of his Valley campaign, Stonewall Jackson became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until his reputation was eventually eclipsed by Lee's), and his victories lifted the morale of the public. In a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver, he pressed his army to
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The Battle of Port Republic had been poorly managed by Jackson and was the most damaging to the Confederates in terms of casualties—816 against a force one half his size (about 6,000 to 3,500). Union casualties were 1,002, with a high percentage representing prisoners. Historian Peter Cozzens blames
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Jackson learned at 7 a.m. that the Federals were approaching his column. Without proper reconnaissance or waiting for the bulk of his force to come up, he ordered Winder's Stonewall Brigade to charge through the thinning fog. The brigade was caught between artillery on its flank and rifle volleys to
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By mid-afternoon, Frémont had sent only five of his 24 regiments into battle and Ewell expected another attack. The impatient Trimble launched his own offensive against a Union battery, which took his brigade a mile in advance of the rest of Ewell's division. He and his men sat there for the rest of
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would be crucial. If he could hold or destroy the bridges in this area at the confluence of the South River and North River with the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, he could prevent the two Union armies from combining against him. He positioned most of his army on the high ground overlooking the
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As the two Union armies converged at the southwestern end of Massanutten Mountain, Jackson had the option of escaping through Brown's Gap towards Charlottesville and marching to Richmond, which was closely threatened by McClellan's army. However, he was determined to finish his work in the Valley by
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Valley Pike), and Shields would not leave Front Royal until Ord's division arrived. Jackson reached Strasburg before either of the Union armies and the only source of concern was that the Stonewall Brigade had been delayed at Harpers Ferry, but it caught up with the rest of Jackson's army after noon
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over Massanutten Mountain, combining with Ewell on May 22, and proceeded down the Luray Valley. Their speed of forced marching was typical of the campaign and earned his infantrymen the nickname of "Jackson's foot cavalry". He sent Ashby's cavalry directly north to make Banks think that he was going
743:, expanded significantly during the campaign as reinforcements were added, starting with a force of a mere 5,000 effectives and reaching an eventual peak of 17,000 men. It remained, however, greatly outnumbered by the various Union armies opposing it, which together numbered 52,000 men in June 1862.
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Cozzens, p. 499; Clark, p. 170, cites 615 Confederate casualties, 1,018 Union, including 558 captured; Kennedy, p. 87, cites 800 Confederate, 800–1,000 Union. Krick, pp. 507–12, presents the detailed casualties for the combined battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic: Confederate 1,263 (239 killed,
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Salmon, p. 38; Cozzens, p. 273, cites Union casualties of 259 (26 killed, 230 wounded, and 3 missing), and Confederate casualties of 532 (146 killed, 382 wounded, and 4 missing); Eicher, p. 259, cites Union casualties of 256 (26 killed, 227 wounded, and 3 missing), and Confederate casualties of 498
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On June 7, Ewell maneuvered in an invitation for Frémont to attack him, but despite receiving a message from his colleague Shields, urging him to "thunder down on rear," Frémont demurred in the face of Ewell's strong position. On Sunday, June 8, Jackson hoped to avoid a fight on the Sabbath, but a
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You are instructed to lay aside for the present the movement on Richmond to put twenty thousand men in motion at once for the Shenandoah, moving on the line or in advance of the Manassas Gap Railroad. Your object will be to capture the forces of Jackson and Ewell, either in cooperation with General
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Early on May 23, Turner Ashby and a detachment of cavalry forded the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and rode northwest to capture a Union depot and railroad trestle at Buckton Station. Two companies of Union infantry defended the structures briefly, but the Confederates prevailed and burned the
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The Union generals realized that they were outnumbered by the 10,000 men that Jackson and Johnson commanded and that their men would be particularly vulnerable to artillery fire from Sitlington Hill. They did not realize that Jackson could not bring up his artillery. Therefore, in order to buy time
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At first light the day after Kernstown, Union forces pursued Jackson and drove Ashby's cavalry in a panic. However, Banks called off the pursuit while supply problems were addressed. For the next three days the Union forces advanced slowly while Jackson retreated to Mount Jackson. It was there that
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Always outnumbered seven to three, every time Jackson engaged he fought with the odds of about four to three in his favor—because, moving rapidly on interior lines, he hit fractions of his enemy with the bulk of his own command. ... Jackson enjoyed the great advantage that the northerners remained
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Jackson sent messages to Richmond requesting that his force be augmented to 40,000 men so that he could assume the offensive down the Valley and across the Potomac. Lee sent him about 14,000 reinforcements, but then revealed his plan to call Jackson to Richmond to counterattack McClellan's Army of
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Taylor attacked the infantry and artillery on the Coaling three times before prevailing, but having achieved their objective, were faced by a new charge from three Ohio regiments. It was only the surprise appearance by Ewell's troops that convinced Tyler to withdraw his men. The Confederates began
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After his assault on the Coaling failed, Jackson ordered the rest of Ewell's division, primarily Trimble's brigade, to cross over the North River bridge and burn it behind them, keeping Frémont's men isolated to the north of the River. While he waited for these troops to arrive, Jackson reinforced
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The enemy poured grape and musketry into Taylor's line as soon as it came in sight. Gen. Taylor rode in front of his brigade, drawn sword in hand, occasionally turning his horse, at other times merely turning in his saddle to see that his line was up. They marched up the hill in perfect order, not
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On May 24, Jackson planned to intercept Banks's retreating army, but it was not clear what route Banks would take. He could either march straight for Winchester or, if the Confederates abandoned Front Royal and raced to Winchester ahead of him, he could slip behind them and escape to the east over
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to the Valley from their intended mission to reinforce George B. McClellan on the Peninsula. At 4 p.m. on May 24, he telegraphed to McClellan, "In consequence of General Banks's critical position I have been compelled to suspend General McDowell's movements to you. The enemy are making a desperate
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was well underway and Joseph E. Johnston had relocated most of his army for the direct protection of Richmond, leaving Jackson's force isolated. Johnston sent new orders to Jackson, instructing him to prevent Banks from seizing Staunton and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, reinforcing him with
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928 wounded, and 96 missing or captured), Union 1,903 (272 killed, 849 wounded, and 782 missing or captured). Eicher, p. 266, also gives combined casualties: Confederate 1,150 (139 killed, 951 wounded, and 60 missing or captured), Union 1,702 (181 killed, 836 wounded, and 685 missing or captured).
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On June 2, Union forces pursued Jackson—McDowell up the Luray Valley and Frémont up the main Valley (west of Massanutten Mountain). Jackson's men made good time on the Valley Pike, marching more than 40 miles in one 36-hour period, but heavy rains and deep mud delayed their pursuers. For the next
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Union casualties were 590 (118 killed, 450 wounded, 22 captured or missing), Confederate 718 (80 killed, 375 wounded, 263 captured or missing). Despite the Union victory, President Lincoln was disturbed by Jackson's audacity and his potential threat to Washington. He sent Banks back to the Valley
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Jackson's orders from Johnston were to prevent Banks's force from leaving the Valley, which it appeared they were now doing. Jackson turned his men around and, in one of the more grueling forced marches of the war, moved northeast 25 miles on March 22 and another 15 to Kernstown on the morning of
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Frémont moved cautiously to approach Ewell's position on the morning of June 8, assuming that he was outnumbered, although he actually outnumbered the Confederates 11,500 to 5,800. (Richard Taylor's brigade was detached from Ewell's division for service with Jackson.) His men were held up by the
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Word of Banks's ejection from the Valley caused consternation in Washington because of the possibility that the audacious Jackson might continue marching north and threaten the capital. President Lincoln, who in the absence of a general in chief was exerting day to day strategic control over his
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Receiving word from Steuart that the Federals had indeed begun a retreat down the Valley Pike, Jackson began directing forces to Middletown. Although they had to contend with Union cavalry (five companies of the 1st Maine and two companies of the 1st Vermont) and were thus delayed en route, they
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1752:, who had been attacked in southwestern Virginia on May 23.) But as a result, instead of a figurative hammer (Shields) striking at Jackson on an anvil (Frémont), all Lincoln could hope for would be a pincer movement catching Jackson at Strasburg, which would require intricate timing to succeed.
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Though Banks was aware of Jackson's location, he misinterpreted Jackson's intent, thinking that Jackson was heading east of the Blue Ridge to aid Richmond. Without clear direction from Washington as to his next objective, Banks proposed his force also be sent east of the Blue Ridge, telling his
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After Jackson's victories at Cross Keys and Port Republic, the Union forces withdrew. Frémont marched back to Harrisonburg, where he was frustrated to find orders from Lincoln he had not received in time, telling him not to advance beyond that town against Jackson. As the weather became clear,
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Stonewall Jackson's plan for June 9 was to concentrate his forces and overwhelm the outnumbered Shields at Port Republic. He rightly assumed that Frémont would be too shaken to launch a major attack and that he could be held at bay with a mere token force, so he ordered the majority of Ewell's
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The Confederate pursuit was ineffective because Ashby had ordered his cavalry away from the mainstream to chase a Federal detachment. Jackson lamented, "Never was there such a chance for cavalry. Oh that my cavalry was in place!" The Federals fled relatively unimpeded for 35 miles in 14 hours,
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Lincoln's plan was to spring a trap on Jackson using three armies. Frémont's movement to Harrisonburg would place him on Jackson's supply line. Banks would recross the Potomac and pursue Jackson if he moved up the Valley. The detachment from McDowell's corps would move to Front Royal and be
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arrived at that moment and Jackson set them off in pursuit of Kenly. The retreating Union troops were forced to halt and make a stand at Cedarville. Although the cavalrymen were outnumbered three to one, they charged the Union line, which broke but reformed. A second charge routed the Union
1543:, Schenck took up a defensive position and Jackson did not attempt to attack him. Union casualties were 259 (34 killed, 220 wounded, 5 missing), Confederate 420 (116 killed, 300 wounded, 4 missing), one of the rare cases in the Civil War where the attacker lost fewer men than the defender.
1882:. Attempting to extricate himself from a potential disaster, Jackson realized that the Union artillery fire was coming from a spur of the Blue Ridge that was known locally as the Coaling, where charcoal was made by a local family for their blacksmith shop. Jackson and Winder sent the
2093:, which happened during the same time period, but involved neither Jackson nor the Shenandoah Valley. The focus of this article is on Jackson's operations in the Valley that influenced the Lincoln Administration to challenge him with forces that could have been used by Maj. Gen.
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town from the south bank of the North River, from where his artillery could command the town and fords across the South River, preventing Shields from crossing. He deployed Ewell's division on a ridge about 7 miles north near the village of Cross Keys, ready to receive Frémont.
1684:, to Newtown, hoping to intercept the vanguard of Banks's column. At the same time, he ordered Ewell to take the bulk of his division on the road to Winchester, but not to get too far away in case he had to be recalled. The remainder of Jackson's army moved north to Cedarville.
1441:. Banks occupied New Market and crossed Massanutten Mountain to seize the bridges across the South Fork in the Luray Valley, once again besting Ashby's cavalry, who failed to destroy the bridges in time. Banks now controlled the valley as far south as Harrisonburg.
1772:. This was a significant loss for the Confederacy since Ashby (the "Black Knight") was one of its most promising cavalry generals (Ashby having been promoted to brigadier general on June 3). Jackson later wrote, "As a partisan officer, I never knew his superior."
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Garnett's replacement in command of the Stonewall Brigade. Winder mediated between the two officers and the stubborn Jackson uncharacteristically backed down, restoring Ashby's command. More importantly, Jackson received an April 21 letter from Gen.
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Robertson, p. 346; Cozzens, p. 215, cites 737 (139 killed, 312 wounded, 253 captured, and 33 missing); Eicher, p. 211, cites 718 (80 killed, 375 wounded, and 263 missing); Clark, p. 71, Kennedy, p. 78, and Salmon, p. 35, cite 718 total Confederate
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outside Richmond. His audacious campaign elevated him to the position of the most famous general in the Confederacy (until this reputation was later supplanted by Lee) and has been studied ever since by military organizations around the world.
1223:, across the Potomac to protect the canal and railroad from Ashby. Banks moved south against Winchester in conjunction with Shields's division approaching from the direction of Romney. Jackson's command was operating as the left wing of Gen.
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Union forces varied considerably during the campaign as armies arrived and withdrew from the Valley. The forces were generally from three independent commands, an arrangement which reduced the effectiveness of the Union response to Jackson.
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Milroy and Schenck marched their men north from McDowell beginning at 12:30 a.m. on May 9. Jackson attempted to pursue, but by the time his men started the Federals were already 13 miles away. On a high ridge overlooking the road to
6817:
1943:
Jackson and his army, in one month, have routed Milroy—annihilated Banks—discomfited Frémont, and overthrown Shields! Was there ever such a series of victories won by an inferior force by dauntless courage and consummate generalship?
492:. However, Jackson's Confederate troops were in "excellent spirits," laying the foundation for his performance in the Valley that spring, which helped derail the Union plans and re-energize Confederate morale elsewhere.
3448:
2030:, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, incorporating the units of Banks, Frémont, McDowell, and several smaller ones from around Washington and western Virginia. This army was soundly defeated by Lee and Jackson in August at the
567:. Stonewall Jackson wrote to a staff member, "If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost." In addition to Jackson's campaign in 1862, the Valley was subjected to conflict for virtually the entire war, most notably in the
1487:
Jackson's plan was to have Ewell's division move into position at Swift Run Gap to threaten Banks's flank, while Jackson's force marched toward the Allegheny Mountains to assist the detached 2,800 men under Brig. Gen.
2000:, from June 25 to July 1. Jackson delivered an uncharacteristically lethargic performance in many of those battles, perhaps because of the physical strains of the Valley campaign and the exhausting march to Richmond.
2176:
Cozzens, p. 4.: "Greater arguably than the strategic value of Jackson's victories in the Shenandoah Valley was the boost they gave to Southern morale, which in the spring of 1862 was at its nadir." Gallagher, p.
1960:
A star has arisen: his name , the haughty foe has found, to his cost, has been given prophetically, as he proved a wall of granite to them. For four weeks he has kept at bay more than one of the boasted armies."
337:
against Richmond. Following Kernstown, Jackson retreated to form a line at Stony Creek south of Woodstock, making his headquarters at Narrow Passage on Stony Creek. It was there he summoned a local cartographer,
7028:
1744:. But Frémont was the real problem for Lincoln's plan. Rather than marching east to Harrisonburg as ordered, he took note of the exceptionally difficult road conditions on Lincoln's route and marched north to
2509:
Cozzens, p. 307; Salmon, p. 41, estimates 900 Union casualties and fewer than 100 Confederate; Clark, p. 128, cites 904 Union casualties (750 captured) and 35 Confederate; Kennedy, p. 81, cites 904 Union, 56
3434:. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate officers: Based upon "The Century War Series". Vol. I. New York: The Century Company. p. 784.
7109:
6765:
1988:
the Potomac and drive it away from Richmond. He needed all of the combat power he could muster and he wanted Jackson to attack the relatively unprotected right flank of McClellan's army, north of the
1330:
in the morning. Jackson marched aggressively north with his 3,000-man division, reduced from its peak as stragglers fell out of the column, unaware that he was soon to be attacking almost 9,000 men.
1145:
Also at the end of May, McDowell was ordered to send troops to the Valley. Thus Shields returned to the Valley with his division consisting of the brigades of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball, Brig. Gen.
801:, Jackson commanded two infantry divisions and a cavalry command. "Jackson's Division" consisted of the brigades of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder, Col. John A. Campbell (wounded and replaced by Col.
2022:
On the Union side, a command shakeup resulted from the embarrassing defeat by a smaller force. McDowell's corps remained in the defense of Washington, with only one division (under Brig. Gen.
1250:
area to protect Richmond. Without this protective movement, the Federal army under Banks might strike at Johnston through passes in the Blue Ridge Mountains. By March 12, 1862, Banks occupied
535:
to Luray. The Valley offered two strategic advantages to the Confederates. First, a Northern army entering Virginia could be subjected to Confederate flanking attacks pouring through the many
3301:
1906:
bombarding the Union troops on the flat lands, with Ewell himself gleefully manning one of the cannons. More Confederate reinforcements began to arrive, including the brigade of Brig. Gen.
1727:
Frémont or in case want of supplies or of transportation interferes with his movement, it is believed that the force with which you move will be sufficient to accomplish the object alone.
1087:. At the end of April, Shields' division would be transferred from Banks to McDowell's command, leaving Banks with just one division, under Williams, consisting of the brigades of Cols.
395:. Jackson was now threatened by three small Union armies. Withdrawing up the Valley from Winchester, Jackson was pursued by Frémont and Shields. On June 8, Ewell defeated Frémont in the
7452:
2137:
7447:
1820:'s brigade across a clearing and up a hill, only to be surprised by a wave of musket fire. The 500 men of the 8th New York Infantry suffered nearly 50% casualties in the engagement.
6758:
927:
2111:
2026:) able to join McClellan on the Peninsula. Lincoln was disillusioned by the command difficulties of controlling multiple forces in this campaign and created a single new army, the
1286:
to guard the lower (northeastern) Valley, and intelligence indicated that it was withdrawing toward Winchester. Banks made preparations to leave the Valley personally on March 23.
6377:
1373:'s plans for the defenses of Washington while the Peninsula campaign was underway and decided that the forces were insufficient. He eventually ordered that the corps of Maj. Gen.
437:
In the spring of 1862 "Southern morale... was at its nadir" and "prospects for the Confederacy's survival seemed bleak." Following the successful summer of 1861, particularly the
1235:
in March, Jackson's position at Winchester was isolated. He began withdrawing "up" the Valley (to the higher elevations at the southwest end of the Valley) to cover the flank of
6696:
6523:
4238:
1915:
The impetuosity of Jackson had betrayed him into attacking before his troops were sufficiently massed, which was made difficult by the insufficient means of crossing the river.
1755:
Jackson received word of Shields's return march on May 26, but he had been urged by Robert E. Lee to threaten the line of the Potomac. So while the bulk of his army camped near
539:
across the Blue Ridge. Second, the Valley offered a protected avenue that allowed Confederate armies to head north into Pennsylvania unimpeded; this was the route taken by Gen.
3701:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XII–XXIV–II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
3676:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XII–XXIV–I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1748:. (He also was cognizant of the enormous area his department was required to defend and he was concerned about dividing his force and abandoning his subordinate, Brig. Gen.
6751:
357:, preventing a potential combination of the two Union armies against him. Jackson then headed down the Valley once again to confront Banks. Concealing his movement in the
1902:
regiments to strike the left flank of the advancing Union battle line. Tyler's men fell back, but reorganized and drove Ewell's men into the forest south of the Coaling.
1527:, to find that Allegheny Johnson was deploying his infantry. The Union force of about 6,000 under Milroy and Schenck was camped in the village to the west side of the
1980:. Shields, who complained bitterly about the exhaustion of his division, marched slowly to Front Royal and on June 21 marched across the Blue Ridge to join Maj. Gen.
3175:
6206:
1976:
harassed Frémont's withdrawal, which reached Mount Jackson on June 11, and then unencumbered to Middletown on June 14 where he joined with Banks and Brig. Gen.
97:
5661:
5656:
2686:
Eicher, p. 211: McClellan was relieved of his position as general in chief in March in order to concentrate on the field operations of his Army of the Potomac.
1453:, leaving Banks in the Valley with only a single division. Banks was then instructed to retreat down the valley and assume a defensive position at Strasburg.
5666:
759:
1910:, and the Union army reluctantly began to withdraw. Jackson remarked to Ewell, "General, he who does not see the hand of God in this is blind, sir, blind."
1713:. Union casualties were 2,019 (62 killed, 243 wounded, and 1,714 missing or captured), Confederate losses were 400 (68 killed, 329 wounded, and 3 missing).
1652:
The most significant after effect of Banks's minor loss at Front Royal was a decision by Abraham Lincoln to redirect 20,000 men from the corps of Maj. Gen.
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6301:
4145:
802:
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1890:
regiments through the thick underbrush up the hill, where they encountered three Union infantry regiments supporting the artillery and were repulsed.
349:
On May 8, after more than a month of skirmishing with Banks, Jackson moved deceptively to the west of the Valley and drove back elements of Maj. Gen.
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7013:
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6121:
1088:
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4536:
755:
1789:, almost captured the Confederate trains in Port Republic and Jackson himself narrowly escaped by galloping over a bridge across the North River.
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6138:
5781:
5170:
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1478:
2141:
883:
6962:
6665:
6023:
5776:
5771:
5197:
17:
5029:
4099:
3726:. The Union Army, 1861–1865: Organization and Operations. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 1084.
1694:
firing a shot! About half-way to the Yankees in a loud and commanding voice that I am sure the Yankees heard, he gave the order to charge!
1369:
be detached from McClellan's Army of the Potomac and sent to reinforce Frémont. Lincoln also took this opportunity to re-examine Maj. Gen.
1059:; and on April 4, he assumed command of the Department of the Shenandoah. His force initially consisted of two divisions under Brig. Gens.
593:
1445:
superiors that "such order would electrify our force." Instead, Lincoln decided to detach Shield's division and transfer it to Maj. Gen.
6586:
6116:
5165:
4924:
2115:
1173:
and suddenly a hero at First Manassas, was familiar with the valley terrain, having lived there for many years. His command included the
6680:
6543:
6528:
4959:
4575:
3999:
3749:
2767:
Cozzens, pp. 464–76; Kennedy, p. 84; Krick, pp. 183–275; Salmon, p. 49; Freeman, vol. 1, pp. 445–46; Eicher, pp. 265–66; Clark, p. 164.
1484:, requesting that he and Ewell attack Banks to reduce the threat against Richmond that was being posed by McDowell at Fredericksburg.
6910:
6774:
6533:
6296:
6266:
5904:
5833:
4531:
4526:
601:
442:
300:, Jackson's 17,000 men marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won several minor battles as they successfully engaged three
6447:
6382:
5084:
5059:
4295:
4270:
4220:
4200:
905:
660:
1878:
its front and fell back in disarray. They had run into two brigades at the vanguard of Shields's army, 3,000 men under Brig. Gen.
6650:
6625:
6341:
6038:
5934:
5786:
5119:
4999:
4210:
3860:
3160:
Operational Leadership Once Beyond the Culminating Point: Perspectives on Calculated Tactical Risk to Achieve Operational Success
2240:
1933:. He resigned his commission in June 1864. Shields received no more combat assignments and resigned from the Army in March 1863.
585:
495:
During the Civil War, the Shenandoah Valley was one of the most strategic geographic features of Virginia. The watershed of the
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6591:
6336:
5079:
5074:
4749:
1209:
858:
597:
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4919:
1361:
along with Alpheus Williams's division. He also was concerned that Jackson might move into western Virginia against Maj. Gen.
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6163:
5155:
5150:
5014:
4914:
4165:
1837:
1681:
1279:
1060:
810:
388:
7407:
1341:
against Kimball's position on the Valley Turnpike while his main force—the brigades of Col. Samuel Fulkerson and Brig. Gen.
805:), and Col. Samuel V. Fulkerson (replaced by Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferro). The Second Division, commanded by Maj. Gen.
6422:
6126:
6098:
5337:
5145:
5114:
5044:
4904:
4478:
2731:
Eicher, p. 263; Robertson, pp. 428–29; Cozzens, pp. 424–28, 438–40; Salmon, p. 46; Krick, pp. 21, 26–32; Clark, pp. 157–58.
1610:
826:
589:
1469:. Jackson, at a strong defensive position on Rude's Hill, corresponded with Ewell to develop a strategy for the campaign.
6791:
6412:
6402:
6053:
5761:
5124:
5089:
4984:
4562:
4009:
3991:
3822:
1622:
By God, sir, I will not retreat. We have more to fear from the opinions of our friends than the bayonets of our enemies.
866:
5039:
1106:
commanded the Mountain Department, west of the Valley. In early May, part of Frémont's command consisting of Brig. Gen.
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6563:
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5019:
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4994:
4979:
4954:
4909:
4894:
4829:
4706:
4155:
3314:
3309:. Military Campaigns of the Civil War (Kindle ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 280.
1184:
and 6,000 troops, but his combined force was insufficient for offensive operations. While Banks remained north of the
7115:
7103:
6675:
6558:
6548:
6276:
5872:
5766:
5643:
5140:
5104:
5024:
4964:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4889:
4320:
4312:
4190:
4134:
3731:
3603:
3576:
3549:
3517:
3482:
3343:
3275:
3205:
3069:
3034:
2972:
2940:
850:
787:
385:
620:
7286:
6904:
5069:
5034:
4974:
4929:
4092:
862:
2336:
Cozzens, p. 215, Eicher, p. 211; Salmon, p. 35, Kennedy, p. 78, and Clark, p. 71, cite 590 total Union casualties.
6635:
6620:
6502:
6462:
6361:
6346:
6331:
6326:
6158:
6063:
5094:
4989:
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4670:
4506:
3361:
2090:
1353:
to the west, but Fulkerson's men reached a stone wall facing a clearing on the ridge before the Union men could.
740:
678:
560:
536:
228:
7334:
6660:
5979:
5743:
5099:
5064:
4969:
4675:
4205:
3654:
3630:
3458:
3403:
3240:
3139:
2999:
2749:
Cozzens, pp. 443–51; Robertson, pp. 431–32; Eicher, p. 265; Krick, pp. 39–86; Salmon, p. 48; Clark, pp. 160–61.
1337:
and arrived before the Union position at Kernstown around 11 a.m., Sunday, March 23. He sent Turner Ashby on a
1262:. On March 21, Jackson received word that Banks was splitting his force, with two divisions (under Brig. Gens.
854:
327:
3333:
7386:
7381:
7345:
7233:
6967:
6018:
5939:
5756:
5222:
4680:
4488:
1388:. Garnett suffered from the humiliation of his court-martial for over a year, until he was finally killed in
696:
466:
167:
3300:; Koeniger, A. Cash; Krick, R. E. L.; Krick, Robert K.; Miller, William J. (2010). Gary W. Gallagher (ed.).
2089:, which is based on the CWSAC work) includes the battles from Kernstown to Port Republic, but also adds the
1657:
push upon Harper's Ferry, and we are trying to throw Frémont's force and part of McDowell's in their rear."
7256:
7204:
7179:
7127:
7040:
6291:
6033:
5823:
5798:
5510:
4290:
4230:
3950:
1930:
512:
4031:
3088:
2409:
Peter S. Carmichael (Gallagher, pp. 156–57); Clark, pp. 89–95; Cozzens, pp. 252–54; Robertson, pp. 361–64.
7281:
7194:
7169:
7164:
6722:
6470:
6221:
6058:
6048:
6043:
6001:
5425:
4724:
4175:
4085:
3845:
2812:
Clark, 169–70; Eicher, p. 266; Cozzens, pp. 491–97; Krick, pp. 419–58; Kennedy, p. 87; Salmon, pp. 53–54.
1756:
1197:
1170:
964:
3674:
Reports, Mar 17–Jun 25; Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Mar 17–Sep 2, 1862
3641:
3590:
3512:. Oxford History of the United States (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 904.
3504:
3469:
7276:
7189:
7121:
7069:
7052:
6952:
6898:
6892:
6808:
6613:
6201:
6028:
5911:
5889:
5818:
5733:
4794:
4595:
4473:
4455:
4026:
4020:
3975:
3960:
3699:
Reports, Jun 26–Sep 2; Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Mar 17–Sep 2, 1862
2035:
1666:
1404:
982:
399:
and on the following day, crossed the North River to join forces with Jackson to defeat Shields in the
370:
3390:
3270:. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 773.
3262:
3227:
3056:
2231:
This name was derived from the district name (District of the Valley). The official designation of an
1827:
The battle of Cross Keys—Sunday June 7, 1862 —Genl. Fremont and Genl. Jackson, drawing by Edwin Forbes
1776:
defeating the two opposing armies in detail. To accomplish this, he recognized that the small town of
1731:
7442:
7354:
7046:
6989:
6972:
6957:
6802:
6732:
6645:
6601:
6407:
6189:
5991:
5964:
5944:
5845:
5651:
5556:
4854:
4769:
4685:
4335:
4260:
3780:
2758:
Cozzens, pp. 456–64; Krick, pp. 137–81; Eicher, p. 265; Kennedy, p. 84; Salmon, p. 49; Clark, p. 164.
2074:
2031:
1745:
1524:
1493:
1300:
1193:
1048:
747:
642:
312:
3788:
2776:
Cozzens, p. 477, Clark, p. 165, and Kennedy, p. 84; Salmon, p. 49, cites 664 Union, 287 Confederate.
2163:
7144:
6999:
6845:
6608:
6492:
6417:
6392:
6387:
6351:
6271:
5969:
5954:
5535:
4819:
4784:
4719:
4660:
4655:
4385:
3970:
3945:
3922:
3879:
3421:
2436:
Cozzens, pp. 266–72; Keith S. Bohannon (Gallagher, pp. 119–23); Clark, pp. 102–103; Kennedy, p. 80.
2236:
1489:
1466:
1450:
892:
791:
669:
568:
552:
438:
31:
2482:
Cozzens, pp. 297–304; Kennedy, p. 81; Salmon, pp. 40–41; Clark, pp. 123–26; Robertson, pp. 393–97.
2082:
1384:
for retreating from the battlefield before permission was received. He was replaced by Brig. Gen.
1000:
770:, Jackson commanded two units that were putatively armies, although they were smaller than normal
6927:
6596:
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6179:
5877:
5850:
5242:
4739:
4729:
4501:
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3064:(1993 R. Bemis Pub. ed.). Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 384.
1864:
1777:
1614:
1540:
1259:
1178:
454:
400:
316:
275:
66:
3643:
Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring 1862
2713:
Cozzens, pp. 408–15; William J. Miller (Gallagher, pp. 65–66); Clark, pp. 146–49; Salmon, p. 45.
2069:, or Robert K. Krick (Gallagher, p. 24), classify it as a one-month campaign that begins at the
2053:
Historians differ in their classification of Jackson's campaign. Some, such as Peter Cozzens in
7266:
7184:
6982:
6932:
6581:
6281:
5855:
5445:
5282:
5257:
4789:
4690:
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4345:
4254:
3902:
3586:
1899:
1895:
1710:
1434:
528:
450:
206:
3870:
2803:
Clark, pp. 168–69; Cozzens, pp. 484–91; Krick, pp. 391–417; Salmon, pp. 51–53; Kennedy, p. 87.
30:"Valley campaign" and "Shenandoah Valley campaign" redirect here. For the 1864 campaigns, see
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just after Jackson had withdrawn from the town, marching at a leisurely pace 42 miles up the
1243:
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798:
783:
705:
687:
462:
366:
333:
reinforced the Union's Valley forces with troops that had originally been designated for the
211:
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3757:
531:. During the 19th century, there was but a single road that crossed over the mountain, from
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brigade known as the "Maryland Line"). The cavalry was commanded during the period by Col.
532:
520:
500:
396:
216:
8:
7324:
7239:
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6321:
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4859:
4734:
4695:
4665:
4620:
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4180:
4170:
4066:
3892:
3297:
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Salmon, p. 51; Clark, pp. 167–68; Cozzens, pp. 480–84; Krick, pp. 355–90; Kennedy, p. 85.
2094:
1418:
1389:
1370:
1334:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1216:
1064:
1056:
779:
771:
544:
524:
504:
473:
469:
392:
278:
2785:
Krick, pp. 277–95; Freeman, vol. 1, p. 448; Salmon, p. 50; Clark, p. 165; Krick, p. 470.
2309:
Salmon, p. 33; Clark, p. 66; Eicher, p. 210; Cozzens, pp. 155–57; Robertson, pp. 338–39.
1437:
on April 18. On April 19, his men marched 20 miles east out of the Shenandoah valley to
714:
6994:
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6886:
6486:
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5882:
5867:
5748:
5706:
5678:
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5327:
5287:
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4774:
4764:
4640:
4635:
4615:
4610:
4590:
4340:
4243:
4160:
4108:
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3912:
3808:
3536:
3500:
3386:
3258:
3121:
2232:
2098:
2070:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1628:
1520:
1506:
1457:
1414:
1381:
1342:
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1239:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1115:
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1018:
834:
767:
751:
556:
485:
477:
424:
411:
354:
339:
334:
323:
305:
293:
179:
48:
5460:
2213:
Cozzens, pp. 20–21, 37–38; Gallagher, pp. xiii, 87; Eicher, p. 208; Clark, pp. 21, 84.
1362:
1103:
914:
350:
183:
7412:
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3435:
3409:
3399:
3392:
Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Topographer
3374:
3349:
3339:
3320:
3310:
3293:
3281:
3271:
3246:
3236:
3211:
3201:
3167:
3145:
3135:
3105:
3097:
3075:
3065:
3052:
3040:
3030:
3005:
2995:
2978:
2968:
2946:
2936:
2740:
Salmon, pp. 46–47; Robertson, pp. 430–31; Freeman, vol. 1, p. 444; Clark, pp. 158–59.
2062:
1973:
1786:
1586:
Front Royal Va.—The Union Army under Banks entering the town, drawing by Edwin Forbes
1528:
1346:
1205:
1201:
1181:
1174:
1150:
1107:
973:
838:
775:
629:
564:
489:
285:
281:
192:
90:
62:
3365:
523:
soared 2,900 feet and separated the Valley into two halves for about 50 miles, from
7329:
5596:
5465:
5435:
5430:
5363:
5302:
5297:
5252:
4754:
4744:
4650:
4630:
4625:
4375:
4365:
4325:
3850:
3706:
3702:
3681:
3677:
2027:
2023:
1879:
1848:
1817:
1769:
1632:
1603:
1565:
1561:
1462:
1350:
1271:
1204:
of early January 1862, Jackson fought inconclusively with two small Union posts at
1139:
1111:
1092:
1080:
1009:
991:
822:
806:
651:
496:
458:
446:
362:
2455:
Clark, pp. 114–20; Salmon, pp. 38–40; Eicher, p. 260; Cozzens, pp. 276–82, 284–86.
1807:
Sketch of the battle-field of Cross Keys, Va., June 8, 1862, Julius Bien & Co.
311:
Jackson suffered an initial tactical defeat (his second defeat of the war) at the
6670:
5959:
5808:
5701:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5530:
5440:
5383:
5373:
5332:
4360:
4330:
4150:
4014:
3795:
3373:. Vol. I (1st ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 648.
3117:
2959:
2927:
2300:
Clark, pp. 65–66; Eicher, pp. 208–10; Salmon, pp. 28–30, 33; Cozzens, pp. 140–52.
1641:
1481:
1278:'s Peninsula campaign against Richmond. The remaining division, under Brig. Gen.
1162:
1118:. At the end of May, Fremont entered the Valley with a division under Brig. Gen.
818:
809:, consisted of the brigades commanded by Col. W.C. Scott (replaced by Brig. Gen.
736:
330:
224:
3235:. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 1. New York: Random House. p. 288.
5738:
5686:
5525:
5490:
5450:
5342:
5322:
5317:
5272:
4551:
4392:
4380:
4004:
3158:
2722:
Clark, pp. 150–56; Eicher, p. 263; Kennedy, p. 82; Cozzens, pp. 23–25, 395–402.
2244:
1981:
1653:
1446:
1422:
1374:
1146:
1127:
1072:
1027:
936:
548:
481:
343:
319:
297:
187:
3664:
3613:
3559:
3492:
3378:
3285:
3250:
3044:
3029:. Civil War America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
7431:
7309:
6006:
5606:
5601:
5591:
5566:
5475:
5470:
5312:
5307:
5292:
5262:
5232:
4570:
4195:
3741:
3413:
3353:
3324:
3149:
3017:
3009:
2894:
Freeman, vol. 1, pp. 485–86; Eicher, p. 266; Salmon, p. 64; Gallagher, p. xi.
1992:. Shortly after midnight on June 18, Jackson's men began to march toward the
1813:
1474:
1438:
1366:
1327:
1263:
1236:
1220:
1185:
1123:
1119:
1096:
1068:
540:
516:
508:
407:
374:
154:
112:
99:
3439:
3215:
3171:
2950:
1594:
1138:, Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy, Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, and Brig. Gen.
56:
6475:
6452:
6442:
6437:
5974:
5916:
5828:
5803:
5716:
5696:
5495:
5393:
3527:
3223:
3109:
3079:
2982:
2929:
Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign: From November 4, 1861 to June 17, 1862
2885:
Cozzens, pp. 504–12; Salmon, p. 64; Robert E. L. Krick (Gallagher, p. 204).
1833:
1803:
1749:
1189:
1131:
814:
763:
723:
406:
Jackson followed up his successful campaign by forced marches to join Gen.
3714:
3689:
1582:
373:, Jackson defeated Banks and pursued him until the Union Army crossed the
5247:
4285:
4265:
3195:
1977:
1823:
1671:
1511:
1255:
794:, consisted of the brigades of Cols. Zephaniah T. Conner and W.C. Scott.
774:: his own "Army of the Valley", consisting of the brigades of Brig. Gen.
358:
2373:
Cozzens, pp. 215–20, 227–34; ; Clark, pp. 82–83; Robertson, p. 348.
484:'s large corps was poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen.
6630:
5505:
5267:
4468:
4463:
3157:
Emberton, Keith D. (1996). Joint Military Operations Department (ed.).
3101:
2427:
Kennedy, p. 79; Cozzens, pp. 264–66; Martin, p. 83; Clark, pp. 101–102.
1741:
1177:
and a variety of militia units. In December, Jackson was reinforced by
429:
301:
3696:
3571:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: Elliott & Clark Pub. p. 176.
2464:
Clark, pp. 120–21; Salmon, p. 40; Eicher, p. 260; Cozzens, pp. 288–98.
2355:
Clark, p. 71; Eicher, p. 211; Cozzens, pp. 215, 227–30; Salmon, p. 35.
441:(First Manassas), its prospects declined quickly. Union armies in the
326:'s army), but it proved to be a strategic Confederate victory because
5894:
4077:
3671:
1606:
3800:
1417:, "I want you to make me a map of the Valley, from Harpers Ferry to
1309:
Actions at the First Battle of Kernstown, 11 a.m. to 4:45 p.m.
369:
on May 23, causing Banks to retreat to the north. On May 25, in the
5899:
2618:
2273:
Cozzens, pp. 228, 515–17; Eicher, pp. 211–12; Welcher, pp. 1009–16.
1843:
1519:
As Milroy withdrew north of McDowell On May 8, Jackson arrived at
830:
378:
342:, who recommended he withdraw from the indefensible Stony Creek to
289:
1433:
so he abandoned his position and marched quickly up the Valley to
837:, Brig. Gen. George H. Steuart, Brig. Gen. Turner Ashby, and Col.
3292:
1760:
3750:"2 NPS Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign (Eastern Theater)"
3477:(1st ed.). New York: William Morrow & Co. p. 594.
1869:
1399:
1305:
7106:(May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign
6697:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
3428:(1887). Robert Underwood Johnson; Clarence Clough Buel (eds.).
3166:. Alexandria, VA: United States Naval War College. p. 28.
2327:
Cozzens, pp. 176–209; Clark, 70; Eicher, 210–11; Salmon, 34–35.
1816:, chased a group of North Carolina skirmishers from Brig. Gen.
2418:
Salmon, p. 36; Cozzens, pp. 248–49, 255–59; Clark, pp. 95–101.
391:
recaptured Front Royal and planned to link up with Frémont in
6773:
3569:
Mapping for Stonewall: The Civil War Service of Jed Hotchkiss
2318:
Cozzens, pp. 168–75; Clark, pp. 67–70; Robertson, pp. 340–42.
1675:
Actions from Front Royal to First Winchester, May 24–25, 1862
1338:
4419:
3398:. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. p. 352.
1274:, freeing up other Union troops to participate in Maj. Gen.
296:. Employing audacity and rapid, unpredictable movements on
7453:
Campaigns of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
2582:
2543:
1602:
The center of Jackson's line of battle were the ferocious
1043:
Initially, the Valley was the responsibility of Maj. Gen.
7448:
Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia
3471:
Conquering the Valley: Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic
2519:
Salmon, p. 42; Clark, p. 128; Hattaway and Jones, p. 179.
3116:
2649:
NPS report on battlefield conditions at First Winchester
2606:
2570:
2382:
Clark, pp. 86–87; Welcher, p. 1011; Cozzens, pp. 237–46.
384:
Bringing in Union reinforcements from eastern Virginia,
2630:
2560:
2558:
3544:(1st ed.). New York: Gallery Books. p. 184.
3335:
How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War
3131:
The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War
2665:
2391:
Eicher, p. 212; Clark, pp. 86–89; Cozzens, pp. 237–46.
3420:
3338:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 762.
2653:
1161:
On November 4, 1861, Jackson accepted command of the
3598:. London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950.
3538:
Jackson's Valley Campaign: November 1861 – June 1862
3023:
Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign
2961:
The Memoirs of General Turner Ashby and His Compeers
2594:
2555:
2531:
507:
to the west, extending 140 miles southwest from the
3592:
Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend
1640:A detachment of 250 Confederate cavalry under Col.
559:in the upper Valley, they would threaten the vital
476:was approaching Richmond from the southeast in the
304:(52,000 men), preventing them from reinforcing the
2994:. The Civil War. Alexandria, VA: Time Life Books.
2967:. Baltimore, MD: Selby & Dulany. p. 408.
1568:that would make the Strasburg position untenable.
1071:. At Kernstown, Shields' division was led by Col.
797:In late May and June, for the battles starting at
3623:The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide
2400:Salmon, p. 35; Cozzens, p. 244; Clark, pp. 83–86.
1555:On May 21, Jackson marched his command east from
1546:
7429:
6383:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1613:brigade in Ewell's division), commanded by Col.
1365:, so he ordered that the division of Brig. Gen.
69:forces in the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862
2935:. New York: Smithmark Publishers. p. 284.
1699:Rev. Major Robert L. Dabney, Jackson's chaplain
1067:, with an independent brigade under Brig. Gen.
750:, Jackson commanded the brigades of Brig. Gen.
6207:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
1966:Diary of Confederate Army nurse, Kate Cummings
1735:Front Royal (May 23) to Port Republic (June 9)
1716:
1380:After the battle, Jackson arrested Brig. Gen.
6759:
4093:
3861:Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia
3816:
3789:Animated history of Jackson's Valley Campaign
3453:(2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
3331:
2992:Decoying the Yanks: Jackson's Valley Campaign
1785:raid by Shields's cavalry, commanded by Col.
1400:Retreating from the Valley (March 24 – May 7)
1294:
3367:Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War
3296:; Berkey, Jonathan M.; Bohannon, Keith S.;
2364:Cozzens, pp. 221–22; Robertson, pp. 349–50.
2269:
2267:
2265:
829:, and Brig. Gen. George H. Steuart (an all-
6766:
6752:
4100:
4086:
3823:
3809:
2255:
2253:
610:Confederate Commander and Key Subordinates
6775:Eastern theater of the American Civil War
3585:
3499:
3385:
3360:
2065:). Others, such as Hattaway and Jones in
1949:"S" (anonymous newspaper correspondent),
1858:
1515:A map of the battle by Jedediah Hotchkiss
1270:) returning to the immediate vicinity of
1227:'s army, and when Johnston withdrew from
1095:, and a cavalry brigade under Brig. Gen.
453:territory and won significant battles at
4296:Treatment of slaves in the United States
3506:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
3332:Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer (1983).
3193:
3156:
3090:A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion
2500:Cozzens, pp. 304–307; Clark, pp. 126–28.
2262:
1868:
1842:
1822:
1802:
1730:
1670:
1593:
1581:
1510:
1408:Kernstown (March 23) to McDowell (May 8)
1403:
1304:
1219:ordered Banks, reinforced by Brig. Gen.
1149:, Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler, and Col.
428:
6039:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
4211:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
3846:Instructor, Virginia Military Institute
3756:. National Park Service. Archived from
3721:
3446:
3257:
3181:from the original on September 28, 2012
3051:
3016:
2957:
2912:Eicher, pp. 317–18; Salmon, pp. 126–31.
2671:
2659:
2624:
2588:
2549:
2250:
2241:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1571:
1461:the 8,500-man division under Maj. Gen.
1122:, consisting of brigades of Brig. Gen.
849:Further information: Orders of battle:
584:Further information: Orders of battle:
361:, Jackson joined forces with Maj. Gen.
27:1862 campaign in the American Civil War
14:
7430:
6024:Modern display of the Confederate flag
4107:
3781:Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 in
3639:
3625:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
3620:
3566:
3534:
3303:The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862
2636:
2564:
1792:
1660:
6747:
6242:
5631:
5195:
4418:
4221:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
4119:
4081:
3830:
3804:
3467:
3222:
2989:
2925:
2612:
2600:
2576:
2537:
2073:on May 8, omitting Jackson's loss at
2057:, include Jackson's campaign against
365:and captured the Federal garrison at
3086:
2473:Clark, p. 123; Cozzens, pp. 307–309.
1188:, Jackson's cavalry commander, Col.
1156:
1047:. In March 1862, at the time of the
403:, bringing the campaign to a close.
6378:Committee on the Conduct of the War
6054:United Daughters of the Confederacy
4010:Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar
3389:(1973). Archie P. MacDonald (ed.).
2083:Civil War Sites Advisory Commission
2041:
1500:
1169:. Jackson, recently a professor at
24:
6448:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
6243:
5787:impeachment managers investigation
4166:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
3200:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
3134:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2014:Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones,
1289:
1075:with brigades under Kimball, Col.
746:In March 1862, at the time of the
574:
272:Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862
25:
7464:
5873:Reconstruction military districts
4321:Abolitionism in the United States
4276:Plantations in the American South
4191:Origins of the American Civil War
3774:
3447:Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998).
3197:West Point Atlas of American Wars
2239:, as an alternative name for the
1134:, as well as brigades under Col.
735:Stonewall Jackson's command, the
563:, which ran from Richmond to the
284:spring 1862 campaign through the
7344:
7308:
6727:
6718:
6717:
5856:Enforcement Act of February 1871
5829:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
3869:
3362:Henderson, George Francis Robert
3096:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.
2528:Cozzens, p. 345; Kennedy, p. 81.
1709:crossing the Potomac River into
1114:'s brigade faced Jackson at the
1017:
999:
981:
963:
926:
904:
882:
713:
695:
677:
659:
641:
619:
306:Union offensive against Richmond
160:
147:
55:
6823:Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)
6641:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
6503:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
6064:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3450:The Civil War Battlefield Guide
2918:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2849:Salmon, p. 54; Cozzens, p. 500.
2843:
2834:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2642:
2522:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2225:
2216:
2091:Battle of Princeton Court House
954:
873:
741:Department of Northern Virginia
608:
561:Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
282:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's
229:Department of Northern Virginia
6963:Garnett's & Golding's Farm
5744:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
3649:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
2958:Avirett, James Battle (1867).
2222:Eicher, p. 208; Salmon, p. 32.
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2156:
2130:
2104:
2047:
1996:. They fought with Lee in the
1547:Conflicting orders (May 10–22)
1242:'s army, withdrawing from the
941:Department of the Rappahannock
579:
217:Department of the Rappahannock
18:Jackson's Valley Campaign
13:
1:
6814:Carolina coast blockade (Aug)
6799:Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)
6159:Ladies' Memorial Associations
5861:Enforcement Act of April 1871
5757:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
5632:
3194:Esposito, Vincent J. (1959).
1972:Jackson's cavalry under Col.
1609:(150 men, part of Brig. Gen.
418:
168:Confederate States of America
63:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
6292:Confederate revolving cannon
6034:Sons of Confederate Veterans
5905:South Carolina riots of 1876
5883:Indian Council at Fort Smith
5834:South Carolina riots of 1876
5799:Knights of the White Camelia
4291:Slavery in the United States
3697:U.S. War Department (1885).
3672:U.S. War Department (1885).
2627:, pp. 349–368, 373–377.
2446:(75 killed and 423 wounded).
1936:
1598:"Action at Front Royal, Va."
1215:In late February, Maj. Gen.
897:Department of the Shenandoah
874:Union Department Commanders
488:'s army was threatening the
207:Department of the Shenandoah
7:
7110:Operations against Plymouth
6646:New York City riots of 1863
6471:Battle Hymn of the Republic
6222:United Confederate Veterans
6059:Children of the Confederacy
6049:United Confederate Veterans
6044:Southern Historical Society
5196:
4676:Price's Missouri Expedition
4146:Timeline leading to the War
4120:
3567:Miller, William J. (1993).
2903:Hattaway and Jones, p. 176.
2087:Civil War Battlefield Guide
1717:Union armies pursue Jackson
1198:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1171:Virginia Military Institute
1165:, with his headquarters at
543:to invade the North in the
10:
7469:
7408:Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands
6614:Confederate Secret Service
6202:Grand Army of the Republic
6094:Grand Army of the Republic
5912:Southern Claims Commission
3976:Battle of Chancellorsville
3961:Northern Virginia Campaign
3722:Welcher, Frank J. (1989).
3087:Dyer, Frederick H (1908).
2291:Cozzens, pp. 70–74, 80–83.
2036:northern Virginia campaign
1862:
1796:
1667:First Battle of Winchester
1664:
1575:
1504:
1490:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson
1456:By this time, McClellan's
1298:
1295:Kernstown (March 23, 1862)
1110:'s brigade and Brig. Gen.
848:
792:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson
790:, commanded by Brig. Gen.
670:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson
583:
433:Shenandoah River watershed
422:
371:First Battle of Winchester
29:
7438:Jackson's Valley campaign
7395:
7374:
7367:
7343:
7306:
7299:
7249:
7226:
7217:
7137:
7096:
7087:
7062:
7021:
7012:
6920:
6867:
6858:
6830:
6790:
6781:
6713:
6689:
6602:Confederate States dollar
6574:
6516:
6461:
6413:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
6408:Emancipation Proclamation
6370:
6302:Medal of Honor recipients
6259:
6255:
6238:
6190:Confederate Memorial Hall
6172:
6151:
6109:
6081:
6072:
5992:Confederate Memorial Hall
5965:Confederate History Month
5945:Civil War Discovery Trail
5925:
5846:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
5677:
5652:Reconstruction Amendments
5642:
5638:
5627:
5549:
5418:
5411:
5351:
5215:
5208:
5204:
5191:
5133:
4880:
4873:
4704:
4560:
4519:
4487:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4414:
4311:
4261:Emancipation Proclamation
4229:
4130:
4126:
4115:
4059:
3984:
3936:
3911:
3878:
3867:
3851:Colonel, Virginia Militia
3838:
3640:Tanner, Robert G (1976).
3535:Martin, David G. (1988).
3468:Krick, Robert K. (1996).
3422:Johnson, Robert Underwood
3259:Freeman, Douglas Southall
3229:Fort Sumter to Perryville
2032:Second Battle of Bull Run
1333:Jackson moved north from
1301:First Battle of Kernstown
1194:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
1083:, and cavalry under Col.
762:, and cavalry under Col.
322:(part of Union Maj. Gen.
315:(March 23, 1862) against
313:First Battle of Kernstown
268:Jackson's Valley campaign
248:
235:
198:
173:
140:
73:
54:
46:
42:Jackson’s Valley campaign
41:
7150:Spotsylvania Court House
6875:Burnside's NC Expedition
6676:U.S. Sanitary Commission
6587:Battlefield preservation
6493:Marching Through Georgia
6418:Hampton Roads Conference
6393:Confiscation Act of 1862
6388:Confiscation Act of 1861
6164:U.S. national cemeteries
5970:Confederate Memorial Day
5955:Civil War Trails Program
5824:New Orleans riot of 1866
3971:Battle of Fredericksburg
3946:First Battle of Manassas
3923:Great Train Raid of 1861
3621:Salmon, John S. (2001).
3264:Manassas to Malvern Hill
2243:, commanded by Lt. Gen.
2237:Valley campaigns of 1864
2138:"Jackson at Rude's Hill"
844:
569:Valley campaigns of 1864
553:Valley campaigns of 1864
547:of 1863 and by Lt. Gen.
439:First Battle of Bull Run
155:United States of America
32:Valley campaigns of 1864
6597:Confederate war finance
6217:Southern Cross of Honor
6185:1938 Gettysburg reunion
6180:1913 Gettysburg reunion
5878:Reconstruction Treaties
5851:Enforcement Act of 1870
5734:Freedman's Savings Bank
4351:Lane Debates on Slavery
4176:Lincoln–Douglas debates
4027:Stonewall Jackson's arm
4021:Stonewall Jackson's Way
4000:Winchester Headquarters
3993:Thomas Jonathan Jackson
3707:2027/coo.31924077728222
3682:2027/coo.31924077725921
3587:Robertson, James I. Jr.
2926:Allen, William (1995).
1873:Battle of Port Republic
1865:Battle of Port Republic
1425:near Mount Jackson and
955:Key Union Subordinates
766:. In early May, at the
401:Battle of Port Republic
7287:Appomattox Court House
6818:McClellan's operations
6656:Richmond riots of 1863
6582:Baltimore riot of 1861
6362:U.S. Military Railroad
6282:Confederate Home Guard
6014:Historiographic issues
5980:Historical reenactment
4479:Revenue Cutter Service
4346:William Lloyd Garrison
4255:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3903:Battle for Mexico City
3794:July 10, 2015, at the
2020:
1963:
1946:
1917:
1900:58th Virginia Infantry
1874:
1859:Port Republic (June 9)
1851:
1840:, were badly wounded.
1828:
1808:
1736:
1729:
1711:Williamsport, Maryland
1696:
1676:
1624:
1599:
1587:
1516:
1477:, military adviser to
1409:
1322:
434:
174:Commanders and leaders
6621:Great Revival of 1863
6498:Maryland, My Maryland
6287:Confederate railroads
5950:Civil War Roundtables
5819:Meridian riot of 1871
5814:Memphis riots of 1866
4371:George Luther Stearns
4356:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
4249:Crittenden Compromise
3939:battles and campaigns
3916:raids and expeditions
3898:Battle of Chapultepec
3783:Encyclopedia Virginia
3426:Buel, Clarence Clough
3126:McPherson, James Alan
3058:I Rode with Stonewall
2990:Clark, Champ (1984).
2876:Cozzens, pp. 502–504.
2079:National Park Service
2059:Romney, West Virginia
2006:
1958:
1941:
1922:William B. Taliaferro
1913:
1908:William B. Taliaferro
1888:4th Virginia Infantry
1872:
1863:Further information:
1846:
1826:
1806:
1797:Further information:
1734:
1724:
1691:
1674:
1665:Further information:
1620:
1597:
1585:
1578:Battle of Front Royal
1576:Further information:
1514:
1505:Further information:
1407:
1308:
1299:Further information:
788:Army of the Northwest
784:William B. Taliaferro
688:William B. Taliaferro
449:and others, captured
432:
423:Further information:
249:Casualties and losses
7029:Tidewater operations
6911:Goldsboro Expedition
6508:Daar kom die Alibama
6423:National Union Party
6099:memorials to Lincoln
6019:Lost Cause mythology
5724:Eufaula riot of 1874
5712:Confederate refugees
4925:District of Columbia
4552:Union naval blockade
4398:Underground Railroad
4186:Nullification crisis
3880:Mexican–American War
3298:Carmichael, Peter S.
2704:Cozzens, pp. 345–46.
2259:Cozzens, pp. 518–19.
2164:"Jedediah Hotchkiss"
2144:on December 29, 2022
1799:Battle of Cross Keys
1646:6th Virginia Cavalry
1572:Front Royal (May 23)
1394:Battle of Gettysburg
1085:Thornton F. Brodhead
1077:Jeremiah C. Sullivan
521:Massanutten Mountain
503:on the east and the
501:Blue Ridge Mountains
397:Battle of Cross Keys
270:, also known as the
6666:Supreme Court cases
6433:Radical Republicans
6212:Old soldiers' homes
6196:Confederate Veteran
6122:artworks in Capitol
5841:Reconstruction acts
5702:Colfax riot of 1873
4666:Richmond-Petersburg
4271:Fugitive slave laws
4201:Popular sovereignty
4181:Missouri Compromise
4171:Kansas-Nebraska Act
3893:Battle of Contreras
3724:The Eastern Theater
3501:McPherson, James M.
3431:The Opening Battles
3387:Hotchkiss, Jedediah
3122:McPherson, James M.
2615:, pp. 133–135.
2591:, pp. 320–339.
2579:, pp. 129–133.
2552:, pp. 310–319.
2118:on December 7, 2021
2095:George B. McClellan
1793:Cross Keys (June 8)
1661:Winchester (May 25)
1631:, speaking to Col.
1371:George B. McClellan
1282:, was stationed at
1276:George B. McClellan
1268:Alpheus S. Williams
1217:George B. McClellan
1136:Gustave P. Cluseret
1065:Alpheus S. Williams
1057:Army of the Potomac
1051:, he commanded the
1049:Battle of Kernstown
919:Mountain Department
760:Samuel V. Fulkerson
748:Battle of Kernstown
545:Gettysburg campaign
505:Allegheny Mountains
499:passed between the
474:Army of the Potomac
470:George B. McClellan
212:Mountain Department
193:“Stonewall” Jackson
132:Confederate victory
109: /
65:, commander of the
7205:Boydton Plank Road
6943:Seven Days Battles
6487:A Lincoln Portrait
6428:Politicians killed
6352:U.S. Balloon Corps
6347:Union corps badges
6127:memorials to Davis
5997:Disenfranchisement
5868:Reconstruction era
5749:Timber Culture Act
5707:Compromise of 1877
4671:Franklin–Nashville
4341:Frederick Douglass
4244:Cornerstone Speech
4161:Compromise of 1850
4109:American Civil War
3956:Seven Days Battles
3937:American Civil War
3913:American Civil War
3294:Gallagher, Gary W.
3053:Douglas, Henry Kyd
2233:Army of the Valley
2195:Henderson, p. 162.
2186:McPherson, p. 454.
2112:"Stony Creek Line"
2099:Peninsula campaign
2071:Battle of McDowell
1998:Seven Days Battles
1994:Virginia Peninsula
1990:Chickahominy River
1875:
1852:
1829:
1809:
1737:
1677:
1642:Thomas S. Flournoy
1629:Nathaniel P. Banks
1600:
1588:
1517:
1507:Battle of McDowell
1458:Peninsula campaign
1415:Jedediah Hotchkiss
1413:he directed Capt.
1410:
1382:Richard B. Garnett
1343:Richard B. Garnett
1323:
1240:Joseph E. Johnston
1225:Joseph E. Johnston
1116:Battle of McDowell
1045:Nathaniel P. Banks
893:Nathaniel P. Banks
835:Thomas S. Flournoy
817:(replaced by Col.
803:John M. Patton Jr.
768:Battle of McDowell
752:Richard B. Garnett
486:Nathaniel P. Banks
478:Peninsula campaign
435:
425:Peninsula campaign
412:Seven Days Battles
355:Battle of McDowell
340:Jedediah Hotchkiss
335:Peninsula campaign
324:Nathaniel P. Banks
294:American Civil War
241:52,000 (June 1862)
180:Nathaniel P. Banks
49:American Civil War
7425:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7413:Shenandoah Valley
7403:Cumberland Valley
7363:
7362:
7355:Northern Virginia
7295:
7294:
7213:
7212:
7165:Trevilian Station
7083:
7082:
7008:
7007:
6893:Northern Virginia
6854:
6853:
6741:
6740:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6539:Italian Americans
6524:African Americans
6481:John Brown's Body
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6147:
6146:
5985:Robert E. Lee Day
5729:Freedmen's Bureau
5692:Brooks–Baxter War
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5407:
5406:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
4596:Northern Virginia
4542:Trans-Mississippi
4515:
4514:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4302:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4239:African Americans
4075:
4074:
4050:Stonewall Jackson
3966:Maryland Campaign
3928:Romney Expedition
3888:Siege of Veracruz
3856:Stonewall Brigade
3832:Stonewall Jackson
2858:Gallagher, p. xv.
2639:, pp. 42–44.
2101:against Richmond.
2067:How the North Won
2063:Romney Expedition
2016:How the North Won
1974:Thomas T. Munford
1838:George H. Steuart
1787:Samuel S. Carroll
1682:George H. Steuart
1529:Bullpasture River
1465:, left behind at
1386:Charles S. Winder
1347:Stonewall Brigade
1314: Confederate
1206:Hancock, Maryland
1202:Romney Expedition
1182:William W. Loring
1175:Stonewall Brigade
1157:Initial movements
1151:Samuel S. Carroll
1130:, and Brig. Gen.
1108:Robert C. Schenck
1037:
1036:
974:Robert C. Schenck
950:
949:
839:Thomas T. Munford
811:George H. Steuart
782:, and Brig. Gen.
776:Charles S. Winder
733:
732:
706:Charles S. Winder
630:Stonewall Jackson
565:Mississippi River
490:Shenandoah Valley
286:Shenandoah Valley
265:
264:
136:
135:
91:Shenandoah Valley
16:(Redirected from
7460:
7443:1862 in Virginia
7372:
7371:
7348:
7313:
7312:
7304:
7303:
7224:
7223:
7104:Valley campaigns
7094:
7093:
7070:Chancellorsville
7035:Chancellorsville
7019:
7018:
6968:Savage's Station
6953:Beaver Dam Creek
6881:Jackson's Valley
6865:
6864:
6803:Western Virginia
6788:
6787:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6731:
6721:
6720:
6544:Native Americans
6529:German Americans
6322:Partisan rangers
6317:Official Records
6257:
6256:
6240:
6239:
6132:memorials to Lee
6079:
6078:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5416:
5415:
5213:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5193:
5192:
5166:Washington, D.C.
4960:Indian Territory
4920:Dakota Territory
4878:
4877:
4795:Chancellorsville
4586:Jackson's Valley
4576:Blockade runners
4452:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4416:
4415:
4376:Thaddeus Stevens
4366:Lysander Spooner
4326:Susan B. Anthony
4128:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4079:
4078:
3873:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3760:on April 9, 2005
3745:
3718:
3693:
3668:
3648:
3636:
3617:
3597:
3582:
3563:
3543:
3531:
3511:
3496:
3476:
3464:
3443:
3417:
3397:
3382:
3372:
3357:
3328:
3308:
3289:
3269:
3254:
3234:
3219:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3165:
3153:
3118:Eicher, David J.
3113:
3095:
3083:
3063:
3048:
3028:
3013:
2986:
2966:
2954:
2934:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2867:Cozzens, p. 507.
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2840:Cozzens, p. 499.
2838:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:Cozzens, p. 480.
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2257:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2051:
2042:Notes/references
2028:Army of Virginia
2024:George A. McCall
2018:
1967:
1954:
1924:
1880:Erastus B. Tyler
1849:Isaac R. Trimble
1818:Isaac R. Trimble
1770:George D. Bayard
1742:Edward O. C. Ord
1700:
1636:
1633:George H. Gordon
1611:Richard Taylor's
1604:Louisiana Tigers
1566:turning movement
1501:McDowell (May 8)
1463:Richard S. Ewell
1390:Pickett's Charge
1351:Erastus B. Tyler
1319:
1313:
1272:Washington, D.C.
1140:George D. Bayard
1124:Julius H. Stahel
1112:Robert H. Milroy
1093:George H. Gordon
1081:Erastus B. Tyler
1021:
1010:Erastus B. Tyler
1003:
992:John Reese Kenly
985:
967:
952:
951:
930:
908:
886:
871:
870:
859:First Winchester
823:Isaac R. Trimble
807:Richard S. Ewell
780:John A. Campbell
724:Turner Ashby Jr.
717:
699:
681:
663:
652:Richard S. Ewell
645:
623:
606:
605:
594:First Winchester
497:Shenandoah River
447:Ulysses S. Grant
363:Richard S. Ewell
166:
164:
163:
153:
151:
150:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
75:
74:
59:
39:
38:
21:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7417:
7391:
7359:
7339:
7307:
7291:
7257:2nd Fort Fisher
7245:
7209:
7180:2nd Deep Bottom
7133:
7116:Bermuda Hundred
7079:
7058:
7004:
6973:White Oak Swamp
6916:
6850:
6826:
6777:
6772:
6742:
6737:
6701:
6685:
6570:
6534:Irish Americans
6512:
6457:
6366:
6357:U.S. Home Guard
6297:Field artillery
6251:
6250:
6226:
6168:
6143:
6105:
6074:
6068:
5960:Civil War Trust
5927:
5921:
5809:Ethnic violence
5794:Kirk–Holden war
5673:
5634:
5611:
5545:
5403:
5347:
5200:
5175:
5129:
4882:
4869:
4700:
4681:Sherman's March
4661:Bermuda Hundred
4556:
4511:
4483:
4439:
4438:
4402:
4361:J. Sella Martin
4331:James G. Birney
4307:
4225:
4151:Bleeding Kansas
4139:
4122:
4111:
4106:
4076:
4071:
4067:Lee–Jackson Day
4055:
4015:Monument Avenue
3980:
3951:Valley Campaign
3938:
3932:
3915:
3907:
3874:
3865:
3834:
3829:
3796:Wayback Machine
3777:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3748:
3734:
3657:
3646:
3633:
3606:
3595:
3579:
3552:
3541:
3520:
3509:
3485:
3474:
3461:
3406:
3395:
3370:
3346:
3317:
3306:
3278:
3267:
3243:
3232:
3208:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3163:
3142:
3093:
3072:
3061:
3037:
3026:
3002:
2975:
2964:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:Cozzens, p. 16.
2281:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2085:(and Kennedy's
2055:Shenandoah 1862
2052:
2048:
2044:
2019:
2013:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1926:
1919:
1867:
1861:
1801:
1795:
1719:
1702:
1698:
1669:
1663:
1638:
1626:
1615:Roberdeau Wheat
1580:
1574:
1549:
1525:Highland County
1523:, a village in
1509:
1503:
1494:Charlottesville
1482:Jefferson Davis
1402:
1363:John C. Frémont
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1290:Valley campaign
1163:Valley District
1159:
1104:John C. Frémont
1089:Dudley Donnelly
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
986:
977:
976:
972:
968:
944:
943:
935:
931:
922:
921:
915:John C. Frémont
913:
909:
900:
899:
891:
887:
869:
847:
819:James A. Walker
737:Valley District
727:
726:
722:
718:
709:
708:
704:
700:
691:
690:
686:
682:
673:
672:
668:
664:
655:
654:
650:
646:
637:
636:
628:
624:
604:
582:
577:
575:Opposing forces
443:Western Theater
427:
421:
353:'s army in the
351:John C. Frémont
331:Abraham Lincoln
225:Valley District
186:
184:John C. Frémont
182:
161:
159:
148:
146:
117:
115:
113:38.65°N 78.67°W
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
94:
81:March–June 1862
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7466:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7316:
7314:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7282:Sailor's Creek
7279:
7277:3rd Petersburg
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7237:
7230:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7195:Chaffin's Farm
7192:
7190:3rd Winchester
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7170:2nd Petersburg
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7130:(Jun–Mar 1865)
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7100:
7098:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7025:
7023:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
7000:Fredericksburg
6997:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6905:Fredericksburg
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6871:
6869:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6796:
6794:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6681:Women soldiers
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6636:Naming the war
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Campaign Medal
6269:
6263:
6261:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:Related topics
6244:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6085:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Decoration Day
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5931:
5929:
5928:Reconstruction
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5782:second inquiry
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5746:
5739:Homestead Acts
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5687:Alabama Claims
5683:
5681:
5679:Reconstruction
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5667:15th Amendment
5664:
5662:14th Amendment
5659:
5657:13th Amendment
5648:
5646:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5288:J. E. Johnston
5285:
5283:A. S. Johnston
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:R. H. Anderson
5219:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5085:South Carolina
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:North Carolina
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Fredericksburg
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4725:Wilson's Creek
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Lower Seaboard
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:Harriet Tubman
4390:
4389:
4388:
4381:Charles Sumner
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4216:States' rights
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Stone Mountain
4002:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3985:Historic items
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3776:
3775:External links
3773:
3771:
3770:
3746:
3732:
3719:
3694:
3669:
3655:
3637:
3631:
3618:
3604:
3583:
3577:
3564:
3550:
3532:
3518:
3497:
3483:
3465:
3459:
3444:
3418:
3404:
3383:
3358:
3344:
3329:
3316:978-0807857687
3315:
3290:
3276:
3255:
3241:
3220:
3206:
3191:
3154:
3140:
3114:
3084:
3070:
3049:
3035:
3018:Cozzens, Peter
3014:
3000:
2987:
2973:
2955:
2941:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2695:Clark, p. 146.
2688:
2679:
2674:, pp. 377
2672:Cozzens (2013)
2664:
2660:Kennedy (1998)
2652:
2641:
2629:
2625:Cozzens (2013)
2617:
2605:
2603:, p. 135.
2593:
2589:Cozzens (2013)
2581:
2569:
2554:
2550:Cozzens (2013)
2542:
2540:, p. 129.
2530:
2521:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2491:Clark, p. 128.
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2261:
2249:
2245:Jubal A. Early
2224:
2215:
2206:
2204:Cozzens, p. 4.
2197:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2155:
2129:
2103:
2077:in March. The
2045:
2043:
2040:
2011:
1982:Irvin McDowell
1957:
1953:, June 6, 1862
1940:
1938:
1935:
1912:
1860:
1857:
1794:
1791:
1718:
1715:
1690:
1662:
1659:
1654:Irvin McDowell
1635:, May 24, 1862
1619:
1573:
1570:
1548:
1545:
1502:
1499:
1467:Brandy Station
1451:Fredericksburg
1447:Irvin McDowell
1401:
1398:
1375:Irvin McDowell
1316:
1310:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1158:
1155:
1147:Orris S. Ferry
1128:John A. Koltes
1073:Nathan Kimball
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:Nathan Kimball
1024:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:
998:
996:
988:
987:
980:
978:
970:
969:
962:
957:
956:
948:
947:
946:
945:
937:Irvin McDowell
933:
932:
925:
923:
911:
910:
903:
901:
889:
888:
881:
876:
875:
846:
843:
827:Richard Taylor
821:), Brig. Gen.
813:), Brig. Gen.
756:Jesse S. Burks
731:
730:
729:
728:
720:
719:
712:
710:
702:
701:
694:
692:
684:
683:
676:
674:
666:
665:
658:
656:
648:
647:
640:
638:
626:
625:
618:
613:
612:
581:
578:
576:
573:
549:Jubal A. Early
482:Irvin McDowell
420:
417:
320:Nathan Kimball
298:interior lines
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
201:
200:
199:Units involved
196:
195:
190:
188:Irvin McDowell
176:
175:
171:
170:
157:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
89:
87:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7465:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:Major battles
7248:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:Major battles
7136:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:Major battles
7061:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Hampton Roads
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:Major battles
6919:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6829:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:Photographers
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:Gender issues
6624:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6453:War Democrats
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6443:Union Leagues
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Turning point
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Naval battles
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:and memorials
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5935:Commemoration
5933:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:first inquiry
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Carpetbaggers
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5626:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:West Virginia
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:New Hampshire
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Massachusetts
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Hampton Roads
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Fort Donelson
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Morgan's Raid
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Anaconda Plan
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Pacific Coast
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Positive good
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Panic of 1857
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Border states
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3733:9780253364531
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3605:9780028646855
3601:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:9781880216118
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3551:9780914373148
3547:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3519:9780195038637
3515:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3484:9780688112820
3480:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3345:9780252062100
3341:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3277:9780684187488
3273:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3224:Foote, Shelby
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3207:9780805033915
3203:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3071:9780891760405
3067:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:9781469605234
3032:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:9780608347080
2970:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2942:9780831714321
2938:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2662:, p. 82.
2661:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2637:Salmon (2001)
2633:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2567:, p. 42.
2566:
2565:Salmon (2001)
2561:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1951:Richmond Whig
1945:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:Julius Stahel
1805:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:Port Republic
1773:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:John R. Kenly
1558:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:Robert E. Lee
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1439:Swift Run Gap
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Louis Blenker
1364:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:Harpers Ferry
1307:
1302:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:James Shields
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:John Sedgwick
1261:
1260:Mount Jackson
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:John Sedgwick
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:, raided the
1191:
1187:
1186:Potomac River
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Louis Blenker
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:John P. Hatch
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:John W. Geary
1066:
1062:
1061:James Shields
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
984:
979:
975:
966:
961:
960:
959:
958:
953:
942:
938:
929:
924:
920:
916:
907:
902:
898:
894:
885:
880:
879:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:Port Republic
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:, Brig. Gen.
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
725:
716:
711:
707:
698:
693:
689:
680:
675:
671:
662:
657:
653:
644:
639:
635:
631:
622:
617:
616:
615:
614:
611:
607:
603:
602:Port Republic
599:
595:
591:
587:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Robert E. Lee
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Harpers Ferry
514:
513:Shepherdstown
510:
509:Potomac River
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:. And in the
460:
456:
455:Fort Donelson
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
426:
416:
413:
409:
408:Robert E. Lee
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:James Shields
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:Potomac River
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
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118:38.65; -78.67
92:
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77:
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72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7267:Fort Stedman
7185:Globe Tavern
6990:2nd Bull Run
6983:Malvern Hill
6958:Gaines' Mill
6933:Williamsburg
6846:1st Bull Run
6592:Bibliography
6575:Other topics
6517:By ethnicity
6485:
6438:Trent Affair
6337:Signal Corps
6194:
5917:White League
5804:Ku Klux Klan
5717:Confederados
5644:Constitution
5516:D. D. Porter
5369:Breckinridge
5080:Rhode Island
5075:Pennsylvania
4830:Spotsylvania
4790:Stones River
4770:2nd Bull Run
4720:1st Bull Run
4606:Stones River
4585:
4507:Marine Corps
4474:Marine Corps
4313:Abolitionism
4300:
4253:
4049:
4041:
4033:
3992:
3782:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:the original
3753:
3723:
3698:
3673:
3642:
3622:
3591:
3568:
3537:
3505:
3470:
3449:
3430:
3391:
3366:
3334:
3302:
3263:
3228:
3196:
3183:. Retrieved
3159:
3130:
3089:
3057:
3022:
2991:
2960:
2928:
2919:Bibliography
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2667:
2655:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2613:Clark (1984)
2608:
2601:Clark (1984)
2596:
2584:
2577:Clark (1984)
2572:
2545:
2538:Clark (1984)
2533:
2524:
2515:
2510:Confederate.
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2235:came in the
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2106:
2086:
2066:
2054:
2049:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1892:
1876:
1853:
1834:Arnold Elzey
1830:
1810:
1783:
1774:
1766:
1757:Charles Town
1754:
1750:Jacob D. Cox
1738:
1725:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1651:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1601:
1589:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1518:
1486:
1471:
1455:
1443:
1435:Harrisonburg
1431:
1411:
1379:
1359:
1355:
1332:
1324:
1214:
1190:Turner Ashby
1160:
1144:
1132:Henry Bohlen
1101:
1042:
1038:
940:
918:
896:
815:Arnold Elzey
796:
764:Turner Ashby
745:
734:
633:
609:
529:Harrisonburg
494:
480:, Maj. Gen.
436:
405:
383:
359:Luray Valley
348:
310:
302:Union armies
271:
267:
266:
259:
254:
141:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
7387:Susquehanna
7382:Monongahela
7375:Departments
7262:Bentonville
7200:Cedar Creek
7160:Cold Harbor
7041:Gettysburg
6938:Seven Pines
6841:Fort Sumter
6398:Copperheads
6110:Confederate
6002:Black Codes
5328:E. K. Smith
5209:Confederate
5156:New Orleans
5151:Chattanooga
5015:Mississippi
4915:Connecticut
4883:territories
4874:Involvement
4835:Cold Harbor
4825:Fort Pillow
4815:Chattanooga
4810:Chickamauga
4760:Seven Pines
4750:New Orleans
4715:Fort Sumter
4656:Valley 1864
4489:Confederacy
4286:Slave Power
4266:Fire-Eaters
3995:(sculpture)
2346:casualties.
2034:during the
1978:Franz Sigel
1920:Brig. Gen.
1847:Brig. Gen.
1764:on June 1.
1761:macadamized
1423:Rude's Hill
1320: Union
1256:Valley Pike
1244:Centreville
799:Front Royal
580:Confederate
472:'s massive
367:Front Royal
344:Rude's Hill
292:during the
276:Confederate
116: /
67:Confederate
7432:Categories
7335:Shenandoah
7272:Five Forks
7240:Appomattox
7234:Wilmington
7155:North Anna
7145:Wilderness
7128:Petersburg
7075:Gettysburg
6631:Juneteenth
6152:Cemeteries
6029:Red Shirts
5940:Centennial
5890:Red Shirts
5298:Longstreet
5228:Beauregard
5171:Winchester
5146:Charleston
5115:Washington
5050:New Mexico
5045:New Jersey
4905:California
4881:States and
4865:Five Forks
4850:Mobile Bay
4820:Wilderness
4800:Gettysburg
4780:Perryville
4765:Seven Days
4696:Appomattox
4621:Gettysburg
4581:New Mexico
4448:Combatants
4423:Combatants
4336:John Brown
3839:Leadership
3665:1036885979
3656:0385121482
3632:0811728684
3614:1151321680
3560:1194435392
3493:1148596552
3460:0395740126
3405:0870741373
3379:1085324715
3286:1035890441
3251:1106011847
3242:0394495179
3141:0743218469
3102:B01BUFJ76Q
3045:1100952647
3001:080944724X
2677:3 missing.
1746:Moorefield
1627:Maj. Gen.
1557:New Market
1427:New Market
1252:Winchester
1179:Brig. Gen.
1167:Winchester
1102:Maj. Gen.
1007:Brig. Gen.
989:Brig. Gen.
971:Brig. Gen.
863:Cross Keys
703:Brig. Gen.
685:Brig. Gen.
667:Brig. Gen.
634:Commanding
598:Cross Keys
533:New Market
419:Background
386:Brig. Gen.
93:, Virginia
61:Maj. Gen.
7396:Landforms
7368:Geography
7242:(Mar–Apr)
7236:(Dec–Feb)
7227:Campaigns
7124:(May–Jun)
7112:(Apr–May)
7097:Campaigns
7055:(Nov–Dec)
7049:(Oct–Nov)
7043:(Jun–Jul)
7037:(Apr–May)
7031:(Mar–Apr)
7022:Campaigns
6948:Oak Grove
6907:(Nov–Dec)
6895:(Jul-Sep)
6889:(Mar–Jul)
6887:Peninsula
6883:(Mar–Jun)
6877:(Feb–Jun)
6868:Campaigns
6820:(Oct–Dec)
6805:(Jun–Dec)
6792:Campaigns
6609:Espionage
6403:Diplomacy
6371:Political
6327:POW camps
6073:Monuments
5900:Scalawags
5895:Redeemers
5633:Aftermath
5582:Pinkerton
5521:Rosecrans
5486:McClellan
5389:Memminger
5125:Wisconsin
5090:Tennessee
5010:Minnesota
4985:Louisiana
4860:Nashville
4805:Vicksburg
4735:Pea Ridge
4686:Carolinas
4641:Red River
4636:Knoxville
4616:Tullahoma
4611:Vicksburg
4591:Peninsula
4563:campaigns
4429:Campaigns
4206:Secession
4048:USS
4042:Stonewall
4040:USS
4034:Stonewall
3742:799063447
3414:462213398
3354:924976443
3325:929629850
3261:(1970) .
3226:(1974) .
3185:August 4,
3150:892938160
3020:(2013) .
3010:473681924
2148:March 20,
2122:March 20,
2075:Kernstown
1937:Aftermath
1931:John Pope
1607:battalion
1479:President
1419:Lexington
1335:Woodstock
1284:Strasburg
1200:. In the
934:Maj. Gen.
912:Maj. Gen.
890:Maj. Gen.
851:Kernstown
772:divisions
649:Maj. Gen.
627:Maj. Gen.
586:Kernstown
537:wind gaps
525:Strasburg
467:Maj. Gen.
393:Strasburg
328:President
279:Maj. Gen.
7330:Virginia
7122:Overland
7053:Mine Run
6995:Antietam
6978:Glendale
6899:Maryland
6809:Manassas
6723:Category
6564:Seminole
6554:Cherokee
6307:Medicine
6260:Military
6173:Veterans
6007:Jim Crow
5772:timeline
5567:Ericsson
5550:Civilian
5531:Sheridan
5491:McDowell
5451:Farragut
5436:Burnside
5426:Anderson
5419:Military
5399:Stephens
5359:Benjamin
5352:Civilian
5238:Buchanan
5216:Military
5161:Richmond
5110:Virginia
5055:New York
5030:Nebraska
5020:Missouri
5005:Michigan
4995:Maryland
4980:Kentucky
4955:Illinois
4930:Delaware
4910:Colorado
4895:Arkansas
4855:Franklin
4775:Antietam
4646:Overland
4601:Maryland
4520:Theaters
4426:Theaters
3792:Archived
3764:April 9,
3589:(1997).
3503:(1988).
3440:48764702
3364:(1898).
3307:(Kindle)
3216:60298522
3176:Archived
3172:38196522
3128:(2001).
3055:(1940).
3027:(Kindle)
2951:33418359
2012:—
1541:Franklin
1521:McDowell
1248:Manassas
1233:Culpeper
1229:Manassas
1196:and the
855:McDowell
831:Maryland
590:McDowell
557:Staunton
451:Southern
445:, under
410:for the
379:Maryland
290:Virginia
236:Strength
86:Location
7325:Potomac
7047:Bristoe
6833:battles
6690:Related
6559:Choctaw
6549:Catawba
6332:Rations
6277:Cavalry
6139:Removal
5767:efforts
5751:of 1873
5597:Stevens
5592:Stanton
5577:Lincoln
5536:Sherman
5471:Halleck
5461:Frémont
5446:Du Pont
5384:Mallory
5343:Wheeler
5278:Jackson
5258:Forrest
5198:Leaders
5141:Atlanta
5105:Vermont
5025:Montana
4965:Indiana
4940:Georgia
4935:Florida
4900:Arizona
4890:Alabama
4840:Atlanta
4755:Corinth
4707:battles
4651:Atlanta
4631:Bristoe
4532:Western
4527:Eastern
4432:Battles
4231:Slavery
4135:Origins
4121:Origins
4060:Related
3528:7577667
3110:8697590
3080:6619133
2983:3184269
2933:(eBook)
1644:of the
1392:at the
1126:, Col.
1079:, Col.
1055:of the
1053:V Corps
778:, Col.
758:, Col.
754:, Col.
739:of the
551:in the
104:78°40′W
101:38°39′N
7300:Armies
7175:Crater
6831:Major
6733:Portal
6671:Tokens
5607:Welles
5587:Seward
5572:Hamlin
5541:Thomas
5476:Hooker
5441:Butler
5394:Seddon
5379:Hunter
5364:Bocock
5338:Taylor
5333:Stuart
5323:Semmes
5303:Morgan
5263:Gorgas
5243:Cooper
5134:Cities
5070:Oregon
5035:Nevada
4975:Kansas
4945:Hawaii
4845:Crater
4745:Shiloh
4705:Major
4691:Mobile
4561:Major
4435:States
4386:Caning
3740:
3730:
3715:427057
3713:
3690:427057
3688:
3663:
3653:
3629:
3612:
3602:
3575:
3558:
3548:
3526:
3516:
3491:
3481:
3457:
3438:
3412:
3402:
3377:
3352:
3342:
3323:
3313:
3284:
3274:
3249:
3239:
3214:
3204:
3170:
3148:
3138:
3108:
3100:
3078:
3068:
3043:
3033:
3008:
2998:
2981:
2971:
2949:
2939:
1318:
1312:
1208:, and
786:; the
459:Shiloh
274:, was
255:~7,000
244:17,000
165:
152:
129:Result
7320:James
7118:(May)
6913:(Dec)
6901:(Sep)
6811:(Jul)
6476:Dixie
6463:Music
6082:Union
5926:Post-
5762:trial
5562:Chase
5557:Adams
5526:Scott
5501:Meigs
5496:Meade
5466:Grant
5456:Foote
5431:Buell
5412:Union
5374:Davis
5318:Price
5308:Mosby
5253:Ewell
5248:Early
5233:Bragg
5095:Texas
4990:Maine
4950:Idaho
4456:Union
3647:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3510:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
3371:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
3233:(PDF)
3179:(PDF)
3164:(PDF)
3094:(PDF)
3062:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2061:(the
1564:), a
1345:(the
1339:feint
845:Union
377:into
260:2,677
7219:1865
7089:1864
7014:1863
6860:1862
6783:1861
6661:Salt
6267:Arms
6117:List
6089:List
5602:Wade
5511:Pope
5481:Hunt
5313:Polk
5273:Hood
5268:Hill
5100:Utah
5065:Ohio
4970:Iowa
4502:Navy
4497:Army
4469:Navy
4464:Army
4032:CSS
3766:2005
3738:OCLC
3728:ISBN
3711:OCLC
3686:OCLC
3661:OCLC
3651:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3610:OCLC
3600:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3556:OCLC
3546:ISBN
3524:OCLC
3514:ISBN
3489:OCLC
3479:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3436:OCLC
3410:OCLC
3400:ISBN
3375:OCLC
3350:OCLC
3340:ISBN
3321:OCLC
3311:ISBN
3282:OCLC
3272:ISBN
3247:OCLC
3237:ISBN
3212:OCLC
3202:ISBN
3187:2009
3168:OCLC
3146:OCLC
3136:ISBN
3106:OCLC
3098:ASIN
3076:OCLC
3066:ISBN
3041:OCLC
3031:ISBN
3006:OCLC
2996:ISBN
2979:OCLC
2969:ISBN
2947:OCLC
2937:ISBN
2150:2021
2124:2021
1898:and
1896:44th
1886:and
1836:and
1266:and
1237:Gen.
1210:Bath
1091:and
1063:and
1025:Col.
721:Col.
515:and
463:East
457:and
317:Col.
78:Date
5506:Ord
5293:Lee
3754:NPS
3703:hdl
3678:hdl
2097:'s
2081:'s
1884:2nd
1449:at
1258:to
1231:to
527:to
511:at
288:in
7434::
3752:.
3736:.
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3348:.
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3210:.
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3124:;
3120:;
3104:.
3074:.
3039:.
3004:.
2977:.
2945:.
2557:^
2264:^
2252:^
2177:x.
2038:.
1984:.
1429:.
1396:.
1212:.
1153:.
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861:,
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3768:.
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3581:.
3562:.
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3189:.
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3082:.
3047:.
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2985:.
2953:.
2247:.
2166:.
2152:.
2126:.
1246:–
34:.
20:)
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