James K. Polk - Knowledge

7256: 1419:, head of the New York delegation, read a pre-written letter from Van Buren to be used if he could not be nominated, withdrawing in Wright's favor. But Wright (who was in Washington) had also entrusted a pre-written letter to a supporter, in which he refused to be considered as a presidential candidate, and stated in the letter that he agreed with Van Buren's position on Texas. Had Wright's letter not been read he most likely would have been nominated, but without him, Butler began to rally Van Buren supporters for Polk as the best possible candidate, and Bancroft placed Polk's name before the convention. On the eighth ballot, Polk received only 44 votes to Cass's 114 and Van Buren's 104, but the deadlock showed signs of breaking. Butler formally withdrew Van Buren's name, many delegations declared for the Tennessean, and on the ninth ballot, Polk received 233 ballots to Cass's 29, making him the Democratic nominee for president. The nomination was then made unanimous. 2160:, (a relative of John Slidell) to meet with Santa Anna. Mackenzie told Santa Anna that Polk wished to see him in power and that if they came to an agreement that the U.S. naval blockade would be lifted briefly to allow Santa Anna to return to Mexico. Polk requested $ 2 million from Congress to be used to negotiate a treaty with Mexico or payment to Mexico before a treaty was signed. The blockade was indeed briefly lifted and Santa Anna returned to Mexico, not to head a government that would negotiate a treaty with the U.S., but rather to organize a military defense of his homeland. Santa Anna gloated over Polk's naïveté; Polk had been "snookered" by Santa Anna. Instead of coming to a negotiated settlement with the U.S., Santa Anna mounted a defense of Mexico and fought to the bitter end. "His actions would prolong the war for at least a year, and more than any other single person, it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of short war." 1862:

unquestionable", provoking threats of war from British leaders should Polk attempt to take control of the entire territory. Polk had refrained in his address from asserting a claim to the entire territory, although the Democratic Party platform called for such a claim. Despite Polk's hawkish rhetoric, he viewed war over Oregon as unwise, and Polk and Buchanan began negotiations with the British. Like his predecessors, Polk again proposed a division along the 49th parallel, which Pakenham immediately rejected. Buchanan was wary of a two-front war with Mexico and Britain, but Polk was willing to risk war with both countries in pursuit of a favorable settlement. In his annual message to Congress in December 1845, Polk requested approval of giving Britain a one-year notice (as required in the Treaty of 1818) of his intention to terminate the joint occupancy of Oregon. In that message, he quoted from the

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his nomination by letter dated June 12, alleging that he had never sought the office, and stating his intent to serve only one term. Wright was embittered by what he called the "foul plot" against Van Buren, and demanded assurances that Polk had played no part; it was only after Polk professed that he had remained loyal to Van Buren that Wright supported his campaign. Following the custom of the time that presidential candidates avoid electioneering or appearing to seek the office, Polk remained in Columbia and made no speeches. He engaged in extensive correspondence with Democratic Party officials as he managed his campaign. Polk made his views known in his acceptance letter and through responses to questions sent by citizens that were printed in newspapers, often by arrangement.

1546:, in his journal article on the election, stated that the smear came too late to be effectively rebutted, and likely cost Polk Ohio. Southern newspapers, on the other hand, went far in defending Polk, one Nashville newspaper alleging that his slaves preferred their bondage to freedom. Polk himself implied to newspaper correspondents that the only slaves he owned had either been inherited or had been purchased from relatives in financial distress; this paternalistic image was also painted by surrogates like Gideon Pillow. This was not true, though not known at the time; by then he had bought over thirty slaves, both from relatives and others, mainly for the purpose of procuring labor for his Mississippi cotton plantation. 1706: 11915: 718: 11410: 2156:, with the hope that Santa Anna would sell parts of California. Santa Anna was in exile in Cuba, still a colony of Spain. Polk sent an envoy to have secret talks with Santa Anna. The U.S. Consul in Havana, R.B. Campbell, began seeking a way to engage with Santa Anna. A U.S. citizen of Spanish birth, Col. Alejandro José Atocha, knew Santa Anna and acted initially as an intermediary. Polk noted his contacts with Atocha in his diary, who said that Santa Anna was interested in concluding a treaty with the U.S. gaining territory while Mexico received payment that would include settling its debts. Polk decided that Atocha was untrustworthy and sent his own representative, 2286:

Walker were working against it. He was relieved when the two Cabinet officers lobbied on behalf of the treaty. On March 10, the Senate ratified the treaty in a 38–14 vote, a vote that cut across partisan and geographic lines. The Senate made some modifications to the treaty before ratification, and Polk worried that the Mexican government would reject them. On June 7, Polk learned that Mexico had ratified the treaty. Polk declared the treaty in effect as of July 4, 1848, thus ending the war. With the acquisition of California, Polk had accomplished all four of his major presidential goals. With the exception of the territory acquired by the 1853

2489: 3002:, and his agent purchased six enslaved people aged between 10 and 20. By the time of the purchase from Pillow, the Mexican War had begun and Polk sent payment with the letter in which he offered Pillow a commission in the Army. The purchase from Pillow was a man Polk had previously owned and had sold for being a disruption, and his wife and child. None of the other enslaved people Polk purchased as president, all younger than 20, came with a parent, and as only in the one case were two slaves bought together, most likely none had an accompanying sibling as each faced life on Polk's plantation. 2888:, in her history of the Mexican War, found Polk's legacy to be more than territorial, "during a single brilliant term, he accomplished a feat that earlier presidents would have considered impossible. With the help of his wife, Sarah, he masterminded, provoked and successfully prosecuted a war that turned the United States into a world power." Borneman noted that in securing this expansion, Polk did not consider the likely effect on Mexicans and Native Americans, "That ignorance may well be debated on moral grounds, but it cannot take away Polk's stunning political achievement." 1464: 2415: 2115: 2067:

the fact that Scott had sought his party's presidential nomination for the 1840 election. Polk came to believe that Scott was too slow in getting himself and his army away from Washington and to the Rio Grande, and was outraged to learn Scott was using his influence in Congress to defeat the administration's plan to expand the number of generals. The news of Taylor's victory at Resaca de la Palma arrived then, and Polk decided to have Taylor take command in the field, and Scott to remain in Washington. Polk also ordered Commodore Conner to allow

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revenues, and of a national bank, struck a chord with Tennessee voters. On election day in August 1841, Polk was defeated by 3,000 votes, the first time he had been beaten at the polls. Polk returned to Columbia and the practice of law and prepared for a rematch against Jones in 1843, but though the new governor took less of a joking tone, it made little difference to the outcome, as Polk was beaten again, this time by 3,833 votes. In the wake of his second statewide defeat in three years, Polk faced an uncertain political future.

1192:, Jackson's 1836 order that payment for government lands be in gold and silver. Some believed this had led to the crash by causing a lack of confidence in paper currency issued by banks. Despite such arguments, with support from Polk and his cabinet, Van Buren chose to back the Specie Circular. Polk and Van Buren attempted to establish an Independent Treasury system that would allow the government to oversee its own deposits (rather than using pet banks), but the bill was defeated in the House. It eventually passed in 1840. 3031:", and claimed that spreading slavery was the reason he supported Texas Annexation and later war with Mexico. Polk did support the expansion of slavery's realm, with his views informed by his own family's experience of settling Tennessee, bringing slaves with them. He believed in Southern rights, meaning both the right of slave states not to have that institution interfered with by the Federal government and the right of individual Southerners to bring their slaves with them into the new territory. Though Polk opposed the 924:—they were engaged the following year and married on January 1, 1824, in Murfreesboro. Educated far better than most women of her time, especially in frontier Tennessee, Sarah Polk was from one of the state's most prominent families. During James's political career Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, and played an active role in his campaigns. Rawley noted that Sarah Polk's grace, intelligence and charming conversation helped compensate for her husband's often austere manner. 51: 2955: 2769:

Methodist Church, which he had long admired, though his mother arrived from Columbia with her Presbyterian clergyman, and his wife was also a devout Presbyterian. On the afternoon of Friday, June 15, Polk died at his Polk Place home in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 53. According to traditional accounts, his last words before he died were "I love you, Sarah, for all eternity, I love you." Borneman noted that whether or not they were spoken, there was nothing in Polk's life that would make the sentiment false.

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observed tradition and welcomed President-elect Taylor to Washington, hosting him at a gala White House dinner. Polk departed the White House on March 3, leaving behind him a clean desk, though he worked from his hotel or the Capitol on last-minute appointments and bill signings. He attended Taylor's inauguration on March 5 (March 4, the presidential inauguration day until 1937, fell on a Sunday, and thus the ceremony was postponed a day), and though he was unimpressed with the new president, wished him the best.

1759: 2393:, to negotiate the purchase of Cuba and offer Spain up to $ 100 million, a large sum at the time for one territory, equal to $ 3.52 billion in present-day terms. Cuba was close to the United States and had slavery, so the idea appealed to Southerners but was unwelcome in the North. However, Spain was still making profits in Cuba (notably in sugar, molasses, rum and tobacco), and thus the Spanish government rejected Saunders's overtures. Though Polk was eager to acquire Cuba, he refused to support the 1996:. Word reached Washington on May 9, and Polk sent a war message to Congress on the ground that Mexico had, "shed American blood on the American soil". The House overwhelmingly approved a resolution declaring war and authorizing the president to accept 50,000 volunteers into the military. In the Senate, war opponents led by Calhoun questioned Polk's version of events. Nonetheless, the House resolution passed the Senate in a 40–2 vote, with Calhoun abstaining, marking the beginning of the Mexican–American War. 2303: 903: 444: 2978:, hoping to increase his income. The land in Mississippi was richer than that in Somerville, and Polk transferred slaves there, taking care to conceal from them that they were to be sent south. From the start of 1839, Polk, having bought out his brother-in-law, owned all of the Mississippi plantations, and ran it on a mostly absentee basis for the rest of his life. He occasionally visited—for example, he spent much of April 1844 on his Mississippi plantation, right before the Democratic convention. 944: 2867:

establishment of a new federal depository system; and the strengthening of the executive office. He masterfully kept open lines of communication with Congress, established the Department of the Interior, built up an administrative press, and conducted himself as a representative of the whole people. Polk came into the presidency with a focused political agenda and a clear set of convictions. He left office the most successful President since George Washington in the accomplishment of his goals.

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delighted by the news, seeing it as validation of his stance on expansion, and referred to the discovery several times in his final annual message to Congress that December. Shortly thereafter, actual samples of the California gold arrived, and Polk sent a special message to Congress on the subject. The message, confirming less authoritative reports, caused large numbers of people to move to California, both from the U.S. and abroad, thus helping to spark the

2501: 13102: 11485: 10669: 7655: 10656: 2282:. Polk received the document on February 19, and, after the Cabinet met on the 20th, decided he had no choice but to accept it. If he turned it down, with the House by then controlled by the Whigs, there was no assurance Congress would vote funding to continue the war. Both Buchanan and Walker dissented, wanting more land from Mexico, a position with which the President was sympathetic, though he considered Buchanan's view motivated by his ambition. 1906: 1702:

about the terms under which Texas would be admitted and Polk became involved in negotiations to break the impasse. With Polk's help, the annexation resolution narrowly cleared the Senate. Tyler was unsure whether to sign the resolution or leave it for Polk and sent Calhoun to consult with Polk, who declined to give any advice. On his final evening in office, March 3, 1845, Tyler offered annexation to Texas according to the terms of the resolution.

870:, which then sat in Murfreesboro and to which Grundy had been elected. He was re-elected clerk in 1821 without opposition, and continued to serve until 1822. In June 1820, he was admitted to the Tennessee bar, and his first case was to defend his father against a public fighting charge; he secured his release for a one-dollar fine. He opened an office in Maury County and was successful as a lawyer, due largely to the many cases arising from the 1188:", by which the House of Representatives would not accept or debate citizen petitions regarding slavery. This ignited fierce protests from John Quincy Adams, who was by then a congressman from Massachusetts and an abolitionist. Instead of finding a way to silence Adams, Polk frequently engaged in useless shouting matches, leading Jackson to conclude that Polk should have shown better leadership. Van Buren and Polk faced pressure to rescind the 2678: 1518: 987:. The district stretched from Maury County south to the Alabama line, and extensive electioneering was expected of the five candidates. Polk campaigned so vigorously that Sarah began to worry about his health. During the campaign, Polk's opponents said that at the age of 29 Polk was too young for the responsibility of a seat in the House, but he won the election with 3,669 votes out of 10,440 and took his seat in Congress later that year. 1882:, the American minister in London, was told that Washington would look favorably on a British proposal to divide the continent at the 49th parallel. In June 1846, Pakenham presented an offer calling for a boundary line at the 49th parallel, with the exception that Britain would retain all of Vancouver Island, and there would be limited navigation rights for British subjects on the Columbia River until the expiration of the charter of the 1957: 13112: 11496: 10679: 1196:

Speaker of the House in December 1837, he won by only 13 votes, and he foresaw defeat in 1839. Polk by then had presidential ambitions but was well aware that no Speaker of the House had ever become president (Polk is still the only one to have held both offices). After seven terms in the House, two as speaker, he announced that he would not seek re-election, choosing instead to run for Governor of Tennessee in the 1839 election.

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more, aged from 2 to 37, the youngest a granddaughter of the oldest. The amount expended was $ 2,250. In 1839, he bought eight slaves from his brother William at a cost of $ 5,600 (~$ 156,327 in 2023). This represented three young adults and most of a family, though not including the father, whom James Polk had previously owned, and who had been sold to a slave trader as he had repeatedly tried to escape his enslavement.

7275: 1205: 2164: 1581: 1930:, as claimed by Mexico. Public sentiment in Texas favored annexation. In July 1845, a Texas convention ratified annexation, and thereafter voters approved it. In December 1845, Texas became the 28th state. However Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845; now annexation escalated tensions as Mexico had never recognized Texan independence. 2589: 1491:

election. Only Jackson had the stature to resolve the situation, which he did with two letters to friends in the Cabinet, that he knew would be shown to Tyler, stating that the President's supporters would be welcomed back into the Democratic fold. Jackson wrote that once Tyler withdrew, many Democrats would embrace him for his pro-annexation stance. The former president also used his influence to stop

1077:, conducted investigations of the Second Bank, and though the committee voted for a bill to renew the bank's charter (scheduled to expire in 1836), Polk issued a strong minority report condemning the bank. The bill passed Congress in 1832, but Jackson vetoed it and Congress failed to override the veto. Jackson's action was highly controversial in Washington but had considerable public support, and he 3010:

every report suggested that the overseer was a heartless brute". Beanland was hired for the Mississippi plantation but was soon dismissed by Polk's partner, who deemed Beanland too harsh as the slaves undertook the arduous task of clearing the timber from the new plantation so it could be used for cotton farming. His replacement was discharged after a year for being too indulgent; the next died of

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thought of the possibility of its dissolution and will be ready to adopt the patriotic sentiment, 'Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.'" He stated his opposition to a national bank, and repeated that the tariff could include incidental protection. Although he did not mention slavery specifically, he alluded to it, decrying those who would tear down an institution protected by the Constitution.

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inaugural address, and in his first annual message to Congress in December 1845, he called for the government to keep its funds itself. Congress was slow to act; the House passed a bill in April 1846 and the Senate in August, both without a single Whig vote. Polk signed the Independent Treasury Act into law on August 6, 1846. The act provided that the public revenues were to be retained in the

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met with Polk at the Hermitage on May 13, 1844, and explained to his visitor that only an expansionist from the South or Southwest could be elected—and, in his view, Polk had the best chance. Polk was at first startled, calling the plan "utterly abortive", but he agreed to accept it. Polk immediately wrote to instruct his lieutenants at the convention to work for his nomination as president.

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operations, he maintained that stance but wrote that within that limitation, government could and should offer "fair and just protection" to American interests, including manufacturers. He refused to expand on this stance, acceptable to most Democrats, despite the Whigs pointing out that he had committed himself to nothing. In September, a delegation of Whigs from nearby

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current political experience to match his military accomplishments. This began an alliance that would continue until Jackson's death early in Polk's presidency. Polk, through much of his political career, was known as "Young Hickory", based on the nickname for Jackson, "Old Hickory". Polk's political career was as dependent on Jackson as his nickname implied.

1755:, an especially important position because, other than his slaves, Polk had no staff at the White House. Walker, who lived at the White House with his growing family (two children were born to him while living there), performed his duties competently through his uncle's presidency. Other Polk relatives visited at the White House, some for extended periods. 2918:

Polk, noted that Polk "lacked a far-seeing awareness of the problems that were bound to arise over the status of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico" William Dusinberre, in his volume on Polk as slave owner, suggested "that Polk's deep personal involvement in the plantation slavery system ... colored his stance on slavery-related issues".

899:, and was afterwards often referred to as "Colonel". Although many of the voters were members of the Polk clan, the young politician campaigned energetically. People liked Polk's oratory, which earned him the nickname "Napoleon of the Stump." At the polls, where Polk provided alcoholic refreshments for his voters, he defeated incumbent William Yancey. 2056:, putting the Mexican Army to rout. The early successes boosted support for the war, which despite the lopsided votes in Congress, had deeply divided the nation. Many Northern Whigs opposed the war, as did others; they felt Polk had used patriotism to manipulate the nation into fighting a war, the goal of which was to give slavery room to expand. 1682:, a close friend and ally of Polk, was nominated for the position of Postmaster General, with George Bancroft, the historian who had played a crucial role in Polk's nomination, as Navy Secretary. Polk's choices met with the approval of Andrew Jackson, with whom Polk met for the last time in January 1845, as Jackson died that June. 2198:. Initial reports gave the victory to Mexico, with great rejoicing, but Santa Anna retreated. Mexican casualties were five times that of the Americans, and the victory made Taylor even more of a military hero in the American public's eyes, though Polk preferred to credit the bravery of the soldiers rather than the Whig general. 2250: 1228:. When Cannon came back on the campaign trail in the final days, Polk pursued him, hastening the length of the state to be able to debate the governor again. On Election Day, August 1, 1839, Polk defeated Cannon, 54,102 to 51,396, as the Democrats recaptured the state legislature and won back three congressional seats. 1356:

momentum toward annexation had stalled. Britain was seeking to expand her influence in Texas: Britain had abolished slavery, and if Texas did the same, it would provide a western haven for runaways to match one in the North. A Texas not in the United States would also stand in the way of what was deemed America's

2859:, in their history of presidential power, praised Polk's conduct of the Mexican War, "it seems unquestionable that his management of state affairs during this conflict was one of the strongest examples since Jackson of the use of presidential power to direct specifically the conduct of subordinate officers." 2619:

politics and the efforts of factional leaders to secure the lucrative post of Collector of Customs for the Port of Philadelphia. As Polk attempted to find his way through the minefield of Pennsylvania politics, a second position on the high court became vacant with the death, in September 1845, of Justice

2233:, which he did in mid-September. In the United States, a heated political debate emerged regarding how much of Mexico the United States should seek to annex, Whigs such as Henry Clay arguing that the United States should only seek to settle the Texas border question, and some expansionists arguing for the 1393:, believed Polk could emerge as a compromise candidate. Publicly, Polk, who remained in Columbia during the convention, professed full support for Van Buren's candidacy and was believed to be seeking the vice presidency. Polk was one of the few major Democrats to have declared for the annexation of Texas. 2981:

Adding to the inherited slaves, in 1831, Polk purchased five more, mostly buying them in Kentucky, and expending $ 1,870; (~$ 62,988 in 2023) the youngest had a recorded age of 11. As older children sold for a higher price, slave sellers routinely lied about age. Between 1834 and 1835, he bought five

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died of it, and it was rumored to be common in New Orleans, but it was too late to change plans. Worried about his health, he would have departed the city quickly but was overwhelmed by Louisiana hospitality. Several passengers on the riverboat up the Mississippi died of the disease, and Polk felt so

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of Virginia, Polk's friend since college days and a longtime political ally, was not on the original list. As Cabinet choices were affected by factional politics and President Tyler's drive to resolve the Texas issue before leaving office, Polk at the last minute chose Mason as Attorney General. Polk

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A potential pitfall for Polk's campaign was the issue of whether the tariff should be for revenue only, or with the intent to protect American industry. Polk finessed the tariff issue in a published letter. Recalling that he had long stated that tariffs should only be sufficient to finance government

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also received votes on the first ballot, and Cass took the lead on the fifth. After seven ballots, the convention remained deadlocked: Cass could not reach two-thirds, and Van Buren's supporters became discouraged about his chances. Delegates were ready to consider a new candidate who might break the

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Like Jackson, Polk saw the politics of slavery as a side issue compared to territorial expansion and economic policy. The issue of slavery became increasingly polarizing during the 1840s, and Polk's expansionary successes redoubled its divisiveness. During his presidency, many abolitionists harshly

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Polk's will, dated February 28, 1849, contained the nonbinding expectation that his slaves were to be freed when both he and Sarah Polk were dead. The Mississippi plantation was expected to support Sarah Polk during her widowhood. Sarah Polk lived until 1891, but the slaves were freed in 1865 by the

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in 1839. Others followed, and it was not until 1845 that Polk found a satisfactory overseer, John Mairs, who was still working at the plantation for Sarah Polk in 1860 when the widow sold a half-share in many of her slaves. There had been a constant stream of runaways under Mairs' predecessors, many

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Polk owned slaves for most of his adult life. His father left Polk more than 8,000 acres (32 km) of land and divided about 53 enslaved people among his widow and children in his will. James inherited twenty slaves, either directly or from deceased brothers. In 1831, he became an absentee cotton

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Polk accomplished nearly everything that he said he wanted to accomplish as President and everything he had promised in his party's platform: acquisition of the Oregon Territory, California, and the Territory of New Mexico; the positive settlement of the Texas border dispute; lower tariff rates; the

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left a vacant place on the Supreme Court, but Tyler had been unable to get the Senate to confirm a nominee. At the time, it was the custom to have a geographic balance on the Supreme Court, and Baldwin had been from Pennsylvania. Polk's efforts to fill Baldwin's seat became embroiled in Pennsylvania

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The lack of trust Polk had in Taylor was returned by the Whig general, who feared the partisan president was trying to destroy him. Accordingly, Taylor disobeyed orders to remain near Monterrey. In March 1847, Polk learned that Taylor had continued to march south, capturing the northern Mexican town

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might retain some or all of his predecessor's department heads, Polk wanted an entirely fresh Cabinet, but this proved delicate. Tyler's final Secretary of State was Calhoun, leader of a considerable faction of the Democratic Party, but, when approached by emissaries, he did not take offense and was

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Polk was aided regarding Texas when Clay, realizing his anti-annexation letter had cost him support, attempted in two subsequent letters to clarify his position. These angered both sides, which attacked Clay as insincere. Texas also threatened to divide the Democrats sectionally, but Polk managed to

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Another concern was the third-party candidacy of President Tyler, which might split the Democratic vote. Tyler had been nominated by a group of loyal officeholders. Under no illusions he could win, he believed he could rally states' rights supporters and populists to hold the balance of power in the

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Rumors of Polk's nomination reached Nashville on June 4, much to Jackson's delight; they were substantiated later that day. The dispatches were sent on to Columbia, arriving the same day, and letters and newspapers describing what had happened at Baltimore were in Polk's hands by June 6. He accepted

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According to Thomas M. Leonard, "by 1836, while serving as Speaker of the House of Representatives, Polk approached the zenith of his congressional career. He was at the center of Jacksonian Democracy on the House floor, and, with the help of his wife, he ingratiated himself into Washington's social

764:, rejected dogmatic Presbyterianism. He refused to declare his belief in Christianity at his son's baptism, and the minister refused to baptize young James. Nevertheless, James' mother "stamped her rigid orthodoxy on James, instilling lifelong Calvinistic traits of self-discipline, hard work, piety, 2993:

Polk saw the plantation as his route to a comfortable existence after his presidency for himself and his wife; he did not intend to return to the practice of law. Hoping the increased labor force would increase his retirement income, he purchased seven slaves in 1846, through an agent, aged roughly

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and proclaimed the capture of California. After American forces put down a revolt, the United States held effective control of New Mexico and California. Nevertheless, the Western theater of the war would prove to be a political headache for Polk, since a dispute between Frémont and Kearny led to a

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and Taylor, as both were Whigs, and would have replaced them with Democrats, but felt Congress would not approve it. He offered Scott the position of top commander in the war, which the general accepted. Polk and Scott already knew and disliked each other: the President made the appointment despite

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were stunned at his action. Polk, on the other hand, had written a pro-annexation letter that had been published four days before Van Buren's. Jackson wrote sadly to Van Buren that no candidate who opposed annexation could be elected, and decided Polk was the best person to head the ticket. Jackson

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argued that it would give slavery more room to spread, Clay sought a nuanced position on the issue. Jackson, who strongly supported a Van Buren/Polk ticket, was delighted when Clay issued a letter for publication in the newspapers opposing Texas annexation, only to be devastated when he learned Van

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Democratic nomination, and Polk engaged in a careful campaign to become his running mate. The former president faced opposition from Southerners who feared his views on slavery, while his handling of the Panic of 1837—he had refused to rescind the Specie Circular—aroused opposition from some in the

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Polk campaigned on national issues, whereas Cannon stressed state issues. After being bested by Polk in the early debates, the governor retreated to Nashville, the state capital, alleging important official business. Polk made speeches across the state, seeking to become known more widely than just

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The expenses of four campaigns (three for governor, one for the presidency) in six years kept Polk from making more slave purchases until after he was living in the White House. In an era when the presidential salary was expected to cover wages for the White House servants, Polk replaced them with

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To the retrospective eye of the historian Polk's alarums and excursions present an astonishing spectacle. Impelled by his conviction that successful diplomacy could rest only on a threat of force, he made his way, step by step, down the path to war. Then, viewing the war as a mere extension of his

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in 1846 to provide $ 500,000 to improve port facilities, but Polk vetoed it. Polk believed that the bill was unconstitutional because it unfairly favored particular areas, including ports that had no foreign trade. Polk considered internal improvements to be matters for the states, and feared that

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arrived in 1844 prepared to follow up, he found that many Americans desired the entire territory, which extended north to 54 degrees, 40 minutes north latitude. Oregon had not been a major issue in the 1844 election, but the heavy influx of settlers, mostly American, to the Oregon Country in 1845,

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In his last days in office President Tyler sought to complete the annexation of Texas. After the Senate had defeated an earlier treaty that required a two-thirds majority, Tyler urged Congress to pass a joint resolution, relying on its constitutional power to admit states. There were disagreements

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The convention opened on May 27, 1844. A crucial question was whether the nominee needed two-thirds of the delegate vote, as had been the case at previous Democratic conventions, or merely a majority. A vote for two-thirds would doom Van Buren's candidacy due to opposition from southern delegates.

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Polk's three major programs during his governorship; regulating state banks, implementing state internal improvements, and improving education all failed to win the approval of the legislature. His only major success as governor was his politicking to secure the replacement of Tennessee's two Whig

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of Pennsylvania. After ten ballots, Bell, who had the support of many opponents of the administration, defeated Polk. Jackson called in political debts to try to get Polk elected Speaker of the House at the start of the next Congress in December 1835, assuring Polk in a letter he meant him to burn

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Historians have criticized Polk for not perceiving that his territorial gains set the table for civil war. Pletcher stated that Polk, like others of his time, failed "to understand that sectionalism and expansion had formed a new, explosive compound". Fred I. Greenstein, in his journal article on

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Authoritative word of the discovery of gold in California did not arrive in Washington until after the 1848 election, by which time Polk was a lame duck. Polk's political adversaries had claimed California was too far away to be useful and was not worth the price paid to Mexico. The President was

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it and sent Congress a full veto message when it met in December. Similar bills continued to advance in Congress in 1848, though none reached his desk. When he came to the Capitol to sign bills on March 3, 1849, the last day of the congressional session and his final full day in office, he feared

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The initial public euphoria over the victories at the start of the war slowly dissipated. In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $ 2 million (~$ 60.7 million in 2023) as a down payment for the potential purchase of Mexican lands. Polk's request ignited opposition, as he had never

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Polk devoted the second half of his speech to foreign affairs, and specifically to expansion. He applauded the annexation of Texas, warning that Texas was no affair of any other nation, and certainly none of Mexico's. He spoke of the Oregon Country, and of the many who were migrating, pledging to

1549:

There was no uniform election day in 1844; states voted between November 1 and 12. Polk won the election with 49.5% of the popular vote and 170 of the 275 electoral votes. Becoming the first president elected despite losing his state of residence (Tennessee), Polk also lost his birth state, North

1288:

against Polk in 1841. "Lean Jimmy" had proven one of their most effective gadflies against Polk, and his lighthearted tone at campaign debates was very effective against the serious Polk. The two debated the length of Tennessee, and Jones's support of distribution to the states of surplus federal

3009:

named Herbert Biles, who was said to be relatively indulgent. Biles's illness in 1833 resulted in Polk replacing him with Ephraim Beanland, who tightened discipline and increased work. Polk backed his overseer, returning escapees who complained of beatings and other harsh treatment, "even though

2327:

by prohibiting slavery in states north of 36°30′ latitude, and Polk sought to extend this line into the newly acquired territory. This would have made slavery illegal in Oregon and San Francisco but allowed it in Los Angeles. Such an extension of slavery was defeated in the House by a bipartisan

2318:

Polk was anxious to establish a territorial government for Oregon but the matter became embroiled in the arguments over slavery, though few thought Oregon suitable for it. Bills to establish a territorial government passed the House twice but died in the Senate. By the time Congress met again in

2285:

Some senators opposed the treaty because they wanted to take no Mexican territory; others hesitated because of the irregular nature of Trist's negotiations. Polk waited in suspense for two weeks as the Senate considered it, sometimes hearing that it would likely be defeated and that Buchanan and

1215:

In 1835, the Democrats had lost the governorship of Tennessee for the first time in their history, and Polk decided to return home to help the party. Tennessee was afire for White and Whiggism; the state had reversed its political loyalties since the days of Jacksonian domination. As head of the

1195:

Using his thorough grasp of the House's rules, Polk attempted to bring greater order to its proceedings. Unlike many of his peers, he never challenged anyone to a duel no matter how much they insulted his honor. The economic downturn cost the Democrats seats, so that when he faced re-election as

1072:

of Philadelphia, not only held federal dollars but controlled much of the credit in the United States, as it could present currency issued by local banks for redemption in gold or silver. Some Westerners, including Jackson, opposed the Second Bank, deeming it a monopoly acting in the interest of

2442:

Polk's other major domestic initiative was the lowering of the tariff. Polk directed Secretary of the Treasury Robert Walker to draft a new and lower tariff, which Polk submitted to Congress. After intense lobbying by both sides, the bill passed the House and, in a close vote that required Vice

1921:

The annexation resolution signed by Tyler gave the president the choice of asking Texas to approve annexation, or reopening negotiations; Tyler immediately sent a messenger with the first option. Polk allowed the messenger to continue. He also sent assurance that the United States would defend

1739:

In his inaugural address, delivered in a steady rain, Polk made clear his support for Texas annexation by referring to the 28 states of the U.S., thus including Texas. He proclaimed his fidelity to Jackson's principles by quoting his famous toast, "Every lover of his country must shudder at the

1666:

Polk formed a geographically balanced Cabinet. He consulted Jackson and one or two other close allies, and decided that the large states of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia should have representation in the six-member Cabinet, as should his home state of Tennessee. At a time when an incoming

1355:

border between the U.S. and Texas deemed it inevitable that Texas would join the United States, but this would anger Mexico, which considered Texas a breakaway province, and threatened war if the United States annexed it. Jackson, as president, had recognized Texas independence, but the initial

1339:

of Michigan, and former Vice President Johnson also maintained a strong following among Democrats. Jackson assured Van Buren by letter that Polk in his campaigns for governor had "fought the battle well and fought it alone". Polk hoped to gain Van Buren's support, hinting in a letter that a Van

1121:

In December 1833, after being elected to a fifth consecutive term, Polk, with Jackson's backing, became the chairman of Ways and Means, a powerful position in the House. In that position, Polk supported Jackson's withdrawal of federal funds from the Second Bank. Polk's committee issued a report

939:

deadlocked on whom to elect as U.S. senator in 1823 (until 1913, legislators, not the people, elected senators), Jackson's name was placed in nomination. Polk broke from his usual allies, casting his vote for Jackson, who won. The Senate seat boosted Jackson's presidential chances by giving him

2768:

After a visit to James's mother in Columbia, the Polks settled into Polk Place. The exhausted former president seemed to gain new life, but in early June, he fell ill again, by most accounts of cholera. Attended by several doctors, he lingered for several days and chose to be baptized into the

2709:

Taylor won the three-way election with a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. Polk was disappointed by the outcome as he had a low opinion of Taylor, seeing the general as someone with poor judgment and few opinions on important public matters. Nevertheless, Polk

2705:

of New York for vice president. Martin Van Buren led a breakaway Free Soil group from the Democrats. Polk was surprised and disappointed by his former ally's political conversion and worried about the divisiveness of a sectional party devoted to abolition. Polk did not give speeches for Cass,

1231:

Tennessee's governor had limited power—there was no gubernatorial veto, and the small size of the state government limited any political patronage. But Polk saw the office as a springboard for his national ambitions, seeking to be nominated as Van Buren's vice presidential running mate at the

2430:

System under which government funds were held in the Treasury and not in banks or other financial institutions. President Van Buren had previously established a similar system, but it had been abolished during the Tyler administration. Polk made clear his opposition to a national bank in his

2269:

Frustrated by a lack of progress in negotiations, Polk ordered Trist to return to Washington, but the diplomat, when the notice of recall arrived in mid-November 1847, ignored the order, deciding to remain and writing a lengthy letter to Polk the following month to justify his decision. Polk

1442:

felt that most of the credit was due to Jackson and Polk, "the two who had done the most were back in Tennessee, one an aging icon ensconced at the Hermitage and the other a shrewd lifelong politician waiting expectantly in Columbia". Whigs mocked Polk with the chant "Who is James K. Polk?",

1240:

was dumped from the ticket; Johnson was disliked by many Southern whites for fathering two daughters by a biracial mistress and attempting to introduce them into white society. Johnson was from Kentucky, so Polk's Tennessee residence would keep the New Yorker Van Buren's ticket balanced. The

1861:

Though both sides sought an acceptable compromise, each also saw the territory as an important geopolitical asset that would play a large part in determining the dominant power in North America. In his inaugural address, Polk announced that he viewed the U.S. claim to the land as "clear and

1721:

President of the U.S." He would gain a reputation as a hard worker, spending ten to twelve hours at his desk, and rarely leaving Washington. Polk wrote, "No President who performs his duty faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure. I prefer to supervise the whole operations of the

2273:

Throughout January 1848, Trist regularly met with officials in Mexico City, though at the request of the Mexicans, the treaty signing took place in Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small town near Mexico City. Trist was willing to allow Mexico to keep Baja California, as his instructions allowed, but

1241:

convention chose to endorse no one for vice president, stating that a choice would be made once the popular vote was cast. Three weeks after the convention, recognizing that Johnson was too popular in the party to be ousted, Polk withdrew his name. The Whig presidential candidate, General

1173:. Greater Whig strength in Tennessee helped White carry his state, though Polk's home district went for Van Buren. Ninety percent of Tennessee voters had supported Jackson in 1832, but many in the state disliked the destruction of the Second Bank, or were unwilling to support Van Buren. 2827:

is said to have observed that Polk, a teetotaler, was "a victim of the use of water as a beverage". Little was published about him but two biographies released in the wake of his death. Polk was not again the subject of a major biography until 1922 when Eugene I. McCormac published

1033:. Polk made his first major speech on March 13, 1826, in which he said that the Electoral College should be abolished and that the president should be elected by popular vote. Remaining bitter at the alleged Corrupt Bargain between Adams and Clay, Polk became a vocal critic of the 2871:

Bergeron noted that the matters that Polk settled, he settled for his time. The questions of the banking system, and of the tariff, which Polk had made two of the main issues of his presidency, were not significantly revised until the 1860s. Similarly, the Gadsden Purchase, and

2382:, which opened in 1855. The railway, built and operated by Americans and protected by the U.S. military, gave a quicker, safer journey to California and Oregon. The agreement was the only alliance Washington made in the 19th century. It established a strong American role in 1514:

appease most Southern party leaders without antagonizing Northern ones. As the election drew closer, it became clear that most of the country favored the annexation of Texas, and some Southern Whig leaders supported Polk's campaign due to Clay's anti-annexation stance.

694:

and increased his slave ownership during his presidency. Polk's policy of territorial expansion saw the nation reach the Pacific coast and almost all its contiguous borders. He helped make the U.S. a nation poised to become a world power, but with divisions between

1037:, frequently voting against its policies. Sarah Polk remained at home in Columbia during her husband's first year in Congress, but accompanied him to Washington beginning in December 1826; she assisted him with his correspondence and came to hear James's speeches. 3015:

seeking protection at the plantation of Polk relatives or friends; only one ran away between the time of Mairs' hiring and the end of 1847, but the overseer had to report three absconded slaves (including the one who had fled earlier) to Polk in 1848 and 1849.

1890:

in a 41–14 vote. Polk's willingness to risk war with Britain had frightened many, but his tough negotiation tactics may have gained concessions from the British (particularly regarding the Columbia River) that a more conciliatory president might not have won.

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slaves from his home in Tennessee. Polk did not purchase enslaved people with his presidential salary, likely for political reasons. Instead, he reinvested earnings from his plantation in the purchase of slaves, enjoining secrecy on his agent: "that as my

1443:

affecting never to have heard of him. Though he had experience as Speaker of the House and Governor of Tennessee, all previous presidents had served as vice president, Secretary of State, or as a high-ranking general. Polk has been described as the first "

2129:

before made public his desire to annex parts of Mexico (aside from lands claimed by Texas). It was unclear whether such newly acquired lands would be slave or free, and there was fierce and acrimonious sectional debate. A freshman Democratic Congressman,

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Polk's time in the White House took its toll on his health. Full of enthusiasm and vigor when he entered office, Polk left the presidency exhausted by his years of public service. He left Washington on March 6 for a pre-arranged triumphal tour of the

2370:. Though Washington had initially only sought to remove tariffs on American goods, Bidlack and New Granadan's Foreign Minister negotiated a broad agreement that deepened military and trade ties. A U.S. guarantee of New Granada's sovereignty over the 1866:

to denote America's intention of keeping European powers out, the first significant use of it since its origin in 1823. After much debate, Congress passed the resolution in April 1846, attaching its hope that the dispute would be settled amicably.

631:

nominee; he entered his party's convention as a potential nominee for vice president but emerged as a compromise to head the ticket when no presidential candidate could gain the necessary two-thirds majority. In the general election, Polk defeated

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in May 1830, when Jackson blocked a bill to finance a road extension entirely within one state, Kentucky, deeming it unconstitutional. Jackson opponents alleged that the veto message, which strongly complained about Congress' penchant for passing

2137:, that would ban slavery in any land acquired using the money. The appropriation bill, with the Wilmot Proviso attached, passed the House, but died in the Senate. This discord cost Polk's party, with Democrats losing control of the House in the 1834:

and all lands north of the Columbia River to Britain, and Britain was unwilling to accept the 49th parallel extended to the Pacific, as it meant the entire opening to Puget Sound would be in American hands, isolating its settlements along the

1122:

questioning the Second Bank's finances and another supporting Jackson's actions against it. In April 1834, the Ways and Means Committee reported a bill to regulate state deposit banks, which, when passed, enabled Jackson to deposit funds in

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piece on Polk, "he added extensive territory to the United States, including Upper California and its valuable ports, and bequeathed a legacy of a nation poised on the Pacific rim prepared to emerge as a superpower in future generations".

1982:

Polk regarded the treatment of Slidell as an insult and an "ample cause of war", and he prepared to ask Congress to declare it. Meanwhile, in late March, General Taylor had reached the Rio Grande, and his army camped across the river from

2879:

Paul H. Bergeron wrote in his study of Polk's presidency: "Virtually everyone remembers Polk and his expansionist successes. He produced a new map of the United States, which fulfilled a continent-wide vision." "To look at that map,"

1991:

demanded that Taylor return to the Nueces River, Taylor began a blockade of Matamoros. A skirmish on the northern side of the Rio Grande on April 25 ended in the death or capture of dozens of American soldiers and became known as the

1806:

Britain and the U.S. each derived claims to the Oregon Country from the voyages of explorers. Russia and Spain had waived their weak claims. Claims of the indigenous peoples of the region to their traditional lands were not a factor.

2772:

Polk's funeral was held at the McKendree Methodist Church in Nashville. Following his death, Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years and died on August 14, 1891, at the age of 87. Their house, Polk Place, was demolished in 1901.

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With the support of the Southern states, the two-thirds rule was passed. Van Buren won a majority on the first presidential ballot but failed to win the necessary two-thirds, and his support slowly faded. Cass, Johnson, Calhoun and

1096:

of 1832–1833, but came over to Jackson's side as Calhoun moved towards advocating secession. Thereafter, Polk remained loyal to Jackson as the President sought to assert federal authority. Polk condemned secession and supported the

935:(1815). Jackson was a family friend to both the Polks and the Childresses—there is evidence Sarah Polk and her siblings called him "Uncle Andrew"—and James Polk quickly came to support his presidential ambitions for 1824. When the 2485:

that an internal improvements bill would pass Congress, and he brought with him a draft veto message. The bill did not pass, so it was not needed, but feeling the draft had been ably written, he had it preserved among his papers.

1422:

The convention then considered the vice-presidential nomination. Butler advocated for Wright, and the convention agreed, with only four Georgia delegates dissenting. Word of Wright's nomination was sent to him in Washington via

1044:, Polk was an advisor on his campaign. Following Jackson's victory over Adams, Polk became one of the new President's most prominent and loyal supporters. Working on Jackson's behalf, Polk successfully opposed federally-funded " 13271: 2182:. From there, troops were to march through Mexico's heartland to Mexico City, which it was hoped would end the war. Continuing to advance in northeast Mexico, Taylor defeated a Mexican army led by Ampudia in the September 1846 1414:

head the ticket, but as a Van Buren loyalist, Wright would not consent. Pillow and Bancroft decided if Polk were nominated for president, Wright might accept the second spot. Before the eighth ballot, former Attorney General

2851:. Borneman deemed Polk the most effective president prior to the Civil War and noted that Polk expanded the power of the presidency, especially in its power as commander in chief and its oversight over the Executive Branch. 1854:

and the rising spirit of expansionism in the U.S. as Texas and Oregon seized the public's eye, made a treaty with Britain more urgent. Many Democrats believed the U.S. should span from coast to coast, a philosophy called

2451:

into law, substantially reducing the rates that had been set by the Tariff of 1842. The reduction of tariffs in the United States and the repeal of the Corn Laws in Great Britain led to a boom in Anglo-American trade.

2201:

The U.S. changed the course of the war with its invasion of Mexico's heartland through Veracruz and ultimately the capture of Mexico City, following hard fighting. In March 1847, Scott landed in Veracruz, and quickly

1409:

of Massachusetts, a politician and historian and longtime Polk correspondent, who had planned to nominate Polk for vice president. Bancroft had supported Van Buren's candidacy and was willing to see New York Senator

1113: 10297: 10292: 1537:

printed it without labeling it as fiction, and inserted a sentence alleging that the traveler had seen forty slaves who had been sold by Polk after being branded with his initials. The item was withdrawn by the

619:, he became Speaker of the House in 1835, the only person to serve both as Speaker and U.S. president. Polk left Congress to run for governor of Tennessee, winning in 1839 but losing in 1841 and 1843. He was a 13331: 1384:

Despite Jackson's quiet efforts on his behalf, Polk was skeptical that he could win. Nevertheless, because of the opposition to Van Buren by expansionists in the West and South, Polk's key lieutenant at the

7062:

Schoenbeck, Henry Fred. "The economic views of James K. Polk as expressed in the course of his political career" (PhD dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,

2186:, but allowed Ampudia's forces to withdraw from the town, much to Polk's consternation. Polk believed Taylor had not aggressively pursued the enemy and offered command of the Veracruz expedition to Scott. 1608:. During Polk's tenure, technological advancements persisted, including the continued expansion of railroads and increased use of the telegraph. These improvements in communication encouraged a zest for 3846:

One of the 23 Virginia electors, and all of South Carolina's 11 electors, voted for Van Buren but defected to James K. Polk and Littleton W. Tazewell of Virginia, respectively, in the vice-presidential

13256: 1874:, learned of the proposal Pakenham rejected, Aberdeen asked the U.S. to reopen negotiations, but Polk was unwilling unless the British made a proposal. With Britain moving toward free trade with the 7881: 1487:, and with the stated intent of remaining in Columbia until they got answers. Polk took several days to respond and chose to stand by his earlier statement, provoking an outcry in the Whig papers. 2241:

of Illinois introduced the "exact spot" resolutions, calling on Polk to state exactly where American blood had been shed on American soil to start the war, but the House refused to consider them.

2052:, the first major engagement of the war, Taylor's troops forced Arista's from the field, suffering only four dead to hundreds for the Mexicans. The next day, Taylor led the army to victory in the 13196: 5875: 2447:, the Senate in July 1846. Dallas, although from protectionist Pennsylvania, voted for the bill, having decided his best political prospects lay in supporting the administration. Polk signed the 2270:

considered having Butler, designated as Scott's replacement, forcibly remove him from Mexico City. Though outraged by Trist's defiance, Polk decided to allow him some time to negotiate a treaty.

2800:. A year later, a renewed plan to reinter Polk was defeated by Tennessee lawmakers before being taken up again and approved, and allowed to go through by the non-signature of Tennessee governor 2444: 675:

system. True to his campaign pledge to serve only one term (one of the few U.S. presidents to make and keep such a pledge), Polk left office in 1849 and returned to Tennessee, where he died of

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when challenged by the Democrats, but it was widely reprinted. Borneman suggested that the forgery backfired on Polk's opponents as it served to remind voters that Clay too was a slaveholder.

1220:, who sought a third two-year term as governor. The fact that Polk was the one called upon to "redeem" Tennessee from the Whigs tacitly acknowledged him as head of the state Democratic Party. 2071:

to return to Mexico from his exile in Havana, thinking that he would negotiate a treaty ceding territory to the U.S. for a price. Polk sent representatives to Cuba for talks with Santa Anna.

2804:. The state's Capitol Commission heard arguments over the issue in November 2018, during which the THC reiterated its opposition to the tomb relocation, and a vote was delayed indefinitely. 686:

Polk favorably for his ability to promote and achieve the major items on his presidential agenda. He has also been criticized for leading the country into a war with Mexico that exacerbated

2925:

The conflict Polk engineered became the transformative event of the era. It not only changed the nation but also created a new generation of leaders, for good and for ill. In the military,

1525:

The campaign was vitriolic; both major party candidates were accused of various acts of malfeasance; Polk was accused of being both a duelist and a coward. The most damaging smear was the

1180:

as the new Ways and Means chair, although he tried to maintain the speaker's traditional nonpartisan appearance. The two major issues during Polk's speakership were slavery and, after the

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as Secretary of War. The members worked well together, and few replacements were necessary. One reshuffle was required in 1846 when Bancroft, who wanted a diplomatic posting, became

1176:

As Speaker of the House, Polk worked for the policies of Jackson and later Van Buren. Polk appointed committees with Democratic chairs and majorities, including the New York radical

1273:

U.S. senators with Democrats. Polk's tenure was hindered by the continuing nationwide economic crisis that had followed the Panic of 1837 and which had caused Van Buren to lose the

835:

as a second-semester sophomore. The Polk family had connections with the university, then a small school of about 80 students; Samuel was its land agent in Tennessee and his cousin

2210:, Buchanan's chief clerk, to accompany Scott's army and negotiate a peace treaty with Mexican leaders. Trist was instructed to seek the cession of Alta California, New Mexico, and 2278:

in a cession of Alta California. Provisions included the Rio Grande border and a $ 15 million payment to Mexico. On February 2, 1848, Trist and the Mexican delegation signed the

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Opposed by conviction to Federal funding for internal improvements, Polk stood strongly against all such bills. Congress, in 1847, passed another internal improvements bill; he

1830:, which was not acceptable to Britain, as it had commercial interests along the Columbia River. Britain's preferred partition was unacceptable to Polk, as it would have awarded 1253:", easily winning both the national vote and that in Tennessee. Polk campaigned in vain for Van Buren and was embarrassed by the outcome; Jackson, who had returned to his home, 797:, who had already served as a judge and in Congress. James learned from the political talk around the dinner table; both Samuel and Ezekiel were strong supporters of President 12431: 11500: 10267: 9070: 7395: 1722:

government myself rather than intrust the public business to subordinates, and this makes my duties very great." When he took office on March 4, 1845, Polk, at 49, became the

1826:

Rather than war over the distant and unsettled territory, Washington and London negotiated amicably. Previous U.S. administrations had offered to divide the region along the

9780: 2847:

James Polk is today widely seen as a successful president; he is regarded as a man of destiny and a political chess master, who, through extraordinary diligence, worked to

1971:

to Mexico to purchase New Mexico and California for $ 30 million, as well as securing Mexico's agreement to a Rio Grande border. Mexican opinion was hostile and President

2642:

Despite Polk's anger at Buchanan, he eventually offered the Secretary of State the seat, but Buchanan, after some indecision, turned it down. Polk subsequently nominated

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in exchange for being the new Secretary of State. Polk had in August 1824 declared his candidacy for the following year's election to the House of Representatives from

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ill that he went ashore for four days, staying in a hotel. A doctor assured him he did not have cholera, and Polk arrived in Nashville on April 2 to a huge reception.

1953:. American land and naval forces were both ordered to respond to any Mexican aggression but to avoid provoking a war. Polk thought Mexico would give in under duress. 1435:

of Pennsylvania. Dallas was acceptable enough to all factions and gained the nomination on the third ballot. The delegates passed a platform and adjourned on May 30.

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Polk's historic reputation was initially formed by the attacks made on him in his own time. Whig politicians claimed that he was drawn from well-deserved obscurity.

2785:, due to a legal requirement related to his infectious disease death. Polk was then moved to a tomb on the grounds of Polk Place (as specified in his will) in 1850. 6437: 2905:

diplomatic scheme, he proceeded as confidently as a sleepwalker through a maze of obstacles and hazards to the peace settlement he had intended from the beginning.

2623:; his replacement was expected to come from his native New England. Because Story's death had occurred while the Senate was not in session, Polk was able to make a 13146: 11533: 10287: 10282: 2745:. He was enthusiastically received and banqueted. By the time the Polks reached Alabama, he was suffering from a bad cold, and soon became concerned by reports of 2082:

to California with orders to foment a pro-American rebellion that could be used to justify annexation of the territory. After meeting with Gillespie, Army captain

1644:

While his domestic aims represented continuity with past Democratic policies, successful completion of Polk's foreign policy goals would represent the first major

3035:, he also condemned southern agitation on the issue, and he accused both northern and southern leaders of attempting to use the slavery issue for political gain. 895:, he was commissioned in the Tennessee militia as a captain in the cavalry regiment of the 5th Brigade. He was later appointed a colonel on the staff of Governor 13291: 3833: 2656: 11914: 5704:

Searches run from page by choosing "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then select type of court and James K. Polk.

12138: 8069: 6878: 3020: 2974:. Four years later Polk sold his Somerville plantation and, together with his brother-in-law, bought 920 acres (3.7 km) of land, a cotton plantation near 683: 1040:

Polk won re-election in 1827 and continued to oppose the Adams administration. He remained in close touch with Jackson, and when Jackson ran for president in

13181: 10724: 7802: 7398: 6950:. Argues he misrepresented the strength of abolitionism, grossly exaggerated likelihood of slaves' massacring white families and seemed to condone secession. 2206:

of the city. The Mexicans expected that yellow fever and other tropical diseases would weaken the U.S. forces. With the capture of Veracruz, Polk dispatched

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where he took part in debates, became its president, and learned the art of oratory. In one address, he warned that some American leaders were flirting with

808:

Polk suffered from frail health as a child, a particular disadvantage in a frontier society. His father took him to see prominent Philadelphia physician Dr.

561: 172: 7247: 2832:. McCormac relied heavily on Polk's presidential diary, first published in 1909. When historians began ranking the presidents in 1948, Polk ranked tenth in 2319:

December, California and New Mexico were in U.S. hands, and Polk in his annual message urged the establishment of territorial governments in all three. The

9957: 7737: 7704: 7418: 7406: 7239: 5399:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

3864: 3640: 2229:. With the Americans at the gates of Mexico City, Trist negotiated with commissioners, but the Mexicans were willing to give up little. Scott prepared 1510:

dissolved, and that Polk would act against the 1842 tariff and promote Texas annexation. Reassured on these points, Calhoun became a strong supporter.

1246: 13241: 12131: 7562: 2522: 2152:

To try to bring the war to a quick end, in July 1846 Polk considered supporting a potential coup led by the exiled Mexican former president, General

2945:

all first experienced military command in Mexico. It was there that they learned the basis of the strategy and tactics that dominated the Civil War.

13251: 13201: 13017: 10335: 10121: 10104: 2335:

In December 1848, Polk sought to establish territorial governments in California and New Mexico, a task made especially urgent by the onset of the

1600:(170–105), Polk proceeded to implement his campaign promises. He presided over a country whose population had doubled every twenty years since the 2141:. In early 1847, though, Polk was successful in passing a bill raising further regiments, and he also finally won approval for the appropriation. 2078:

towards Santa Fe, to territory beyond the original claims in Texas. In 1845, Polk, fearful of French or British intervention, had sent Lieutenant

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concluded, "and to take in the western and southwestern expanse included in it, is to see the magnitude of Polk's presidential accomplishments."

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newspaper, the semi-official organ of the Democratic Party, from attacking Tyler. These proved enough; Tyler withdrew from the race in August.

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for Congress's regular session in December 1825, he roomed in Benjamin Burch's boarding house with other Tennessee representatives, including

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When the convention adjourned after the seventh ballot, Pillow, who had been waiting for an opportunity to press Polk's name, conferred with

1506:

visited Tennessee and came to Columbia for two days and to the Hermitage for sessions with the increasingly ill Jackson. Calhoun wanted the

891:. The election was in August 1823, almost a year away, allowing him ample time for campaigning. Already involved locally as a member of the 13206: 13062: 13037: 13002: 12977: 12436: 11526: 8933: 8913: 8893: 8873: 8853: 8833: 8813: 8793: 8773: 8753: 8733: 8713: 8693: 8673: 8648: 8628: 8608: 8588: 8568: 8548: 8528: 8508: 8488: 8468: 8448: 8428: 8408: 8388: 8368: 4462: 2036:

After the initial skirmishes, Taylor and much of his army marched away from the river to secure the supply line, leaving a makeshift base,

1871: 1376:

Buren had done the same thing. Van Buren did this because he feared losing his base of support in the Northeast, but his supporters in the

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The Diary of a President, 1845–1849: Covering the Mexican War, the Acquisition of Oregon, and the Conquest of California and the Southwest

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in Nashville. In March 2017, the Tennessee Senate approved a resolution considered a "first step" toward relocating the Polks' remains to

1533:

newspaper, part of a book detailing fictional travels through the South of a Baron von Roorback, an imaginary German nobleman. The Ithaca

1157:

circles." The prestige of the speakership caused them to move from a boarding house to their own residence on Pennsylvania Avenue. In the

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and in sub-treasuries in various cities, separate from private or state banks. The system would remain in place until the passage of the

832: 644: 410: 3869: 13276: 13032: 13022: 13007: 2998:; the agent within weeks resold the younger boy to Polk's profit. The year 1847 saw the purchase of nine more. Three he purchased from 2631:

of New Hampshire, and when the Senate reconvened in December 1845, Woodbury was confirmed. Polk's initial nominee for Baldwin's seat,

2350:(March 3, 1849). He feared the federal government usurping power over public lands from the states. Nevertheless, he signed the bill. 13072: 13012: 12997: 10179: 9312: 7970: 7742: 7729: 7709: 7422: 7410: 5955: 984: 279: 271: 1427:. Having declined by proxy an almost certain presidential nomination, Wright also refused the vice-presidential nomination. Senator 733:. He was the first of 10 children born into a family of farmers. His mother Jane named him after her father, James Knox. His father 13306: 13105: 13057: 13042: 12203: 12163: 12159: 12155: 10189: 10184: 10164: 7928: 7583: 7470: 7460: 7455: 2848: 2793: 2672: 2347: 1323: 1302: 1298: 1158: 1078: 1041: 960: 624: 5419:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

13166: 13115: 13082: 13077: 13067: 13052: 12475: 12400: 12009: 11519: 10220: 8945: 7373: 7352: 7225: 1727: 1101:

against South Carolina, which had claimed the authority to nullify federal tariffs. The matter was settled by Congress passing a

13047: 11956: 10400: 10385: 10067: 7687: 7079: 7071: 1645: 1335:

policies had hurt their section of the country. Many Southerners backed Calhoun's candidacy, Westerners rallied around Senator

896: 612: 216: 7020: 5905: 5558: 3006: 2961:

depicted later in life was a valet to James Polk, being the only known image of a person domestically enslaved by the Polks.

1949:

Following annexation in 1845, Polk began preparations for a potential war, sending an army to Texas, led by Brigadier General

1257:, near Nashville, was horrified at the prospect of a Whig administration. In the 1840 election, Polk received one vote from a 13161: 10272: 9937: 7578: 7204: 7171: 7100: 6998: 6861: 6826: 6800: 6776: 6762: 6752: 6728: 6703: 6645: 6592: 6543: 6522: 6461: 6429: 6405: 5932: 1976: 1554:, who got more votes in New York than Polk's margin of victory. Had Clay won New York, he would have been elected president. 844: 712: 13301: 13087: 10328: 8173: 2706:

remaining at his desk at the White House. He did remove some Van Buren supporters from federal office during the campaign.

2646:

of Pittsburgh, who won confirmation. Justice Woodbury died in 1851, but Grier served until 1870 and in the slavery case of

2432: 1254: 821: 7304: 6841: 13176: 13151: 12816: 12353: 12311: 12179: 12097: 9947: 8920: 8900: 8880: 8860: 8840: 8820: 8800: 8780: 8760: 8740: 8720: 8700: 8680: 8655: 8635: 8615: 8595: 8575: 8555: 8535: 8515: 8495: 8475: 8455: 8435: 8415: 8395: 8375: 8355: 8342: 8329: 8316: 8303: 8290: 8277: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8160: 8147: 8134: 8121: 8108: 8095: 8082: 7465: 7450: 7323: 2694: 1386: 1319: 1313: 1233: 91: 1438:

Many contemporary politicians, including Pillow and Bancroft, later claimed credit for getting Polk the nomination, but

13286: 12836: 11613: 7588: 3415: 2635:, was rejected by the Senate in January 1846, in large part due to the opposition of Buchanan and Pennsylvania Senator 2528: 2470: 1352: 888: 789:; Samuel Polk and his family followed in 1806. The Polk clan dominated politics in Maury County and in the new town of 3823: 3411: 2788:

Then, in 1893, the bodies of James and Sarah Polk were relocated to their current resting place on the grounds of the

1550:

Carolina. However, he won Pennsylvania and New York, where Clay lost votes to the antislavery Liberty Party candidate

12766: 12686: 11904: 11733: 10022: 6968: 3056:

Samuel Polk died in 1827; his widow lived until 1852, surviving her oldest son by three years. See Dusinberre, p. xi.

2967: 1845:, Tyler's minister in London, had informally proposed dividing the territory at the 49th parallel with the strategic 1416: 964: 963:, Jackson got the most electoral votes (he also led in the popular vote) but as he did not receive a majority in the 656: 7056: 975:, who had received the second-most of each. Polk, like other Jackson supporters, believed that Speaker of the House 13171: 12756: 12173: 12078: 11981: 10922: 10889: 10242: 10174: 10131: 9638: 9093: 8993: 7993: 7919: 7888: 7795: 3377: 1265:'s vote for vice president. Harrison's death after a month in office in 1841 left the presidency to Vice President 1141: 1065: 979:

had traded his support as fourth-place finisher (the House may only choose from among the top three) to Adams in a

887:

By the time the legislature adjourned its session in September 1822, Polk was determined to be a candidate for the

628: 354: 195: 11511: 2290:, and some later minor adjustments, the territorial acquisitions under Polk established the modern borders of the 1849:

granted to the British, thus allowing an opening to the Pacific. But when the new British minister in Washington,

1153:

that New England would support him for speaker. They were successful; Polk defeated Bell to take the speakership.

13221: 12906: 12856: 12786: 12726: 12706: 12586: 12556: 12506: 12371: 10708: 10672: 10645: 10321: 10042: 9987: 9952: 9822: 9028: 7812: 7251: 6145: 5554: 2797: 2108: 1878:, good trade relations with the U.S. were more important to Aberdeen than a distant territory. In February 1846, 1597: 1274: 1262: 1034: 996: 664: 6108:

Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), 579.

927:

Polk's first mentor was Grundy, but in the legislature, Polk came increasingly to oppose him on such matters as

13236: 13191: 12746: 12676: 12626: 12576: 12526: 12484: 12047: 12028: 11969: 10682: 10348: 10062: 10027: 9942: 9932: 9892: 9583: 8963: 8043: 7856: 7384: 7376: 2004: 1074: 557: 443: 72: 6001: 2153: 2068: 1483:

came to Columbia, armed with specific questions on Polk's views regarding the current tariff, the Whig-passed

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of Pennsylvania, previously a firm supporter of Polk's administration, offered an amendment to the bill, the

2060: 1661: 1364: 968: 6471:

Chaffin, Tom (1995). ""Sons of Washington": Narciso López, Filibustering, and U.S. Nationalism, 1848–1851".

1979:, a hard-liner who pledged to take back Texas. Dispatches from Slidell warned Washington that war was near. 1447:" presidential nominee, although his nomination was less of a surprise than that of future nominees such as 1351:

against Mexico in 1836. With the republic largely populated by American emigres, those on both sides of the

13311: 13186: 12926: 12806: 12776: 12666: 12646: 12566: 11965: 10210: 10017: 9907: 9852: 9807: 9731: 8999: 8987: 8981: 8957: 5426: 5406: 2817: 2660: 2419: 2367: 2168: 2053: 1972: 1786:

is absent. This was the first photograph taken in the White House, and the first of a presidential Cabinet.

1502:

Party troubles were a third concern. Polk and Calhoun made peace when a former South Carolina congressman,

1000: 952: 696: 1057:

projects, was written by Polk, but he denied this, stating that the message was entirely the President's.

12896: 12866: 12606: 12536: 12468: 12340: 11823: 10869: 10839: 9837: 9812: 8969: 8949: 7547: 7504: 7345: 2894: 2279: 2258: 2157: 1732: 1627: 1563: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 774: 31: 6914:

Currie, David P., and Emily E. Kadens. "President Polk on Internal Improvements: The Undelivered Veto."

6655:

Lee, Ronald C. Jr. (2002). "Justifying Empire: Pericles, Polk, and a Dilemma of Democratic Leadership".

5804: 2095: 13321: 12946: 12936: 12916: 12886: 12696: 12546: 12321: 12259: 11949: 11803: 11758: 10701: 10237: 9997: 9972: 9877: 9842: 9673: 9046: 9040: 9034: 7004:

Morrison, Michael A. "Martin Van Buren, the Democracy, and the Partisan Politics of Texas Annexation".

1526: 1166: 660: 637: 17: 12616: 5848: 2734:, to end in Nashville. Polk had two years previously arranged to buy a house there, afterwards dubbed 1678:

of Pennsylvania, whose ambition for the presidency was well-known, as Secretary of State. Tennessee's

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A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent

2837: 2833: 2465:

passing the bill would encourage legislators to compete for favors for their home district—a type of

2390: 2211: 2194:. Continuing beyond Saltillo, Taylor's army fought a larger Mexican force, led by Santa Anna, in the 931:, and came to support the policies of Andrew Jackson, by then a military hero for his victory at the 742: 730: 722: 717: 316: 6079:

A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent

1886:

in 1859. Polk and most of his Cabinet were prepared to accept the proposal. The Senate ratified the

1280:

Encouraged by the success of Harrison's campaign, the Whigs ran a freshman legislator from frontier

12596: 12516: 11623: 11573: 10099: 10052: 10037: 10012: 9917: 9857: 9832: 9802: 9792: 9760: 9320: 7532: 7314: 7234: 6919: 6090:

Paul H. Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 51.

2975: 2291: 1961: 1939: 1328: 1281: 1250: 1185: 1069: 581: 2218:. Trist was authorized to make a payment of up to $ 30 million in exchange for these concessions. 1649: 1126:, and Polk got legislation passed to allow the sale of the government's stock in the Second Bank. 1084:

Like most Southerners, Polk favored low tariffs on imported goods, and initially sympathized with

980: 824:

near his home in 1813 and enrolled in the Zion Church Academy. He then entered Bradley Academy in

12956: 11934: 11643: 11102: 10952: 10395: 10116: 9927: 9867: 9797: 9187: 9077: 9052: 7780: 7557: 7517: 7485: 3005:

Discipline for those owned by Polk varied over time. At the Tennessee plantation, he employed an

2789: 2782: 2723: 2461: 2359: 2122: 2103: 1883: 1875: 1801: 1634: 1480: 1209: 1177: 825: 786: 741:

descent. The Polks had immigrated to America in the late 17th century, settling initially on the

648: 494: 344: 10693: 7221: 7013: 6983: 6947: 4466: 3179: 687: 13136: 12582: 12461: 12344: 12291: 12244: 11743: 11723: 11558: 10146: 10141: 10002: 9882: 9847: 9513: 8346: 8320: 8307: 8259: 8255: 8142: 8103: 7752: 7658: 7542: 7338: 6605:(2010). "The Policy-Driven Leadership of James K. Polk: Making the Most of a Weak Presidency". 5983:"House narrowly approves resolution seeking to relocate tomb of former President James K. Polk" 5417: 5397: 4533: 3644: 2731: 2648: 2363: 2234: 2230: 2215: 2079: 1917:

and the disputed territory between Mexico and Texas in red. Mexico claimed to own all of Texas.

1368: 1242: 1237: 1216:

state Democratic Party, Polk undertook his first statewide campaign, He opposed Whig incumbent

1149: 1089: 867: 836: 782: 738: 257: 1914: 12812: 12382: 11942: 11563: 10799: 10749: 10465: 10344: 10007: 9962: 9862: 9578: 8519: 8499: 8479: 8459: 8403: 7892: 7829: 7387: 3859: 3247: 2994:

between 12 and 17. The 17-year-old and one of the 12-year-olds were purchased together at an

2971: 2615: 2394: 2195: 2094:. In August 1846, American forces under Kearny captured Santa Fe, capital of the province of 1984: 1492: 1390: 1343:

The biggest political issue in the United States at that time was territorial expansion. The

1045: 936: 932: 608: 565: 476: 129: 7289: 6140: 5691: 2214:, recognition of the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, and U.S. access across the 1705: 1674:

Polk did not want his Cabinet to contain presidential hopefuls, though he chose to nominate

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was also included. The treaty was ratified in 1848 and in the long run it facilitated the

8: 12762: 12682: 11763: 11633: 11202: 11182: 11032: 10912: 10560: 10435: 10225: 9518: 9508: 9342: 9247: 9235: 9205: 9199: 8272: 8246: 8207: 8203: 8181: 8021: 8011: 7762: 7284: 6847: 6443: 6099:

Sam W. Haynes, James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse (New York: Pearson, 2005), 211.

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This caused Polk to harden his position on Mexico, and he ordered an American landing at

2091: 2049: 2045: 1827: 1601: 1332: 1145: 1049: 948: 809: 790: 652: 207: 6974:

Kornblith, Gary J. "Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: a Counterfactual Exercise".

5559:"American President: A Reference Resource Key Events in the Presidency of James K. Polk" 2796:

in Columbia. Such a move would require approval by state lawmakers, the courts, and the

1975:

refused to receive Slidell. Herrera soon was deposed by a military coup led by General

12752: 11818: 11808: 11768: 11648: 11583: 11162: 11122: 11002: 10992: 10982: 10932: 10510: 10495: 10126: 9618: 9573: 9568: 9548: 9468: 9426: 9378: 9336: 9193: 9157: 9147: 9135: 9105: 8579: 8559: 8443: 8383: 8363: 8193: 8177: 8031: 8026: 8016: 6680: 6672: 6622: 6602: 6533: 6496: 6447: 6415: 3075: 2921:

Greenberg noted that Polk's war served as the training ground for that later conflict:

2856: 2741:

James and Sarah Polk progressed down the Atlantic coast, and then westward through the

2632: 2624: 2340: 2324: 2099: 2087: 1748: 1439: 852: 817: 700: 7280: 7174:. Fourteen volume. scholarly edition of the complete correspondence to and from Polk. 7125: 7114: 2693:

Honoring his pledge to serve only one term, Polk declined to seek re-election. At the

2083: 2048:, forcing the U.S. Army general to the attack if he hoped to relieve the fort. In the 13247:

Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee

12902: 12852: 12782: 12722: 12702: 12692: 12552: 12502: 11788: 11738: 11708: 11703: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11603: 11588: 11553: 11262: 11172: 11062: 10942: 10849: 10779: 10545: 10540: 10430: 10136: 9683: 9678: 9653: 9633: 9623: 9450: 9414: 9330: 9259: 9229: 9181: 9169: 9151: 9141: 9111: 8728: 8619: 8603: 8483: 8463: 8324: 8298: 7167: 7096: 7009: 6994: 6979: 6943: 6933: 6857: 6822: 6796: 6772: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6724: 6699: 6684: 6641: 6635: 6618: 6588: 6565: 6539: 6518: 6488: 6457: 6425: 6419: 6401: 2934: 2910: 2414: 2371: 2221:

In August 1847, as he advanced towards Mexico City, Scott defeated Santa Anna at the

2203: 2107:

break between Polk and the powerful Missouri senator (and father-in-law of Frémont),

2075: 1910: 1762:

Polk and his cabinet in the White House dining room, 1846. Front row, left to right:

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Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War

7017: 2781:

Polk's remains have been moved twice. After his death, he was buried in what is now

2603: 1584:

James and Sarah Polk on the portico of the White House alongside Secretary of State

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to be reported by telegraph, and first to be shown in a newspaper illustration (in

1432: 1428: 1372: 1357: 1348: 1225: 1162: 1133: 1026: 813: 802: 798: 756:. While Polk's mother remained a devout Presbyterian, his father, whose own father 593: 585: 539: 414: 97: 12453: 2488: 2398: 1967:

Polk hoped that a show of force would lead to negotiations. In late 1845, He sent

1747:

As well as appointing Cabinet officers to advise him, Polk made his sister's son,

1690:

also chose Mississippi Senator Walker as Secretary of the Treasury and New York's

1455:. Despite his party's gibes, Clay recognized that Polk could unite the Democrats. 1048:" such as a proposed Buffalo-to-New Orleans road, and he was pleased by Jackson's 866:, who became his first mentor. On September 20, 1819, he was elected clerk of the 615:

in 1825, becoming a strong supporter of Jackson. After serving as chairman of the

50: 12842: 12822: 12792: 12652: 12632: 12363: 12105: 12061: 11778: 11773: 11668: 11628: 11383: 11052: 11042: 11022: 11012: 10789: 10769: 10620: 10585: 10575: 10570: 10515: 10490: 10480: 10475: 10460: 10445: 10365: 9745: 9613: 9608: 9543: 9528: 9420: 9301: 9163: 8884: 8744: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8639: 8623: 8599: 8539: 8523: 8333: 8216: 8155: 8151: 8077: 7537: 7445: 7299: 7208: 7090: 7024: 6851: 6815: 6790: 6766: 6718: 6714: 6693: 6582: 6553: 6512: 6508: 6451: 3361: 2942: 2889: 2881: 2873: 2836:'s poll, and has subsequently ranked eighth in Schlesinger's 1962 poll, ninth in 2607: 2383: 2254: 2238: 2175: 1993: 1863: 1779: 1758: 1551: 1543: 1503: 1448: 1406: 1189: 1085: 921: 769: 671:

of 1846. The same year, he achieved his other major goal, reestablishment of the

643:

After a negotiation fraught with the risk of war, Polk reached a settlement with

597: 6954: 2302: 902: 13272:

Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee

12922: 12802: 12772: 12662: 12642: 12612: 12562: 12234: 11989: 11865: 11813: 11783: 11748: 11718: 11688: 11598: 11568: 11372: 11322: 11282: 10819: 10565: 10455: 10450: 10440: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10313: 9770: 9693: 9663: 9598: 9593: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9538: 9523: 9456: 9438: 9390: 9366: 9271: 9217: 8724: 8708: 8688: 8583: 8379: 8359: 8337: 8233: 8229: 8164: 8086: 8073: 7902: 7866: 7839: 7644: 7308: 7155: 7086: 6925: 3032: 2378:, built in the early 20th century. It also allowed for the construction of the 2207: 2179: 2134: 2063: 2041: 1950: 1842: 1815: 1783: 1675: 1589: 1585: 1484: 1398: 1322:, seeing it as a path to the presidency. Van Buren was the frontrunner for the 1285: 1102: 812:

for urinary stones. The journey was broken off by James's severe pain, and Dr.

794: 781:

In 1803, Ezekiel Polk led four of his adult children and their families to the

569: 164: 121: 12153: 6853:

Manifest Destinies: America's Westward Expansion and the Road to the Civil War

6668: 5669: 2249: 1596:

With a slender victory in the popular vote, but with a greater victory in the

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James K. Polk Presidential Papers Collection, The American Presidency Project

6569: 6492: 5647: 2999: 2926: 2885: 2652:(1857) wrote an opinion stating that slaves were property and could not sue. 2636: 2628: 2555: 2448: 1887: 1819: 1763: 1691: 1686: 1605: 1377: 1217: 1181: 910: 871: 765: 668: 580:. Polk is known for extending the territory of the United States through the 152: 2862:

Historian John C. Pinheiro, analyzing Polk's impact and legacy, wrote that:

2401:, who sought to invade and take over the island as a prelude to annexation. 12942: 12932: 12912: 12882: 12542: 12394: 12086: 12067: 11899: 11871: 11833: 11693: 11618: 11398: 11362: 11342: 11332: 10505: 9698: 9603: 9588: 9533: 9402: 9360: 9295: 8864: 8844: 8828: 8784: 8764: 8704: 8684: 8399: 8350: 7719: 7670: 7610: 2938: 2620: 2375: 2130: 1968: 1927: 1879: 1836: 1775: 1679: 1609: 1530: 1411: 863: 757: 753: 746: 3796: 2310: 1717:

Even before his inauguration, Polk wrote to Cave Johnson, "I intend to be

1623: – the Whigs had abolished the one created under Van Buren. 1064:" that developed over Jackson's opposition to the re-authorization of the 947:

The house where Polk spent his young adult life before his presidency, in

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The Young America movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party

3028: 2995: 2824: 2812: 2801: 2481: 2086:

led settlers in northern California to overthrow the Mexican garrison in

1831: 1573: 1140:. With Jackson's support, Polk ran for speaker against fellow Tennessean 1054: 1030: 928: 892: 874:, a severe depression. His law practice subsidized his political career. 734: 691: 396: 7136: 6895: 6626: 3104: 2500: 2426:

In his inaugural address, Polk called upon Congress to re-establish the

1236:

in Baltimore in May. Polk hoped to be the replacement if Vice President

690:

divides. A property owner who used slave labor, he kept a plantation in

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A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico

6500: 4465:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from 2958: 2761: 2742: 2735: 2114: 2037: 1923: 1444: 1336: 1266: 1098: 976: 951:, is his only private residence still standing. It is now known as the 848: 633: 620: 109: 13332:

Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

7305:

President James K. Polk State Historic Site, Pineville, North Carolina

6991:

James K. Polk: A Political Biography to the End of a Career, 1845–1849

1905: 30:"James Polk" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see 12952: 11882: 11877: 11838: 11352: 11302: 10972: 9765: 9755: 9727: 9703: 9283: 9123: 8904: 8888: 8868: 8848: 6902:

Met His Every Goal? James K. Polk and the Legends of Manifest Destiny

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alliance of Northerners. In 1848 Polk signed a bill to establish the

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his running mate. A Kentucky slaveholder at a time when opponents of

1123: 604: 222: 7265: 7143:

Mr. Polk's army: the American military experience in the Mexican war

6484: 5692:"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789–present" 3359: 2323:

had settled the issue of the geographic reach of slavery within the

1956: 1340:

Buren/Polk ticket could carry Tennessee, but found him unconvinced.

793:. Samuel became a county judge, and the guests at his home included 173:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

11192: 9241: 8928: 8439: 7962: 7440: 7269: 7248:

Extensive essay on James K. Polk and short essays on his presidency

7131:

Stenberg, Richard R. "President Polk and the Annexation of Texas."

6938:

Dusinberre, William. "President Polk and the Politics of Slavery".

3801: 2718: 2191: 1568: 1061: 1004: 13257:

Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives

11964: 7039:

Secret agents: President Polk and the search for peace with Mexico

2473:. In this regard he followed his hero Jackson, who had vetoed the 2274:

successfully haggled for the inclusion of the important harbor of

2144: 2040:. On the way back to the Rio Grande, Mexican forces under General 768:, and a belief in the imperfection of human nature", according to 10723: 8804: 8788: 8768: 6453:

The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush

2746: 2339:. The divisive issue of slavery blocked the idea. Finally in the 2265:(in orange) was acquired through purchase after Polk left office. 1810: 1431:

of Mississippi, a close Polk ally, then suggested former senator

1204: 943: 676: 7330: 2389:

In mid-1848, President Polk authorized his ambassador to Spain,

2163: 1580: 1108: 729:

James Knox Polk was born on November 2, 1795, in a log cabin in

13197:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

11543:

Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means

7318: 6744:

The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War

5553: 5432: 3082:

on January 3, 1846, and received commission on January 3, 1846.

2841: 2588: 1612:. However, sectional divisions became worse during his tenure. 655:. He oversaw victory in the Mexican–American War, resulting in 6792:

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845

5906:"Plan to dig up President Polk's body – again – stirs trouble" 2701:

nominated Zachary Taylor for president and former congressman

1744:

safeguard America's rights there and to protect the settlers.

855:, a foe of Jefferson. Polk graduated with honors in May 1818. 6890:

Bergeron, Paul H. "President Polk and economic legislation."

6479:(1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 79–108. 2954: 2876:(1867), were the only major U.S. expansions until the 1890s. 2685: 2610:, one of President Polk's two appointees to the Supreme Court 2306:

United States states and territories when Polk entered office

1467:

1844 campaign banner for the Polk/Dallas ticket, produced by

1363:

Clay was nominated for president by acclamation at the April

761: 7495: 6768:

Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence

3078:; formally nominated on December 23, 1845, confirmed by the 2990:

does not concern the public, you will keep it to yourself".

2757: 1822:

split between the Americans and British at the 49th parallel

1655: 1615:

Polk set four clearly defined goals for his administration:

843:, who became the first Governor of Florida. Polk joined the 7198:

The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845–1849

5956:"Tennessee votes to keep Polk's grave where it is, for now" 5929:"Tennessee Legislators Vote To Move President Polk's Grave" 5876:"James K Polk: The dead president who never rests in peace" 3065:

Jackson had served in both houses of Congress in the 1790s.

1060:

Polk served as Jackson's most prominent House ally in the "

545: 13232:

Candidates in the 1844 United States presidential election

12339: 5849:"Exhibit features 'Polk Place: Presidential Legacy Lost?'" 2314:

United States states and territories when Polk left office

2098:, without firing a shot. Almost simultaneously, Commodore 7232: 2244: 1318:

Despite his loss, Polk was determined to become the next

651:, with the territory for the most part divided along the 6421:

Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America

3824:"Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President (1837–1841)" 560:, serving from 1845 to 1849. He also served as the 13th 6909:

Who Is James K. Polk? The Presidential Election of 1844

2657:

United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

13317:

Speakers of the United States House of Representatives

13262:

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees

6879:

Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

6535:

Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk

3782: 3780: 2764:, briefly James Polk's home and long that of his widow 2738:, that had once belonged to his mentor, Felix Grundy. 2655:

Polk appointed eight other federal judges, one to the

7954: 6993:. Univ. of California Press, 1922. (1995 reprint has 5078:

The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War

682:

Though he is relatively obscure today, scholars have

548: 7240:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

6986:. Asks what if Polk had not gone to war with Mexico. 3170:

Rawley, James A. (February 2000). "Polk, James K.".

2386:

and was a counterweight to British influence there.

542: 278: 270: 12483: 5283: 5281: 3777: 3668: 3666: 2713: 2237:. War opponents were also active; Whig Congressman 1709:The inauguration of James K. Polk, as shown in the 13327:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni 7092:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 6814: 7563:List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk 7034:(Harvard University Press, 2014) pp. 97–123. 6698:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. 6695:James K. Polk: A Clear and Unquestionable Destiny 6514:Panama and the United States: The Forced Alliance 6081:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 1-2, 224. 5080:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017, p 88. 3889: 3887: 3770: 3768: 2523:List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk 1726:to that point. Polk's inauguration was the first 556:; November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th 13337:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 13128: 10343: 7179:Correspondence of James K. Polk: Digital Edition 7154:Material that may be of interest but constitute 7030:Moten, Matthew. "Polk against His Generals." in 6904:(University of Tennessee Press; 2014) 124 pages. 6771:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 5513: 5511: 5278: 4391: 4389: 3865:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 3663: 2722:James K. Polk's tomb lies on the grounds of the 2044:attempted to block Taylor's way as other troops 1922:Texas, and would fix its southern border at the 1165:, Jackson's chosen successor, defeated multiple 27:President of the United States from 1845 to 1849 13147:1840 United States vice-presidential candidates 7085: 6838:The Presidents and the Constitution, Volume One 6556:(1994). "The Election of James K. Polk, 1844". 6339: 6337: 6165: 6163: 5471: 5469: 5271: 5269: 5160: 5158: 4786: 4784: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4430: 4428: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4293: 4291: 1640:Acquire California and its harbors from Mexico. 699:gravely exacerbated, setting the stage for the 13292:People from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina 7202:Abridged version by Allan Nevins. 1929, online 6795:. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 6747:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri. 6002:"Capitol Commission: Not so fast on Polk move" 3950: 3932: 3884: 3765: 3702: 2346:Polk had misgivings about a bill creating the 2297: 1795: 1604:and which had reached demographic parity with 12469: 12139: 11950: 11527: 10725:Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives 10709: 10329: 7978: 7346: 5899: 5897: 5734: 5707: 5508: 5385: 4386: 3923: 3497: 3495: 3360:United States Department of the Army (1980). 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3300: 3298: 2840:'s 1996 poll, and 14th in the 2017 survey by 2807: 2527:Polk appointed the following justices to the 2455: 1109:Ways and Means Chair and Speaker of the House 882: 13182:19th-century presidents of the United States 7803:Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 7675: 7399:Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 7200:edited by Milo Milton Quaife, 4 vols. 1910. 6840:(New York University Press, 2020). 149–158. 6809: 6442: 6373: 6334: 6160: 6134: 6132: 6046: 5947: 5716: 5501: 5499: 5466: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5299: 5266: 5221: 5194: 5167: 5155: 5101: 5092: 5039: 5030: 5003: 4994: 4967: 4958: 4883: 4865: 4802: 4781: 4763: 4745: 4727: 4718: 4664: 4628: 4610: 4592: 4560: 4425: 4407: 4398: 4377: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4288: 4182: 4180: 4116: 4114: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3860:"1840 Presidential General Election Results" 3617: 3615: 3270: 3268: 3249:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 3110:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 831:In January 1816, Polk was admitted into the 603:After building a successful law practice in 142:October 14, 1839 – October 15, 1841 10195:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 10170:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 6965:Lady First: The World of Mrs. James K. Polk 5529: 5520: 5478: 5110: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 862:to study law under renowned trial attorney 833:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 737:was a farmer, slaveholder, and surveyor of 411:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 13111: 12476: 12462: 12146: 12132: 11957: 11943: 11534: 11520: 11495: 10716: 10702: 10678: 10336: 10322: 7985: 7971: 7353: 7339: 7128:; Pulitzer prize; still a standard source. 6637:James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse 6601: 6552: 6531: 5894: 5805:"James K. Polk: Life After The Presidency" 5457: 3603: 3585: 3567: 3492: 3474: 3456: 3378:"Daguerreotype of President and Mrs. Polk" 3325: 3295: 3286: 2966:planter, sending enslaved people to clear 1926:, as claimed by Texas, rather than at the 1208:Polk's gubernatorial portrait, painted by 49: 10180:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 7584:President James K. Polk Home & Museum 7145:. (Texas A&M University Press, 2001). 6846: 6577: 6538:. New York: Oxford University Press USA. 6129: 5496: 5376: 5362: 4177: 4111: 3959: 3941: 3612: 3531: 3265: 3222: 3180:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795 2681:Results of the 1848 presidential election 2418:Polk's official White House portrait, by 2178:, the most important Mexican port on the 2059:Polk distrusted the two senior officers, 1656:Transition, inauguration and appointments 1557: 1521:Results of the 1844 presidential election 1184:, the economy. Polk firmly enforced the " 877: 217:U.S. House of Representatives 185:December 7, 1835 – March 3, 1839 13242:Deaths from cholera in the United States 12160:1844 United States presidential election 10190:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 10185:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 10165:Democratic Attorneys General Association 7471:1844 United States presidential election 7461:James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign 7456:1840 United States presidential election 7076:James K. Polk, Continentalist, 1843–1846 6737: 6414: 6400:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. 6395: 6138: 5931:. Nashville Public Radio. Archived from 5824: 5822: 5412: 5392: 4933: 4931: 3316: 3231: 3213: 3116: 3027:criticized him as an instrument of the " 2953: 2811: 2756: 2717: 2684: 2676: 2673:1848 United States presidential election 2602: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2565: 2562: 2516: 2499: 2487: 2413: 2309: 2301: 2248: 2162: 2143: 2113: 2003: 1955: 1904: 1809: 1757: 1704: 1579: 1567: 1529:; in late August an item appeared in an 1516: 1462: 1307: 1303:James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign 1299:1844 United States presidential election 1203: 1199: 1169:candidates, including Tennessee Senator 1112: 961:1824 United States presidential election 942: 901: 716: 663:. He secured a substantial reduction of 600:after winning the Mexican–American War. 13252:Democratic Party governors of Tennessee 13202:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 12274: 12188: 10221:National Federation of Democratic Women 7290:James K. Polk's Personal Correspondence 7226:University of California, Santa Barbara 6836:Williams, Frank J. "James K. Polk." in 6761: 6691: 6517:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 6507: 6470: 5590:James K. Polk: a biographical companion 5435:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4059: 4057: 2970:land that his father had left him near 2031: After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1933: 828:, where he proved a promising student. 749:and then to the Carolina hill country. 562:speaker of the House of Representatives 379: 14: 13267:Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee 13129: 7743:Tennessee's 9th congressional district 7710:Tennessee's 6th congressional district 7181:(University of Virginia Press, 2021). 6785: 6633: 3346: 3344: 3186: 3169: 2245:Peace: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1894: 985:Tennessee's 6th congressional district 920:Beginning in early 1822, Polk courted 613:United States House of Representatives 235:March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1839 85:March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 12457: 12338: 12127: 11938: 11515: 10697: 10317: 10298:2018 House Caucus leadership election 10293:2006 House Caucus leadership election 7966: 7953: 7674: 7579:President James K. Polk Historic Site 7334: 7133:Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 6054:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 5980: 5903: 5846: 5819: 5433:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4928: 4901: 4856: 3836:from the original on October 29, 2020 3404: 2469:that he felt would spell doom to the 1073:Easterners. Polk, as a member of the 713:President James K. Polk Historic Site 7992: 7068:James K. Polk, Jacksonian, 1795–1843 6456:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5999: 5926: 4054: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 2830:James K. Polk: A Political Biography 2496:began in Polk's last days in office. 2353: 2074:Polk sent an army expedition led by 1999: 1960:Polk's presidential proclamation of 1870:When the British Foreign Secretary, 13207:American people of Scottish descent 7925:for President of the United States 7466:1844 Democratic National Convention 7451:1840 Democratic National Convention 7324:American Presidents: Life Portraits 7048:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. 6940:American Nineteenth Century History 6911:. University Press of Kansas, 2023. 6654: 5873: 5807:. John C. Pinheiro. October 4, 2016 3872:from the original on August 3, 2020 3341: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 2949: 2695:1848 Democratic National Convention 2666: 2019: United States territory, 1848 1458: 1387:1844 Democratic National Convention 1320:vice president of the United States 1314:1844 Democratic National Convention 1292: 1234:1840 Democratic National Convention 990: 967:, the election was thrown into the 858:After graduation, Polk returned to 839:was a trustee. Polk's roommate was 721:Reconstruction of the log cabin in 24: 13282:19th-century Tennessee politicians 13217:American people of British descent 13212:American people of English descent 7589:List of memorials to James K. Polk 7296:Inaugural Address of James K. Polk 7193:. Vol. 296. Capricorn Books, 1952. 7149: 7016:. Discusses the election of 1844. 6884: 6723:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6141:"James K. Polk: Impact and Legacy" 5561:. millercenter.org. Archived from 3416:White House Historical Association 3172:American National Biography Online 2404: 2257:(in red) was acquired through the 1987:. In April, after Mexican general 889:Tennessee House of Representatives 745:but later moving to south-central 25: 13348: 13277:19th-century American legislators 7955:Articles related to James K. Polk 7360: 7215: 7055:(ABDO, 2016) for middle schools. 5953: 4463:"President James Knox Polk, 1845" 2592:Associate Justice Levi Woodbury ( 2148:Antonio López de Santa Anna, 1847 1790: 1269:, who soon broke with the Whigs. 1136:resigned from Congress to become 971:, which chose Secretary of State 13110: 13101: 13100: 11999: 11913: 11494: 11484: 11483: 11408: 10677: 10668: 10667: 10654: 10243:High School Democrats of America 10175:Democratic Governors Association 10132:Congressional Progressive Caucus 8901:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 7654: 7653: 7494: 7315:"Life Portrait of James K. Polk" 7273: 6955:"The Boyhood of President Polk." 6619:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03808.x 6364: 6355: 6346: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6071: 6037: 6028: 6019: 5993: 5974: 5920: 5904:Burke, Sheila (March 24, 2017). 5867: 5840: 5831: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5725: 5684: 5662: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5582: 5569: 5547: 5538: 5487: 5448: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5290: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5212: 5203: 5185: 5176: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5083: 5070: 5061: 5048: 5021: 5012: 4985: 4976: 4949: 4940: 4919: 4910: 4892: 4874: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4793: 4772: 4754: 4736: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4619: 4601: 4583: 4574: 4551: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4416: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 3132: 3068: 2714:Post-presidency and death (1849) 2697:, Lewis Cass was nominated. The 2409: 1909:Map of Mexico in 1845, with the 1066:Second Bank of the United States 752:The Knox and Polk families were 568:from 1839 to 1841. A protégé of 564:from 1835 to 1839 and the ninth 538: 442: 13307:Presidents of the United States 12485:Presidents of the United States 10110:Steering and Outreach Committee 7298:from The Avalon Project at the 7281:James K. Polk: A Resource Guide 7257:Works by or about James K. Polk 7252:Miller Center of Public Affairs 7164:Correspondence of James K. Polk 6398:The Presidency of James K. Polk 6146:Miller Center of Public Affairs 6000:Lind, J.R. (November 9, 2018). 5847:Price, Tom (October 12, 2015). 5555:Miller Center of Public Affairs 4207: 4198: 4189: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3852: 3816: 3789: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3633: 3624: 3594: 3576: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3483: 3465: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3395: 3370: 3353: 3307: 3277: 3256: 3240: 3059: 2798:Tennessee Historical Commission 1117:Lithograph of Polk as speaker. 997:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 375: 13167:19th-century American diarists 7857:President of the United States 7771:House Ways and Means Committee 7377:President of the United States 6892:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6607:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6558:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 3204: 3195: 3098: 3050: 1944: 1138:Minister to the United Kingdom 1075:House Ways and Means Committee 558:president of the United States 519:House Ways and Means Committee 73:President of the United States 13: 1: 7738:U.S. House of Representatives 7705:U.S. House of Representatives 7688:U.S. House of Representatives 7513:Inauguration of James K. Polk 7292:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 7235:"James K. Polk (id: P000409)" 7041:(Taylor & Francis, 1988). 7032:Presidents and Their Generals 6958:Tennessee Historical Magazine 6856:. New York: Albert A. Knopf. 6587:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 6473:Journal of the Early Republic 6386: 5981:Ebert, Joel (April 9, 2018). 5962:. The Smithsonian Institution 5927:Sisk, Chas (March 27, 2017). 2699:1848 Whig National Convention 2661:United States district courts 2593: 2025: Mexican territory, 1848 1685:Tyler's last Navy Secretary, 1662:Inauguration of James K. Polk 1365:1844 Whig National Convention 1360:to overspread the continent. 1068:. The Second Bank, headed by 969:U.S. House of Representatives 906: 706: 56: 13162:19th-century American people 10211:College Democrats of America 6532:Dusinberre, William (2003). 6295:Dusinberre, pp. 17–18, 21–22 5427:American Antiquarian Society 5407:American Antiquarian Society 3797:"1840 Presidential Election" 3089: 3038: 2818:North Carolina State Capitol 2477:in 1830 on similar grounds. 2420:George Peter Alexander Healy 2332:and prohibit slavery in it. 2169:George Peter Alexander Healy 2090:in what became known as the 2054:Battle of Resaca de la Palma 1079:won easy re-election in 1832 1001:Presidency of Andrew Jackson 7: 13302:Presidency of James K. Polk 8174:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 7548:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 7272:(public domain audiobooks) 7122:The War with Mexico, Vol. 2 7111:The War with Mexico, Vol 1. 7095:. Wiley. pp. 195–290. 7082:; long scholarly biography. 7006:Journal of Southern History 6976:Journal of American History 6872: 6692:Leonard, Thomas M. (2000). 6126:Calabresi & Yoo, p. 141 2895:American National Biography 2298:Postwar and the territories 2280:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2259:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2235:annexation of all of Mexico 2158:Alexander Slidell Mackenzie 2154:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2069:Antonio López de Santa Anna 1796:Partition of Oregon Country 1774:. Back row, left to right: 1733:The Illustrated London News 1633:Acquire some or all of the 1621:Independent Treasury System 1564:Presidency of James K. Polk 1021:22nd United States Congress 1017:21st United States Congress 1013:20th United States Congress 1009:19th United States Congress 775:American National Biography 32:James Polk (disambiguation) 10: 13353: 13177:19th-century Presbyterians 13152:1840s in the United States 10288:2017 chairmanship election 10283:2005 chairmanship election 10238:Young Democrats of America 7001:.) hostile to Jacksonians. 6932:. Houghton Mifflin, 1943. 6930:The Year of Decision: 1846 6833:, short popular biography. 6713: 6424:. New York: Random House. 6396:Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). 6139:Pinheiro, John C. (2016). 5089:Borneman, pp. 229, 244–246 2849:promote American democracy 2808:Legacy and historical view 2776: 2670: 2614:The 1844 death of Justice 2520: 2456:Development of the country 2348:Department of the Interior 2167:Oil on canvas portrait by 1937: 1898: 1799: 1659: 1646:American territorial gains 1561: 1311: 1296: 1159:1836 presidential election 994: 883:Tennessee state legislator 710: 625:1844 presidential election 29: 13287:Methodists from Tennessee 13096: 12968: 12491: 12423: 12381: 12352: 12334: 12301: 12257: 12222: 12171: 12096: 12077: 12046: 12027: 12010:Secretary of the Treasury 12008: 11997: 11980: 11927:indicates acting chairman 11922: 11911: 11549: 11417: 11406: 10731: 10663: 10652: 10356: 10303:Weekly Democratic Address 10255: 10231:Stonewall Young Democrats 10203: 10157: 10092: 10081: 9779: 9496: 9311: 9062: 8944: 8042: 8002: 7960: 7932: 7917: 7909: 7899: 7886: 7878: 7873: 7863: 7854: 7846: 7836: 7827: 7819: 7809: 7800: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7759: 7749: 7734: 7726: 7716: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7632: 7597: 7571: 7503: 7492: 7433: 7368: 6989:McCormac, Eugene Irving. 6821:. New York: Times Books. 6669:10.1086/POLv34n4ms3235415 6268:Dusinberre, pp. 15–17, 32 5908:. Yahoo. Associated Press 5694:. Federal Judicial Center 5535:Seigenthaler, pp. 115–116 5526:Seigenthaler, pp. 113–114 5484:Seigenthaler, pp. 121–122 2838:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 2834:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 2391:Romulus Mitchell Saunders 2358:Polk's ambassador to the 743:Eastern Shore of Maryland 731:Pineville, North Carolina 723:Pineville, North Carolina 659:'s cession of the entire 572:, he was a member of the 527: 508: 500: 490: 482: 472: 467: 450: 438: 421: 406: 389: 360: 350: 340: 323: 317:Pineville, North Carolina 299: 294: 290: 263: 251: 239: 228: 213: 201: 189: 178: 170: 158: 146: 135: 127: 115: 103: 89: 78: 70: 66: 48: 41: 10058:Northern Mariana Islands 7874:Party political offices 7676:Offices and distinctions 7233:United States Congress. 7141:Winders, Richard Bruce. 5067:Merry, plate 27 caption. 4033:Borneman, pp. 81–82, 122 3043: 2976:Coffeeville, Mississippi 2816:A statue of Polk at the 2368:Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty 2343:the issue was resolved. 2292:Contiguous United States 2046:laid siege to Fort Texas 2013: Disputed territory 2008:Overview map of the war 1696:U.S. minister to Britain 1588:, and former first lady 1329:Midwestern United States 1251:Tippecanoe and Tyler Too 617:Ways and Means Committee 611:in 1823 and then to the 517:1833–1835: Chair of the 13172:19th-century Methodists 10268:Presidential candidates 7558:Rivers and Harbors Bill 7518:Oregon boundary dispute 7486:Tennessee State Capitol 7309:State of North Carolina 6953:Goodpasture, Albert V. 6634:Haynes, Sam W. (1997). 6361:Dusinberre, pp. 132–133 4231:Seigenthaler, pp. 90–91 3672:Seigenthaler, pp. 57–61 3630:Seigenthaler, pp. 55–56 3600:Seigenthaler, pp. 53–54 3564:Seigenthaler, pp. 47–48 3555:Seigenthaler, pp. 48–52 3519:Seigenthaler, pp. 45–47 3489:Seigenthaler, pp. 38–39 2790:Tennessee State Capitol 2783:Nashville City Cemetery 2749:—a passenger on Polk's 2724:Tennessee State Capitol 2659:, and seven to various 2462:Rivers and Harbors Bill 2360:Republic of New Granada 2123:Richard Caton Woodville 1973:José Joaquín de Herrera 1876:repeal of the Corn Laws 1802:Oregon boundary dispute 1711:Illustrated London News 826:Murfreesboro, Tennessee 787:Maury County, Tennessee 649:disputed Oregon Country 584:during his presidency, 345:Tennessee State Capitol 13222:American Presbyterians 12583:William Henry Harrison 12292:Theodore Frelinghuysen 10147:Problem Solvers Caucus 10142:New Democrat Coalition 8996:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 7543:All of Mexico Movement 7266:Works by James K. Polk 7162:Cutler, Wayne, et al. 7120:Smith, Justin Harvey. 7109:Smith, Justin Harvey. 7008:61.4 (1995): 695–724. 6554:Eisenhower, John S. D. 5785:Borneman, pp. 338–343 5610:Woodworth, pp. 319–321 5454:Pletcher, pp. 571–574. 5373:Conniff, pp. 19–20, 33 5254:Greenberg, pp. 260–261 5191:Woodworth, pp. 276–296 5027:Woodworth, pp. 235–237 4898:Woodworth, pp. 160–166 4853:Greenberg, pp. 101–104 4817:Woodworth, pp. 146–148 4589:Bergeron, pp. 115–116 4534:"James Polk's cabinet" 3645:Tennessee State Museum 3412:"Sarah Childress Polk" 2962: 2947: 2907: 2869: 2820: 2765: 2732:Southern United States 2726: 2690: 2682: 2649:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2611: 2600: 2505: 2504:Polk's cabinet in 1849 2497: 2471:virtue of the republic 2423: 2364:Benjamin Alden Bidlack 2315: 2307: 2266: 2216:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 2171: 2149: 2125: 2080:Archibald H. Gillespie 2033: 1964: 1918: 1823: 1787: 1714: 1713:, v. 6, April 19, 1845 1671:willing to step down. 1593: 1577: 1558:Presidency (1845–1849) 1522: 1471: 1369:Theodore Frelinghuysen 1243:William Henry Harrison 1238:Richard Mentor Johnson 1212: 1150:Joel Barlow Sutherland 1118: 1090:Tariff of Abominations 956: 917: 878:Early political career 868:Tennessee State Senate 726: 607:, Polk was elected to 258:Harvey Magee Watterson 13237:Converts to Methodism 13192:American nationalists 12813:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12098:Secretary of the Navy 11442:Democratic-Republican 10345:Governor of Tennessee 7893:Governor of Tennessee 7830:Governor of Tennessee 7388:Governor of Tennessee 7207:May 24, 2012, at the 7189:Polk, James K. Polk: 7037:Nelson, Anna Kasten. 7023:May 24, 2012, at the 6978:90.1 (2003): 76–105. 6640:. New York: Longman. 6331:Dusinberre, pp. 77–79 6322:Dusinberre, pp. 32–41 6313:Dusinberre, pp. 28–31 6304:Dusinberre, pp. 20–21 6250:Dusinberre, pp. 13–15 6214:Pletcher, pp. 606–607 6043:Borneman, pp. 352–353 6006:The Tennessee Journal 5855:. Columbia, Tennessee 5767:Bergeron, pp. 257–258 5749:Bergeron, pp. 254–257 5731:Bergeron, pp. 253–254 5637:Bergeron, pp. 164–166 5619:Bergeron, pp. 163–164 5601:Bergeron, pp. 196–198 5493:Bergeron, pp. 191–193 5350:Bergeron, pp. 210–211 5296:Bergeron, pp. 202–205 5263:Bergeron, pp. 104–105 5236:Borneman, pp. 308–309 5182:Pletcher, pp. 518–520 5134:Borneman, pp. 249–252 5125:Borneman, pp. 247–248 4925:Borneman, pp. 254–256 4880:Borneman, pp. 205–206 4778:Borneman, pp. 190–192 4706:Pletcher, pp. 411–412 4697:Pletcher, pp. 407–410 4643:Bergeron, pp. 122–123 4607:Bergeron, pp. 116–118 4514:Bergeron, pp. 230–232 4505:Borneman, pp. 142–143 4496:Borneman, pp. 141–142 4324:Dusinberre, pp. 12–13 4306:Borneman, pp. 121–122 4285:Borneman, pp. 122–123 4258:Borneman, pp. 117–120 4204:Borneman, pp. 111–114 4195:Borneman, pp. 355–356 4156:Borneman, pp. 104–108 4147:Borneman, pp. 102–106 3641:"Democrats vs. Whigs" 2972:Somerville, Tennessee 2957: 2923: 2902: 2864: 2815: 2760: 2721: 2689:Polk around 1848–1849 2688: 2680: 2606: 2591: 2517:Judicial appointments 2503: 2491: 2417: 2313: 2305: 2252: 2196:Battle of Buena Vista 2166: 2147: 2117: 2007: 1985:Matamoros, Tamaulipas 1959: 1908: 1813: 1782:. Secretary of State 1761: 1708: 1660:Further information: 1583: 1571: 1520: 1493:Francis Preston Blair 1466: 1391:Gideon Johnson Pillow 1349:successfully revolted 1308:Democratic nomination 1247:a rollicking campaign 1207: 1200:Governor of Tennessee 1116: 1088:'s opposition to the 1046:internal improvements 1025:When Polk arrived in 995:Further information: 946: 937:Tennessee Legislature 933:Battle of New Orleans 913:of James K. Polk and 905: 851:ideals, singling out 801:and opponents of the 720: 711:Further information: 697:free and slave states 609:its state legislature 566:governor of Tennessee 483:Years of service 460:Napoleon of the Stump 130:Governor of Tennessee 13227:Burials in Tennessee 12833:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12428:Other 1844 elections 11401: (2023–present) 10048:District of Columbia 8721:1984 (San Francisco) 8616:1964 (Atlantic City) 8396:1920 (San Francisco) 7781:Churchill Cambreleng 7623:William Hawkins Polk 7605:Sarah Childress Polk 7533:Mexican–American War 6848:Woodworth, Steven E. 6444:Calabresi, Steven G. 5960:Smithsonian Magazine 5935:on December 14, 2017 5359:Borneman, pp. 334–45 5218:Leonard, pp. 177–178 5143:Leonard, pp. 174–175 5056:Santa Anna of Mexico 4937:Seigenthaler, p. 134 4826:Greenberg, pp. 78–79 4799:Greenberg, pp. 76–77 3510:Merry, pp. 30, 39–40 3080:United States Senate 3021:Thirteenth Amendment 2511:California Gold Rush 2494:California Gold Rush 2460:Congress passed the 2443:President Dallas to 2428:Independent Treasury 2337:California Gold Rush 2227:Battle of Churubusco 2119:War News from Mexico 1940:Mexican–American War 1934:Mexican-American War 1884:Hudson's Bay Company 1367:, with New Jersey's 1131:Speaker of the House 1094:Nullification Crisis 1035:Adams administration 915:Sarah Childress Polk 860:Nashville, Tennessee 841:William Dunn Moseley 785:area in what is now 673:Independent Treasury 582:Mexican–American War 578:Jacksonian democracy 504:Maury County Cavalry 334:Nashville, Tennessee 246:John Alexander Cocke 13312:Second Party System 13187:American Freemasons 12763:William Howard Taft 12683:Rutherford B. Hayes 12309:for Vice President: 11448:National Republican 11430:Anti-Administration 10226:Stonewall Democrats 8881:2016 (Philadelphia) 8536:1948 (Philadelphia) 8476:1936 (Philadelphia) 8022:Fourth Party System 8012:Second Party System 7419:U.S. Representative 7407:U.S. Representative 7285:Library of Congress 6763:Randall, Stephen J. 6603:Greenstein, Fred I. 6509:Conniff, Michael L. 6448:Yoo, Christopher S. 6416:Borneman, Walter R. 5588:Mark Eaton Byrnes, 4469:on January 20, 2009 4422:Bergeron, pp. 29–30 4395:Bergeron, pp. 23–25 4222:Bergeron, pp. 17–19 4099:Borneman, pp. 86–87 4015:Bergeron, pp. 51–53 3997:Borneman, pp. 67–74 3988:Borneman, pp. 65–66 3938:Seigenthaler, p. 68 3920:Bergeron, pp. 18–19 3893:Seigenthaler, p. 66 3786:Borneman, pp. 46–47 3753:Borneman, pp. 41–42 3735:Seigenthaler, p. 64 3708:Seigenthaler, p. 62 3546:Borneman, pp. 28–29 3528:Seigenthaler, p. 46 3471:Borneman, pp. 23–24 3444:Borneman, pp. 16–18 3401:Seigenthaler, p. 26 3350:Seigenthaler, p. 25 3313:Seigenthaler, p. 24 3283:Seigenthaler, p. 22 3210:Seigenthaler, p. 11 2853:Steven G. Calabresi 2644:Robert Cooper Grier 2627:, choosing Senator 2572:Robert Cooper Grier 2475:Maysville Road Bill 2437:Federal Reserve Act 2330:Territory of Oregon 2321:Missouri Compromise 2231:to take Mexico City 2223:Battle of Contreras 2184:Battle of Monterrey 2121:, 1848 painting by 2050:Battle of Palo Alto 1915:Republic of Yucatán 1895:Annexation of Texas 1602:American Revolution 1331:) who believed his 1146:Richard Henry Wilde 1144:, Calhoun disciple 1050:Maysville Road veto 949:Columbia, Tennessee 810:Philip Syng Physick 725:where Polk was born 576:and an advocate of 208:Robert M. T. Hunter 12753:Theodore Roosevelt 12245:Richard M. Johnson 12079:Postmaster General 11982:Secretary of State 11424:Pro-Administration 10127:Blue Dog Coalition 8801:2000 (Los Angeles) 8656:1972 (Miami Beach) 8596:1960 (Los Angeles) 8376:1916 (Saint Louis) 8330:1904 (Saint Louis) 8317:1900 (Kansas City) 8278:1888 (Saint Louis) 8239:1876 (Saint Louis) 8032:Sixth Party System 8027:Fifth Party System 8017:Third Party System 7788:Political offices 7730:William Fitzgerald 7177:Polk, James Knox. 7066:Sellers, Charles. 7044:Pinheiro, John C. 6963:Greenberg, Amy S. 6960:7.1 (1921): 36–50. 6942:3.1 (2002): 1–16. 6907:Cheathem, Mark R. 6811:Seigenthaler, John 6739:Pletcher, David M. 6438:online book review 6379:Merry, pp. 356–358 6370:Dusinberre, p. 146 6343:Merry, pp. 129–130 6223:Greenstein, p. 732 5837:Dusinberre, p. xii 5740:Merry, pp. 462–463 5722:Merry, pp. 455–456 5713:Merry, pp. 447–448 5628:Merry, pp. 220–221 5517:Merry, pp. 276–277 5475:Merry, pp. 206–207 5382:Randall, pp. 27–33 5332:Merry, pp. 460–461 5323:Merry, pp. 458–459 5314:Dusinberre, p. 143 5305:Merry, pp. 452–453 5275:Merry, pp. 448–450 5227:Merry, pp. 420–421 5200:Merry, pp. 394–397 5173:Merry, pp. 381–382 5164:Merry, pp. 360–361 5107:Merry, pp. 311–313 5098:Merry, pp. 309–310 5045:Merry, pp. 238–240 5036:Merry, pp. 343–349 5009:Merry, pp. 423–424 5000:Merry, pp. 304–306 4973:Merry, pp. 302–304 4964:Merry, pp. 295–296 4955:Merry, pp. 259–262 4889:Merry, pp. 246–247 4871:Merry, pp. 245–246 4808:Merry, pp. 193–194 4790:Merry, pp. 188–189 4769:Merry, pp. 211–212 4751:Merry, pp. 148–151 4733:Merry, pp. 136–137 4724:Merry, pp. 266–267 4670:Merry, pp. 196–197 4634:Merry, pp. 190–191 4616:Merry, pp. 173–175 4598:Merry, pp. 170–171 4571:Merry, pp. 168–169 4557:Merry, pp. 163–167 4434:Merry, pp. 120–124 4413:Merry, pp. 117–119 4404:Merry, pp. 114–117 4383:Merry, pp. 112–113 4374:Merry, pp. 131–132 4360:Merry, pp. 132–133 4348:Merry, pp. 109–111 4297:Merry, pp. 107–108 4276:Merry, pp. 104–107 4267:Merry, pp. 100–103 4063:Leonard, pp. 36–37 4006:Leonard, pp. 67–68 3076:recess appointment 2963: 2857:Christopher S. Yoo 2821: 2766: 2727: 2691: 2683: 2633:George W. Woodward 2625:recess appointment 2612: 2601: 2566:September 4, 1851 2563:September 20, 1845 2529:U.S. Supreme Court 2506: 2498: 2424: 2341:Compromise of 1850 2325:Louisiana Purchase 2316: 2308: 2267: 2172: 2150: 2126: 2109:Thomas Hart Benton 2100:Robert F. Stockton 2034: 1965: 1962:war against Mexico 1919: 1824: 1788: 1753:personal secretary 1728:inaugural ceremony 1724:youngest president 1715: 1594: 1578: 1523: 1472: 1440:Walter R. Borneman 1417:Benjamin F. Butler 1213: 1119: 957: 953:James K. Polk Home 918: 853:Alexander Hamilton 818:Danville, Kentucky 727: 661:American Southwest 13322:Tennessee lawyers 13124: 13123: 12903:George H. W. Bush 12853:Lyndon B. Johnson 12783:Warren G. Harding 12723:Benjamin Harrison 12703:Chester A. Arthur 12693:James A. Garfield 12553:John Quincy Adams 12503:George Washington 12451: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12419: 12418: 12330: 12329: 12253: 12252: 12121: 12120: 11932: 11931: 11509: 11508: 11365: (2019–2023) 11355: (2015–2019) 11345: (2011–2015) 11335: (2007–2011) 11325: (1999–2007) 11315: (1995–1999) 11305: (1989–1995) 11295: (1987–1989) 11285: (1977–1987) 11275: (1971–1977) 11265: (1962–1971) 11255: (1955–1961) 11245: (1953–1955) 11235: (1949–1953) 11225: (1947–1949) 11215: (1940–1947) 11205: (1936–1940) 11195: (1935–1936) 11185: (1933–1934) 11175: (1931–1933) 11165: (1925–1931) 11155: (1919–1925) 11145: (1911–1919) 11135: (1903–1911) 11125: (1899–1903) 11115: (1895–1899) 11105: (1891–1895) 11095: (1889–1891) 11085: (1883–1889) 11075: (1881–1883) 11065: (1876–1881) 11055: (1875–1876) 11045: (1869–1875) 11025: (1863–1869) 11015: (1861–1863) 11005: (1860–1861) 10995: (1857–1859) 10985: (1856–1857) 10975: (1851–1855) 10965: (1849–1851) 10955: (1847–1849) 10945: (1845–1847) 10935: (1843–1845) 10925: (1841–1843) 10915: (1839–1841) 10905: (1835–1839) 10892: (1834–1835) 10882: (1827–1834) 10872: (1825–1827) 10862: (1823–1825) 10852: (1821–1823) 10842: (1820–1821) 10832: (1815–1820) 10822: (1814–1815) 10812: (1811–1814) 10802: (1807–1811) 10792: (1801–1807) 10782: (1799–1801) 10772: (1795–1799) 10762: (1793–1795) 10752: (1791–1793) 10742: (1789–1791) 10691: 10690: 10311: 10310: 10251: 10250: 10137:Justice Democrats 9761:Wasserman Schultz 8252:1880 (Cincinnati) 8161:1856 (Cincinnati) 7947: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7933:Succeeded by 7900:Succeeded by 7897:1839, 1841, 1843 7864:Succeeded by 7837:Succeeded by 7810:Succeeded by 7778:Succeeded by 7750:Succeeded by 7717:Succeeded by 7668: 7667: 7172:978-1-57233-304-8 7135:(1934): 333–356. 7102:978-1-118-60929-3 6999:978-0-945707-10-3 6894:(1985): 782–795. 6863:978-0-307-26524-1 6828:978-0-8050-6942-6 6802:978-0-8018-5913-7 6787:Remini, Robert V. 6778:978-0-8203-1402-0 6754:978-0-8262-0135-5 6730:978-0-7432-9743-1 6705:978-0-8420-2647-5 6647:978-0-673-99001-3 6594:978-0-307-59269-9 6579:Greenberg, Amy S. 6545:978-0-19-515735-2 6524:978-0-8203-2348-0 6463:978-0-300-19139-4 6431:978-1-4000-6560-8 6407:978-0-7006-0319-0 6277:Dusinberre, p. 16 6241:Greenberg, p. 269 6187:Greenberg, p. 268 6117:Borneman, p. 353. 6077:Robert W. Merry, 5670:"Robert C. Grier" 5209:Woodworth, p. 293 5152:Woodworth, p. 255 5076:Guardino, Peter. 5018:Greenberg, p. 129 4991:Greenberg, p. 122 4982:Greenberg, p. 121 4443:Woodworth, p. 140 4315:Eisenhower, p. 84 4213:Eisenhower, p. 81 3651:on April 12, 2018 3274:Borneman, pp. 8–9 3201:Borneman, pp. 6–7 3129:Borneman, pp. 4–6 2935:Stonewall Jackson 2911:David M. Pletcher 2586: 2585: 2582:January 31, 1870 2433:Treasury building 2372:Isthmus of Panama 2366:, negotiated the 2354:Other initiatives 2076:Stephen W. Kearny 2000:Course of the war 1911:Republic of Texas 1770:, James K. Polk, 1650:Adams–Onís Treaty 1598:Electoral College 1469:Nathaniel Currier 1453:Warren G. Harding 1345:Republic of Texas 1263:Electoral College 1259:faithless elector 1171:Hugh Lawson White 1161:, Vice President 1103:compromise tariff 973:John Quincy Adams 965:Electoral College 845:Dialectic Society 623:candidate in the 590:Republic of Texas 531: 530: 477:Tennessee militia 16:(Redirected from 13344: 13114: 13113: 13104: 13103: 12743:William McKinley 12733:Grover Cleveland 12713:Grover Cleveland 12673:Ulysses S. Grant 12623:Millard Fillmore 12573:Martin Van Buren 12523:Thomas Jefferson 12478: 12471: 12464: 12455: 12454: 12370:Vice President: 12336: 12335: 12317:Millard Fillmore 12302:Other candidates 12290:Vice President: 12272: 12271: 12230:Martin Van Buren 12223:Other candidates 12213:George M. Dallas 12211:Vice President: 12186: 12185: 12174:Democratic Party 12148: 12141: 12134: 12125: 12124: 12048:Attorney General 12037:William L. Marcy 12029:Secretary of War 12018:Robert J. Walker 12003: 12002: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11936: 11935: 11917: 11536: 11529: 11522: 11513: 11512: 11498: 11497: 11487: 11486: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11412: 11411: 11396: 11380: 11370: 11360: 11350: 11340: 11330: 11320: 11310: 11300: 11290: 11280: 11270: 11260: 11250: 11240: 11230: 11220: 11210: 11200: 11190: 11180: 11170: 11160: 11150: 11140: 11130: 11120: 11110: 11100: 11090: 11080: 11070: 11060: 11050: 11040: 11030: 11020: 11010: 11000: 10990: 10980: 10970: 10960: 10950: 10940: 10930: 10920: 10910: 10900: 10897: 10887: 10877: 10867: 10857: 10847: 10837: 10827: 10817: 10807: 10797: 10787: 10777: 10767: 10757: 10747: 10737: 10718: 10711: 10704: 10695: 10694: 10681: 10680: 10671: 10670: 10658: 10657: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10216:Democrats Abroad 10105:Policy Committee 10090: 10089: 10073:Democrats Abroad 8861:2012 (Charlotte) 8356:1912 (Baltimore) 8226:1872 (Baltimore) 8148:1852 (Baltimore) 8135:1848 (Baltimore) 8122:1844 (Baltimore) 8109:1840 (Baltimore) 8096:1835 (Baltimore) 8083:1832 (Baltimore) 7996: 7995:Democratic Party 7987: 7980: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7951: 7950: 7913:Martin Van Buren 7910:Preceded by 7882:Robert Armstrong 7879:Preceded by 7847:Preceded by 7820:Preceded by 7793:Preceded by 7763:Gulian Verplanck 7760:Preceded by 7753:Harvey Watterson 7727:Preceded by 7694:Preceded by 7684: 7683: 7672: 7671: 7657: 7656: 7645:Zachary Taylor → 7528:Texas annexation 7498: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7391: 7380: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7277: 7276: 7261:Internet Archive 7244: 7126:full text online 7124:. (2 vol 1919). 7115:full text online 7106: 7051:Rumsch, BreAnn. 6926:De Voto, Bernard 6867: 6832: 6820: 6806: 6782: 6758: 6734: 6715:Merry, Robert W. 6709: 6688: 6651: 6630: 6598: 6573: 6549: 6528: 6504: 6467: 6435: 6411: 6380: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6287: 6286:Greenberg, p. 74 6284: 6278: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6259:Greenberg, p. 33 6257: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6232:Dusinberre, p. 8 6230: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6205:Pletcher, p. 602 6203: 6197: 6196:Borneman, p. 357 6194: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6169:Bergeron, p. 261 6167: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6136: 6127: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6034:Borneman, p. 352 6032: 6026: 6025:Borneman, p. 11. 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5853:The Daily Herald 5844: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5828:Borneman, p. 344 5826: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5801: 5795: 5794:Borneman, p. 343 5792: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5776:Borneman, p. 336 5774: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5565:on June 6, 2013. 5551: 5545: 5544:Pletcher, p. 419 5542: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5506: 5503: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5430: 5424: 5410: 5404: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5341:Bergeron, p. 208 5339: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5245:Pletcher, p. 517 5243: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4862:Lee, pp. 517–518 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4742:Borneman, p. 145 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4715:Bergeron, p. 133 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4688:Bergeron, p. 128 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4652:Pletcher, p. 307 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4530: 4524: 4523:Greenberg, p. 70 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4487:Borneman, p. 141 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4459: 4453: 4452:Greenberg, p. 69 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4361: 4358: 4349: 4346: 4337: 4336:Borneman, p. 125 4334: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4240:Merry, pp. 97–99 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4186:Merry, pp. 96–97 4184: 4175: 4174:Borneman, p. 108 4172: 4166: 4165:Merry, pp. 94–95 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4120:Merry, pp. 87–88 4118: 4109: 4108:Merry, pp. 84–85 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4090:Merry, pp. 83–84 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3970:Merry, pp. 50–53 3968: 3957: 3956:Merry, pp. 43–44 3954: 3948: 3947:Merry, pp. 47–49 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3726:Merry, pp. 45–46 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3647:. Archived from 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3537:Merry, pp. 42–43 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3453:Greenberg, p. 25 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192:Haynes, pp. 4–6. 3190: 3184: 3183: 3167: 3130: 3127: 3114: 3102: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 2988:private business 2950:Polk and slavery 2931:Ulysses S. Grant 2913: 2703:Millard Fillmore 2667:Election of 1848 2598: 2595: 2534: 2533: 2288:Gadsden Purchase 2263:Gadsden Purchase 2092:Bear Flag Revolt 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 1989:Pedro de Ampudia 1901:Texas Annexation 1856:Manifest Destiny 1851:Richard Pakenham 1847:Vancouver Island 1772:Robert J. Walker 1768:William L. Marcy 1619:Reestablish the 1527:Roorback forgery 1459:General election 1433:George M. Dallas 1429:Robert J. Walker 1373:Texas annexation 1358:Manifest Destiny 1293:Election of 1844 1249:with the motto " 1226:Middle Tennessee 1178:C. C. Cambreleng 1163:Martin Van Buren 1134:Andrew Stevenson 1027:Washington, D.C. 991:Jackson disciple 908: 814:Ephraim McDowell 803:Federalist Party 799:Thomas Jefferson 679:soon afterward. 629:Democratic Party 594:Oregon Territory 574:Democratic Party 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544: 468:Military service 446: 383: 381: 377: 330: 314:November 2, 1795 313: 311: 295:Personal details 282: 274: 254: 242: 233: 219: 204: 192: 183: 161: 149: 140: 118: 106: 98:George M. Dallas 94: 83: 61: 58: 53: 39: 38: 21: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13120: 13092: 13018:F. D. Roosevelt 12970: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12843:John F. Kennedy 12823:Harry S. Truman 12793:Calvin Coolidge 12653:Abraham Lincoln 12633:Franklin Pierce 12493: 12487: 12482: 12452: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12415: 12408:Vice President: 12377: 12364:James G. Birney 12348: 12326: 12297: 12263: 12249: 12218: 12177: 12167: 12152: 12122: 12117: 12106:George Bancroft 12092: 12073: 12062:Nathan Clifford 12042: 12023: 12004: 12000: 11995: 11976: 11963: 11933: 11928: 11918: 11909: 11545: 11540: 11510: 11505: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11413: 11409: 11404: 11394: 11378: 11368: 11358: 11348: 11338: 11328: 11318: 11308: 11298: 11288: 11278: 11268: 11258: 11248: 11238: 11228: 11218: 11208: 11198: 11188: 11178: 11168: 11158: 11148: 11138: 11128: 11118: 11108: 11098: 11088: 11078: 11068: 11058: 11048: 11038: 11028: 11018: 11008: 10998: 10988: 10978: 10968: 10958: 10948: 10938: 10928: 10918: 10908: 10898: 10895: 10885: 10875: 10865: 10855: 10845: 10835: 10825: 10815: 10805: 10795: 10785: 10775: 10765: 10755: 10745: 10735: 10727: 10722: 10692: 10687: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10352: 10342: 10312: 10307: 10247: 10199: 10153: 10084: 10077: 9784: 9782: 9775: 9498: 9492: 9385:C. A. Culberson 9331:J. W. Stevenson 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9307: 9194:D. B. Culberson 9079: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9058: 8950:administrations 8948: 8940: 8761:1992 (New York) 8701:1980 (New York) 8681:1976 (New York) 8416:1924 (New York) 8213:1868 (New York) 8061: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8038: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7956: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7927: 7915: 7905: 7896: 7884: 7869: 7860: 7852: 7842: 7833: 7825: 7815: 7806: 7798: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7755: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7722: 7713: 7707: 7699: 7677: 7669: 7664: 7628: 7593: 7567: 7538:Thornton Affair 7499: 7490: 7446:Specie Circular 7429: 7417: 7405: 7394: 7383: 7372: 7364: 7359: 7300:Yale Law School 7274: 7218: 7209:Wayback Machine 7196:Polk, James K. 7156:primary sources 7152: 7150:Primary sources 7103: 7087:Silbey, Joel H. 7063:1951. DP13923). 7025:Wayback Machine 6887: 6885:Further reading 6875: 6870: 6864: 6829: 6803: 6779: 6755: 6731: 6706: 6648: 6595: 6546: 6525: 6485:10.2307/3124384 6464: 6432: 6408: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5880:Washington Post 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5648:"Levi Woodbury" 5646: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5414:McCusker, J. J. 5402: 5394:McCusker, J. J. 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287:Leonard, p. 180 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116:Leonard, p. 174 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946:Leonard, p. 166 4945: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916:Leonard, p. 162 4915: 4911: 4907:Leonard, p. 164 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835:Bergeron, p. 71 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679:Leonard, p. 108 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661:Leonard, p. 118 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138:Bergeron, p. 16 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4051:Borneman, p. 83 4050: 4046: 4042:Bergeron, p. 15 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979:Borneman, p. 51 3978: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929:Borneman, p. 64 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911:Bergeron, p. 14 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3839: 3837: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3762:Borneman, p. 43 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744:Bergeron, p. 13 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717:Borneman, p. 38 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699:Bergeron, p. 12 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3609:Borneman, p. 35 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591:Borneman, p. 34 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573:Borneman, p. 33 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501:Borneman, p. 26 3500: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480:Borneman, p. 24 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462:Borneman, p. 23 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435:Borneman, p. 16 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3338:Borneman, p. 14 3337: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304:Borneman, p. 11 3303: 3296: 3292:Borneman, p. 10 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228:Borneman, p. 13 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3168: 3133: 3128: 3117: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 2952: 2943:Jefferson Davis 2915: 2909: 2890:James A. Rawley 2882:Robert W. Merry 2810: 2794:the family home 2779: 2716: 2675: 2669: 2608:Robert C. Grier 2596: 2549: 2544: 2525: 2519: 2458: 2412: 2407: 2405:Domestic policy 2384:Central America 2356: 2300: 2255:Mexican Cession 2247: 2239:Abraham Lincoln 2212:Baja California 2084:John C. Frémont 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1994:Thornton Affair 1977:Mariano Paredes 1947: 1942: 1936: 1903: 1897: 1864:Monroe Doctrine 1804: 1798: 1793: 1780:George Bancroft 1664: 1658: 1566: 1560: 1552:James G. Birney 1544:John Eisenhower 1504:Francis Pickens 1461: 1449:Franklin Pierce 1407:George Bancroft 1316: 1310: 1305: 1297:Main articles: 1295: 1202: 1190:Specie Circular 1111: 1086:John C. Calhoun 1070:Nicholas Biddle 1023: 993: 981:Corrupt Bargain 922:Sarah Childress 897:William Carroll 885: 880: 770:James A. Rawley 715: 709: 667:rates with the 598:Mexican Cession 541: 537: 534:James Knox Polk 523: 514: 513: 463: 434: 402: 385: 373: 369: 367:Sarah Childress 351:Political party 332: 328: 315: 309: 307: 306: 305: 304:James Knox Polk 286: 252: 240: 234: 229: 220: 215: 202: 190: 184: 179: 159: 147: 141: 136: 116: 104: 90: 84: 79: 62: 59: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13350: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13108: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12974: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12950: 12940: 12930: 12923:George W. Bush 12920: 12910: 12900: 12890: 12880: 12870: 12860: 12850: 12840: 12830: 12820: 12810: 12803:Herbert Hoover 12800: 12790: 12780: 12773:Woodrow Wilson 12770: 12760: 12750: 12740: 12730: 12720: 12710: 12700: 12690: 12680: 12670: 12663:Andrew Johnson 12660: 12650: 12643:James Buchanan 12640: 12630: 12620: 12613:Zachary Taylor 12610: 12600: 12590: 12580: 12570: 12563:Andrew Jackson 12560: 12550: 12540: 12530: 12520: 12510: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12492:Presidents and 12489: 12488: 12481: 12480: 12473: 12466: 12458: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12387: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12375: 12367: 12358: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12287: 12278: 12276: 12269: 12255: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12235:James Buchanan 12232: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12192: 12190: 12183: 12169: 12168: 12151: 12150: 12143: 12136: 12128: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12109: 12102: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12065: 12059: 12052: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12033: 12031: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12014: 12012: 12006: 12005: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11990:James Buchanan 11986: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11962: 11961: 11954: 11947: 11939: 11930: 11929: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11516: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11492: 11480: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11392: 11376: 11366: 11356: 11346: 11336: 11326: 11316: 11306: 11296: 11286: 11276: 11266: 11256: 11246: 11236: 11226: 11216: 11206: 11196: 11186: 11176: 11166: 11156: 11146: 11136: 11126: 11116: 11106: 11096: 11086: 11076: 11066: 11056: 11046: 11036: 11026: 11016: 11006: 10996: 10986: 10976: 10966: 10956: 10946: 10936: 10926: 10916: 10906: 10893: 10883: 10873: 10863: 10853: 10843: 10833: 10823: 10813: 10803: 10793: 10783: 10773: 10763: 10753: 10743: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10675: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10341: 10340: 10333: 10326: 10318: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10096: 10094: 10087: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10068:Virgin Islands 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10043:American Samoa 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9988:South Carolina 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9953:North Carolina 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 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8967: 8961: 8954: 8952: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8921:2024 (Chicago) 8918: 8917: 8916: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8781:1996 (Chicago) 8778: 8777: 8776: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8741:1988 (Atlanta) 8738: 8737: 8736: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8636:1968 (Chicago) 8633: 8632: 8631: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8576:1956 (Chicago) 8573: 8572: 8571: 8556:1952 (Chicago) 8553: 8552: 8551: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8516:1944 (Chicago) 8513: 8512: 8511: 8496:1940 (Chicago) 8493: 8492: 8491: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8456:1932 (Chicago) 8453: 8452: 8451: 8436:1928 (Houston) 8433: 8432: 8431: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8353: 8340: 8327: 8314: 8304:1896 (Chicago) 8301: 8291:1892 (Chicago) 8288: 8275: 8265:1884 (Chicago) 8262: 8249: 8236: 8223: 8210: 8200:1864 (Chicago) 8197: 8171: 8158: 8145: 8132: 8119: 8106: 8093: 8080: 8066: 8064: 8040: 8039: 8037: 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Brown 7901: 7898: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7867:Zachary Taylor 7865: 7862: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7808: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7736:Member of the 7733: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7715: 7703:Member of the 7700: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7392: 7381: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7327:, May 28, 1999 7312: 7302: 7293: 7287: 7278: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7229: 7228: 7217: 7216:External links 7214: 7213: 7212: 7194: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7129: 7118: 7113:(2 vol 1919), 7107: 7101: 7083: 7064: 7060: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7018:online edition 7002: 6987: 6972: 6967:(Knopf, 2019) 6961: 6951: 6936: 6923: 6912: 6905: 6900:Chaffin, Tom. 6898: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6862: 6844: 6834: 6827: 6807: 6801: 6783: 6777: 6759: 6753: 6735: 6729: 6711: 6704: 6689: 6663:(4): 503–531. 6652: 6646: 6631: 6613:(4): 725–733. 6599: 6593: 6575: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6505: 6468: 6462: 6440: 6430: 6412: 6406: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6372: 6363: 6354: 6352:Haynes, p. 154 6345: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6159: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6070: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6018: 5992: 5987:The Tennessean 5973: 5954:Daley, Jason. 5946: 5919: 5893: 5874:Guarino, Ben. 5866: 5839: 5830: 5818: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5758:Haynes, p. 191 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5683: 5661: 5639: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5581: 5575:Yonatan Eyal, 5568: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5465: 5463:Chaffin, p. 79 5456: 5447: 5431:1800–present: 5384: 5375: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5069: 5060: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4844:Haynes, p. 129 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4580:Leonard, p. 95 4573: 4559: 4550: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4385: 4376: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4072:Remini, p. 501 4065: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4024:Leonard, p. 36 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3883: 3851: 3815: 3788: 3776: 3774:Leonard, p. 32 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3690:Bergeron, p. 1 3683: 3681:Remini, p. 406 3674: 3662: 3632: 3623: 3621:Leonard, p. 23 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3403: 3394: 3369: 3352: 3340: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3264: 3255: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3219:Borneman, p. 8 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3131: 3115: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3067: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3033:Wilmot Proviso 2951: 2948: 2901: 2874:that of Alaska 2809: 2806: 2778: 2775: 2715: 2712: 2671:Main article: 2668: 2665: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579:August 4, 1846 2577: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2521:Main article: 2518: 2515: 2457: 2454: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2397:expedition of 2380:Panama Railway 2355: 2352: 2299: 2296: 2246: 2243: 2208:Nicholas Trist 2180:Gulf of Mexico 2139:1846 elections 2135:Wilmot Proviso 2064:Winfield Scott 2042:Mariano Arista 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2001: 1998: 1951:Zachary Taylor 1946: 1943: 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1899:Main article: 1896: 1893: 1843:Edward Everett 1816:Oregon Country 1800:Main article: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1791:Foreign policy 1789: 1784:James Buchanan 1749:J. Knox Walker 1720: 1676:James Buchanan 1657: 1654: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635:Oregon Country 1631: 1624: 1590:Dolley Madison 1586:James Buchanan 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1485:Tariff of 1842 1460: 1457: 1399:James Buchanan 1389:in Baltimore, 1327:West (today's 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1294: 1291: 1286:James C. Jones 1224:in his native 1201: 1198: 1129:In June 1834, 1110: 1107: 992: 989: 884: 881: 879: 876: 795:Andrew Jackson 708: 705: 570:Andrew Jackson 529: 528: 525: 524: 522: 521: 511: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 498: 497: 492: 488: 487: 484: 480: 479: 474: 473:Branch/service 470: 469: 465: 464: 462: 461: 458: 454: 452: 448: 447: 440: 436: 435: 433: 432: 429: 425: 423: 419: 418: 408: 404: 403: 401: 400: 393: 391: 387: 386: 371: 365: 364: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 337: 331:(aged 53) 325: 321: 320: 303: 301: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 285: 284: 276: 267: 265: 261: 260: 255: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 226: 225: 214:Member of the 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 193: 187: 186: 176: 175: 168: 167: 165:James C. Jones 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 133: 132: 125: 124: 122:Zachary Taylor 119: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 95: 92:Vice President 87: 86: 76: 75: 68: 67: 64: 63: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13349: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13137:James K. Polk 13135: 13134: 13132: 13117: 13109: 13107: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13063:G. H. W. Bush 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038:L. B. Johnson 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12967: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12893:Ronald Reagan 12891: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12863:Richard Nixon 12861: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12603:James K. Polk 12601: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12533:James Madison 12531: 12528: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12474: 12472: 12467: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12412: 12411:Sidney Rigdon 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12372:Thomas Morris 12368: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12354:Liberty Party 12351: 12346: 12342: 12337: 12333: 12323: 12322:John Sargeant 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12286: 12285: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12270: 12267: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12198:James K. Polk 12194: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12149: 12144: 12142: 12137: 12135: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12113: 12112:John Y. Mason 12110: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12056:John Y. Mason 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12007: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11974: 11973:James K. Polk 11971: 11967: 11960: 11955: 11953: 11948: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11537: 11532: 11530: 11525: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11502: 11493: 11491: 11482: 11481: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11416: 11400: 11393: 11390: 11387: (2023, 11386: 11385: 11377: 11374: 11367: 11364: 11357: 11354: 11347: 11344: 11337: 11334: 11327: 11324: 11317: 11314: 11307: 11304: 11297: 11294: 11287: 11284: 11277: 11274: 11267: 11264: 11257: 11254: 11247: 11244: 11237: 11234: 11227: 11224: 11217: 11214: 11207: 11204: 11197: 11194: 11187: 11184: 11177: 11174: 11167: 11164: 11157: 11154: 11147: 11144: 11137: 11134: 11127: 11124: 11117: 11114: 11107: 11104: 11097: 11094: 11087: 11084: 11077: 11074: 11067: 11064: 11057: 11054: 11047: 11044: 11037: 11034: 11027: 11024: 11017: 11014: 11007: 11004: 10997: 10994: 10987: 10984: 10977: 10974: 10967: 10964: 10957: 10954: 10947: 10944: 10937: 10934: 10927: 10924: 10917: 10914: 10907: 10904: 10894: 10891: 10884: 10881: 10874: 10871: 10864: 10861: 10854: 10851: 10844: 10841: 10834: 10831: 10824: 10821: 10814: 10811: 10804: 10801: 10794: 10791: 10784: 10781: 10774: 10771: 10764: 10761: 10754: 10751: 10744: 10741: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10684: 10676: 10674: 10666: 10665: 10662: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10334: 10332: 10327: 10325: 10320: 10319: 10316: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10278:Superdelegate 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10100:Senate Caucus 10098: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10028:West Virginia 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9933:New Hampshire 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9893:Massachusetts 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9778: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9310: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9029:L. B. Johnson 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8841:2008 (Denver) 8839: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8821:2004 (Boston) 8819: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343:1908 (Denver) 8341: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7937: 7930: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7824: 7823:Newton Cannon 7818: 7814: 7813:Robert Hunter 7805: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7769:Chair of the 7764: 7758: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7731: 7725: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7661: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7613:(grandfather) 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:Walker tariff 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7523:Oregon Treaty 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7362:James K. Polk 7356: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7166:. 1972–2014. 7165: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7144: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7053:James K. Polk 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918:2 (2002): 5+ 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817:James K. Polk 6812: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6178:Merry, p. 477 6175: 6166: 6164: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5823: 5806: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5693: 5687: 5671: 5665: 5649: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5505:Merry, p. 273 5502: 5500: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5460: 5451: 5436: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5064: 5058:, pp. 251–255 5057: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4766: 4760:Merry, p. 158 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4625:Merry, p. 190 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3667: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3322:Leonard, p. 5 3319: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3262:Haynes, p. 11 3259: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3237:Leonard, p. 6 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3001: 3000:Gideon Pillow 2997: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927:Robert E. Lee 2922: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892:wrote in his 2891: 2887: 2886:Amy Greenberg 2883: 2877: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2637:Simon Cameron 2634: 2630: 2629:Levi Woodbury 2626: 2622: 2617: 2616:Henry Baldwin 2609: 2605: 2590: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2556:Levi Woodbury 2554: 2553: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2482:pocket vetoed 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2453: 2450: 2449:Walker Tariff 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2421: 2416: 2410:Fiscal policy 2402: 2400: 2399:Narciso López 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2061:Major General 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1892: 1889: 1888:Oregon Treaty 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Lord Aberdeen 1868: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828:49th parallel 1821: 1820:Oregon Treaty 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:John Y. Mason 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692:William Marcy 1688: 1687:John Y. Mason 1683: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1606:Great Britain 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1378:old Southwest 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282:Wilson County 1278: 1276: 1275:1840 election 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:the Hermitage 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1218:Newton Cannon 1211: 1210:Miner Kellogg 1206: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:Panic of 1837 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 954: 950: 945: 941: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 916: 912: 911:daguerreotype 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 875: 873: 872:Panic of 1819 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 776: 771: 767: 766:individualism 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 724: 719: 714: 704: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 669:Walker tariff 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:49th parallel 650: 646: 645:Great Britain 641: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 553: 535: 526: 520: 516: 515: 512:Other offices 507: 503: 499: 496: 493: 489: 485: 481: 478: 475: 471: 466: 459: 457:Young Hickory 456: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 430: 427: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 409: 405: 398: 395: 394: 392: 388: 368: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 341:Resting place 339: 335: 327:June 15, 1849 326: 322: 318: 302: 298: 293: 289: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268: 266: 262: 259: 256: 250: 247: 244: 238: 232: 227: 224: 218: 212: 209: 206: 200: 197: 194: 188: 182: 177: 174: 169: 166: 163: 157: 154: 153:Newton Cannon 151: 145: 139: 134: 131: 126: 123: 120: 114: 111: 108: 102: 99: 96: 93: 88: 82: 77: 74: 69: 65: 52: 47: 43:James K. Polk 40: 37: 33: 19: 12988:T. Roosevelt 12957:2021–present 12943:Donald Trump 12933:Barack Obama 12913:Bill Clinton 12883:Jimmy Carter 12602: 12543:James Monroe 12494:presidencies 12427: 12407: 12395:Joseph Smith 12393: 12390: 12383:Reform Party 12369: 12361: 12308: 12289: 12281: 12258: 12210: 12197: 12195: 12172: 12164:1848 → 12156:← 1840 12087:Cave Johnson 12068:Isaac Toucey 11972: 11924: 11887: 11870: 11848: 11844:Rostenkowski 11638: 11472:Know Nothing 11388: 11382: 11375: (2023) 11035: (1869) 10902: 10410: 10117:House Caucus 9993:South Dakota 9983:Rhode Island 9978:Pennsylvania 9958:North Dakota 9099: 9088:A. Stevenson 8946:Presidential 8580:Stevenson II 8560:Stevenson II 8186:Breckinridge 8169:Breckinridge 8125: 8116: 8060:presidential 8051:presidential 7918: 7891:nominee for 7887: 7855: 7828: 7801: 7768: 7735: 7720:Balie Peyton 7702: 7652: 7643: 7638:← John Tyler 7636: 7611:Ezekiel Polk 7572:Public image 7361: 7322: 7238: 7197: 7190: 7178: 7163: 7153: 7142: 7132: 7121: 7110: 7091: 7080:vol 2 online 7075: 7072:vol 1 online 7067: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7005: 6990: 6975: 6964: 6957: 6939: 6929: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6891: 6852: 6837: 6816: 6791: 6767: 6743: 6719: 6694: 6660: 6656: 6636: 6610: 6606: 6583: 6564:(2): 74–87. 6561: 6557: 6534: 6513: 6476: 6472: 6452: 6420: 6397: 6390: 6375: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6327: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6150:. Retrieved 6144: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6073: 6063:December 28, 6061:. Retrieved 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6005: 5995: 5986: 5976: 5964:. 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Retrieved 3382:WHHA (en-US) 3381: 3372: 3366:. p. 4. 3362: 3355: 3318: 3309: 3288: 3279: 3258: 3248: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3171: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3025: 3017: 3004: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2964: 2939:George Meade 2924: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2893: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2846: 2829: 2822: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2740: 2728: 2708: 2692: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2621:Joseph Story 2613: 2548:Ended active 2543:Began active 2526: 2507: 2479: 2459: 2441: 2425: 2388: 2376:Panama Canal 2357: 2345: 2334: 2317: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2220: 2200: 2188: 2173: 2151: 2131:David Wilmot 2127: 2118: 2073: 2058: 2035: 1981: 1969:John Slidell 1966: 1948: 1928:Nueces River 1920: 1880:Louis McLane 1869: 1860: 1841: 1837:Fraser River 1825: 1818:, which the 1805: 1776:Cave Johnson 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1716: 1710: 1700: 1684: 1680:Cave Johnson 1673: 1669: 1665: 1643: 1614: 1610:expansionism 1595: 1548: 1539: 1534: 1531:abolitionist 1524: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1481:Giles County 1477: 1473: 1437: 1421: 1412:Silas Wright 1404: 1395: 1383: 1362: 1353:Sabine River 1342: 1317: 1279: 1271: 1245:, conducted 1230: 1222: 1214: 1194: 1175: 1155: 1128: 1120: 1083: 1059: 1039: 1024: 958: 926: 919: 886: 864:Felix Grundy 857: 837:William Polk 830: 807: 780: 773: 758:Ezekiel Polk 754:Presbyterian 751: 747:Pennsylvania 728: 681: 642: 602: 533: 532: 329:(1849-06-15) 280:9th district 272:6th district 264:Constituency 253:Succeeded by 230: 203:Succeeded by 180: 160:Succeeded by 137: 117:Succeeded by 80: 36: 13297:Polk family 13157:1849 deaths 13142:1795 births 12873:Gerald Ford 12362:President: 12345:independent 12341:Third-party 12282:President: 12196:President: 12114:(1846–1849) 12108:(1845–1846) 12089:(1845–1849) 12070:(1848–1849) 12064:(1846–1848) 12058:(1845–1846) 12039:(1845–1849) 12020:(1845–1849) 11992:(1845–1849) 11975:(1845–1849) 11684:J. G. Jones 11679:L. Campbell 11649:J. W. Jones 11584:G. Campbell 11389:pro tempore 10158:Fundraising 10063:Puerto Rico 9908:Mississippi 9823:Connecticut 9783:territorial 9483:(2005–2017) 9477:(1995–2005) 9471:(1989–1995) 9465:(1977–1989) 9459:(1961–1977) 9453:(1953–1961) 9447:(1951–1953) 9441:(1949–1951) 9435:(1937–1949) 9429:(1923–1937) 9423:(1920–1923) 9417:(1919–1920) 9411:(1917–1919) 9405:(1913–1917) 9399:(1911–1913) 9393:(1909–1911) 9387:(1907–1909) 9381:(1906–1907) 9375:(1903–1906) 9369:(1899–1903) 9367:J. K. Jones 9363:(1898–1899) 9357:(1890–1898) 9351:(1885–1890) 9345:(1881–1885) 9339:(1877–1881) 9333:(1873–1877) 9313:U.S. Senate 9298:(2003–2023) 9292:(1995–2003) 9286:(1989–1995) 9280:(1987–1989) 9274:(1977–1987) 9268:(1971–1977) 9262:(1962–1971) 9256:(1940–1961) 9250:(1936–1940) 9244:(1935–1936) 9238:(1933–1934) 9232:(1929–1933) 9226:(1923–1929) 9220:(1921–1923) 9214:(1909–1921) 9208:(1903–1909) 9202:(1897–1903) 9196:(1895–1897) 9190:(1891–1895) 9184:(1889–1891) 9178:(1883–1889) 9172:(1876–1881) 9166:(1875–1876) 9160:(1873–1875) 9154:(1869–1871) 9144:(1859–1861) 9138:(1857–1859) 9132:(1855–1857) 9130:G. W. Jones 9126:(1851–1855) 9120:(1849–1851) 9114:(1845–1847) 9108:(1843–1845) 9106:J. W. Jones 9102:(1835–1839) 9096:(1834–1835) 9090:(1827–1834) 9049:(2009–2017) 9043:(1993–2001) 9037:(1977–1981) 9031:(1963–1969) 9025:(1961–1963) 9019:(1945–1953) 9005:Roosevelt ( 9002:(1913–1921) 8990:(1868–1869) 8984:(1857–1861) 8978:(1853–1857) 8972:(1845–1849) 8966:(1837–1841) 8960:(1829–1837) 8325:Stevenson I 8299:Stevenson I 8070:1828 (None) 8046:conventions 7840:James Jones 7617:Samuel Polk 7425:(1825–1833) 7413:(1833–1839) 7401:(1835–1839) 7390:(1839–1841) 7379:(1845–1849) 7283:, from the 6436:; also see 5411:1700–1799: 5391:1634–1699: 4543:February 4, 4473:January 23, 3829:U.S. Senate 3655:January 23, 3421:January 26, 3387:February 4, 3029:Slave Power 2996:estate sale 2825:Sam Houston 2802:Bill Haslam 2597: 1850 2445:break a tie 2204:won control 2104:Los Angeles 1945:Road to war 1832:Puget Sound 1667:president 1574:White House 1402:stalemate. 1092:during the 1055:pork barrel 1031:Sam Houston 929:land reform 849:monarchical 822:Zion Church 739:Scots-Irish 735:Samuel Polk 692:Mississippi 397:Samuel Polk 283:(1833–1839) 275:(1825–1833) 241:Preceded by 191:Preceded by 148:Preceded by 105:Preceded by 60: 1849 13131:Categories 13073:G. W. Bush 13028:Eisenhower 12978:Washington 12969:Presidency 12593:John Tyler 12513:John Adams 12391:President: 12347:candidates 12312:John Davis 12284:Henry Clay 12266:Convention 12260:Whig Party 12240:Lewis Cass 12180:Convention 11644:Cambreleng 11554:Fitzsimons 11478:Republican 11460:Democratic 11454:Jacksonian 11436:Federalist 11003:Pennington 10760:Muhlenberg 10740:Muhlenberg 10083:Affiliated 10023:Washington 9943:New Mexico 9938:New Jersey 9813:California 9200:Richardson 9064:U.S. House 8988:A. Johnson 8885:H. Clinton 8785:B. Clinton 8765:B. Clinton 8620:L. Johnson 8604:L. Johnson 8182:H. Johnson 8104:R. Johnson 7936:Lewis Cass 7920:Democratic 7889:Democratic 7861:1845–1849 7850:John Tyler 7834:1839–1841 7807:1835–1839 7775:1833–1835 7747:1833–1839 7714:1825–1833 7697:John Cocke 7505:Presidency 7481:Polk Place 7476:Dark horse 6387:References 2968:plantation 2959:Elias Polk 2762:Polk Place 2743:Deep South 2736:Polk Place 2467:corruption 2395:filibuster 2102:landed in 2096:New Mexico 2038:Fort Texas 1924:Rio Grande 1648:since the 1445:dark horse 1337:Lewis Cass 1333:hard money 1267:John Tyler 1099:Force Bill 977:Henry Clay 783:Duck River 707:Early life 638:Whig Party 634:Henry Clay 621:dark-horse 596:, and the 428:Politician 422:Occupation 355:Democratic 310:1795-11-02 110:John Tyler 55:Portrait, 18:James Polk 12971:timelines 12953:Joe Biden 12947:2017–2021 12937:2009–2017 12927:2001–2009 12917:1993–2001 12907:1989–1993 12897:1981–1989 12887:1977–1981 12877:1974–1977 12867:1969–1974 12857:1963–1969 12847:1961–1963 12837:1953–1961 12827:1945–1953 12817:1933–1945 12807:1929–1933 12797:1923–1929 12787:1921–1923 12777:1913–1921 12767:1909–1913 12757:1901–1909 12747:1897–1901 12737:1893–1897 12727:1889–1893 12717:1885–1889 12707:1881–1885 12687:1877–1881 12677:1869–1877 12667:1865–1869 12657:1861–1865 12647:1857–1861 12637:1853–1857 12627:1850–1853 12617:1849–1850 12607:1845–1849 12597:1841–1845 12577:1837–1841 12567:1829–1837 12557:1825–1829 12547:1817–1825 12537:1809–1817 12527:1801–1809 12517:1797–1801 12507:1789–1797 11970:President 11779:Underwood 11634:Verplanck 11263:McCormack 11163:Longworth 11123:Henderson 10880:Stevenson 10631:Sundquist 10626:McWherter 10621:Alexander 10606:Ellington 10596:Ellington 10566:McAlister 10551:A. Taylor 10531:Patterson 10511:R. Taylor 10496:R. Taylor 10431:Trousdale 10263:Primaries 10204:Sectional 10033:Wisconsin 9998:Tennessee 9903:Minnesota 9878:Louisiana 9781:State and 9746:McAuliffe 9574:McCormick 9497:Chairs of 9457:Mansfield 9445:McFarland 9421:Underwood 9415:Hitchcock 9379:Blackburn 9343:Pendleton 9260:McCormack 9011:1941–1945 9007:1933–1941 8994:Cleveland 8964:Van Buren 8934:primaries 8914:primaries 8894:primaries 8874:primaries 8854:primaries 8834:primaries 8814:primaries 8809:Lieberman 8794:primaries 8774:primaries 8754:primaries 8734:primaries 8714:primaries 8694:primaries 8674:primaries 8649:primaries 8629:primaries 8609:primaries 8589:primaries 8569:primaries 8549:primaries 8529:primaries 8520:Roosevelt 8509:primaries 8500:Roosevelt 8489:primaries 8480:Roosevelt 8469:primaries 8460:Roosevelt 8449:primaries 8429:primaries 8409:primaries 8404:Roosevelt 8389:primaries 8369:primaries 8295:Cleveland 8282:Cleveland 8273:Hendricks 8269:Cleveland 8247:Hendricks 8208:Pendleton 8204:McClellan 8113:Van Buren 8100:Van Buren 8091:Van Buren 8062:primaries 7796:John Bell 7625:(brother) 7250:from the 7078:. (1966) 7014:0022-4642 6984:0021-8723 6948:1466-4658 6916:Green Bag 6685:157742804 6570:0040-3261 6493:0275-1275 6152:April 23, 6011:March 14, 5966:April 15, 5912:March 26, 5886:April 15, 3090:Citations 3039:Footnotes 3012:dysentery 2751:riverboat 2439:in 1913. 2276:San Diego 1652:of 1819. 1540:Chronicle 1535:Chronicle 1425:telegraph 1142:John Bell 1124:pet banks 778:article. 701:Civil War 688:sectional 647:over the 605:Tennessee 486:1821–1825 451:Nicknames 439:Signature 407:Education 231:In office 223:Tennessee 196:John Bell 181:In office 171:13th 138:In office 81:In office 71:11th 13106:Category 13008:Coolidge 12983:McKinley 12401:campaign 12275:Nominees 12204:campaign 12189:Nominees 11905:J. Smith 11834:W. Mills 11819:Doughton 11809:Doughton 11759:Springer 11754:McKinley 11749:R. Mills 11744:Morrison 11724:Morrison 11654:Fillmore 11629:McDuffie 11624:Randolph 11614:S. Smith 11574:Randolph 11569:Griswold 11559:W. Smith 11490:Category 11373:McCarthy 11313:Gingrich 11203:Bankhead 11083:Carlisle 10953:Winthrop 10780:Sedgwick 10750:Trumbull 10673:Category 10636:Bredesen 10586:Browning 10571:Browning 10516:McMillin 10501:Buchanan 10471:J. Brown 10461:Brownlow 10436:Campbell 10426:N. Brown 10421:A. Brown 10122:Factions 10093:Congress 10018:Virginia 9968:Oklahoma 9948:New York 9923:Nebraska 9913:Missouri 9898:Michigan 9888:Maryland 9873:Kentucky 9853:Illinois 9828:Delaware 9818:Colorado 9808:Arkansas 9771:Harrison 9732:Grossman 9674:Westwood 9639:Mitchell 9634:McKinney 9619:Hannegan 9579:Cummings 9469:Mitchell 9427:Robinson 9302:Jeffries 9290:Gephardt 9248:Bankhead 9206:Williams 9176:Carlisle 9071:Speakers 8982:Buchanan 8664:Eagleton 8660:McGovern 8640:Humphrey 8624:Humphrey 8584:Kefauver 8564:Sparkman 8444:Robinson 8424:C. Bryan 8420:J. Davis 8384:Marshall 8364:Marshall 8347:W. Bryan 8338:H. Davis 8321:W. Bryan 8308:W. 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