1042:
970:
1030:
994:
886:
729:
Qianlong ordered one of his Grand
Secretariats Necin to reinforce Zhang's army with more than 40,000 soldiers. Slob Dpon fortified the mountains and waterways, and the rGyalrongs were more familiar with the landscape. Necin didn't cooperate well with Zhang due to court politics. Besides, Necin never had experience in commanding armed forces before. Slob Dpon placed a spy near in Qing's high command. Zhang did not find out about it. Greater Jinchuan was prepared for all its opponents military actions. Qing army was defeated again in April 1748. Qianlong executed Zhang in December under the charge of disadvantageous commanding Heaven's army. Necin committed suicide for shaming the emperor's name.
898:
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the army resource of
Jinchuan. Agui conquered many fortresses, then reached Geer Cliff, Sonom's stronghold, in 1775. Agui started a siege and cut off the water supply of Geer Cliff. Sonom accepted Agui's terms of surrender. He poisoned Skal bzang and sent his corpse to Agui. Agui refused to accept the surrender because Qianlong did not want to see a third campaign against Jinchuan. In 1775, Agui commanded an assault. The Qing army occupied the outskirts of Geer Cliff. Sonom retreated into the fort. In 1776, the Qing army launched its final attack on Geer Cliff with cannons. Sonom gave up the hopeless resistance. The Second Campaign against Jinchuan had ended.
774:(革什咱土司) in 1771. Skal bzang attacked other Tusi. Qianlong announced a second campaign against Jinchuan. This time Qianlong was determined to end the Tusi system in Sichuan. The governor of Sichuan Artai led 20,000 troops to attack Skal bzang. The conquest made no progress in six months. Qianlong dismissed him as the governor. Later on, Wenfu the Grand Secretariat was appointed as the overall commander. Guilin became the governor of Sichuan and the vice overall commander. Wenfu led the west front to attack Lesser Jinchuan, and Guilin struck from the south. Wenfu was unstoppable, but Guilin's general Xue Zong was surrounded by the enemy at Heilong Valley in
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by abolishing the Tusi system in 1749. Compared to the total cost of 130 million silver taels of
Qianlong's Ten Great Campaigns, the tremendous relative cost of the Jinchuan campaigns accelerated the economic crisis of the Qing dynasty. This economic crisis would ultimately indirectly lead to the fall of the empire. However, the campaigns unified China proper and improved the stature of the imperial court and its policies.
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Slob Dpon died in 1760. His nephew Lang Kashi inherited the throne as the new Tusi of
Greater Jinchuan. Lang Kashi wanted to fulfill his uncle's legacy and wishes of becoming the new Tibetan King. He united some Tusi, recruited warriors, built defenses and implemented anti-Qing education in Jinchuan.
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became the commander in 1749. He was an experienced general. He slowed the attack and killed all the spies in the army. Fuheng separated the army to attack Slop Dpon from different directions. Qing army finally broke the walls of Slob Dpon's stronghold in 1749. Slob Dpon surrendered, and he agreed to
716:
Slob Dpon (Chinese: 莎羅奔) was the Tusi of
Greater Jinchuan. He was trying to unite tribes in Sichuan to fight the bureaucratization of Tusi. He kidnapped the Tusi of Lesser Jinchuan Tsewang (Chinese: 澤旺) in 1746 to force an alliance between Greater Jinchuan and minor Jinchuan. People in Lesser Jichuan
609:
of
Qianlong. Compare to his other eight campaigns, the cost of fighting Jinchuan was extraordinary. Jinchuan, a small county of Sichuan, cost the Qing Empire 50,000 people and 70 million silver taels to conquer, a cost that was more devastating than any other Great Campaigns accomplished by Qianlong.
849:
made Burma a tributary state and only 70,000 troops fought in the war. But the Qing gained nothing from the Two
Campaigns against Jinchuan. 180% of the nation's annual revenue was spent and 600,000 troops fought in a 40,000 km region for over 9 years. The second campaign could have been avoided
815:
The Qing's decisive victory against
Jinchuan rebel Tusi was documented by historical records. Qianlong was very happy about the fact that Jinchuan was defeated by his Army of Heaven. Later on, the Bureaucratization of Tusi proceeded in this region. The tribal administration was abolished, while Tusi
801:
Qianlong was surprised by how long this campaign went on. He ordered an immediate reinforcement with stockpiles of firearms and imported heavy cannons for Agui's army. Qianlong wanted to end the war at any cost. Agui executed the high orders. The Qing army started to massacre
Gyalrong people to cut
671:
By the end of the Ming dynasty, the Tusi system was unable to adapt to the rapid changes of society. Tusi promoted the slavery system in
Jinchuan, and they had the rights of a chieftain in their tribes. There were minor armed conflicts between the eighteen Tusi. Some of those conflicts evolved into
793:
Agui was a smart and brave general. In November 1772, Agui realized that Skal bzang's command post was located in Meidu Lama Temple, north of the Lesser Jinchuan Stream. He took 4,000 soldiers with him and crossed the stream under the moonlight. They captured the temple, but Skal bzang escaped to
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Wenfu and Agui joined forces in Lesser Jinchuan in 1773. They stationed the army near Meidu and were waiting for spring to launch the second wave of offense. Unexpectedly, Greater Jinchuan gathered elite forces and struck during a snow storm. They occupied the military granary of the Qing army.
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was angered by Slob Dpon's action. Qianlong mobilized 30,000 troops to suppress Slob Dpon's tribe. He appointed Zhang Guangsi as the overall commander to capture Greater Jinchuan. The corrupt Qing army failed to defeat Slob Dpon's untrained tribe warriors under highland climate. One year later,
635:. The literary meaning of the name in Chinese stems from ancient tales which described a giant gold mine between Greater Jinchuan and Lesser Jinchuan. The majority people who lived in Jinchuan were rGyalrong People, who were ruled under the name of Buddha by hereditary Tusi.
1041:
663:
set up the Tusi system in Sichuan and Tibet to stabilize cultural conflicts between Confucian central government and Buddhist tribes. Tusi was the prime leader of his designated tribe, of which there were eighteen in Sichuan. Tusi ruled the rGyalrong tribes for decades as a
721:(Mingzheng Tusi). Ji Shan sent a few garrisons to attack Slob Dpon. The garrisons were defeated quickly and unexpectedly. Ji Shan realized the emergence of this sudden event and Slob Dpon's ambitions. He reported the rebellion and asked for help from the imperial court.
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domination in Southwest China. It ended the slavery societies in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. The campaigns against Jinchuan symbolized the absolute power of the Qing central government while confirming the centralization of the empire's territory and administration.
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Province. After Sonom killed Geshitsa Tusi, he helped Tusi of Lesser Jinchuan, Skal bzang, to occupy the lands belonging to the other Tusi in the region. The provincial government ordered Sonom to return lands and accept the trial at the
717:
were not satisfied with Slob Dpon. They sent a messenger to Chengdu to notify the Sichuan governor Ji Shan. Slob Dpon heard about this, one might as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb. In 1747, Slob Dpon ordered an assault against the
778:. 30,000 troops were killed. Guilin did not reinforce Xue Zong's army and then was executed by Qianlong. The emperor needed a general to secure the victory, so he appointed the "Iron General" who just returned from conquering Burma,
969:
627:(Chinese: 金川; Tibetan: ཆུ་ཆེན་) means "Golden Stream" in Chinese and "Big River" in Tibetan. The name refers to two rivers in Northwest Sichuan, the Greater Jinchuan and the Lesser Jinchuan, both of which are
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1824:
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immediately. Sonom refused to retreat his rebels. The Qianlong Emperor was furious and gathered 80,000 troops and entered Jinchuan. In 1776, Qing troops sieged the castle of Sonom to force his surrender.
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pay as tribute thousands of silver taels and many golden Buddha statues to save his life. Qianlong emperor trusted him and kept him as the Tusi, and paused the bureaucratization in Sichuan province.
993:
767:
After Lang Kashi passed away a few years later, his son Sonom took the Tusi's name. Skal bzang (Chinese: 僧格桑) was a friend of Sonom, they dropped the family hatred and formed a military alliance.
1170:
1169:(Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie der Philosophischen Fakultät - ehemalige Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften). Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.
861:
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Greater Jinchuan. Agui sent a message to Sonom promising that if he handed over Skal bzang, the Qing army would retreat and admit his role as the Tibet King. Sonom refused his request.
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in Sichuan to replace the Tusi system, then retake the land and people for the empire. In 1726, the emperor had Ortai supervise the bureaucratization. The reform was successful in
885:
1789:
1784:
2439:
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were exiled or executed. The central government established states and counties in Sichuan, solidified control over the minorities and increased cultural exchange between
897:
1814:
1005:
1599:
771:
739:
The First Campaign Against Jinchuan was considered one of Qianlong's Great Achievements. Ironically, it was extremely unsuccessful for the following reasons:
585:
187:
157:
909:
182:
167:
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The Qing government mobilized more than 80,000 men in total from seven provinces to fight against a tribe that was not equipped with cannons nor firearms.
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Wenfu's force fought without supplies, and Wenfu was killed during the battle. Agui retreated, and Gyalrongs retook the Lesser Jinchuan.
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decided to mobilize forces and suppress Slob Dpon, who surrendered to the central government in 1749. The second campaign against
33:
289:
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1513:
1359:
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873:
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armed rebellions. Officials of Qing realized that the Tusi system was a problem after they took over China from Ming. The
1594:
410:
1163:
The Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771 – 1776) Economic, Social and Political Aspects of an Important Qing Period Border War
81:
1699:
1654:
568:(Da Jinchuan or Greater Jinchuan in Chinese) happened in 1747 when the Tusi of Greater Jinchuan Slob Dpon attacked the
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1317:
1281:
1199:
1136:
1098:
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A banquet held at the Hall of Purple Glaze in honor of the victorious Chinese army of the Jinchuan Campaign 1771-1776
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The central government did not take any step to limit Tusi's army size, which gave them opportunities to rebel again.
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1312:. Yang, Shenzhi., Xia, Jianqin., Li, Hu., 杨慎之., 夏剑钦., 李瑚. (Di 1 ban ed.). Changsha: Yue lu shu she.
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costed 23 million silver taels, and expanded the territory of the Qing by over 1,500,000 km. The
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1834:
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Qianlong did not execute Slob Dpon, which made other Tusi more fearful of Greater Jinchuan's force.
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25:
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673:
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2409:
2360:
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The Qianlong Emperor is presented with prisoners of the Jinchuan Campaign 1771-1776
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1950:
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1545:
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1426:
867:"Reconquer the little Goldstreamland", a scene of the Jinchuan Campaign 1771-1776
712:
Attack on mountain Raipang. Most battles in Jinchuan took place in the mountains.
561:
135:
62:
1237:
2525:
2480:
2460:
2386:
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1444:
66:
975:"Conquest of the Kunser mountain range at Zaizedahai and the lama temple Ragu"
580:(Xiao Jinchuan or Lesser Jinchuan) took place in 1771, when the Jinchuan Tusi
2540:
2434:
1902:
1327:
1209:
1194:. Li, Zhongjun (Folklorist),, 李忠俊 (Folklorist) (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing.
1108:
368:
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312:
260:
249:
244:
96:
83:
1291:
1146:
695:. But it saw resistance in Sichuan when the Tusi started a major rebellion.
2392:
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2338:
2290:
2285:
2268:
1916:
1587:
665:
660:
2373:
2368:
821:
549:
271:
131:
2126:
50:
First Campaign: 1747–1749 (3 years) Second Campaign: 1771–1776 (6 years)
2485:
2273:
2079:
1570:
1434:
632:
1995:
785:
439:
2241:
1955:
1790:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
1785:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
1535:
817:
628:
1178:
1911:
1490:
775:
644:
553:
1815:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1276:. 趙爾巽, 1844-1927. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju.
2379:
2333:
2248:
1540:
1337:
688:
648:
593:
177:
70:
999:"Conquest of the mountain range Kebuqu and Suolonggu and others"
2258:
1907:
1550:
732:
692:
266:
820:(Chinese: 中原) and border areas. This led to the foundation of
2444:
2263:
2253:
1368:
676:
581:
352:
74:
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people who live in the Northwest Sichuan, China. They speak
647:(Chinese: 嘉绒人; Tibetan: རྒྱལ་རོང་; Wylie: rgyal rong) are a
1990:
1985:
1485:
779:
557:
307:
2221:
59:
Chuchen (Greater Jinchuan) and Tsanlha (Lesser Jinchuan)
891:"Conquest of the defence tower at the Luobowa mountain"
758:
1840:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
1825:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1093:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing Shi: Min zu chu ban she.
903:"Conquest of the mountain range at Yixi and Daertu"
753:
703:
2538:
1011:"Victory promulgation of the conquest of Gelayi"
1131:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Zhonghua shu ju.
38:Court painting of the Campaign Against Jinchuan
1271:
1757:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
1353:
1091:Qianlong chao Da Xiao Jinchuan zhi yi yan jiu
455:
915:"Conquest of the mountain Ripang and others"
1307:
1088:
1360:
1346:
1222:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
841:Among Qianlong's Ten Great Campaigns. The
618:
462:
448:
417:
1189:
1126:
927:"Conquest of the Kangsaer mountain range"
1159:
827:
784:
757:
707:
548:(Chinese: 平定兩金川), were two wars between
546:Suppression of the Jinchuan Hill Peoples
1310:Sheng wu ji : fu yi sou kou hai ji
770:Sonom launched a sudden strike against
605:The Jinchuan campaigns were two of the
469:
430:Jinchuan's location on the map of China
116:Qing Victory. Tusi system was abolished
2539:
1514:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1160:Theobald, Ulrich (30 September 2010).
638:
1595:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1341:
1129:Qing Gaozong shi quan wu gong yan jiu
951:"Conquest of Yixi, Yiasuo and others"
939:"Conquest of the Musigonggake valley"
443:
2552:Military history of the Qing dynasty
1722:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1303:
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1263:
1261:
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1084:
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564:region. The first campaign against
13:
1700:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1655:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1367:
14:
2568:
1737:Protests and uprisings since 1950
1727:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1298:
1254:
1115:
1071:
1845:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
1835:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1176:from the original on 2014-08-26.
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1820:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
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704:First Campaign Against Jinchuan
2075:Patron and priest relationship
2041:Central Tibetan Administration
1850:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1230:
1183:
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496:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1:
2440:Historical and cultural sites
1805:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1064:
613:
521:Campaigns against the Gurkhas
1780:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1127:Jifa., Zhuang; 莊吉發. (1987).
1089:Zhiyan., Peng; 彭陟焱. (2010).
805:
782:, as the overall commander.
7:
2557:Military history of Sichuan
1800:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
1690:British expedition to Tibet
1680:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1650:Battle of the Salween River
1052:
879:"Conquest of Lamu and Rizi"
10:
2573:
2173:Postage and postal history
1625:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1192:Jiarong Zang zu min su zhi
853:
810:
789:The Conquest of Geer Cliff
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2168:
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1635:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1615:
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1388:
1379:
1272:Zhao, Erxun; 趙爾巽 (2003).
685:Bureaucratization of Tusi
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481:
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223:
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42:
31:
23:
18:
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1795:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
1747:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
552:and the rebel forces of
2140:TAR People's Government
2100:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1640:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
963:"Conquest of Shizhenga"
619:The History of Jinchuan
511:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1810:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
1764:Special Frontier Force
1308:Wei, Yuan; 魏源 (2011).
833:
790:
763:
713:
224:Commanders and leaders
2547:18th century in China
2183:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2178:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2145:TAR People's Congress
2117:India–Tibet relations
2090:Independence movement
1742:1959 Tibetan uprising
1630:Battle of Dafei River
1478:Era of Fragmentation
987:"Conquest of Zeichao"
831:
788:
761:
711:
544:), also known as the
392:Casualties and losses
2491:Traditional medicine
1705:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1526:Relations with Ming
1496:Relations with Song
1468:Relations with Tang
1406:European exploration
1242:www.historychina.net
1190:Li, Mao; 李茂 (2011).
516:Invasion of Đại Việt
427:class=notpageimage|
2135:Regional Government
2112:CIA Tibetan program
2095:Serfdom controversy
1979:Traditional regions
1830:Simla Accord (1914)
1752:2008 Tibetan unrest
1576:List of Qing ambans
1521:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1059:Ten Great Campaigns
1023:"Victorious Return"
843:war against Dzungar
668:of the government.
653:rGyalrong languages
639:The History of Tusi
607:Ten Great Campaigns
599:Ministry of Justice
578:Chiefdom of Tsanlha
566:Chiefdom of Chuchen
486:Conquest of Dzungar
473:Ten Great Campaigns
93: /
26:Ten Great Campaigns
2449:(ceremonial scarf)
2420:Dzong architecture
2237:Imperial Preceptor
2107:Sovereignty debate
2053:Etymology of Tibet
1665:Lhasa riot of 1750
1660:Jinchuan campaigns
1645:Battle of Dartsedo
1563:Qing dynasty rule
1506:Yuan dynasty rule
1480:(9th–13th century)
834:
791:
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674:viceroy of Yun-Gui
570:Chiefdom of Chakla
534:Jinchuan campaigns
506:Jinchuan campaigns
491:Amursana rebellion
97:31.476°N 102.067°E
19:Jinchuan campaigns
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2058:Foreign relations
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1715:Qinghai–Tibet War
1685:Sikkim expedition
1675:Dogra–Tibetan War
1670:Sino-Nepalese War
1605:political leaders
1583:Post-Qing to 1950
1536:Rinpungpa dynasty
1447:(7th–9th century)
847:Campaign in Burma
719:Kingdom of Chakla
699:The Two Campaigns
681:Yongzheng emperor
572:(Mingzheng). The
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1710:Sino-Tibetan War
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1458:List of emperors
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2121:
2034:
2007:
1974:
1951:Tibetan Plateau
1946:Rongbuk Glacier
1932:Yarlung Tsangpo
1855:
1768:
1695:Batang uprising
1617:
1611:
1564:
1558:Khoshut Khanate
1546:Ganden Phodrang
1541:Tsangpa dynasty
1527:
1507:
1497:
1479:
1469:
1446:
1440:Yarlung dynasty
1428:
1415:
1375:
1366:
1336:
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1320:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1270:
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813:
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762:Agui's portrait
756:
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530:
525:
477:
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434:
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429:
423:
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421:
374:
329:First Campaign:
323:
294:
239:First Campaign:
217:
213:
207:
147:
139:
134:
102:31.476; 102.067
101:
99:
95:
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87:
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60:
37:
12:
11:
5:
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2398:wall paintings
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2336:
2329:Tibetan people
2326:
2324:Social classes
2321:
2316:
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2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
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2029:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
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2004:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:Nature Reserve
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1926:
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1914:
1905:
1895:
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1600:PRC annexation
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1403:
1401:List of rulers
1398:
1392:
1390:
1383:
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1376:
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1350:
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620:
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612:
527:
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425:
424:
415:
414:
408:
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405:
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401:
398:
394:
393:
389:
388:
387:30,000 militia
385:
381:
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376:
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361:
344:
343:
326:
324:
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321:
318:
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287:
284:
275:
274:
269:
264:
253:
236:
235:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
218:(2nd campaign)
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
148:(1st campaign)
141:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
29:
28:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2569:
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2018:
2002:
1999:
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1994:
1992:
1989:
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1984:
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1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
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1319:9787807615491
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1283:9787101007503
1279:
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1201:9787811085082
1197:
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1138:9787101001822
1134:
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1102:
1100:9787105107568
1096:
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983:
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971:
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935:
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923:
918:
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906:
899:
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875:
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863:
858:
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851:
848:
844:
830:
826:
823:
819:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:Geshitsa Tusi
768:
760:
748:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
726:Grand Council
722:
720:
710:
696:
694:
690:
686:
683:to start the
682:
678:
675:
669:
667:
662:
658:
655:and practice
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
611:
608:
603:
600:
595:
591:
587:
586:Geshitsa Tusi
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:chieftains ("
555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
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285:
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265:
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257:
254:
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246:
245:Zhang Guangsi
243:
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241:
240:
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230:
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68:
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57:
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49:
46:
45:
41:
35:
30:
27:
22:
17:
2466:
2459:
2445:
2393:sand mandala
2385:
2378:
2319:Sinicization
2291:Panchen Lama
2286:Lhamo La-tso
2269:Ganden Tripa
2063:Human rights
1937:Grand Canyon
1917:Namcha Barwa
1910: /
1659:
1588:Tibetan Army
1486:Guge kingdom
1309:
1274:Qing shi gao
1273:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1238:"中华文史网-边疆民族"
1232:
1191:
1185:
1162:
1155:
1128:
1090:
840:
837:Significance
814:
800:
796:
792:
769:
765:
738:
731:
723:
715:
670:
666:puppet ruler
661:Ming dynasty
642:
624:
622:
604:
590:Ngawa County
560:") from the
545:
533:
531:
505:
346:
345:
328:
327:
295:
277:
276:
238:
237:
130:
125:Belligerents
2403:wall murals
2307:Catholicism
1891:Environment
1565:(1720–1912)
1528:(1368–1644)
1508:(1270–1350)
1429:(Neolithic)
1427:Prehistory
629:tributaries
550:Qing Empire
272:Yue Zhongqi
132:Qing Empire
100: /
88:102°04′01″E
2541:Categories
2486:Tibetology
2455:Literature
2274:Dalai Lama
2127:Government
2085:Tibet Area
2080:Golden Urn
2046:Parliament
1571:Lifan Yuan
1498:(960–1279)
1435:Zhangzhung
1420:Chronology
1247:2018-03-05
1065:References
679:suggested
633:Dadu River
614:Background
364:Skal bzang
317:Ha Guoxing
313:Fuk'anggan
138:chiefdoms:
85:31°28′34″N
69:counties,
2468:Chronicle
2430:Festivals
2242:Dpon-chen
2212:Languages
2207:Education
1956:Changtang
1898:Mountains
1865:Geography
1773:Documents
1618:conflicts
1470:(618–907)
1389:Overviews
1328:750093258
1218:cite book
1210:717154582
1109:658574835
818:Zhongyuan
806:Aftermath
623:The name
335:Slob Dpon
2526:Category
2410:Calendar
2344:Diaspora
2217:Religion
2021:Politics
1922:Tanggula
1912:Changtse
1616:Wars and
1491:Tsongkha
1453:Timeline
1396:Timeline
1373:articles
1292:55513807
1171:Archived
1147:22381458
1053:See also
776:Kangding
645:Gyalrong
625:Jinchuan
562:Jinchuan
554:Gyalrong
379:Strength
320:Hailanca
188:Dzonggag
158:Geshitsa
136:Gyalrong
63:Jinchuan
55:Location
24:Part of
2510:Outline
2474:writers
2415:Cuisine
2380:thangka
2361:Culture
2334:Changpa
2249:Nyingma
2196:Society
2161:Economy
1996:Ü-Tsang
1970:Valleys
1928:Rivers
1903:Kailash
1463:Lönchen
1445:Empire
1381:History
1179:Alt URL
854:Gallery
811:Results
689:Guizhou
659:. The
649:Qiangic
594:Sichuan
584:killed
538:Chinese
400:Unknown
296:†
215:Tsanlha
211:Chuchen
178:Trokyap
145:Tsanlha
71:Sichuan
67:Xiaojin
2461:Annals
2425:Emblem
2387:tsakli
2259:Jonang
1908:Lhotse
1852:(2008)
1551:Kashag
1371:
1326:
1316:
1290:
1280:
1208:
1198:
1145:
1135:
1107:
1097:
733:Fuheng
693:Yunnan
542:大小金川之役
540::
366:
355:
337:
303:Šucang
292:
283:Guilin
267:Fuheng
258:
247:
183:Somang
168:Tsenpa
153:Chakla
113:Result
2517:Index
2481:Music
2446:Khata
2349:Names
2339:Yolmo
2312:Islam
2264:Gelug
2254:Kagyu
2232:Sakya
2035:(TAR)
2001:Ngari
1886:Fauna
1881:Flora
1369:Tibet
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2296:list
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2068:LGBT
1991:Kham
1986:Amdo
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1314:ISBN
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1278:ISBN
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