3961:
4291:
6849:
47:
433:
1368:. In 2012, Douglas Crockford, JSON creator, had this to say about comments in JSON when used as a configuration language: "I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't. Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your JSON parser."
2647:, p. iii: "The JSON syntax is not a specification of a complete data interchange. Meaningful data interchange requires agreement between a producer and consumer on the semantics attached to a particular use of the JSON syntax. What JSON does provide is the syntactic framework to which such semantics can be attached"
2551:
I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't. Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like
1504:
has been used to describe structured data and to serialize objects. Various XML-based protocols exist to represent the same kind of data structures as JSON for the same kind of data interchange purposes. Data can be encoded in XML in several ways. The most expansive form using tag pairs results in a
1228:
While JSON provides a syntactic framework for data interchange, unambiguous data interchange also requires agreement between producer and consumer on the semantics of specific use of the JSON syntax. One example of where such an agreement is necessary is the serialization of data types that are not
1194:
While the specifications place no limits on the magnitude or precisions of JSON number literals, the widely used JavaScript implementation stores them as IEEE754 "binary64" quantities. For interoperability, applications should avoid transmitting numbers that cannot be represented in this way, for
1148:
precision for "good interoperability". There is no inherent precision loss in serializing a machine-level binary representation of a floating-point number (like binary64) into a human-readable decimal representation (like numbers in JSON) and back since there exist published algorithms to do this
487:
capabilities, digiGroups, Noosh, and others used frames to pass information into the user browsers' visual field without refreshing a Web application's visual context, realizing real-time rich Web applications using only the standard HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript capabilities of
Netscape 4.0.5+ and
1044:
where the names (also called keys) are strings. The current ECMA standard states, "The JSON syntax does not impose any restrictions on the strings used as names, does not require that name strings be unique, and does not assign any significance to the ordering of name/value pairs." Objects are
460:(HTTP) connections open and recycling them before standard browser time-outs if no further data were exchanged. The cofounders had a round-table discussion and voted on whether to call the data format JSML (JavaScript Markup Language) or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), as well as under what
369:, who named and promoted the JSON format, says it's pronounced like the name Jason. But somehow, 'JAY-sawn' seems to have become more common in the technical community." Crockford said in 2011, "There's a lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don't care."
1267:
specifies a JSON-based format to define the structure of JSON data for validation, documentation, and interaction control. It provides a contract for the JSON data required by a given application and how that data can be modified. JSON Schema is based on the concepts from
1515:
Another key difference is the addressing of values. JSON has objects with a simple "key" to "value" mapping, whereas in XML addressing happens on "nodes", which all receive a unique ID via the XML processor. Additionally, the XML standard defines a common attribute
1186:
The specifications allow JSON objects that contain multiple members with the same name. The behavior of implementations processing objects with duplicate names is unpredictable. For interoperability, applications should avoid duplicate names when transmitting JSON
1152:
Comments were intentionally excluded from JSON. In 2012, Douglas
Crockford described his design decision thus: "I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability."
451:
Crockford first specified and popularized the JSON format. The acronym originated at State
Software, a company cofounded by Crockford and others in March 2001. The cofounders agreed to build a system that used standard browser capabilities and provided an
1311:. It is a simple protocol that defines only a handful of data types and commands. JSON-RPC lets a system send notifications (information to the server that does not require a response) and multiple calls to the server that can be answered out of order.
1694:("JSON5 Data Interchange Format") is an extension of JSON syntax that just like JSON is also valid JavaScript syntax. The specification was started in 2012 and finished in 2018 with version 1.0.0. The main differences to JSON syntax are:
1466:
JSON is promoted as a low-overhead alternative to XML as both of these formats have widespread support for creation, reading, and decoding in the real-world situations where they are commonly used. Apart from XML, examples could include
1381:
Some relational databases, such as
PostgreSQL and MySQL, have added support for native JSON data types. This allows developers to store JSON data directly in a relational database without having to convert it to another data format.
1190:
The specifications specifically say that the order of members in JSON objects is not significant. For interoperability, applications should avoid assigning meaning to member ordering even if the parsing software makes that ordering
1276:
at the IETF, with the latest version as of 2024 being "Draft 2020-12". There are several validators available for different programming languages, each with varying levels of conformance. The standard filename extension is .json.
1417:, not being valid JavaScript code until JavaScript specifications were updated in 2019, and so older engines may not support it. To avoid the many pitfalls caused by executing arbitrary code from the Internet, a new function,
885:
to appear unescaped in quoted strings, while ECMAScript 2018 and older do not. This is a consequence of JSON disallowing only "control characters". For maximum portability, these characters should be backslash-escaped.
2514:, p. 3: "The JSON syntax does not impose any restrictions on the strings used as names, does not require that name strings be unique, and does not assign any significance to the ordering of name/value pairs."
1550:, that permits strong typing, user-defined types, predefined tags, and formal structure, allowing for formal validation of an XML stream. JSON has several types built-in and has a similar schema concept in
1205:
The specifications do not forbid transmitting byte sequences that incorrectly represent
Unicode characters. For interoperability, applications should transmit messages containing no such byte sequences.
1509:, the representation is often about the same size as JSON or just a little larger. However, an XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element.
6175:
1669:
TIBCO Streaming: HOCON is the primary configuration file format for the TIBCO Streaming family of products (StreamBase, LiveView, and
Artifact Management Server) as of TIBCO Streaming Release 10.
1183:
Certain JSON implementations only accept JSON texts representing an object or an array. For interoperability, applications interchanging JSON should transmit messages that are objects or arrays.
479:
at
Communities.com (the State cofounders had all worked at this company previously) for Cartoon Network , which used a browser side plug-in with a proprietary messaging format to manipulate
1432:, was first added to the fifth edition of ECMAScript, which as of 2017 is supported by all major browsers. For non-supported browsers, an API-compatible JavaScript library is provided by
1208:
The specification does not constrain how applications go about comparing
Unicode strings. For interoperability, applications should always perform such comparisons code unit by code unit.
1067:
is allowed and ignored around or between syntactic elements (values and punctuation, but not within a string value). Four specific characters are considered whitespace for this purpose:
1220:, describing the "I-JSON Message Format", a restricted profile of JSON that constrains the syntax and processing of JSON to avoid, as much as possible, these interoperability issues.
1117:
to be serialized, it may lead to portability issues. For example, since no differentiation is made between integer and floating-point values, some implementations may treat
1272:(XSD) but is JSON-based. As in XSD, the same serialization/deserialization tools can be used both for the schema and data, and it is self-describing. It is specified in an
3155:
The primary goal is: keep the semantics (tree structure; set of types; encoding/escaping) from JSON, but make it more convenient as a human-editable config file format.
3514:
3207:
2223:
In 1996, Macromedia launches Flash technology which occupies the space left by Java and ActiveX, becoming the de facto standard for animation on the client side.
1102:) required that a valid JSON text must consist of only an object or an array type, which could contain other types within them. This restriction was dropped in
4236:
3244:
1505:
much larger (in character count) representation than JSON, but if data is stored in attributes and 'short tag' form where the closing tag is replaced with
5687:
2901:
1198:
While the specifications do not constrain the character encoding of the
Unicode characters in a JSON text, the vast majority of implementations assume
488:
Internet
Explorer 5+. Crockford then found that JavaScript could be used as an object-based messaging format for such a system. The system was sold to
3489:
5682:
6883:
5904:
5692:
2053:
2015:
5187:
4565:
3413:
417:
2965:
4265:
2202:
5409:
4229:
1337:. Typically, it renders new data from the server in response to user actions on that web page. For example, what the user types into a
17:
6379:
3229:
2534:
6484:
6404:
6195:
6190:
6036:
1087:
must not be generated by a conforming implementation (though it may be accepted when parsing JSON). JSON does not provide syntax for
421:
409:
6202:
4205:
2871:
2413:
1818:
1461:
3874:
4556:
3988:
3464:
2469:
3196:
1113:
Numbers in JSON are agnostic with regard to their representation within programming languages. While this allows for numbers of
6735:
4925:
1145:
1049:
and use commas to separate each pair, while within each pair, the colon ':' character separates the key or name from its value.
982:
440:
JSON grew out of a need for a real-time server-to-browser session communication protocol without using browser plugins such as
3116:
456:
for Web developers to create stateful Web applications that had a persistent duplex connection to a Web server by holding two
5097:
4222:
3541:
1981:
3569:
605:
the JSON libraries while mocking corporate lawyers and those who are overly pedantic. On the other hand, this clause led to
6804:
6605:
6128:
5511:
5102:
5072:
1129:
as the same number, while others may not. The JSON standard makes no requirements regarding implementation details such as
3518:
6449:
5779:
5576:
4104:
2254:
1512:
XML separates "data" from "metadata" (via the use of elements and attributes), while JSON does not have such a concept.
1179:
describes certain aspects of JSON syntax that, while legal per the specifications, can cause interoperability problems.
4900:
516:
277:
3021:
1487:
is also a superset of JSON, with a wider range of primary types, annotations, comments, and allowing trailing commas.
424:
standards describe only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations.
5976:
5000:
3074:
2091:
1390:
JSON being a subset of JavaScript can lead to the misconception that it is safe to pass JSON texts to the JavaScript
2593:
6540:
5712:
5556:
1958:
1573:
being created. Among them are HJSON, HOCON, and JSON5 (which despite its name, is not the fifth version of JSON).
1314:
601:
Crockford added a clause to the JSON license stating, "The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil", in order to
2758:
1444:
a strict JSON superset as of the language's 2019 revision. Various JSON parser implementations have suffered from
3674:
1795:
575:
3100:
for data representation you can pick one of the following: YAML, YAMLEX, JSON, JSON5, HJSON, or even pure Python
2897:
2045:
2007:
133:
6635:
6630:
6389:
6337:
4437:
4270:
4056:
4006:
2553:
1566:
1365:
1114:
1088:
986:
2297:
It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999.
1590:
version 1.2 is a superset of JSON; prior versions were not strictly compatible. For example, escaping a slash
6429:
5759:
5272:
4920:
4442:
1449:
385:
had been available as its "informational" specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as
4280:
4184:
1281:
6878:
6774:
6252:
4549:
4461:
3981:
3301:
2383:
457:
445:
262:
242:
3639:
862:, his specification actually allows valid JSON documents that are not valid JavaScript; JSON allows the
6434:
6342:
6292:
6051:
5384:
5379:
4778:
4400:
3900:"Universal Binary JSON Specification – The universally compatible format specification for Binary JSON"
2944:
1824:
1484:
1375:
2657:
1672:
It is also the primary configuration file format for several subsystems of Exabeam Advanced Analytics.
6898:
6700:
6645:
6424:
6409:
5667:
5087:
4583:
4305:
3727:
2859:
JSMin is a minification tool that removes comments and unnecessary whitespace from JavaScript files.
2828:
1845:
1037:
1027:
992:
898:
3417:
2162:
1535:, or a numeric digit, whereas JSON keys can (even if quotation mark and backslash must be escaped).
475:
A precursor to the JSON libraries was used in a children's digital asset trading game project named
6748:
6655:
6444:
6419:
5631:
5626:
4487:
3270:
2969:
2926:
1757:
Several serialization formats have been built on or from the JSON specification. Examples include
1445:
1041:
894:
250:
2177:
1329:, JSON is the data format. AJAJ is a web development technique that provides for the ability of a
1202:
encoding; for interoperability, applications should always and only encode JSON messages in UTF-8.
1046:
6888:
6302:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5404:
5389:
5329:
4763:
4758:
4718:
2538:
1614:
497:
88:
2619:
6893:
6852:
6620:
6610:
5739:
5157:
4738:
4542:
4524:
4019:
3974:
3352:
2357:
Type: RFC - Internet Standard (December 2017; Errata); Obsoletes RFC 7159; Also known as STD 90
2210:
2079:
1468:
893:. The encoding supports the full Unicode character set, including those characters outside the
315:
116:
31:
1842:– a functional data processing and query language most commonly used for JSON query processing
6903:
6041:
5551:
4773:
4743:
4636:
4626:
4587:
4579:
4390:
4385:
4358:
4094:
2149:
1803:, a binary computer data interchange format imitating JSON, but requiring fewer bytes of data
1342:
1300:
606:
524:
246:
6799:
6705:
6439:
6414:
6257:
6098:
5849:
5536:
5339:
5212:
4995:
4395:
4310:
3924:
3138:
2789:
2487:
1714:
JSON5 syntax is supported in some software as an extension of JSON syntax, for instance in
1397:
function. This is not safe, due to certain valid JSON texts, specifically those containing
1134:
1064:
1023:
970:
Number: a signed decimal number that may contain a fractional part and may use exponential
614:
285:
3848:
1598:
is valid in JSON, but was not valid in YAML. YAML supports comments, while JSON does not.
8:
6640:
4320:
4315:
4034:
3668:
Butler, H.; Daly, M.; Doyle, A.; Gillies, Sean; Schaub, T.; Hagen, Stefan (August 2016).
1130:
1068:
610:
571:
404:, and it remains consistent with ECMA-404. That same year, JSON was also standardized as
2875:
2417:
464:
type to make it available. The JSON.org website was launched in 2001. In December 2005,
6585:
6520:
4860:
4451:
4246:
4044:
3234:
3202:
2809:
2130:
2049:
2011:
1748:
accepts trailing commas, but they are discouraged and the editor will display a warning
1730:
1622:
1361:
1322:
1230:
535:
512:
484:
413:
386:
270:
54:
1617:, unquoted keys, and assumes an outer object declaration. It was used for configuring
1569:
and other features have been deemed useful, which has led to several nonstandard JSON
1160:
after the last value inside a data structure. Trailing commas are a common feature of
1003:
characters. Strings are delimited with double quotation marks and support a backslash
978:. The format makes no distinction between integer and floating-point. JavaScript uses
5414:
3960:
3618:
3095:
3070:
2813:
2280:
2134:
2087:
1916:
1663:
1433:
1010:
602:
595:
574:
published ISO/IEC 21778:2017 as an international standard. On December 13, 2017, the
453:
398:
366:
299:
2945:"Denial of Service and Unsafe Object Creation Vulnerability in JSON (CVE-2013-0269)"
2682:
2310:
6148:
5889:
5217:
4534:
4325:
4260:
4168:
3017:
3013:
2801:
2122:
1886:
1652:
1476:
1318:
1269:
1213:
1172:
1103:
1095:
1004:
587:
579:
563:
555:
547:
539:
528:
489:
461:
390:
378:
321:
303:
208:
182:
145:
125:
4214:
2966:"Microsoft .NET Framework JSON Content Processing Denial of Service Vulnerability"
1662:
It is also supported as a configuration format for .NET projects via Akka.NET and
515:-262 3rd Edition—December 1999) and is commonly used with JavaScript, but it is a
6758:
6479:
6384:
6138:
6066:
6061:
6056:
5541:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
4275:
4014:
2569:
2552:
to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through
1962:
1437:
1084:
1080:
266:
254:
3669:
3376:
1217:
1176:
1107:
1099:
897:(U+0000 to U+FFFF). However, if escaped, those characters must be written using
629:
The following example shows a possible JSON representation describing a person.
591:
583:
567:
559:
551:
543:
394:
382:
129:
6046:
5794:
5606:
5469:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
4793:
4783:
4492:
4143:
4039:
3439:
2766:
1860:
1656:
1644:
1632:("Cursive Script Object Notation") that is more syntactically similar to JSON.
1346:
1273:
1249:, and most modern implementations have adopted this. Legacy MIME types include
1072:
1031:
361:". The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation. The
2733:
2258:
1944:
958:
JSON became a strict subset of ECMAScript as of the language's 2019 revision.
6873:
6867:
6834:
6809:
6794:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6555:
6500:
6469:
6459:
6322:
6312:
6282:
6277:
6227:
6207:
6185:
6170:
6123:
6088:
6031:
6026:
6016:
5894:
5839:
5814:
5809:
5789:
5662:
5202:
4641:
4611:
4466:
4173:
4163:
4051:
3997:
2078:
Nemeth, Evi; Snyder, Garth; Hein, Trent R.; Whaley, Ben; Mackin, Dan (2017).
1834:
1053:
618:
570:(but preserving ECMA-262 and ECMA-404 as main references). In November 2017,
476:
258:
238:
2340:
6695:
6665:
6525:
5869:
5864:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5636:
5581:
5531:
5464:
5419:
5394:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5262:
5227:
5137:
5132:
4960:
4768:
4508:
4416:
1865:
1610:
1138:
996:
538:
published the first edition of its JSON standard ECMA-404. That same year,
480:
4290:
2444:
2341:"RFC 8259 - The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"
863:
137:
6670:
6367:
6362:
6357:
5941:
5858:
4830:
4380:
4158:
4153:
4111:
4086:
3170:
1773:
1679:
1543:
1334:
469:
441:
3966:
989:), but other languages implementing JSON may encode numbers differently.
6660:
6565:
6272:
6247:
6011:
5966:
5702:
5359:
5172:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5015:
4990:
4865:
4621:
4471:
4455:
4447:
4189:
2847:
2794:
RFC 8259: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format
1547:
1441:
1157:
1030:
of zero or more elements, each of which may be of any type. Arrays use
971:
859:
855:
854:
Although Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of
508:
493:
318:(ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON" is "pronounced
281:
109:
66:
3327:
3297:
2118:
483:
elements (this system is also owned by 3DO ). Upon discovery of early
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6789:
6779:
6740:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6580:
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6535:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6454:
6399:
6394:
6374:
6352:
6332:
6287:
6267:
6222:
6217:
6212:
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6133:
6118:
6113:
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6093:
6078:
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6001:
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5971:
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5956:
5951:
5936:
5931:
5879:
5874:
5854:
5824:
5799:
5784:
5754:
5707:
5697:
5677:
5672:
5657:
5652:
5566:
5287:
5282:
5177:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4432:
3647:
2805:
2126:
1242:
1076:
355:
78:
3826:
1479:
can fill this role, although it is not a data interchange language.
432:
401:
121:
6464:
6242:
5946:
5774:
5611:
5601:
5586:
5561:
5546:
5521:
5516:
5399:
5374:
5369:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5334:
5299:
5294:
5277:
5257:
5252:
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5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5167:
5162:
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5147:
5142:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5092:
5077:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5010:
5005:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4965:
4955:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4905:
4895:
4788:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4352:
2369:
1779:
1570:
1350:
1338:
1330:
1296:
1142:
979:
46:
6753:
6545:
6530:
6327:
6317:
6307:
6083:
5899:
5744:
5732:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4798:
4753:
4748:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4126:
4024:
3849:"FasterXML/smile-format-specification: New home for Smile format"
3722:
1769:
1764:, a format designed for representing simple geographical features
1761:
1483:
has a superset of the JSON data types, but it is not text-based.
1371:
1304:
1000:
520:
289:
261:
values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse uses in
3266:
1582:
554:
became the main reference for JSON's Internet uses, superseding
302:
originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. He and
6615:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6262:
6237:
6165:
6021:
6006:
5986:
5981:
5926:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5804:
5769:
5616:
5267:
5082:
4646:
4373:
4347:
4178:
4136:
4121:
4116:
3574:
3546:
3313:
3282:
3240:
3043:
2991:
2119:"The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format"
1855:
1851:
1800:
1785:
1715:
1618:
1357:
504:
465:
2400:
JSON is a subset of the object literal notation of JavaScript.
2387:
1729:(JSON with Comments) is a subset of JSON5 used in Microsoft's
197:
6650:
6625:
6347:
6232:
6103:
5884:
5749:
5621:
5596:
5591:
5571:
4945:
4915:
4910:
4631:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4368:
4363:
4099:
4061:
2445:"Subsume JSON: Proposal to make all JSON text valid ECMA-262"
1848:– a "JSON query language" and high-level programming language
1828:
1675:
1199:
902:
890:
351:
2708:
2570:"Printing Floating-Point Numbers - An Always Correct Method"
1345:
then sends to the server, which immediately responds with a
6297:
6160:
6153:
5819:
5764:
5364:
4975:
4194:
4148:
4131:
4076:
4066:
3775:
2797:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
1895:
1839:
1813:
1643:("Human-Optimized Config Object Notation") is a format for
1587:
1480:
1392:
1308:
1285:
1110:, where a JSON text was redefined as any serialized value.
339:
330:
217:
191:
3596:
1904:
1892:
327:
226:
214:
188:
30:"Json" redirects here. For people with similar names, see
6784:
6474:
5526:
4331:
4071:
3800:
3640:"JSON with Comments - JSON editing in Visual Studio Code"
1854:– a JSON-oriented query and processing language based on
1827: – a superset of JSON (though limited to
1789:
1520:, that can be used by the user, to set an ID explicitly.
1501:
1496:
1326:
975:
405:
2517:
1288:
draft standard for JSON-based object references exists.
3750:
3697:
3388:
448:
applets, the dominant methods used in the early 2000s.
3899:
3667:
3389:"Akka.NET Documentation | Akka.NET Documentation"
2827:
Zyp, Kris (September 16, 2012). Bryan, Paul C. (ed.).
2077:
889:
JSON exchange in an open ecosystem must be encoded in
523:
and generating JSON data is readily available in many
249:
text to store and transmit data objects consisting of
2623:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1647:
data, and a superset of JSON. The uses of HOCON are:
621:
usually imply no restrictions on the purpose of use.
342:
336:
229:
223:
220:
194:
4564:
3954:
1788:, a lightweight markup language used to map between
161:
4244:
3875:"Understanding Smile — A data format based on JSON"
3165:
3163:
2235:
1889:
1523:XML tag names cannot contain any of the characters
1303:(RPC) protocol built on JSON, as a replacement for
1195:
example, 1E400 or 3.141592653589793238462643383279.
397:, published in 2017, is the current version of the
324:
292:JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension
211:
185:
2470:"Advance to Stage 4 - tc39/proposal-json-superset"
2284:
1980:
1782:, a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON
1229:part of the JSON standard, for example, dates and
985:for all its numeric values (later also supporting
2464:
2462:
2381:
1831:, like JSON for interchange, unlike general JSON)
1333:to request new data after it has loaded into the
6865:
3414:"Managing HOCON configuration files with Puppet"
3171:"YAML Ain't Markup Language (YAML™) Version 1.2"
3160:
3139:"HOCON (Human-Optimized Config Object Notation)"
3067:Client-server web apps with Javascript and Java
2567:
1527:, nor a space character, and cannot begin with
1141:, but it does recommend expecting no more than
3328:"config/HOCON.md at master · lightbend/config"
3117:"Why JSON isn't a good configuration language"
2829:"JSON Reference: draft-pbryan-zyp-json-ref-03"
2568:Andrysco, Marc; Jhala, Ranjit; Lerner, Sorin.
2459:
2372:" on LWN.net by Jake Edge (November 30, 2016).
2311:"History for draft-ietf-jsonbis-rfc7159bis-04"
436:Douglas Crockford at the Yahoo Building (2007)
27:Open standard file format and data interchange
4550:
4230:
3982:
3110:
3108:
3089:
2898:"ECMA-262: ECMAScript Language Specification"
2195:
2086:(5th ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional.
2084:UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook
1651:It is primarily used in conjunction with the
1094:Early versions of JSON (such as specified by
363:UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook
2411:
2046:"ECMA-404: The JSON Data Interchange Format"
2008:"ECMA-404: The JSON Data Interchange Syntax"
1557:XML supports comments, while JSON does not.
3090:Edelman, Jason; Lowe, Scott; Oswalt, Matt.
2864:
2788:Bray, Tim (December 2017). Bray, T. (ed.).
2439:
2437:
2435:
511:scripting language (specifically, Standard
333:
309:
306:sent the first JSON message in April 2001.
4557:
4543:
4237:
4223:
3989:
3975:
3959:
3515:"Exabeam Advanced Analytics Release Notes"
3105:
3058:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1628:There is also an unrelated project called
1280:The JSON standard does not support object
3996:
3567:
3539:
3295:
2845:
2532:
2416:. The timeless repository. Archived from
2405:
2279:
2117:Bray, T. (December 2017). Bray, T (ed.).
2112:
2110:
4206:Comparison of data-serialization formats
3064:
2872:"JSON: The JavaScript subset that isn't"
2432:
2414:"JSON: The JavaScript subset that isn't"
2014:. December 2017. p. iii, footnote.
1819:Comparison of data serialization formats
1551:
1462:Comparison of data-serialization formats
609:problems of the JSON license with other
431:
3824:
3490:"StreamBase New and Noteworthy Archive"
3114:
3036:
2992:"JSON: The Fat-Free Alternative to XML"
2033:
2000:
1678:uses it as the "new" config system and
1034:notation with comma-separated elements.
974:but cannot include non-numbers such as
546:used ECMA-404 as a reference. In 2014,
14:
6884:Computer-related introductions in 2001
6866:
3304:from the original on December 16, 2023
3092:Network Programmability and Automation
3069:. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 45.
2683:"Correct Content-Type Header for JSON"
2556:before handing it to your JSON parser.
2107:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1236:
983:double-precision floating-point format
594:, which is the current version of the
4538:
4218:
3970:
3872:
2612:
2533:Crockford, Douglas (April 30, 2012).
2255:"Using JSON with Yahoo! Web services"
2246:
2059:from the original on November 1, 2013
2021:from the original on October 27, 2019
849:
3194:
3024:from the original on August 12, 2024
2787:
2594:"Trailing commas - JavaScript | MDN"
2338:
2308:
2116:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1525:!"#$ %&'()*+,/;<=>?@^`{|}~
1156:JSON disallows "trailing commas", a
3597:"The JSON5 Data Interchange Format"
3273:from the original on April 23, 2024
3247:from the original on April 29, 2024
3210:from the original on April 22, 2023
3006:
2907:from the original on April 14, 2011
2846:Crockford, Douglas (May 16, 2019).
2826:
2734:"JSON Schema - Specification Links"
2382:Douglas Crockford (July 10, 2016).
1932:
1704:Single quoted and multiline strings
1167:
24:
3873:Gupta, Ayush (February 10, 2019).
3825:McKamey, Stephen (June 14, 2022),
3616:
2252:
1945:"Douglas Crockford: The JSON Saga"
1137:, loss of precision, rounding, or
89:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
25:
6915:
3946:
3751:"JSON-LD - JSON for Linking Data"
3115:McCombs, Thayne (July 16, 2018).
2347:. Internet Engineering Task Force
2317:. Internet Engineering Task Force
1968:
1436:. In addition, the TC39 proposal
1057:: an empty value, using the word
280:data format. It was derived from
6848:
6847:
4289:
3296:Seonghoon, Kang (July 1, 2021).
2175:
1885:
1315:Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON
1161:
320:
207:
181:
45:
3917:
3892:
3866:
3841:
3818:
3801:"JsonML (JSON Markup Language)"
3793:
3768:
3743:
3715:
3690:
3670:"RFC 7946 - The GeoJSON Format"
3661:
3632:
3610:
3589:
3561:
3533:
3507:
3482:
3457:
3432:
3406:
3381:
3370:
3345:
3320:
3289:
3259:
3222:
3188:
3131:
3083:
2984:
2958:
2937:
2919:
2900:(5th ed.). December 2009.
2890:
2839:
2833:Internet Engineering Task Force
2820:
2781:
2751:
2726:
2701:
2675:
2650:
2638:
2586:
2561:
2505:
2488:"BigInt - MDN Web doc glossary"
2480:
2375:
2362:
2339:Bray, Tim (December 13, 2017).
2332:
2302:
2273:
2228:
1796:Smile (data interchange format)
1737:supports single line comments (
1455:
1364:. However, it does not support
576:Internet Engineering Task Force
4271:Common Language Infrastructure
3925:"UBJSON - JSON for Modern C++"
3619:"JSON Functions And Operators"
3197:"CoffeeScript Object Notation"
2709:"JSON Schema and Hyper-Schema"
2169:
2071:
1878:
1752:
1472:
901:. For example, to include the
13:
1:
2874:. Magnus Holm. Archived from
2759:"JSON Schema Implementations"
2644:
2511:
2412:Holm, Magnus (May 15, 2011).
2209:. 26 May 2014. Archived from
2006:
1925:
1450:mass assignment vulnerability
1317:(or AJAJ) refers to the same
966:JSON's basic data types are:
961:
288:include code to generate and
3269:. Bevry. December 20, 2023.
2447:. Ecma TC39. August 23, 2019
1560:
1374:uses JSON-like data for its
1223:
1212:In 2015, the IETF published
527:. JSON's website lists JSON
372:
7:
3046:. World Wide Web Consortium
2370:Apache and the JSON license
2309:Bray, Tim (December 2017).
1807:
468:began offering some of its
458:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
263:electronic data interchange
10:
6920:
4401:Holographic Versatile Disc
3440:"StreamBase Documentation"
3065:Saternos, Casimir (2014).
2927:"douglascrockford/JSON-js"
1965: (archived 2019-10-30)
1947:. YouTube. August 28, 2011
1580:
1538:XML values are strings of
1494:
1459:
1376:document-oriented database
694:"street_address"
427:
177:JavaScript Object Notation
40:JavaScript Object Notation
29:
18:JavaScript Object Notation
6843:
6767:
6493:
5645:
4594:
4576:
4522:
4501:
4480:
4425:
4409:
4340:
4306:Advanced Intelligent Tape
4298:
4287:
4253:
4203:
4085:
4005:
3728:World Wide Web Consortium
2790:"11. IANA Considerations"
2327:2017-12-13 RFC published
2203:"Unofficial Java History"
1707:Additional number formats
1595:
1591:
1546:. XML has the concept of
1532:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1418:
1385:
742:"phone_numbers"
700:"21 2nd Street"
624:
156:
143:
115:
105:
97:
87:
77:
65:
53:
44:
2178:"JSON Redux AKA RFC7159"
1871:
1721:
1698:Optional trailing commas
1686:
1635:
1446:denial-of-service attack
1164:to improve ease of use.
950:"\uD83D\uDE10"
920:
895:Basic Multilingual Plane
864:Unicode line terminators
799:"646 555-4567"
772:"212 555-1234"
631:
310:Naming and pronunciation
67:Internet media type
3044:"XML 1.1 Specification"
2622:. json5. Archived from
1772:, a method of encoding
1615:significant indentation
1613:Object Notation") uses
1601:
1576:
1477:Google Protocol Buffers
1291:
1149:exactly and optimally.
1013:: either of the values
730:"postal_code"
4525:List of Ecma standards
4254:Application interfaces
2157:Cite journal requires
1741:) and block comments (
1655:, and is developed by
1490:
1362:configuration language
899:UTF-16 surrogate pairs
736:"10021-3100"
637:"first_name"
519:data format. Code for
437:
316:international standard
4481:Radio link interfaces
4426:Programming languages
4391:Ultra Density Optical
3465:"Configuration Guide"
3357:www.playframework.com
3353:"Config File - 2.5.x"
3230:"Basic Customization"
2598:developer.mozilla.org
1301:remote procedure call
1083:. In particular, the
817:"Catherine"
649:"last_name"
607:license compatibility
525:programming languages
435:
286:programming languages
251:attribute–value pairs
4396:Universal Media Disc
3420:on February 11, 2017
2626:on November 29, 2020
2600:. September 12, 2023
2384:"JSON in JavaScript"
1982:"ISO/IEC 21778:2017"
1701:Unquoted object keys
808:"children"
712:"New York"
661:"is_alive"
615:open-source software
611:open-source licenses
517:language-independent
503:JSON was based on a
278:language-independent
265:, including that of
4341:File systems (disk)
4299:File systems (tape)
3521:on October 20, 2020
3494:docs.streambase.com
3469:docs.streambase.com
3444:docs.streambase.com
3377:Akka.NET HOCON Docs
2972:on November 6, 2018
2261:on October 11, 2007
1542:, with no built-in
1415:PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
1237:Metadata and schema
1231:regular expressions
1115:arbitrary precision
883:PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
685:"address"
572:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22
41:
6879:Ajax (programming)
4570:by standard number
4247:Ecma International
3644:Visual Studio Code
3195:Dohm, Lee (2014).
3145:. January 28, 2019
2933:. August 13, 2019.
2689:. January 13, 2023
2535:"Comments in JSON"
2285:"Introducing JSON"
2281:Crockford, Douglas
2050:Ecma International
2012:Ecma International
1731:Visual Studio Code
1682:-Files as fallback
1040:: a collection of
850:Character encoding
835:"spouse"
829:"Trevor"
823:"Thomas"
793:"number"
787:"office"
766:"number"
586:when it published
536:Ecma International
438:
284:, but many modern
138:ISO/IEC 21778:2017
106:Extended from
55:Filename extension
39:
6861:
6860:
4584:ISO romanizations
4532:
4531:
4212:
4211:
2645:ECMA-404, 2nd ed.
2512:ECMA-404, 2nd ed.
2080:"19: Web Hosting"
1917:cot-caught merger
1594:with a backslash
1434:Douglas Crockford
1325:, but instead of
1245:for JSON text is
718:"state"
655:"Smith"
596:Internet Standard
534:In October 2013,
454:abstraction layer
399:Internet Standard
367:Douglas Crockford
300:Douglas Crockford
245:format that uses
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
6911:
6899:Markup languages
6851:
6850:
4571:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4527:(1961 – present)
4326:Linear Tape-Open
4293:
4261:ANSI escape code
4239:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4169:Protocol Buffers
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3955:Official website
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:json.nlohmann.me
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3845:
3839:
3838:
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3835:
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3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
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3765:
3763:
3761:
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3738:
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3688:
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3683:
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3654:
3636:
3630:
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3627:
3625:
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3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3570:"reference.conf"
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3542:"Config phase 1"
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3517:. Archived from
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:. Archived from
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3349:
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3309:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3201:The Big Book of
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3135:
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3055:
3053:
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3031:
3029:
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3003:
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2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2968:. Archived from
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2916:
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2818:
2817:
2806:10.17487/RFC8259
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:on June 16, 2021
2765:. Archived from
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
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2705:
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2583:
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2579:
2574:
2565:
2559:
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2548:
2546:
2537:. Archived from
2530:
2515:
2509:
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2500:
2498:
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2478:
2477:
2466:
2457:
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2430:
2429:
2427:
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2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:on July 10, 2016
2386:. Archived from
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2345:IETF Datatracker
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2315:IETF Datatracker
2306:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2283:(May 28, 2009).
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
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2199:
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2192:
2190:
2188:
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2167:
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2155:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2127:10.17487/RFC8259
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2052:. October 2013.
2048:(1st ed.).
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2010:(2nd ed.).
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1744:
1740:
1623:Atom text editor
1597:
1593:
1583:YAML § JSON
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1508:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1343:client-side code
1319:dynamic web page
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:application/json
1168:Interoperability
1162:JSON derivatives
1128:
1124:
1120:
1060:
1056:
1042:name–value pairs
1020:
1016:
995:: a sequence of
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:"face"
942:
939:
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930:
927:
926:"face"
924:
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800:
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788:
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782:
781:"type"
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:"home"
758:
755:
754:"type"
752:
749:
746:
743:
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725:
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707:
706:"city"
704:
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683:
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665:
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647:
644:
643:"John"
641:
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490:Sun Microsystems
412:21778:2017. The
360:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
304:Chip Morningstar
295:
267:web applications
243:data interchange
241:file format and
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101:Data interchange
72:application/json
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4276:Office Open XML
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3879:Code with Ayush
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3731:. July 16, 2020
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3568:JITSI Project.
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3540:JITSI Project.
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2878:on May 13, 2012
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2763:json-schema.org
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2738:json-schema.org
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2541:on July 4, 2015
2531:
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2476:. May 22, 2018.
2468:
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2420:on May 13, 2012
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2018:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1963:Wayback Machine
1959:Transcript Vids
1950:
1948:
1943:
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1933:
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1915:, assuming the
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1321:methodology as
1294:
1259:text/javascript
1258:
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1170:
1126:
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1085:byte order mark
1081:carriage return
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1045:delimited with
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673:"age"
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6889:Ecma standards
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4366:
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4353:CD File System
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
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4329:
4323:
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4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Web Encryption
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4007:Human readable
4003:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3948:
3947:External links
3945:
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3891:
3865:
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3792:
3767:
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3369:
3344:
3319:
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3258:
3221:
3187:
3159:
3130:
3104:
3096:O'Reilly Media
3082:
3075:
3057:
3035:
3005:
2983:
2957:
2936:
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2585:
2560:
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2504:
2479:
2458:
2431:
2404:
2374:
2361:
2331:
2301:
2272:
2245:
2227:
2213:on 26 May 2014
2194:
2168:
2159:|journal=
2106:
2092:
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2032:
1999:
1967:
1930:
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1861:JSON streaming
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1653:Play framework
1645:human-readable
1637:
1634:
1603:
1600:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1457:
1454:
1438:"Subsume JSON"
1405:LINE SEPARATOR
1387:
1384:
1356:JSON has seen
1347:drop-down list
1293:
1290:
1274:Internet Draft
1238:
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1073:horizontal tab
1062:
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1047:curly brackets
1035:
1032:square bracket
1021:
1008:
990:
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932:"😐"
921:
873:LINE SEPARATOR
851:
848:
724:"NY"
632:
626:
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247:human-readable
168:
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26:
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2:
6916:
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6895:
6894:ISO standards
6892:
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6887:
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6882:
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6854:
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4589:
4588:IEC standards
4585:
4581:
4580:ISO standards
4575:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4526:
4521:
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4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Minimal BASIC
4465:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
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4297:
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4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
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4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:Standards of
4240:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Property list
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
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4078:
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4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Property list
4050:
4046:
4045:Web Signature
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3998:Data exchange
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
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3962:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3930:
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3806:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3723:"JSON-LD 1.1"
3718:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3664:
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3641:
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3315:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:Flight Manual
3236:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3180:September 13,
3176:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3119:. Lucid Chart
3118:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3076:9781449369316
3072:
3068:
3061:
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3019:
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2754:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2667:September 13,
2663:
2659:
2658:"Media Types"
2653:
2646:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2571:
2564:
2557:
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2508:
2493:
2489:
2483:
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2438:
2436:
2424:September 23,
2419:
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2151:
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2095:
2093:9780134278292
2089:
2085:
2081:
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2041:
2039:
2037:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1988:
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1964:
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1946:
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1931:
1918:
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1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Jackson (API)
1833:
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1241:The official
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919:
904:
900:
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865:
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857:
630:
622:
620:
619:free software
616:
612:
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585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
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549:
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541:
537:
532:
531:by language.
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
477:Cartoon Orbit
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
447:
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425:
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411:
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279:
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239:open standard
234:
202:
179:, pronounced
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82:
80:
76:
70:
68:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6904:Open formats
6706:27000 series
4513:
4417:Universal 3D
4029:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3832:, retrieved
3827:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3779:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3726:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3591:
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3602:June 25,
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