John Quincy Adams - Knowledge

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unexpected events. Adams wanted to delay American recognition of the newly independent republics of Latin America to avoid the risk of war with Spain and its European allies. However, Andrew Jackson's military campaign in Florida and Henry Clay's threats in Congress forced Spain to cut a deal, which Adams negotiated successfully. Biographer James Lewis says, "He managed to play the cards that he had been dealt – cards that he very clearly had not wanted – in ways that forced the Spanish cabinet to recognize the weakness of its own hand". Apart from the Monroe doctrine, his last four years as Secretary of State were less successful because he was preoccupied with his presidential campaign and refused to make compromises with other countries that might have weakened his candidacy; the result was a small-scale trade war but a successful election to the White House.

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constantly bothered by his physical appearance. He was closer to his father, with whom he spent much of his early life while abroad, than he was to his mother. In his youth, while the American Revolution raged on, Adams heard from his mother about his father's work and the substantial risks he took to support it. As a result, he developed a deep respect for his father. In contrast, Adams had a rocky relationship with his mother, due to her high expectations of him, and her fear that her children would follow in the footsteps of her brother, who died of alcoholism. His biographer, Nagel, concludes that his mother's disapproval of Louisa Johnson motivated him to marry Johnson in 1797, despite Adams's reservations that Johnson, like his mother, had a forceful personality.

3153: 2943:, a Jackson supporter, replaced John Taylor, an Adams supporter, as Speaker of the House. As Adams himself noted, the United States had never seen a Congress that was firmly under the control of political opponents of the president. After the elections, Van Buren and Calhoun agreed to throw their support behind Jackson in 1828, with Van Buren bringing along many of Crawford's supporters. Though Jackson did not articulate a detailed political platform in the same way that Adams did, his coalition united in opposition to Adams's reliance on government planning. Adams, meanwhile, clung to the hope of a non-partisan nation, and he refused to make full use of the power of patronage to build up his own party structure. 1554: 20082: 19785: 3477: 1859: 3309:, a Southerner who, unlike Adams, Henry Clay, and many other prominent Whigs, did not embrace the American System. Adams saw Tyler as an agent of "the slave-driving, Virginia, Jeffersonian school, principled against all improvement". After Tyler vetoed a bill to restore the national bank, Whig congressmen expelled Tyler from the party. Adams was appointed chairman of a special committee that explored impeaching Tyler, and Adams presented a scathing report of Tyler that argued that his actions warranted impeachment. The impeachment process did not move forward, though, because the Whigs did not believe that the Senate would vote to remove Tyler from office. 3246:, won 40% of the vote, while Adams finished in second place with 29%. Because no candidate won a majority of the vote, the state legislature decided the election. Rather than seek election by the legislature, Adams withdrew his name from contention, and the legislature selected Davis. Adams was nearly elected to the Senate in 1835 by a coalition of Anti-Masons and National Republicans, but his support for Jackson in a minor foreign policy matter annoyed National Republican leaders enough that they dropped their support for his candidacy. After 1835, Adams never again sought higher office, focusing instead on his service in the House of Representatives. 14798: 3402: 1082: 1539: 3672: 3513:, which quickly defaulted. After heated debate in Congress, Adams successfully argued to restore the lost funds with interest. Though Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes, Adams successfully persuaded Congress to preserve the money for an institution of science and learning. Congress also debated whether the federal government had the authority to accept the gift, though with Adams leading the initiative, Congress accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836. Partly due to Adams's efforts, Congress voted to establish the 13721: 18930: 18214: 3852: 2736: 3290:. Adams considered the issue of Texas to be "a question of far deeper root and more overshadowing branches than any or all others that agitate the country", and he emerged as one of the leading congressional opponents of annexation. When he served as secretary of state, Adams had sought to acquire Texas, but he argued that, because Mexico had abolished slavery, the acquisition of Texas would transform the region from a free territory into a slave state. He also feared that the annexation of Texas would encourage Southern expansionists to pursue other potential slave states, including 3139:'s 1904 campaign, while Adams's loss made him the second one-term president, after his own father. By 1828, only two states did not hold a popular vote for president, and the number of votes in the 1828 election was triple that in the 1824 election. This increase in votes was due not only to the recent wave of democratization, but also because of increased interest in elections and the growing ability of the parties to mobilize voters. Adams did not attend Jackson's inauguration, making him one of only four presidents who finished their terms but skipped the event. 14373: 3753: 3318: 1162: 2952: 1088: 861: 1964: 2172:, Austria, and Russia would seek to bring Spain's erstwhile colonies under their control, to the point of even contemplating a Holy Alliance of their own to defend democracy. In his 1821 Fourth of July address, Adams addressed this issue, noting a shared "chain of sympathy" between the U.S. and Latin America, but arguing for neutrality rather than a Holy Alliance. In 1822, following the conclusion of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Monroe administration recognized the independence of several Latin American countries, including 3579: 3805: 2995:. Adams signed a new treaty with the Muscogee in January 1826 that allowed the Muscogee to stay but ceded most of their land to Georgia. Troup refused to accept its terms and authorized all Georgian citizens to evict the Muscogee. A showdown between Georgia and the federal government was only averted after the Muscogee agreed to a third treaty. Though many saw Troup as unreasonable in his dealings with the federal government and the Native Americans, the administration's handling of the incident alienated those in the 882: 3131:, to desert her first husband. In response, followers of Jackson attacked Adams's personal life, and the campaign turned increasingly nasty. The Jacksonian press portrayed Adams as an out-of-touch elitist, while pro-Adams newspapers attacked Jackson's past involvement in various duels and scuffles, portraying him as too emotional and impetuous for the presidency. Though Adams and Clay had hoped that the campaign would focus on the American System, it was instead dominated by the personalities of Jackson and Adams. 3211:. Though he identified as a member of the Anti-Masonic Party, Congress was broadly polarized into allies of Jackson and opponents of Jackson, and Adams generally aligned with the latter camp. Stevenson, an ally of Jackson, expected that the committee chairmanship would keep Adams busy defending the tariff even while the Jacksonian majority on the committee would prevent Adams from accruing any real power. As chair of the committee charged with writing tariff laws, Adams became an important player in the 19218: 44: 1396:, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is also named. Colonel Quincy died two days after his great-grandson's birth. Young Adams was educated by private tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice. He soon exhibited literary skills, and in 1779 he started a diary that he kept until just before he died in 1848. Until the age of ten, Adams grew up on the family farm in Braintree, largely in the care of his mother. Though frequently absent because of his participation in the 18602: 2240:, which was also known as the national bank. Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northern political leaders. 3546: 24358: 1785: 18592: 18158: 14804: 24478: 20164: 24382: 3119: 2208: 7905: 24370: 22003: 11529: 10895: 9621: 1926:. Even though a return to the status quo would mean the continuation of the British practice of impressment, Adams and his fellow commissioners had hoped for similar terms. The treaty was signed on December 24, 1814. The United States did not gain any concessions from the treaty but could boast that it had survived a war against the strongest power in the world. Following the signing of the treaty, Adams traveled to Paris, where he witnessed first-hand the 20334: 24444: 11549: 11539: 10905: 24461: 24427: 18981: 18168: 8776: 19342: 8890: 3526: 3422:

down upon the simplicity of a Yankee's manners, because he has no habits of overbearing like theirs and cannot treat negroes like dogs. It is among the evils of slavery that it taints the very sources of moral principle. It establishes false estimates of virtue and vice: for what can be more false and heartless than this doctrine which makes the first and holiest rights of humanity to depend upon the color of the skin?

1590:. Adams considered declining the role, but ultimately took the position on the advice of his father. While abroad, Adams continued to urge neutrality, arguing that the United States would benefit economically by staying out of the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars. His chief duty as the ambassador to the Netherlands was to secure and maintain loans essential to U.S. finances. On his way to the Netherlands, he met with 2848: 2068: 24410: 3274:, while the Whigs fielded multiple presidential candidates. Because he disdained all the major party contenders for president, Adams did not take part in the campaign; Van Buren won the election. Nonetheless, Adams became aligned with the Whig Party in Congress. Adams generally opposed the initiatives of President Van Buren, long a political adversary, though they maintained a cordial public relationship. 1776:(1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 19th century, as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere. 3020: 3784:

united so long as the institution of slavery persisted. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that Adams's "intellectual ability and courage were above reproach, and his wisdom in perceiving the national interest has stood the test of time". He has also been praised as a strong prose stylist, with James Parker describing him as one of the "three authentically muddy-eyed and pained-by-subjectivity

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reactions from Southern representatives. Though the gag rule remained in place, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. Adams fought actively against the gag rule for another seven years, eventually moving the resolution that led to its repeal in 1844.

1629:, the second daughter of American merchant Joshua Johnson. In April 1796, Louisa accepted Adams's proposal of marriage. Adams's parents disapproved of his decision to marry a woman who had grown up in England, but he informed his parents that he would not reconsider his decision. Adams initially wanted to delay his wedding to Louisa until he returned to the United States, but they married in 4175: 24346: 3055:. The United States had reached a commercial agreement with Britain in 1815, but that agreement excluded British possessions in the Western Hemisphere. In response to United States pressure, the British had begun to allow a limited amount of American imports to the West Indies in 1823, but United States leaders continued to seek an end to Britain's protective 3092:" among the independent states of the Americas. However, the funding for a delegation and the confirmation of delegation nominees became entangled in a political battle over Adams's domestic policies, with opponents such as Van Buren impeding the confirmation of a delegation. While Van Buren saw the Panama Congress as an unwelcome deviation from the more 2722:, angering those who believed Clay had offered Adams his support in the 1824 election in exchange for the most prestigious position in the cabinet. Clay would later regret accepting the job since it reinforced the "Corrupt Bargain" accusation. However, Clay's strength in the West and interest in foreign policy made him a natural choice for the position. 2752:. He also proposed the establishment of a Department of the Interior as a new cabinet-level department that would preside over these internal improvements. Adams hoped to fund these measures primarily through Western land sales, rather than increased taxes or public debt. The domestic agenda of Adams and Clay, which would come to be known as the 3235:, that furthered lower tariff rates. Adams was appalled by the Nullification Crisis's outcome, as he felt that the Southern states had unfairly benefited from challenging federal law. After the crisis, Adams was convinced that Southerners exercised undue influence over the federal government through their control of Jackson's Democratic Party. 2415:, promising that he would not deny governmental positions to members of their party. On February 9, 1825, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot, taking 13 of the 24 state delegations. Adams won the House delegations of all the states in which he or Clay had won a majority of the electoral votes, as well as the delegations of 3305:, and the Whigs gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time. Despite his low regard for Harrison as a person, Adams was enthusiastic about the new Whig administration and the end of the long-standing Democratic dominance of the federal government. However, Harrison died in April 1841 and was succeeded by Vice President 3063:, dealing a blow to Adams's prestige. The Adams administration negotiated extensively with the British to lift this ban, but the two sides could not reach an agreement. Despite the loss of trade with the British West Indies, the other commercial agreements secured by Adams helped expand the overall volume of United States exports. 2189:. It also marked the country's shift in psychological orientation away from Europe and towards the Americas. Debates over foreign policy would no longer center on relations with Britain and France, but instead focus on western expansion and relations with Native Americans. The doctrine became one of the foundational principles of 2474:. In his inaugural address, he adopted a post-partisan tone, promising to avoid party-building and politically motivated appointments. He also proposed an elaborate program of "internal improvements": roads, ports, and canals. Though some were worried about the constitutionality of such federal projects, Adams argued that the 1661:. The State Department tasked Adams with developing commercial relations with Prussia and Sweden, but President Adams also asked his son to write to him frequently about affairs in Europe. His advice that he regularly gave to his father based on his experiences on the ground in Europe proved particularly valuable during the 3135:

composed of two Southerners. In the election, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56% of the popular vote. Jackson won 50.3% of the popular vote in the free states, but 72.6% of the vote in the slave states. No future presidential candidate would match Jackson's proportion of the popular vote until

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His proposal for the creation of a naval academy won the approval of the Senate but was defeated in the House; opponents objected to the naval academy's cost and worried that the establishment of such an institution would "produce degeneracy and corruption of the public morality". Adams's proposal to establish a

3613:. After Louisa's death in 1852, his son had his parents re-interred in the expanded family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, next to John and Abigail. Both tombs are viewable by the public. Adams's original tomb at Hancock Cemetery is still there and marked simply "J.Q. Adams". 3774:

him as an average president. Adams is remembered as a man eminently qualified for the presidency, yet hopelessly weakened in his presidential leadership potential because of the 1824 election. Most importantly, Adams is remembered as a poor politician in an era when politics had begun to matter more.

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has betrayed the secret of their souls. In the abstract they admit that slavery is an evil, they disclaim it, and cast it all upon the shoulder of Great Britain. But when probed to the quick upon it, they show at the bottom of their souls pride and vainglory in their condition of masterdom. They look

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Tyler made the annexation of Texas the main foreign policy priority of the later stages of his administration. He attempted to win ratification of an annexation treaty in 1844, but, to Adams's surprise and relief, the Senate rejected the treaty. The annexation of Texas became the central issue of the

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virtue of the people and executive patronage". Adams, meanwhile, refused to adapt to the new reality of political campaigns, and he avoided public functions and refused to invest in pro-administration tools such as newspapers. In early 1827, Jackson was publicly accused of having encouraged his wife,

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died, and he left his fortune for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge". In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the government of the United States to create an "Establishment for the increase and diffusion

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third party that may have siphoned votes from Clay in the crucial state of New York. After the election, Tyler, whose term would end in March 1845, once again submitted an annexation treaty to Congress. Adams strongly attacked the treaty, arguing that the annexation of Texas would involve the United

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In his 1825 annual message to Congress, Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda. He called for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of a national university, a naval academy, and a national astronomical observatory. Noting the healthy status of the treasury

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Adams's top choice for the role of vice president was General Andrew Jackson; Adams noted that "the Vice-Presidency was a station in which could hang no one, and in which he would need to quarrel with no one". However, as the 1824 election approached, Jackson jumped into the race for president, and

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suggested that the United States and Britain should work together to preserve the independence of these fledgling republics. The cabinet debated whether to accept the offer, but Adams opposed it. Instead, Adams urged Monroe to publicly declare the United States' opposition to any European attempt to

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to a delegation charged with negotiating an end to the war. Gallatin and Bayard arrived in St. Petersburg in July 1813, but the British declined Tsar Alexander's offer of mediation. Hoping to start negotiations at another venue, Adams left Russia in April 1814. Negotiations finally began in mid-1814

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comments that Adams "does not loom large in the American imagination", but that he has received more public attention since the late 20th century due to his anti-slavery stances. Cooper writes that Adams was the first "major public figure" to publicly question whether the United States could remain

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legislature for the 1828 election. Though he had been close to Adams during Monroe's presidency, Vice President Calhoun was also politically alienated from the president by the appointment of Clay, since that appointment established Clay as the natural heir to Adams. Adams's ambitious December 1825

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and that he sought to subordinate the states to the federal government. Most of the president's proposals were defeated in Congress. Adams's ideas for a national university, a national observatory, and the establishment of a uniform system of weights and measures never received congressional votes.

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boundary, but he insisted that Spain cede its claims on Oregon Country. Adams was deeply interested in establishing American control over the Oregon Country, partly because he believed that control of that region would spur trade with Asia. The acquisition of Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest

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and executed two Englishmen. While Jackson's actions outraged the rest of the cabinet, Adams defended them as necessary to the country's self-defense, and he eventually convinced Monroe and most of the cabinet to support Jackson. Adams informed Spain that its failure to police its own territory had

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Adams initially avoided becoming involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career. In 1791, he wrote a series of pseudonymously published essays arguing that Britain provided a better governmental model than France. Two years later, he published another series of essays attacking

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of the bequest, which amounted to about US$ 500,000 (US$ 18 million in 2024 dollars after inflation). Adams realized that this might allow the United States to realize his dream of building a national institution of science and learning. Adams thus became Congress's primary supporter of the future

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constituted the Southern border of both Texas and the United States. After Taylor's forces clashed with Mexican soldiers north of the Rio Grande, Polk asked for a declaration of war in early 1846, asserting that Mexico had invaded American territory. Though some Whigs questioned whether Mexico had

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During the first half of his administration, Adams avoided taking a strong stand on tariffs, partly because he wanted to avoid alienating his allies in the South and New England. After Jacksonians took power in 1827, they devised a tariff bill designed to appeal to Western states while instituting

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had decided upon previous Democratic-Republican presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited by 1824. Candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams received the endorsement of the New England legislatures. The regional strength of each

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The Jacksonians formed an effective party apparatus that adopted many modern campaign techniques. Rather than focusing on issues, they emphasized Jackson's popularity and the supposed corruption of Adams and the federal government. Jackson himself described the campaign as a "struggle between the

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Adams's programs faced opposition from various quarters. Many disagreed with his broad interpretation of the constitution and preferred that power be concentrated in state governments rather than the federal government. Others disliked interference from any level of government and were opposed to

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Taking office in the aftermath of the War of 1812, Adams thought that the country had been fortunate in avoiding territorial losses, and he prioritized avoiding another war with a European power, particularly Britain. He also sought to avoid exacerbating sectional tensions, which had been a major

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Adams served as Secretary of State during Monroe's eight-year presidency, from 1817 to 1825. Many of his successes as secretary, such as the convention of 1818 with the United Kingdom, the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain, and the Monroe Doctrine, were not preplanned strategies but responses to

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via consensual agreements, a priority shared by few whites in the 1820s. Yet Adams was also deeply committed to the westward expansion of the United States. Settlers on the frontier, constantly seeking to move westward, cried for a more expansionist policy that disregarded the concerns of Native

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In the 1830s, slavery emerged as an increasingly polarizing issue in the United States. A longtime opponent of slavery, Adams used his new role in Congress to fight it, and he became the most prominent national leader opposing slavery. After one of his reelection victories, he said that he must

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him as an average president, as he had an ambitious agenda but could not get it passed by Congress. By contrast, historians also view Adams in a more positive light during his post-presidency because of his vehement stance against slavery, as well as his fight for the rights of women and Native

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after him, Adams often suffered from depression, for which he sought treatment in early years. Adams thought his depression was due to the high expectations demanded of him by his father and mother. Throughout his life, he felt inadequate and socially awkward because of his depression, and was

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Vice President Calhoun joined Jackson's ticket, while Adams turned to Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush as his running mate. The 1828 election thus marked the first time in United States history that a presidential ticket composed of two Northerners faced off against a presidential ticket

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Adams presided over a harmonious and productive cabinet that he met with on a weekly basis. Like Monroe, Adams sought a geographically balanced cabinet that would represent the various party factions, and he asked the members of the Monroe cabinet to remain in place for his own administration.

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compelled Jackson to act, and he advised Spain to either secure the region or sell it to the United States. The British, meanwhile, declined to risk their recent rapprochement with the United States, and did not make a major diplomatic issue out of Jackson's execution of two British nationals.

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any petitions about slavery. Democrats and Southern Whigs favored the rule, but Northern Whigs, like Adams, opposed it. In late 1836, Adams began a campaign to ridicule slave owners and the gag rule. He frequently attempted to present anti-slavery petitions, often in ways that provoked strong

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Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who wielded immense influence in the House of Representatives. Though they were quite different in temperament and had clashed in the past, Adams and Clay shared similar views on national issues. By

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on July 26, 1797. Shortly after the wedding, Joshua Johnson fled England to escape his creditors, and Adams did not receive the dowry that Johnson had promised him, much to the embarrassment of Louisa. Adams noted in his own diary that he had no regrets about his decision to marry Louisa.

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high rates on imported materials important to the economy of New England. It is unclear whether Van Buren, who shepherded the bill through Congress, meant for the bill to pass, or if he had deliberately designed it to force Adams and his allies to oppose it. Regardless, Adams signed the

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started an aggressive war, both houses of Congress declared war, with the House voting 174-to-14 to approve the declaration. One of the 14 dissenting votes was Adams, who believed that Polk was seeking to wage an offensive to expand slavery. After the start of the war, he supported the

3172:, for embezzlement. Though they had once maintained a cordial relationship, Adams and Jackson each came to loathe the other in the decades after the 1828 election. Adams grew bored with his retirement and still felt that his career was unfinished, so he ran for and won a seat in the 1760:. Adams's devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues, and he would remain inspired by those rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation were eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the 1814:

in 1809. Though Adams had only recently broken with the Federalist Party, his support of Jefferson's foreign policy had earned him goodwill with the Madison Administration. Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically.

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of 1835–1836. Texas had largely been settled by Americans from the Southern United States, and many of those settlers owned slaves despite an 1829 Mexican law that abolished slavery. Many in the United States and Texas thus favored the admission of Texas into the union as a

2142:, which was ratified in February 1821. Adams was deeply proud of the treaty, though he privately was concerned by the potential expansion of slavery into the newly acquired territories. In 1824, the Monroe administration would strengthen US claims to Oregon by ratifying the 2003:'s North American territories. The president and his secretary of state developed a strong working relationship, and while Adams often influenced Monroe's policies, he respected that Monroe made the final decisions on major issues. Monroe met regularly with his five-person 2244:

Calhoun ended up receiving the Vice-presidential support of Adams supporters. While the other candidates based their candidacies on their long tenure as congressmen, ambassadors, or members of the cabinet, Jackson's appeal rested on his military service, especially in the

2387:, taking 99 of the 261 electoral votes, while Adams won 84, Crawford won 41, and Clay took 37. Calhoun, meanwhile, won a majority of the electoral votes for vice president. Adams nearly swept the electoral votes of New England and won a majority of the electoral votes in 2866:

In the immediate aftermath of the 1825 contingent election, Jackson was gracious to Adams. Nevertheless, Adams's appointment of Clay rankled Jackson, who received a flood of letters encouraging him to run. In 1825, Jackson accepted the presidential nomination of the

24708: 2185:, Monroe laid out the Monroe Doctrine, which was largely built upon Adams's ideas. In issuing the Monroe Doctrine, the United States displayed a new level of assertiveness in international relations, as the doctrine represented the country's first claim to a 3180:. His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office. Nonetheless, he would win election to nine terms, serving from 1831 until his death in 1848. Adams and 1720:

Adams had strongly opposed Jefferson's 1800 presidential candidacy, but he gradually became alienated from the Federalist Party. His disaffection was driven by the party's declining popularity, disagreements over foreign policy, and Adams's hostility to

3824:, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard. John Quincy Adams tower, located in the Southwest residential area of the 2776:

conducted surveys for a bevy of potential roads, canals, railroads, and improvements in river navigation. Adams presided over major repairs and further construction on the National Road, and shortly after he left office the National Road extended from

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Rather than retiring from public service, Adams won election to the House of Representatives, where he would serve from 1831 until his death in 1848. He remains the only former president to be elected to the chamber. After narrowly losing his bids for

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also allowed the Monroe administration to pair the acquisition of Florida, which was chiefly sought by Southerners, with territorial gains favored primarily by those in the North. After extended negotiations, Spain and the United States agreed to the

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officers who served in the Mexican–American War. Adams had been a vehement critic of the war, and as Congressmen rose up to say, "Aye!" in favor of the measure, he instead yelled, "No!" He rose to answer a question put forth by Speaker of the House

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or North America. Adams and Clay instead sought engagement with Latin America to prevent it from falling under the British Empire's economic influence. As part of this goal, the administration favored sending a United States delegation to the

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States in "a war for slavery". Despite Adams's opposition, both houses of Congress approved the treaty, with most Democrats voting for annexation and most Whigs voting against it. Texas thus joined the United States as a slave state in 1845.

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Adams's personality and political beliefs were much like his father's. He always preferred solitary reading to social engagements, and he was repeatedly persuaded to stay in public service by others. Historian Paul Nagel states that, like

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took office as president. Federalist leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams's election to the United States Senate in 1802, but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election. In 1809, President

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Negotiations between Spain and the United States continued, and Spain agreed to cede Florida. The determination of the western boundary of the United States proved more difficult. American expansionists favored setting the border at the

24758: 3387:, an unsuccessful legislative proposal that would have banned slavery in any territory ceded by Mexico. After 1846, ill health increasingly affected Adams, but he continued to oppose the Mexican–American War until his death in 1848. 1870:

Adams had long feared that the United States would enter a war it could not win against Britain, and by early 1812, he saw such a war as inevitable due to the constant British attacks on American shipping and the British practice of

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score at 165. He reportedly spoke eight foreign languages (Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian, and Spanish), more than any other U.S. president. He remains the only U.S. president who could converse in Russian.

3374:, and he attempted to buy the province from Mexico. The Mexican government refused to sell California or recognize the independence and subsequent American annexation of Texas. Polk deployed a military detachment led by General 14095: 11552: 3570:

in Washington, D.C.; his only living child, Charles Francis, did not arrive in time to see his father alive. His last words were "This is the last of Earth. I am content". Among those present for his death was future president

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Adams had served with James K. Polk in the House of Representatives, and Adams loathed the new president, seeing him as another expansionist, pro-slavery Southern Democrat. Adams favored the annexation of the entirety of

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Tyler had initially sent the treaty to the Senate; the Constitution provides that a two-thirds vote of the Senate is required to ratify any treaty. After the 1844 election, Tyler asked Congress to approve the treaty via

14078: 2411:, and he was unwilling to support Crawford due to the latter's health issues. Adams and Clay met before the contingent election, and Clay agreed to support Adams in the election. Adams also met with Federalists such as 2091:

bordered the territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, but no clear boundary had been established between United States and Spanish territory. After taking office, Adams began negotiations with

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that left him partially paralyzed. After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress. When Adams entered the House chamber on February 13, 1847, everyone "stood up and applauded".

14124: 3242:, the Anti-Masonic Party nominated Adams in a four-way race between Adams, the National Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, and a candidate of the Working Men's Party. The National Republican candidate, 1163: 2026:

During his time as ambassador to Britain, Adams had begun negotiations over several contentious issues that had not been solved by the War of 1812 or the Treaty of Ghent. In 1817, the two countries agreed to the

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approached, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun (who later dropped out of the race), and William H. Crawford appeared to be Adams's primary competition to succeed Monroe. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a

21437: 2096:, the Spanish minister to the United States, for the purchase of Florida and the settlement of a border between the United States and New Spain. The negotiations were interrupted by an escalation of the 14565: 4596: 3996: 1713:. Though somewhat reluctant to affiliate with any political party, Adams joined the Federalist minority in Congress. Like his Federalist colleagues, he opposed the impeachment of Associate Justice 8764: 2403:. The House would decide among the top three electoral vote winners, with each state's delegation having one vote; thus, unlike his three rivals, Clay was not eligible to be elected by the House. 24578: 1976:

issue for the country during the War of 1812. One of the major challenges confronting Adams was how to respond to the power vacuum in Latin America that arose from Spain's weakness following the

1772:. Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to the American debate, viewing its multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence". His 18588: 2829:, was constructed during Adams's presidency. Though many of these projects were undertaken by private actors, the government often provided money or land to aid the completion of such projects. 5773:; John Quincy Adams; speech transcript; (1825); via Peters, Gerhard and Woolley, John T.; The American Presidency Project online; University of California Santa Barbara; accessed January 2020 1768:

ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis. He was also influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher

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Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role before taking office. As the

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After resigning from the Senate, Adams was ostracized by Massachusetts Federalist leaders, but he declined Democratic-Republican entreaties to seek office. In 1809, he argued before the

24618: 24613: 24608: 14204: 1834:. Louisa was initially distraught at the prospect of living in Russia, but she became a popular figure at the Russian court. From his diplomatic post, Adams observed the French Emperor 2744:

and the possibility for more revenue via land sales, Adams argued for the completion of several projects that were in various stages of construction or planning, including a road from

12197: 12032: 11779: 11585: 10941: 24748: 2427:. Adams's victory made him the first child of a president to serve as president himself. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached a " 1087: 2087:, which the U.S. had long sought to purchase. Spain struggled to control the Indian tribes active in Florida, and some of those tribes raided United States territory. To the west, 8765: 18154: 2399:, and some electoral votes from the Northwest. As no candidate won a majority of the electoral votes, the House was required to hold a contingent election under the terms of the 1745:, the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature elected Adams's successor several months before the end of his term, and Adams resigned from the Senate shortly thereafter. 24568: 24558: 9334: 3986: 21049: 17711: 14558: 12456: 12159: 11994: 11741: 8996: 3991: 24648: 21640: 1471:

in 1784. Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to the United States to complete his education and eventually launch a political career.

997: 1669:, though he could never complete an agreement with Sweden. He frequently wrote to family members in the United States, and in 1801 his letters about the Prussian region of 24633: 24563: 13678: 21569: 21283: 21057: 18596: 18580: 9028: 2463: 1215:, Adams spent much of his youth in Europe, where his father served as a diplomat. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in 20447: 9170: 3468:. Adams appeared on February 24, 1841, and spoke for four hours. His argument succeeded: the Court ruled that the Africans were free and they returned to their homes. 19439: 14551: 24753: 24205: 24060: 23892: 23703: 23514: 23311: 23148: 22959: 22787: 22553: 22331: 22110: 14574: 10063: 10030: 9997: 8962: 8950: 8938: 3700: 1725:, a Federalist Party leader whom Adams viewed as overly favorable to Britain. Unlike other New England Federalists, Adams supported the Jefferson administration's 1666: 22018: 21163: 14197: 1598:

with Great Britain. Adams supported the Jay Treaty, but it proved unpopular with many in the United States, contributing to a growing partisan split between the

20081: 19784: 2964:, which became known as the "Tariff of Abominations" by opponents. Adams was denounced in the South, and he received little credit for the tariff in the North. 24698: 12190: 12025: 11772: 11578: 11532: 10934: 3771: 3177: 1988:. The weights and measures report, a particular passion of Adams', provided an extensive historical perspective on the topic and advocated for adoption of the 1360: 1303:, the establishment of a national university, and engagement with the countries of Latin America, but Congress refused to pass many of his initiatives. During 1315:. The Democrats proved to be more effective political organizers than Adams and his National Republican supporters, and Jackson soundly defeated Adams in the 24543: 23195: 23064: 16402: 13315: 12710: 12494: 9103: 7588: 7112: 3627:

Adams and Louisa had three sons and a daughter. Their daughter, Louisa, was born in 1811, but died in 1812, from unknown reasons. They named their first son

1897: 1296: 992: 11989: 7780: 1292: 24628: 24553: 13066: 8822: 7385: 3208: 1945:, and he chose the respected and experienced Adams for the role. Having spent several years in Europe, Adams returned to the United States in August 1817. 1879:. Tsar Alexander attempted to mediate the conflict between Britain and the United States, and President Madison appointed Adams, Secretary of the Treasury 1843: 1241: 3231:, which lowered rates, but not enough to mollify the South Carolina nullifiers. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun agreed to another tariff bill, the 2181:

colonize or re-take control of territory in the Americas, while also committing the United States to neutrality in European affairs. In his December 1823

1665:

with France, although President Adams also relied heavily on his official staff for such advice and not primarily on his son. In 1799, Adams negotiated a

24658: 24573: 18162: 18146: 9279: 9274: 9020: 2400: 1822:, Adams arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg in October 1809. He quickly established a productive working relationship with Russian official 2772:

Unlike other aspects of his domestic agenda, Adams won congressional approval for several ambitious infrastructure projects. Between 1824 and 1828, the

24743: 24713: 19825: 18970: 18961: 17702: 14190: 14090: 10178: 9004: 3696: 1244:, Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison's presidency, and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the 1112: 171: 3631:(1801–1829) after the first president. This decision upset Adams's mother, and, by her account, his father as well. Both George and their second son, 24173: 24014: 23860: 23671: 23455: 23279: 23116: 22927: 22755: 22507: 22299: 22078: 21317: 21146: 14213: 14107: 13695: 13687: 12183: 12018: 11765: 11571: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11182: 10927: 9797: 9012: 8985: 3860: 3549:

John Quincy Adams during his final hours of life after his collapse in the Capitol. Drawing in pencil by Arthur Joseph Stansbury, digitally restored.

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Parsons, Lynn Hudson (2003). "In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson".

7540: 24643: 19448: 13671: 10810: 10146: 4423: 3104:. Though the United States delegation finally won confirmation from the Senate, it never reached the Congress of Panama due to the Senate's delay. 2454:

on March 4, 1825, becoming the first son of a former United States president to himself become president, a feat only repeated 176 years later by

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in 1846. A nonpolitical board of regents was established to lead the institution, which included a museum, art gallery, library, and laboratory.

1299:

Henry Clay, whom Adams would controversially appoint as his secretary of state. As president, Adams called for an ambitious agenda that included

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Some sources contend that in 1843 Adams sat for the earliest confirmed photograph of a United States president, although others maintain that

3370:, which divided the land between the two claimants at the 49th parallel. Polk's expansionist aims centered instead on the Mexican province of 24678: 21444: 21077: 21065: 19432: 16348: 16262: 16118: 16037: 15898: 15703: 15488: 15268: 15013: 14813: 14583: 10780: 10068: 8942: 7818: 286: 6491: 21038: 13192: 12461: 12164: 11999: 11746: 11438: 10855: 10830: 10795: 10770: 3413:"bring about a day prophesied when slavery and war shall be banished from the face of the Earth". He wrote in his private journal in 1820: 24738: 24588: 21398: 17532: 13664: 11202: 11142: 10775: 9667: 9078: 8917: 7363: 4006: 3051:. Agreements with Denmark and Sweden opened their colonies to American trade, but Adams was especially focused on opening trade with the 1846:. The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, but Adams declined the seat, preferring a career in politics and diplomacy, so 1587: 1017: 554: 3096:

foreign policy established by President Washington, many Southerners opposed involvement with any conference attended by delegates from

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As the Spanish Empire continued to fracture during Monroe's second term, Adams, Monroe and Clay became increasingly concerned that the "

24768: 24593: 20289: 18566: 15137: 13112: 11498: 11428: 11388: 11378: 11368: 11240: 11152: 10825: 10815: 10800: 7566: 3294:. Adams's firm stance may have played a role in discouraging Van Buren from pushing for the annexation of Texas during his presidency. 2391:, but he won just six electoral votes from the slave states. Most of Jackson's support came from slave-holding states, but he also won 2059:

relations, as the United States focused on its southern and western borders and British concerns about American expansionism subsided.

2056: 1914:. The American delegation unanimously rejected this offer, and their negotiating position was bolstered by the American victory in the 1903:. Adams, the nominal head of the delegation, got along well with Gallatin, Bayard, and Russell, but he occasionally clashed with Clay. 7307: 5651: 2083:

When Adams took office, Spanish possessions bordered the United States to the south and west. To the south, Spain retained control of

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In 1836, partially in response to Adams's consistent presentation of citizen petitions requesting the abolition of slavery in the

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One of the major foreign policy goals of the Adams administration was the expansion of American trade. His administration reached

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Adams considered permanently retiring from public life after his 1828 defeat, and he was deeply hurt by the suicide of his son,

23405: 22539: 21424: 19863: 18954: 17695: 17574: 17547: 16662: 15322: 14682: 14422: 14252: 11488: 11478: 11398: 10840: 9980: 9972: 9814: 9344: 9339: 9263: 9191: 3643:, was an important leader of the "Conscience Whigs", a Northern, anti-slavery faction of the Whig Party. Charles served as the 3431: 3173: 2714:, who would become a prominent advocate of internal improvements and protective tariffs within the administration. Adams chose 1706: 1523: 1105: 938: 338: 215: 1177:

from 1817 to 1825. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams served as an ambassador and also as a member of the

24693: 21890: 21828: 21517: 21500: 21093: 19030: 17669: 17542: 17407: 15962: 15742: 15297: 14827: 14627: 14402: 11468: 9536: 9246: 9165: 8781: 8673: 8632: 8610: 8591: 8518: 8464: 8425: 8377: 8294: 8272: 8249: 8230: 8209: 8188: 8123: 8104: 8042: 8023: 8000: 7941: 7737: 7646:"Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives" 7516: 7267: 7234: 7087: 5270: 4383: 4297: 4221: 3833: 3032: 2979: 2773: 1996: 1658: 3871:

has been proposed in Washington, D.C., honoring Adams and his wife, son, father, mother, and other members of their family.

24236: 24089: 23957: 23826: 21278: 21006: 18186: 16982: 15552: 13117: 12480: 10880: 8387:

Thompson, Robert R. (1991). "John Quincy Adams, Apostate: From "Outrageous Federalist" to "Republican Exile," 1801- 1809".

8304:

Potkay, Adam S. (1999). "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams".

4945:

Potkay, Adam S. (1999). "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams".

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In the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party, the National Republicans, and other groups opposed to Jackson coalesced into the

2023:. Adams developed a strong respect for Calhoun but believed that Crawford was unduly focused on succeeding Monroe in 1824. 1638: 1431:

In 1778, Adams and his father departed for Europe, where John Adams would serve as part of American diplomatic missions in

3185: 1514:. Despite some early struggles, he was successful as an attorney and established financial independence from his parents. 24668: 24398: 24193: 24046: 23477: 23299: 23136: 22988: 22816: 21512: 21041: 20405: 20235: 19095: 19085: 18619: 18181: 15542: 14442: 14432: 13571: 13052: 12990: 11448: 11290: 10919: 10609: 9989: 9716: 9691: 9660: 9083: 8855: 3825: 3346: 3338: 3243: 3040: 2659: 2633: 2526: 1737:. Adams became increasingly frustrated with the unwillingness of other Federalists to condemn British actions, including 1683:

The Origins and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origins and Principles of the French Revolution,

1646: 1507: 592: 497: 84: 9073: 3775:

He spoke of trying to serve as a man above the "baneful weed of party strife" at the precise moment in history when the

1012: 860: 24683: 21792: 18132: 17467: 17072: 15247: 15002: 11458: 10629: 9723: 9582: 9226: 8081: 3566:. Two days later, on February 23, he died at 7:20 p.m. with his wife at his side in the Speaker's Room inside the 3461: 3396: 2134: 2130: 1811: 1793: 1068: 443: 20: 8326: 4884: 2939:, Adams's opponents picked up seats throughout the country, as allies of Adams failed to coordinate among themselves. 1335:, which united those opposed to President Jackson. During his time in Congress, Adams became increasingly critical of 24673: 22906: 18947: 17688: 16667: 13134: 13100: 10559: 10479: 9319: 9048: 8442: 3656: 3350: 3224: 3093: 2761: 2478:

provided for broad constitutional authority. He promised that he would ask Congress to authorize many such projects.

2451: 2384: 1356: 1288: 1098: 987: 943: 1359:. Historians concur that Adams was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history; they 24538: 24528: 20456: 20314: 20138: 19417: 18799: 17152: 14707: 13729: 13493: 13369: 13337: 13124: 12788: 12352: 12225: 10549: 10113: 9836: 9068: 8988: 8841: 3821: 3652: 3405: 2929: 2719: 2690:

were Andrew Jackson and William Crawford, but each declined to serve in the administration. Adams instead selected

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prevented the state of Georgia from invalidating a land sale to out-of-state companies. Later that year, President

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Morgan, William G. "John Quincy Adams Versus Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers And The 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge."

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Adams is widely regarded as one of the most effective diplomats and secretaries of state in American history, but

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and of the Southern leaders whom he believed controlled the Democratic Party. He was particularly opposed to the

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Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II

4123:, which had been called by anti-war Federalists to discuss their grievances against the Madison administration. 3841: 3817: 2790: 2683: 2667: 2614: 2583: 2509: 2190: 1559: 1265: 1170: 65: 7102:"Smithsonian Information Brochure", Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, May 2009 22033: 21884: 21823: 21627: 21204: 20603: 19232: 19165: 18664: 18644: 15572: 15562: 14932: 14737: 14712: 13764: 13297: 13284: 13271: 13258: 13245: 12998: 12814: 12175: 12010: 11757: 11563: 10639: 10619: 10589: 10449: 10429: 9530: 9329: 8572: 4707: 3874:

Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of

3152: 2936: 2794: 2143: 1906:

The British delegation initially treated the United States as a defeated power, demanding the creation of an

640: 5050:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" 1553: 24598: 24272: 24125: 23993: 21805: 21730: 21609: 21490: 20298: 20122: 20106: 19809: 16697: 15917: 15907: 15717: 15122: 13640: 13360: 12779: 10719: 10599: 10569: 10459: 10439: 10359: 9349: 9236: 9151: 3859:(far left) and John Quincy Adams (right) and their wives Abigail and Louisa, in a family crypt beneath the 3813: 3757: 3456: 3287: 2004: 1336: 913: 9146: 1858: 24450: 24165: 24006: 23852: 23663: 23447: 23271: 23108: 22919: 22747: 22499: 21632: 21069: 19883: 19878: 19401: 19376: 18769: 17472: 16972: 16907: 16617: 14847: 14832: 14647: 14242: 13325: 12756: 12544: 12503: 11807: 11711: 11613: 10986: 10689: 10659: 10399: 10329: 10261: 10214: 9887: 9790: 7645: 7544: 3829: 3197: 3164:, in 1829. He was appalled by many of the Jackson administration's actions, including its embrace of the 2917: 2889: 2826: 1607: 1201: 690: 326: 8846: 3497:

of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed

1400:, John Adams maintained a correspondence with his son, encouraging him to read works by authors such as 24503: 24336: 22291: 22231: 22070: 21575: 21538: 21522: 21310: 21288: 21263: 21081: 20738: 19564: 19529: 19190: 19175: 19015: 18764: 16637: 16587: 16337: 16287: 15517: 15062: 13879: 13200: 13079: 13004: 12549: 12318: 10739: 10729: 10709: 10679: 10489: 10339: 9624: 9253: 8903: 7459: 3963: 3606: 3587: 3263: 2475: 2225: 1980:. In addition to his foreign policy role, Adams held several domestic duties, including overseeing the 1954: 1499: 1495: 1332: 1205: 708: 671: 21762: 19794: 13154: 10409: 7341: 2756:, was designed to unite disparate regional interests in the promotion of a thriving national economy. 21902: 21618: 21559: 21168: 20678: 20673: 20275: 20267: 19539: 19519: 19494: 19464: 19247: 19180: 19075: 18824: 18385: 18088: 17876: 16857: 16592: 15117: 14872: 13799: 13075: 13010: 12869: 12514: 12292: 12110: 11819: 10669: 9960: 9926: 9577: 9459: 9358: 8800: 8659: 5588: 3640: 2786: 1981: 1839: 1583: 1486:

and excelled academically, graduating second in his class in 1787. After graduating from Harvard, he

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occupied by both the United States and Britain, and was disappointed when President Polk signed the

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National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

24467: 21403: 9294: 9131: 3671: 3401: 2139: 2072: 1842:, which ended in defeat for the French. In February 1811, President Madison nominated Adams as an 1253: 1036: 966: 24227: 24080: 23930: 23806: 23648: 21896: 21856: 21717: 21349: 21339: 21322: 21305: 21214: 21113: 20943: 20683: 20558: 20099: 19802: 19669: 19509: 19160: 19045: 18396: 18235: 17487: 17362: 17287: 16057: 15777: 15407: 14702: 14692: 14292: 13597: 13343: 13305: 12930: 10749: 10156: 9517: 9453: 9439: 9425: 7729: 7366:. Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 3910: 3891: 3628: 3559: 3514: 3503: 3363: 3161: 2735: 2682:, an important position that was not part of the cabinet at that time. Adams's first choices for 1475: 931: 799: 752: 21564: 21475: 20091: 8474:

McMillan, Richard (2001). "Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics?".

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The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3635:(1803–1834), led troubled lives and died in early adulthood. George, who had long suffered from 1575: 24733: 24416: 23788: 23779: 23608: 23599: 23432: 23414: 22053: 21840: 21767: 21722: 21329: 21209: 21128: 21103: 20928: 20858: 20773: 19987: 19949: 19664: 19609: 19366: 19304: 19055: 18639: 18502: 18444: 18018: 18013: 17801: 16797: 16787: 16517: 16407: 16302: 16292: 16272: 16077: 16067: 14907: 13939: 13266: 13249: 13209: 12967: 12826: 12529: 12277: 11218: 11178: 11068: 10375: 10254: 10088: 9435: 9063: 7609:(1986). "Presidential Greatness: The Historical Consensus and Its Psychological Significance". 7259: 6618: 4061:(then called Braintree), where Adams was born. All of the other Quincy place names are locally 3898: 3879: 3622: 3594: 3498: 3298: 3216: 2431:" whereby Adams promised Clay the position of Secretary of State in return for Clay's support. 2221: 1178: 926: 794: 7682: 4375: 1538: 24548: 22564: 22351: 22130: 21738: 21591: 21485: 21300: 20878: 20848: 20578: 20538: 20513: 20425: 19759: 19699: 19644: 19170: 18919: 18874: 18839: 18439: 18429: 18343: 18305: 17998: 17901: 17861: 16977: 16767: 16357: 16267: 15867: 15632: 15507: 15397: 15317: 15312: 14497: 14412: 14332: 13974: 13517: 13499: 13444: 12732: 12435: 12360: 10605: 9401: 9058: 7753: 7506: 7311: 7193: 4267: 4263: 4213: 4207: 4058: 3981: 3883: 3851: 3845: 3780: 3735: 3723: 3598: 3567: 2973: 2873: 2872:

annual message to Congress further galvanized the opposition, with important figures such as

2257:, Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South. 2245: 2229: 2028: 1915: 1827: 1545: 1389: 1319:, making Adams the second president to fail to win re-election (his father being the first). 1300: 14182: 7721: 4363: 3203:

Adams expected a light workload when he returned to Washington at 64 years old, but Speaker

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served as his strongest advocates in Congress. Supporters of Adams began calling themselves

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Anti-Masonic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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Adams also became a leading force for the promotion of science. In 1829, British scientist

3485: 3212: 3089: 2925: 2778: 1985: 1907: 1761: 1710: 1702: 346: 298: 24: 24433: 10949: 6542:"Claims, Contracts, and Customs: Public Accountability and a Department of Law, 1789-1849" 8: 23743: 23378: 23367: 23331: 23222: 23213: 23168: 23093: 23017: 22852: 22582: 22387: 22222: 22006: 21863: 21818: 21554: 21364: 20992: 20923: 20893: 20803: 20778: 20718: 20658: 20608: 20593: 20180: 19850: 19754: 19719: 19659: 19629: 19589: 19584: 19361: 19324: 19257: 19252: 19242: 19200: 19150: 19100: 18849: 18819: 18689: 18649: 18629: 18480: 18380: 18370: 18364: 18300: 18073: 18063: 18023: 18008: 18003: 17978: 17916: 17886: 17332: 17167: 17002: 16877: 16812: 16802: 16687: 16677: 16562: 16497: 16452: 16297: 16242: 16082: 16017: 15977: 15877: 15837: 15752: 15647: 15412: 15192: 14962: 14902: 14857: 14727: 14307: 13456: 13331: 13129: 12924: 12875: 12687: 11935: 11246: 11138: 11030: 10555: 10475: 9903: 9677: 9524: 9380: 9221: 8692: 8263:

The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828

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On February 21, 1848, the House of Representatives was discussing the matter of honoring

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that had raided Georgia. Exceeding his orders, Jackson captured the Spanish outposts of

1995:

Monroe and Adams agreed on most major foreign policy issues: both favored neutrality in

1802:, and the Supreme Court ultimately agreed with Adams's argument that the Constitution's 23752: 23561: 23387: 23231: 22157: 21787: 21664: 21370: 21293: 20853: 20653: 20508: 20493: 20413: 20375: 20255: 20021: 19992: 19958: 19921: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19534: 19371: 19287: 19277: 19262: 19120: 19115: 19105: 19035: 19010: 18789: 18784: 18759: 18250: 18240: 18068: 17911: 17896: 17579: 17497: 17432: 17252: 17147: 17087: 17022: 16987: 16967: 16962: 16807: 16732: 16557: 16542: 16502: 16492: 16472: 16202: 16007: 15997: 15947: 15872: 15847: 15797: 15617: 15597: 15502: 15427: 15422: 15157: 15147: 15112: 15027: 14942: 14917: 14762: 14752: 14617: 14492: 14462: 14297: 14061: 14049: 13994: 13984: 13859: 13579: 13560: 13542: 13511: 13487: 13349: 13107: 13044: 13028: 12906: 12857: 12660: 12647: 12524: 12376: 11340: 11128: 10545: 10055: 10045: 9956: 9587: 8696: 8553: 8404: 8354: 8180: 8070: 8035:

The Lost Founding Father: John Quincy Adams and the Transformation of American Politics

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The Golden Age of the Classics in America: Greece Rome and the Antebellum United States

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Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams

4703:"Private Letters and Public Diplomacy: The Adams Network and the Quasi-War, 1797-1798" 2951: 1892:, where Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard were joined by two additional American delegates, 1733:

of 1806 that punished Britain for its attacks on American shipping during the ongoing

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and expansionist policies. Adams was the lone Federalist in Congress to vote for the

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Adams returned to the United States in 1785 and earned admission as a member of the

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Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government

6492:"Opinion: A history lesson on presidents who snub their successors' inaugurations" 6101:

Remini, Robert V. (July 1958). "Martin Van Buren and the Tariff of Abominations".

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includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is located at

3215:, which stemmed largely from Southern objections to the high rates imposed by the 24374: 24299: 24263: 24116: 23984: 23837: 23617: 23579: 23258: 23026: 22979: 22879: 22843: 22807: 22667: 22602: 22593: 22477: 22468: 22405: 22396: 22342: 22258: 22249: 22204: 22168: 22148: 22121: 21450: 21123: 20973: 20968: 20953: 20888: 20838: 20823: 20733: 20713: 20548: 20533: 20498: 20199: 20046: 19982: 19858: 19845: 19734: 19634: 19569: 19524: 19130: 19110: 19060: 19005: 18709: 18684: 18669: 18654: 18531: 18525: 18513: 18454: 18449: 18409: 18358: 18328: 18310: 18270: 18113: 17881: 17856: 17851: 17796: 17749: 17734: 17452: 17422: 17412: 17402: 17397: 17387: 17312: 17227: 17222: 17162: 17137: 17132: 17112: 17082: 17032: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16832: 16777: 16752: 16747: 16672: 16657: 16552: 16527: 16512: 16507: 16487: 16467: 16392: 16257: 16252: 16182: 16177: 16167: 16157: 16152: 16132: 16107: 16052: 16032: 16002: 15987: 15967: 15957: 15952: 15942: 15922: 15882: 15857: 15852: 15802: 15792: 15772: 15757: 15712: 15692: 15592: 15587: 15527: 15512: 15472: 15417: 15377: 15357: 15292: 15287: 15237: 15217: 15142: 15132: 15102: 15082: 15072: 15052: 15047: 14967: 14952: 14947: 14852: 14777: 14747: 14732: 14722: 14697: 14687: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14652: 14452: 14337: 14272: 14267: 14227: 14102: 14014: 13979: 13889: 13874: 13824: 13814: 13744: 13609: 13554: 13395: 13231: 13213: 12973: 12936: 12851: 12726: 12691: 12682: 12673: 12519: 12334: 12093: 11964: 11943: 11903: 11856: 11494: 11424: 11384: 11374: 11364: 11326: 11316: 11236: 11188: 11148: 10635: 10615: 10585: 10445: 10425: 10022: 9126: 9121: 8837: 8663: 8580: 3944: 3940: 3789: 3692: 3684: 3644: 3572: 3371: 3011:

Adams famously said "America goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy".

2909: 2905: 2901: 2531: 2428: 2159: 2147: 2084: 2048: 2012: 1880: 1803: 1741:, and he moved closer to the Jefferson administration. After Adams supported the 1734: 1479: 1444: 1257: 1189:, who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801, and 961: 644: 90: 8665:

Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848

8486:

Morgan, William G. "Henry Clay's Biographers and the 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge."

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breaking with the Adams administration. By the end of the first session of the

2852: 2822: 2455: 2412: 2177: 2101: 2052: 2036: 2000: 1977: 1863: 1831: 1563: 1483: 1452: 1448: 1436: 1355:", which had prevented the House of Representatives from debating petitions to 1272: 1237: 1224: 1002: 971: 828: 114: 12472: 12205: 12040: 11787: 11593: 8862: 8173: 7843: 5768: 1677:. During his time in Prussia, Adams befriended the German diplomat and writer 881: 24497: 24281: 24134: 23761: 23570: 23525: 23396: 23322: 23240: 23159: 22970: 22798: 22721: 22694: 22640: 22573: 22441: 22378: 22369: 22213: 22195: 22186: 22049: 21908: 21848: 21772: 21456: 20808: 20768: 20758: 20728: 20723: 20668: 20628: 20598: 20483: 20369: 20051: 20041: 20011: 19769: 19749: 19724: 19594: 19579: 19544: 19499: 19484: 19391: 19292: 19282: 19135: 19090: 19080: 18914: 18894: 18814: 18674: 18280: 18230: 18108: 17988: 17963: 17953: 17811: 17649: 17644: 17522: 17517: 17462: 17392: 17317: 17267: 17257: 17247: 17177: 17127: 17122: 17102: 16932: 16852: 16727: 16652: 16647: 16627: 16457: 16387: 16377: 16372: 16172: 16042: 15817: 15787: 15767: 15722: 15607: 15582: 15577: 15462: 15402: 15387: 15307: 15227: 15212: 15187: 15167: 15152: 15092: 14992: 14607: 14597: 14512: 14477: 14397: 14262: 14174:

List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

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On his return to the United States, Adams re-established a legal practice in

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selected Adams as his secretary of state. In that role, Adams negotiated the

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A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America

8727: 7967: 2932:. In the press, they were often described as "Adams Men" and "Jackson Men". 2075:, the United States acquired Florida and set the western border of the 1803 1784: 24290: 24143: 23880: 23691: 23500: 23053: 22897: 22732: 22649: 22450: 22276: 21956: 21950: 21926: 21175: 21158: 20948: 20933: 20903: 20873: 20833: 20813: 20793: 20788: 20663: 20583: 20563: 20518: 20503: 20350: 20218: 20146: 20129: 20061: 20056: 19977: 19854: 19729: 19574: 19514: 19309: 19222: 19217: 19145: 18995: 18829: 18519: 18434: 18333: 18098: 18083: 17846: 17816: 17786: 17744: 17639: 17457: 17237: 17202: 17107: 17092: 16947: 16917: 16847: 16702: 16447: 16417: 16332: 16187: 16102: 15912: 15887: 15727: 15682: 15677: 15662: 15622: 15537: 15467: 15252: 15207: 15037: 14997: 14897: 14862: 14842: 14787: 14717: 14517: 14457: 14387: 14352: 14282: 14232: 14073: 13989: 13969: 13929: 13909: 13794: 13769: 13628: 13432: 13426: 13187: 13095: 12912: 12820: 12656: 12643: 12427: 12137: 11660: 11504: 11404: 11266: 10735: 10725: 10705: 10675: 10335: 10128: 9880: 9829: 9773: 9636: 9603: 9477: 9447: 8141: 7201: 5049: 4510: 3936: 3804: 3793: 3602: 3447: 3249: 2988: 2711: 2707: 2569: 2396: 1968: 1938: 1933:

In May 1815, Adams learned that President Madison had appointed him as the

1927: 1847: 1714: 1626: 1464: 1405: 1249: 724: 435: 102: 43: 7954:(1997). "'A Republican in a Monarchy': Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia". 7160: 6621:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 5591:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 4720: 3597:

in Washington, D.C. Later, he was interred in the family burial ground in

3341:

due to the latter's opposition to annexation; the party instead nominated

1227:, and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801, when 24308: 24245: 24098: 23966: 23921: 23797: 23637: 23249: 22712: 22685: 22658: 22459: 21944: 21920: 21680: 20938: 20843: 20763: 20523: 20478: 20031: 20026: 19764: 19381: 19298: 18864: 18754: 18601: 18542: 18508: 17614: 17337: 17282: 16632: 16622: 16582: 16547: 16537: 16422: 16367: 16212: 16137: 15762: 15637: 15522: 15342: 15257: 15242: 15097: 15077: 14592: 14347: 14143: 14039: 14019: 11484: 11474: 11394: 10665: 10078: 9560: 9554: 9471: 9158: 8784:

was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2019

8714:

Butterfield, L. H.; Taylor, Robert J.; Ryerson, Richard A., eds. (1961).

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on behalf of African slaves who had revolted and seized the Spanish ship

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candidate played an important role in the election; Adams was popular in

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Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic

7983: 7390:. Also available from Internet Archive as archived on December 24, 2019. 4150:, which would require a simple majority vote in both houses of Congress. 2055:, would be jointly occupied. The agreement marked a watershed moment in 24386: 21495: 21273: 21015: 20898: 20688: 20568: 20468: 20322: 20071: 19824: 19744: 19739: 18614: 17826: 17791: 17739: 17729: 17712:

Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's

17537: 17322: 16437: 14937: 14782: 14522: 14119: 13924: 13844: 13779: 13377: 13262: 13253: 13240: 13222: 13196: 12768: 12750: 12738: 12696: 12595: 12582: 12310: 11843: 11719: 11464: 11306: 11098: 11040: 11010: 10976: 10385: 10305: 9939: 9899: 9846: 9489: 9241: 8557: 8501: 8491: 8408: 8279: 7630: 7189: 6565: 6541: 6122: 4103: 3922: 3856: 3837: 3828:, is named for the president. In 1870, Charles Francis built the first 3779:

was emerging with nearly revolutionary force. Biographer and historian

3636: 3379: 3306: 3118: 3024: 2996: 2825:. Additionally, the first passenger railroad in the United States, the 2806: 2715: 2655: 2550: 2392: 2207: 2122: 1900: 1819: 1769: 1709:. In February 1803, the Massachusetts legislature elected Adams to the 1595: 1467:. He returned to the Netherlands in 1783 and accompanied his father to 1401: 1373: 1280: 1186: 773: 523: 163: 21518:

Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

20297: 10951:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

8830: 8732: 7589:"Poindexter in Chief: Presidential IQs and Success in the Oval Office" 4702: 4328: 2760:

central planning. Some in the South feared that Adams was secretly an

1748:

While a member of the Senate, Adams served as a professor of logic at

1653:, Adams accepted the position and traveled to the Prussian capital of 1200:

like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the

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President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences

8201:

Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress

7065:

Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World

4102:

When Adams took office as president in 1825, Louisa became the first

3997:

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

3562:. Immediately thereafter, Adams collapsed, having suffered a massive 2868: 2420: 2408: 2173: 2126: 2088: 1662: 1645:. When the elder Adams became president, he appointed his son as the 1498:, from 1787 to 1789. Adams initially opposed the ratification of the 1463:, Russia, where he served as the secretary to the American diplomat, 1425: 24381: 8895: 8541: 8400: 7622: 6557: 6114: 4497:

Musto, David F. (April 20, 1968). "The Youth of John Quincy Adams".

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from American encroachment, insisted on setting the boundary at the

1922:

decided to seek an end to hostilities with the U.S. on the basis of

21693: 20648: 19689: 17943: 14527: 13919: 13710: 11444: 11286: 8884: 8880: 5156: 5154: 4505:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society: 273. 4136:

would become the second child of a president to serve as president.

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In the 1824 presidential election, Jackson won a plurality in the

2035:. Negotiations between the two powers continued, resulting in the 1307:, the Democratic-Republican Party split into two major camps: the 20121: 18167: 11454: 7364:"From Abigail Smith Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 12 July 1801" 5344: 5342: 4178:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3593:

His original interment was temporary, in the public vault at the

3525: 3043:. The administration also reached commercial agreements with the 3036: 2847: 2814: 2169: 2067: 1670: 19449:

Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

7993:

John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy

7781:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?" 5151: 4424:"American presidents and their special relationship with Leiden" 4185:"John Quincy Adams; Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress" 2007:, which initially consisted of Adams, Secretary of the Treasury 1392:. He was named after his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel 1283:—all members of the Democratic-Republican Party—competed in the 1173:, serving from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth 24579:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

19346: 19341: 14575:

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

4110:

became the second First Lady born outside of the United States.

3987:

List of United States political appointments across party lines

3901:

had posed even earlier for his portrait, in 1841. The original

3722:. It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest 3538: 3088:. Clay and Adams hoped that the conference would inaugurate a " 1765: 1698: 1654: 1649:. Though concerned that his appointment would be criticized as 1622: 1618:

who wanted to return to the United States via the Netherlands.

1511: 1417: 1413: 1216: 20455: 5339: 3992:

List of presidents of the United States by previous experience

3894:, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams. 2466:, he departed from tradition by placing his hand on a book of 1408:. With his father's encouragement, Adams would also translate 24392: 21641:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

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Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family

8222:

Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family

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Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018).

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in his youth, he abandoned this fashion while serving as the

3337:, and Southerners blocked the nomination of Van Buren at the 3097: 3059:

system. In 1825, Britain banned United States trade with the

3019: 2471: 2051:, while the territory to the west of the mountains, known as 1889: 9216: 7724:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

7567:"John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants" 5652:"John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants" 1853: 918: 24639:

Democratic-Republican Party presidents of the United States

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Scholarly coverage of Adams at Miller Center, U of Virginia

7161:"President John Q. Adams : Health and Medical History" 6314: 6312: 6010: 5974: 5714: 5196: 5194: 4085: 4049: 3291: 3188:. After winning election, Adams became affiliated with the 2810: 2675: 2228:, while Clay, Calhoun, and Adams embraced federally funded 1152: 1063: 24619:

Candidates in the 1828 United States presidential election

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Candidates in the 1824 United States presidential election

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Candidates in the 1820 United States presidential election

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McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018).

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and the prosecution of his close friend, Treasury Auditor

1941:

decided a Northerner would be optimal for the position of

1705:. In November of that year, he ran unsuccessfully for the 1367: 1204:, and later, in the mid-1830s, became affiliated with the 10238: 8815: 4076: 4040: 3958: 3926: 3142: 3084:, an 1826 conference of New World republics organized by 3075:

from Mexico, President Adams did not seek to expand into

2785:. The Adams administration also saw the beginning of the 1667:

new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia

1440: 1143: 24749:

Unsuccessful nominees to the United States Supreme Court

17659: 17629: 17594: 17564: 17507: 17442: 17377: 17302: 17212: 17057: 16867: 16602: 16347: 16117: 15897: 15702: 15487: 15267: 15012: 14812: 14582: 13074: 7334:"Louisa Adams Biography: National First Ladies' Library" 7185:

A discourse occasioned by the death of John Quincy Adams

6309: 5191: 4325:"The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection" 4290:

The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans

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Van Buren, Harrison and Tyler administrations, 1837–1843

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1825 contingent presidential election vote distribution

1641:. Later that year, John Adams defeated Jefferson in the 1502:, but he ultimately came to accept the document, and in 285: 277: 269: 18969: 9756:

as Acting United States Minister to the United Kingdom

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Household Gods: The Religious Lives of the Adams Family

7819:"Three Authentic Writers Have Occupied the Oval Office" 7538: 7505:

Hewson, Martha S.; Cronkite, Walter (January 1, 2009).

7082:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 159–160. 2928:, while supporters of Jackson began calling themselves 1788:

1815 US passport issued by John Quincy Adams at London.

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Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

24559:

Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire

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The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection

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treaties with a number of nations, including Denmark,

1578:, a French diplomat who sought to undermine President 24334: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 3537:

In 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a

2043:

west of the Great Lakes. The boundary was set at the

1517: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 24649:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

8823:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

6189: 5479: 5477: 5265:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 169–170, 253–255. 3147: 1844:

Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court

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Deans of the United States House of Representatives

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Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands

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Deans of the United States House of Representatives

10276: 4067: 4031: 1685:Adams would translate into English in 1800. In the 1169:; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth 1134: 9798:United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 8579: 8260: 8172: 8092: 8069: 8011: 7251: 6490:Balcerski, Opinion by Thomas (November 11, 2020). 5055:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 4640:"The First Ladies of the United States of America" 4327:. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from 3156:Daguerreotype of Quincy Adams by Philip Haas, 1843 2983:Americans. Early in his term, Adams suspended the 1717:, an outspoken supporter of the Federalist Party. 1692: 1510:. In 1790, Adams opened his own legal practice in 172:Dean of the United States House of Representatives 7778: 7401:"Brief Biographies of Jackson Era Characters (A)" 7310:. Quincy Historical Society. 2002. Archived from 6449: 6447: 5474: 4499:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3313:Opposition to the Mexican-American War, 1844–1848 3100:, a republic that had been established through a 2832: 2698:, a prominent supporter of Crawford, to lead the 1948: 24495: 9166:President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 8668:. 12 v. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. 8242:John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life 7384:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3788:" that the White House has harbored, along with 3575:, then a freshman representative from Illinois. 3258:Portrait of Quincy Adams by William Hudson, 1844 3200:and embraced a general program of anti-elitism. 2955:Painting of Quincy Adams by Charles Osgood, 1828 2125:, but Spain, intent on protecting its colony of 1372:John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to 16:President of the United States from 1825 to 1829 24754:U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors 12502: 8603:A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams 5654:. New England Historical Society. March 4, 2015 5559: 5557: 5555: 5440: 5438: 5047: 4288:Herring, James; Longacre, James Barton (1853). 4287: 3832:in the United States, to honor his father. The 3071:Aside from an unsuccessful attempt to purchase 2176:and Mexico. In 1823, British Foreign Secretary 2100:, and in December 1818, Monroe ordered General 8327:"The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams" 7754:"Historians Survey Results: John Quincy Adams" 7703: 7701: 7504: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 6444: 6285: 6094: 5998: 5844: 5842: 5494: 5492: 4885:"The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams" 4700: 1347:, which he saw as a war to extend slavery and 1311:, which supported Adams, and Andrew Jackson's 1223:appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the 24699:Members of the American Philosophical Society 22034: 21445:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams 21231:United States presidential election 1788–1789 21000: 20441: 20283: 20107: 19810: 19433: 18955: 18574: 18140: 17696: 14559: 14198: 13672: 13060: 12488: 12191: 12026: 11773: 11579: 10935: 10262: 8911: 8600: 8142:"John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism" 7220: 7218: 6613: 6611: 4834:"John Quincy Adams Isn't Who You Think He Is" 3107: 2987:after learning that the Governor of Georgia, 2407:contrast, Clay viewed Jackson as a dangerous 2196: 2133:. At Monroe's direction, Adams agreed to the 1586:. In 1794, Washington appointed Adams as the 1264:. In 1818, Adams was elected a member of the 1106: 24544:19th-century presidents of the United States 22052:'s delegation(s) to the 8th–10th, 22nd–30th 21491:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace 18597:United States Ambassadors to the Netherlands 10120:Chair of the House Indian Affairs Committee 9890:nominee for President of the United States¹ 9641: 8136:(Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001). 8134:John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union 7908:. National Portrait Gallery. August 21, 2015 7760:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. 2017 7243: 7175: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5589:"John Quincy Adams: Campaigns and Elections" 5552: 5435: 5186:John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union 4106:born outside of the United States. In 2017, 3196:, but it developed into the country's first 2817:; and the enlargement and rebuilding of the 24629:Children of presidents of the United States 24554:Ambassadors of the United States to Prussia 21399:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson 21181:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779 10036:Massachusetts's 12th congressional district 10003:Massachusetts's 11th congressional district 9929:nominee for President of the United States 9040: 8652:The Diaries of John Quincy Adams, 1779–1821 8488:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 7698: 7478: 7254:Ark of the liberties: America and the world 7080:John Quincy Adams : Yankee nationalist 5839: 5489: 4317: 4169: 4167: 4119:Adams had been especially concerned by the 4007:Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft 3651:and later became a prominent member of the 1637:In 1796, Washington appointed Adams as the 1185:in both chambers. He was the eldest son of 184:April 22, 1844 – February 23, 1848 135:September 22, 1817 – March 3, 1825 24659:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 24574:American expatriates in the Dutch Republic 22041: 22027: 21007: 20993: 20448: 20434: 20290: 20276: 20114: 20100: 19817: 19803: 19440: 19426: 18962: 18948: 18581: 18567: 18147: 18133: 17703: 17689: 14566: 14552: 14205: 14191: 13679: 13665: 13067: 13053: 12495: 12481: 12198: 12184: 12033: 12019: 11780: 11766: 11586: 11572: 11548: 11538: 10942: 10928: 10904: 10269: 10255: 10095:Chair of the House Manufactures Committee 10069:Massachusetts's 8th congressional district 8918: 8904: 8690: 8657: 8567:. "John Quincy Adams" in Henry Graff, ed. 8179:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 8167: 8067: 7215: 7113:"James Smithson: Biographical Information" 6608: 6426: 6267: 6255: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6183: 6088: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5806: 5732: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5609: 5534: 5510: 4870: 4796: 3471: 1754:Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory 1701:, and in April 1802 he was elected to the 1455:, and attended several schools, including 1113: 1099: 948: 459:November 5, 1809 – April 28, 1814 234:March 4, 1831 – February 23, 1848 42: 19:"JQA" redirects here. For other uses, see 24744:United States senators from Massachusetts 24714:Politicians from Braintree, Massachusetts 21425:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings 14214:United States senators from Massachusetts 9764:United States Envoy to the United Kingdom 9668:United States Minister to the Netherlands 9192:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings 8720:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 8654:(Library of America, 20170. xiv, 727 pp.) 7224: 7062: 6489: 5615: 3240:1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election 2978:Adams sought the gradual assimilation of 2861:1828 United States presidential elections 2434: 1854:Treaty of Ghent and ambassador to Britain 1327:and Senate re-election, Adams joined the 1287:. Because no candidate won a majority of 570:November 6, 1794 – June 20, 1797 216:U.S. House of Representatives 21523:United First Parish Church and gravesite 21345:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 12212:1832 United States presidential election 12047:1828 United States presidential election 11794:1824 United States presidential election 11600:1808 United States presidential election 9254:United First Parish Church and gravesite 8792:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8775: 8701:. 7 v. New York: The Macmillan Company. 8473: 8386: 7886:. The White House Historical Association 7872: 7643: 7605: 4932:Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects 4858: 4164: 3850: 3803: 3751: 3747: 3670: 3577: 3544: 3524: 3475: 3400: 3390: 3316: 3281:won its independence from Mexico in the 3253: 3151: 3117: 3114:1828 United States presidential election 3018: 2950: 2846: 2734: 2206: 2203:1824 United States presidential election 2066: 1962: 1857: 1783: 1301:federally funded infrastructure projects 359:April 20, 1802 – March 4, 1803 24644:Federalist Party United States senators 12343: 12301: 12119: 12069: 11926: 11886: 11827: 11702: 8527: 8324: 8284: 8258: 7931: 7719: 7684:Presidents of the United States (POTUS) 7543:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 7032: 6990: 6453: 6438: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6135: 6076: 6052: 6028: 6016: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5932: 5920: 5720: 5546: 5498: 4882: 4361: 3408:engraved portrait of Adams as president 2104:to enter Florida and retaliate against 2031:, which limited naval armaments on the 1657:with his wife and his younger brother, 1621:Adams spent the winter of 1795–1796 in 1368:Early life, education, and early career 513:December 5, 1797 – May 5, 1801 24764:19th-century Massachusetts politicians 24719:Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts 24519:18th-century Massachusetts politicians 24496: 21508:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University 9340:Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar 8365: 8303: 8197: 8139: 8113: 8032: 7950: 7906:"John Quincy Adams 1843 daguerreotype" 7816: 7707: 7446: 7434: 7249: 7181: 7147: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6978: 6966: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6619:"John Quincy Adams: Impact and Legacy" 6602: 6578: 6527: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6303: 6279: 6243: 6159: 6100: 6040: 5992: 5908: 5848: 5833: 5821: 5794: 5782: 5744: 5672: 5638: 5626: 5575: 5563: 5522: 5468: 5444: 5408: 5384: 5360: 5348: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5248: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5160: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4975: 4963: 4944: 4820: 4808: 4784: 4760: 4748: 4701:Perl-Rosenthal, Nathan (Summer 2011). 4688: 4664: 4652: 4625: 4613: 4583: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4484: 4460: 4448: 4410: 4398: 4349: 4312: 4292:. D. Rice & A.N. Hart. p. 1. 4261: 4025:The Quincy family name was pronounced 3921:Adams occasionally is featured in the 3916: 3647:'s vice presidential candidate in the 3509:The money was invested in shaky state 3209:Committee on Commerce and Manufactures 3186:former presidents to serve in Congress 3174:United States House of Representatives 3143:Later congressional career (1830–1848) 1918:. By November 1814, the government of 1818:After a difficult passage through the 1707:United States House of Representatives 1524:Electoral history of John Quincy Adams 1331:in the early 1830s before joining the 1295:, which Adams won with the support of 1291:, the House of Representatives held a 78:March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 24704:Monroe administration cabinet members 24654:George Washington University trustees 22022: 20988: 20429: 20271: 20095: 19798: 19421: 18943: 18562: 18128: 17684: 14547: 14186: 13660: 13048: 12476: 12179: 12014: 11761: 11567: 10923: 10250: 10239:Articles related to John Quincy Adams 10237: 9640: 8925: 8899: 8577: 8506: 8415: 8239: 8218: 8116:John Quincy Adams: American Visionary 8009: 7990: 7493: 7460:"ADAMS, Charles Francis, (1807-1886)" 5260: 4934:. London: T. Cadell. pp. 99–110. 4637: 4496: 3808:Peacefield – John Quincy Adams's Home 3582:John Quincy Adams's original tomb at 2774:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1779: 737: 316:March 4, 1803 – June 8, 1808 24679:Massachusetts Democratic-Republicans 24399: 21279:United States Department of the Navy 21205:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780) 18187:Embassy of the United States, Berlin 18163:United States Ambassadors to Germany 13145:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 13118:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 10221:, fielding four separate candidates. 8847:"Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams" 8622: 8454: 8447: 8090: 8051: 7804: 7644:Simonton, Dean Keith (August 2006). 7308:"Quincy's Historic Hancock Cemetery" 7225:Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). 7077: 6590: 6539: 6515: 6477: 6465: 6414: 6354: 6291: 6195: 6171: 6147: 6064: 6004: 5944: 5756: 5483: 5456: 5420: 5396: 5372: 5236: 5172: 4987: 4929: 4772: 4676: 4571: 4472: 4205: 2150:'s southern border at 54°40′ north. 2062: 1529:Early diplomatic career and marriage 1506:his father was elected as the first 1439:. During this period, Adams studied 400:June 8, 1815 – May 14, 1817 21318:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act 21050:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 21042:Vice President of the United States 18971:United States Ambassadors to Russia 11848:(eliminated in contingent election) 8997:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 8872:Works by or about John Quincy Adams 8856:American Presidents: Life Portraits 8733:Founders Online, searchable edition 8569:The Presidents: A Reference History 8072:The Presidency of John Quincy Adams 7878: 7866:University of Massachusetts Amherst 7817:Parker, James (February 13, 2020). 7758:Presidential Historians Survey 2017 7677: 7258:. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 4642:. The White House Historical Assoc. 3826:University of Massachusetts Amherst 3339:1844 Democratic National Convention 3041:Federal Republic of Central America 3014: 2730: 2725: 1984:and writing an extensive report on 1508:vice president of the United States 13: 24739:United States secretaries of state 24589:American people of English descent 13688:United States Secretaries of State 9227:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 8762: 8643: 8436: 8418:John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit 5263:John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit 4262:Rettig, Polly M. (April 3, 1978). 3397:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 3378:to back up his assertion that the 3122:1828 presidential election results 3006: 2211:1824 presidential election results 2153: 1794:Supreme Court of the United States 1588:U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands 1518:Early political career (1793–1817) 978:6th President of the United States 21:John Quincy Adams (disambiguation) 14: 24780: 24769:19th-century American legislators 24594:American political party founders 21758:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song 21628:Adams House at Harvard University 13101:1856 American National Convention 9692:United States Minister to Prussia 9330:Adams House at Harvard University 8818:"John Quincy Adams (id: A000041)" 8739: 8443:Bibliography of John Quincy Adams 4212:. New York: Atria Books. p. 3657:United States Minister to England 3223:leaders argued that states could 3148:Jackson administration, 1830–1836 2946: 2481: 1967:Painting of John Quincy Adams by 1910:from American territory near the 1351:. He also led the repeal of the " 24476: 24459: 24442: 24425: 24408: 24380: 24368: 24356: 24344: 22002: 22001: 21379:State of the Union Address (1797 21058:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 20457:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 20332: 20162: 20080: 19783: 19340: 19216: 18979: 18928: 18600: 18590: 18212: 18166: 18156: 14802: 14796: 14371: 13719: 11547: 11537: 11528: 11527: 10903: 10894: 10893: 9837:United States Secretary of State 9724:United States Minister to Russia 9620: 9619: 9089:State of the Union Address, 1825 9069:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 9029:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 8989:United States Secretary of State 8888: 8842:Massachusetts Historical Society 8774: 8691:Adams, John Quincy (1913–1917). 8658:Adams, John Quincy (1874–1877). 8513:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 8064:(Oxford University Press, 2019). 7898: 7854: 7836: 7810: 7798: 7772: 7746: 7713: 7671: 7665:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x 7637: 7599: 7581: 7559: 7532: 7508:John Quincy Adams – Google Knihy 7498: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7415: 7393: 7356: 7326: 7300: 7291: 7153: 7141: 7105: 7096: 7071: 7056: 7044: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 5986: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5827: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5644: 5632: 4601:Massachusetts Historical Society 4173: 4139: 4126: 4063: 4027: 3977:Adams's method for apportionment 3616: 3488:c. 1850 copy of an 1844 original 3066: 2967: 2238:Second Bank of the United States 1997:Latin American independence wars 1812:United States Minister to Russia 1774:Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory 1673:were published in a book titled 1552: 1537: 1175:United States secretary of state 1130: 1086: 1080: 1008:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 956:United States Secretary of State 880: 859: 123:United States Secretary of State 24729:Presidents of the United States 24724:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 24534:19th-century American diplomats 24524:18th-century American diplomats 20244:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 18182:Germany–United States relations 13140:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 13017:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 10278:Presidents of the United States 10147:House Foreign Affairs Committee 9084:United States Naval Observatory 9013:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 8627:. Ladham, Maryland: Lexington. 8014:John Quincy Adams and the Union 7539:Digital History; Steven Mintz. 7063:Rodriguez, Junius, ed. (2007). 6540:Cain, Marvin R. (Spring 1984). 5603: 5581: 5569: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5462: 5450: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5178: 5166: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4938: 4923: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4355: 4113: 4096: 3730:, a professor of psychology at 3706:instead of long hair tied in a 2991:, had forced the treaty on the 2791:Chesapeake & Delaware Canal 2445: 2441:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 2250:congressional nominating caucus 1826:and eventually befriended Tsar 1693:U.S. senator from Massachusetts 1594:, who was then negotiating the 1582:'s policy of neutrality in the 733: 21800:American Philosophical Society 21513:Presidents House, Philadelphia 21481:Adams National Historical Park 21430:Adams Papers Editorial Project 21409:Federal judiciary appointments 21193:Staten Island Peace Conference 21031:President of the United States 21014: 13160:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 12540:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 9856:President of the United States 9232:Adams National Historical Park 9197:Adams Papers Editorial Project 9104:Federal judiciary appointments 8978:President of the United States 8498:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 8476:New England Journal of History 8068:Hargreaves, Mary W.M. (1985). 7932:Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). 7924: 7728:. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 7122:. January 2008. Archived from 6103:The American Historical Review 4343: 4306: 4281: 4264:"John Quincy Adams Birthplace" 4255: 4230: 4199: 4019: 3957:and Steven Hinkle in the 2008 3842:Adams National Historical Park 3818:Adams National Historical Park 3756:Official portrait of Adams by 3666: 3482:U.S. National Portrait Gallery 2833:Formation of political parties 1949:Secretary of State (1817–1825) 1560:Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams 1482:the following year. He joined 1349:its political grip on Congress 1266:American Philosophical Society 1260:, which became a key tenet of 1171:president of the United States 66:President of the United States 1: 21104:Braintree Instructions (1765) 10064:U.S. House of Representatives 10031:U.S. House of Representatives 9998:U.S. House of Representatives 9981:U.S. House of Representatives 8698:Writings of John Quincy Adams 8601:Waldstreicher, David (2013). 8530:Journal of the Early Republic 8389:Journal of the Early Republic 7991:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1981) . 7067:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 9–11. 6546:Journal of the Early Republic 4708:Journal of the Early Republic 4157: 3761: 3533:at the Congressional Cemetery 3432:U.S. House of Representatives 3322: 2795:Louisville and Portland Canal 2144:Russo-American Treaty of 1824 1810:appointed Adams as the first 1544:John Quincy Adams, age 29 by 1459:. In 1781, Adams traveled to 641:Province of Massachusetts Bay 49: 24694:Massachusetts state senators 21806:Gazette of the United States 21164:Treaty of Amity and Commerce 18224:and Minister Plenipotentiary 17771:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 17719:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 13696:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 13155:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 9186: 9153:United States v. The Amistad 8578:Unger, Harlow Giles (2012). 8198:Miller, William Lee (1996). 8091:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 8010:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1956). 7936:. Rowman & Littlefield. 7844:"House History: Adams House" 7593:U.S. News & World Report 7425:, New York, McGraw-Hill 1980 5112:, pp. 112, 114–115, 119 4370:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3935:(1976), he was portrayed by 3905:is in the collection of the 3886:are also named after Adams. 3814:John Quincy Adams Birthplace 3799: 3758:George Peter Alexander Healy 3693:powdered wig tied in a queue 3457:United States v. The Amistad 3207:selected Adams chair of the 2057:United Kingdom–United States 7: 21633:Mount Adams (New Hampshire, 21565:Jefferson Memorial pediment 21142:Declaration of Independence 21070:Second Continental Congress 12545:Presidency of James Madison 12504:Democratic-Republican Party 11712:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 11614:Democratic-Republican Party 11533:All presidential candidates 10215:Democratic-Republican Party 8887:(public domain audiobooks) 8459:. Oxford University Press. 8267:. Oxford University Press. 8099:. Oxford University Press. 8033:Cooper, William J. (2017). 6581:, pp. 288–289, 345–346 3970: 3720:fashion of the 19th century 3710:and to regularly wear long 3454:, Adams joined the case of 3446:In 1841, at the request of 2904:), and Calhounites (led by 2890:19th United States Congress 2827:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 2041:Canada–United States border 1930:of Napoleon's restoration. 1639:U.S. ambassador to Portugal 1608:Democratic-Republican Party 1202:Democratic-Republican Party 10: 24785: 24669:Harvard University faculty 21311:Naturalization Act of 1798 21289:United States Marine Corps 21082:First Continental Congress 20739:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 14794: 12550:Presidency of James Monroe 9237:Birthplace and family home 8881:Works by John Quincy Adams 8863:Works by John Quincy Adams 8836:February 18, 2012, at the 8650:Waldstreicher, David, ed. 8440: 8366:Remini, Robert V. (2002). 8289:. Rowman and LittleField. 7250:Widmer, Edward L. (2008). 4209:The Raising of a President 3861:United First Parish Church 3701:became the first president 3649:1848 presidential election 3620: 3607:United First Parish Church 3588:United First Parish Church 3394: 3335:1844 presidential election 3303:1840 presidential election 3301:defeated Van Buren in the 3268:1836 presidential election 3111: 3108:1828 presidential election 2971: 2855:, Adams's opponent in the 2836: 2789:; the construction of the 2739:Medal of John Quincy Adams 2678:continued to serve as the 2438: 2200: 2197:1824 presidential election 2183:annual message to Congress 2157: 1955:Presidency of James Monroe 1952: 1935:U.S. ambassador to Britain 1687:1800 presidential election 1647:U.S. ambassador to Prussia 1643:1796 presidential election 1521: 1500:United States Constitution 1496:Newburyport, Massachusetts 1317:1828 presidential election 1285:1824 presidential election 1073: 672:United First Parish Church 555:United States Minister to 498:United States Minister to 444:United States Minister to 385:United States Minister to 18: 24684:Massachusetts Federalists 22063: 21975: 21839: 21750: 21697:(1997 documentary series) 21649: 21531: 21466: 21417: 21254: 21223: 21137:Lee Resolution (seconded) 21092: 21022: 20679:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 20674:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 20464: 20404: 20385: 20360: 20343:Secretary of the Treasury 20341: 20330: 20313: 20234: 20209: 20190: 20173:Secretary of the Treasury 20171: 20160: 20137: 20078: 19832: 19781: 19455: 19338: 19214: 18977: 18926: 18610: 18319: 18221: 18210: 18196: 18176: 17926:Ambassadors Extraordinary 17925: 17769:Envoys Extraordinary and 17768: 17718: 17658: 17628: 17593: 17563: 17506: 17441: 17376: 17301: 17211: 17056: 16866: 16601: 16346: 16116: 15896: 15701: 15486: 15266: 15011: 14811: 14581: 14380: 14369: 14220: 14171: 13728: 13717: 13694: 13619: 13570: 13527: 13472: 13417: 13368: 13359: 13314: 13168: 13086: 12989: 12946: 12885: 12842: 12787: 12778: 12709: 12563: 12515:Anti-Administration Party 12510: 12448: 12412: 12385: 12374: 12332: 12293:National Republican Party 12290: 12262: 12234: 12223: 12151: 12111:National Republican Party 12108: 12058: 11982: 11957: 11917: 11877: 11818: 11805: 11733: 11691: 11650: 11622: 11611: 11523: 10961: 10957: 10889: 10761: 10284: 10244: 10211: 10202: 10192: 10176: 10168: 10163: 10153: 10143: 10135: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10100: 10093: 10085: 10075: 10060: 10052: 10042: 10027: 10019: 10009: 9994: 9986: 9979: 9969: 9961:Governor of Massachusetts 9954: 9946: 9936: 9924: 9919: 9885: 9877: 9872: 9862: 9853: 9843: 9834: 9826: 9821: 9811: 9795: 9787: 9780: 9770: 9761: 9740: 9730: 9721: 9713: 9698: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9665: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9598: 9578:National Republican Party 9570: 9434: 9371: 9312: 9262: 9207: 9179: 9112: 9039: 8933: 8605:. John Wiley & Sons. 8490:66#3 (1968), pp. 242–58. 8455:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 8372:. New York: Times Books. 8306:Early American Literature 8285:Parsons, Lynn H. (1998). 8259:Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). 8076:. Univ. Press of Kansas. 8052:Edel, Charles N. (2014). 7182:Parker, Theodore (1848). 5163:, pp. 307–11, 318–20 4947:Early American Literature 4738:– via Project MUSE. 3907:National Portrait Gallery 3742: 3641:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 3586:, across the street from 2787:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 2688:Secretary of the Treasury 2628: 2609: 2582: 2578: 2565:Secretary of the Treasury 2559: 2540: 2521: 2504: 2488: 2262: 1982:1820 United States census 1883:, and Federalist Senator 1584:French Revolutionary Wars 1378:Abigail Adams (née Smith) 1325:Governor of Massachusetts 1309:National Republican Party 867: 855: 838: 808: 787: 766: 747: 718: 677: 667: 650: 623: 618: 614: 598: 586: 574: 563: 552: 539: 529: 517: 506: 495: 483: 473: 463: 452: 441: 429: 416: 404: 393: 382: 378: 374: 367: 363: 352: 344: 332: 320: 309: 297: 262: 250: 238: 227: 212: 200: 188: 177: 169: 157: 147: 139: 128: 120: 108: 96: 82: 71: 63: 59: 41: 34: 24674:Leiden University alumni 21476:Early life and education 20864:William Tecumseh Sherman 20554:George Washington Carver 18320:Ambassador Extraordinary 18197:Minister Plenipotentiary 17930:the Court of St. James's 17773:the Court of St. James's 17721:the Court of St. James's 13150:Presidency of John Tyler 9873:Party political offices 9642:Offices and distinctions 9021:U.S. Minister to Prussia 8816:United States Congress. 8500:26#1 (1967), pp. 43–58. 8343:10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.175 8037:. Liveright Publishing. 7720:Herring, George (2008). 7466:. United States Congress 4901:10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.175 4597:"Online Adams Catalogue" 4372:Harvard University Press 4012: 3820:and open to the public. 3704:to adopt a short haircut 3520: 3480:Adams's portrait at the 3460:. Adams went before the 3090:Good Neighborhood Policy 2985:Treaty of Indian Springs 2896:), Crawfordites (led by 2801:; the connection of the 2015:, Secretary of the Navy 1631:All Hallows-by-the-Tower 1627:Louisa Catherine Johnson 1213:Braintree, Massachusetts 889:This article is part of 24539:19th-century Unitarians 24529:18th-century Unitarians 21763:Adams' personal library 21726:(2006 documentary film) 21350:Navy Department Library 21340:Slave Trade Act of 1800 21323:Marine Hospital Service 21306:Alien and Sedition Acts 21301:Mississippi Organic Act 21284:Commerce Protection Act 21114:Continental Association 21109:Boston Massacre defense 20944:John Greenleaf Whittier 20559:William Ellery Channing 17928:and Plenipotentiary to 10157:Charles Jared Ingersoll 9389:1965 television series) 9147:Smithsonian Institution 9122:Monroe Doctrine, author 9005:U.S. Minister to Russia 8618:excerpt and text search 8507:Nagel, Paul C. (1983). 8280:excerpt and text search 8244:. Harvard Univ. Press. 8219:Nagel, Paul C. (1983). 7968:10.1111/1467-7709.00049 7192:, 25 Cornhill. p. 7188:. Boston: Published by 7053:, pp. 354–356, 409 6480:, pp. 276, 280–281 5629:, pp. 391–393, 398 5612:, pp. 33–34, 36–38 4187:. Bioguide.congress.gov 3911:Smithsonian Institution 3892:Adams County, Wisconsin 3772:scholars generally rank 3726:of any U.S. president. 3697:U.S. Minister to Russia 3629:George Washington Adams 3560:Robert Charles Winthrop 3515:Smithsonian Institution 3504:Smithsonian Institution 3472:Smithsonian Institution 3417:The discussion of this 3162:George Washington Adams 3023:Quincy Adams appointed 2767:national bankruptcy law 2019:, and Attorney General 1850:took the seat instead. 1614:. In 1794 he supported 800:Quincy political family 24664:Harvard College alumni 24624:Children of John Adams 22057:(ordered by seniority) 22054:United States Congress 21768:American Enlightenment 21724:John and Abigail Adams 21705:(2002 animated series) 21330:Bankruptcy Act of 1800 21130:Thoughts on Government 20929:James McNeill Whistler 20859:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 20774:Matthew Fontaine Maury 13641:Alexander H. H. Stuart 12968:Caesar Augustus Rodney 12530:Jeffersonian democracy 11553:Third-party candidates 11179:Winfield Scott Hancock 11069:William Henry Harrison 10376:William Henry Harrison 9551:(paternal grandmother) 9545:(paternal grandfather) 8770: 8746:Listen to this article 8660:Adams, Charles Francis 8623:Wood, Gary V. (2004). 8325:Rathbun, Lyon (2000). 8225:. Oxford Univ. Press. 8056:. Harvard Univ. Press. 7078:Teed, Paul E. (2006). 6654:, pp. 454, 458–59 5351:, pp. 333–37, 348 4883:Rathbun, Lyon (2000). 4638:Black, Allida (2009). 4362:Richard, Carl (2009). 3961:television miniseries 3899:William Henry Harrison 3880:Adams County, Illinois 3864: 3809: 3767: 3679: 3623:Adams political family 3595:Congressional Cemetery 3590: 3550: 3534: 3489: 3424: 3409: 3329: 3299:William Henry Harrison 3270:Democrats put forward 3259: 3157: 3123: 3028: 2999:who favored immediate 2956: 2863: 2740: 2476:General Welfare Clause 2435:Presidency (1825–1829) 2222:strict constructionist 2212: 2080: 2017:Benjamin Crowninshield 1972: 1924:status quo ante bellum 1867: 1789: 1179:United States Congress 1024:Presidential campaigns 795:Adams political family 24689:Massachusetts lawyers 24584:American nationalists 21891:Thomas Boylston Adams 21560:John Adams Courthouse 21486:John Adams Birthplace 21269:Quasi War with France 21210:Treaty of Paris, 1783 20879:Harriet Beecher Stowe 20849:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20579:James Fenimore Cooper 20539:William Cullen Bryant 20514:Alexander Graham Bell 20406:Secretary of the Navy 20236:Secretary of the Navy 13635:Thomas M. T. McKennan 12733:Joseph Bradley Varnum 11987:Other 1824 elections: 11808:Democratic-Republican 10606:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9888:Democratic-Republican 9537:Thomas Boylston Adams 9403:Mutiny on the Amistad 9074:Treaty of Fond du Lac 9059:Internal improvements 8769: 8416:Traub, James (2016). 8140:Mattie, Sean (2003). 8114:Kaplan, Fred (2014). 7681:"Foreign Languages". 5261:Traub, James (2016). 4721:10.1353/jer.2011.0027 4428:universiteitleiden.nl 4268:National Park Service 4059:Quincy, Massachusetts 3982:List of abolitionists 3884:Adams County, Indiana 3854: 3846:Quincy, Massachusetts 3840:(the "Old House") at 3807: 3781:William J. Cooper Jr. 3755: 3748:Historical reputation 3674: 3599:Quincy, Massachusetts 3581: 3548: 3528: 3479: 3415: 3404: 3391:Anti-slavery movement 3320: 3257: 3155: 3121: 3027:as Secretary of State 3022: 2974:Federal Indian Policy 2954: 2874:Francis Preston Blair 2850: 2738: 2660:Secretary of the Navy 2634:Secretary of the Navy 2246:Battle of New Orleans 2230:internal improvements 2210: 2070: 1966: 1916:Battle of Plattsburgh 1861: 1828:Alexander I of Russia 1787: 1659:Thomas Boylston Adams 1546:John Singleton Copley 1248:. In 1817, President 1219:. In 1794, President 1013:Treaty of Fond du Lac 993:Judicial Appointments 949:Historical reputation 691:Democratic-Republican 369:Diplomatic positions 299:United States Senator 23169:G. Grennell Jr. 21687:The Adams Chronicles 21119:Petition to the King 20909:Booker T. Washington 20819:Alice Freeman Palmer 20799:William T. G. Morton 20744:James Russell Lowell 13113:Constitutional Union 12721:Frederick Muhlenberg 12535:Era of Good Feelings 12453:Other 1832 elections 12156:Other 1828 elections 11738:Other 1808 elections 11257:Charles Evans Hughes 10626:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10205:Notes and references 9484:John Quincy Adams II 9395:The Adams Chronicles 8801:More spoken articles 8240:Nagel, Paul (1999). 7653:Political Psychology 7611:Political Psychology 7607:Simonton, Dean Keith 5770:First Annual Message 5336:, pp. 48, 51–53 5026:, pp. 90, 94–95 4930:Hume, David (1742). 4586:, pp. 34, 40–41 4413:, pp. 9, 14–16. 4331:on February 18, 2012 4242:search.amphilsoc.org 4238:"APS Member History" 4057:, as in the name of 3932:The Adams Chronicles 3855:Tombs of Presidents 3830:presidential library 3691:Though Adams wore a 3678:of John Quincy Adams 3428:District of Columbia 3225:nullify federal laws 3213:nullification crisis 2926:National Republicans 2779:Cumberland, Maryland 2702:. Leadership of the 2462:. As Adams took the 2274:States for Crawford 2146:, which established 2039:, which defined the 1986:weights and measures 1908:Indian barrier state 1898:Speaker of the House 1711:United States Senate 1703:Massachusetts Senate 1576:Edmond-Charles Genêt 1345:Mexican–American War 1297:Speaker of the House 1064:Congressional career 347:Massachusetts Senate 25:JQA (disambiguation) 24599:American Unitarians 21981:← George Washington 21864:Abigail Adams Smith 21819:American Revolution 21813:The American Museum 21658:Profiles in Courage 21570:U.S. Postage stamps 21555:John Adams Building 21365:Midnight Judges Act 21335:Indiana Organic Act 20924:George Westinghouse 20894:Henry David Thoreau 20804:John Lothrop Motley 20779:Albert A. Michelson 20659:Nathaniel Hawthorne 20609:Ralph Waldo Emerson 20594:James Buchanan Eads 20181:William H. Crawford 18322:and Plenipotentiary 18222:Envoy Extraordinary 13457:William M. Meredith 13272:1848 (Philadelphia) 13130:Second Party System 13076:National Republican 12925:William H. Crawford 12919:Alexander J. Dallas 12876:William H. Crawford 12864:Alexander J. Dallas 11990:Contingent election 11936:William H. Crawford 11247:William Howard Taft 11139:George B. McClellan 11031:William H. Crawford 10987:Charles C. Pinckney 10556:William Howard Taft 10476:Rutherford B. Hayes 9927:National Republican 9921:New political party 9904:William H. Crawford 9678:William Vans Murray 9563:(great-grandfather) 9525:Abigail Adams Smith 9382:Profiles in Courage 9335:U.S. Postage stamps 9222:Abigail Adams Cairn 8963:U.S. Representative 8951:U.S. Representative 8939:U.S. Representative 8718:. Cambridge, Mass: 8693:Ford, Worthington C 8204:. Alfred A. Knopf. 8132:Lewis Jr, James E. 7995:. Greenwood Press. 7879:Krainik, Clifford. 7710:, pp. xiii–xiv 7338:www.firstladies.org 7229:. Greenwich House. 6714:, pp. 309, 401 6019:, pp. 125–126. 5411:, pp. 167–168. 5184:James E. Lewis Jr, 4401:, pp. 8–9, 16. 4206:Wead, Doug (2005). 4121:Hartford Convention 3917:Film and television 3777:Second Party System 3676:Presidential Dollar 3601:, across from the ( 3564:cerebral hemorrhage 3321:John Quincy Adams, 3061:British West Indies 3057:Imperial Preference 3053:British West Indies 2843:Second Party System 2769:was also defeated. 2704:Treasury Department 2271:States for Jackson 2191:U.S. foreign policy 2187:sphere of influence 2011:, Secretary of War 2009:William H. Crawford 1743:Embargo Act of 1807 1731:Non-importation Act 1679:Friedrich von Gentz 1398:American Revolution 1341:annexation of Texas 1293:contingent election 1277:William H. Crawford 1262:U.S. foreign policy 697:National Republican 605:William Vans Murray 21995:Thomas Jefferson → 21988:Thomas Jefferson → 21788:First Party System 21666:American Primitive 21371:Marbury v. Madison 21294:Convention of 1800 21169:Treaty of Alliance 20854:Theodore Roosevelt 20794:Samuel F. B. Morse 20654:Alexander Hamilton 20599:Thomas Alva Edison 20509:Henry Ward Beecher 20494:John James Audubon 20414:Samuel L. Southard 20376:Peter Buell Porter 20315:Secretary of State 20256:Samuel L. Southard 20139:Secretary of State 19347:Russian Federation 13733:1789–present 13730:Secretary of State 13598:William B. Preston 13580:Samuel L. Southard 13561:John J. Crittenden 13543:John J. Crittenden 13512:George W. Crawford 13108:Anti-Masonic Party 13029:Samuel L. Southard 12907:John Armstrong Jr. 12858:George W. Campbell 12525:First Party System 12377:Anti-Masonic Party 12278:Richard M. Johnson 11879:Jacksonian faction 11820:Adams-Clay faction 11129:Stephen A. Douglas 10546:Theodore Roosevelt 10185:Served alongside: 10056:William B. Calhoun 10046:George D. Robinson 9897:Served alongside: 9822:Political offices 9804:Served alongside: 9745:Title last held by 9703:Title next held by 9345:Mount Quincy Adams 9286:Presidential runs 8771: 7956:Diplomatic History 7848:Harvard University 7807:, pp. 244–245 7679:Summers, Robert S. 7449:, pp. 313–314 7437:, pp. 264–265 7150:, pp. 350–351 7029:, pp. 337–338 7017:, pp. 331–332 6981:, pp. 323–324 6969:, pp. 430–431 6954:, pp. 424–425 6942:, pp. 421–423 6930:, pp. 555–556 6906:, pp. 410–413 6882:, pp. 407–408 6870:, pp. 405–406 6858:, pp. 404–405 6846:, pp. 401–403 6834:, pp. 379–381 6822:, pp. 377–379 6810:, pp. 371–375 6798:, pp. 345–346 6762:, pp. 309–310 6738:, pp. 311–312 6726:, pp. 284–285 6702:, pp. 300–303 6690:, pp. 298–299 6666:, pp. 286–287 6642:, pp. 280–283 6530:, pp. 445–446 6468:, pp. 281–283 6456:, pp. 181–183 6441:, pp. 171–172 6429:, pp. 283–284 6417:, pp. 278–279 6405:, pp. 166–167 6393:, pp. 143–144 6381:, pp. 142–143 6369:, pp. 152–154 6357:, pp. 275–277 6345:, pp. 408–410 6306:, pp. 401–402 6282:, pp. 240–241 6270:, pp. 110–112 6258:, pp. 102–107 6246:, pp. 400–401 6186:, pp. 101–101 6162:, pp. 398–400 6150:, pp. 225–226 6138:, pp. 157–158 6091:, pp. 189–191 6079:, pp. 141–142 6067:, pp. 279–280 6055:, pp. 127–128 6043:, pp. 110–111 6031:, pp. 146–147 5983:, pp. 138–139 5971:, pp. 119–120 5959:, pp. 114–115 5947:, pp. 249–250 5935:, pp. 110–111 5923:, pp. 105–106 5899:, pp. 176–177 5887:, pp. 173–174 5836:, pp. 397–398 5824:, pp. 404–405 5809:, pp. 311–314 5785:, pp. 402–403 5759:, pp. 247–248 5747:, pp. 396–397 5723:, pp. 106–107 5675:, pp. 394–396 5566:, pp. 386–389 5525:, pp. 208–209 5486:, pp. 203–204 5471:, pp. 364–367 5459:, pp. 115–116 5447:, pp. 380–385 5423:, pp. 112–115 5399:, pp. 108–109 5387:, pp. 164–166 5363:, pp. 163–164 5324:, pp. 154–155 5312:, pp. 153–154 5300:, pp. 151–152 5251:, pp. 147–148 5239:, pp. 107–09. 5227:, pp. 145–146 5215:, pp. 143–145 5148:, pp. 127–128 5136:, pp. 289–302 5124:, pp. 116–118 5100:, pp. 112–113 5088:, pp. 109–110 5076:, pp. 106–107 4861:, pp. 165–181 4840:. February 8, 2020 4430:. January 11, 2017 3955:Ebon Moss-Bachrach 3888:Adams County, Iowa 3865: 3810: 3768: 3680: 3661:American Civil War 3591: 3555:United States Army 3551: 3535: 3490: 3410: 3330: 3260: 3190:Anti-Masonic Party 3158: 3137:Theodore Roosevelt 3124: 3082:Congress of Panama 3029: 2957: 2882:Thomas Hart Benton 2864: 2839:First Party System 2819:Dismal Swamp Canal 2741: 2720:Secretary of State 2680:Postmaster General 2652:Samuel L. Southard 2639:Samuel L. Southard 2601:Peter Buell Porter 2546:Secretary of State 2468:constitutional law 2213: 2081: 2077:Louisiana Purchase 1973: 1943:Secretary of State 1868: 1840:invasion of Russia 1824:Nikolay Rumyantsev 1790: 1780:Minister to Russia 1758:Harvard University 1727:Louisiana Purchase 1675:Letters on Silesia 1604:Alexander Hamilton 1492:Theophilus Parsons 1329:Anti-Masonic Party 1305:Adams's presidency 821:Harvard University 535:Office established 479:Office established 387:the United Kingdom 24504:John Quincy Adams 24395:John Quincy Adams 24332: 24331: 24326: 24325: 24321: 24320: 22016: 22015: 21903:Charles Adams Sr. 21870:John Quincy Adams 21742:(2024 miniseries) 21734:(2015 miniseries) 21689:(1976 miniseries) 21544:List of memorials 21360:Treaty of Tripoli 21355:Treaty of Tellico 21152:Committee of Five 20982: 20981: 20914:George Washington 20869:John Philip Sousa 20704:Thomas J. Jackson 20694:Washington Irving 20639:William C. Gorgas 20624:Benjamin Franklin 20589:Charlotte Cushman 20474:John Quincy Adams 20423: 20422: 20306:John Quincy Adams 20265: 20264: 20153:John Quincy Adams 20089: 20088: 19792: 19791: 19415: 19414: 18937: 18936: 18556: 18555: 18122: 18121: 17831:chargé d'affaires 17806:chargé d'affaires 17759:chargé d'affaires 17678: 17677: 16668:H. A. S. Dearborn 16243:J. M. S. Williams 14541: 14540: 14180: 14179: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13604:William A. Graham 13518:Charles M. Conrad 13246:1839 (Harrisburg) 13042: 13041: 13038: 13037: 12962:John Breckinridge 12833:John Quincy Adams 12763:Philip P. Barbour 12470: 12469: 12444: 12443: 12423:John Quincy Adams 12370: 12369: 12328: 12327: 12286: 12285: 12273:Philip P. Barbour 12173: 12172: 12147: 12146: 12129:John Quincy Adams 12104: 12103: 12008: 12007: 11978: 11977: 11953: 11952: 11913: 11912: 11873: 11872: 11849: 11837:John Quincy Adams 11755: 11754: 11729: 11728: 11687: 11686: 11679:John Quincy Adams 11561: 11560: 11519: 11518: 11435:George H. W. Bush 11209:Benjamin Harrison 11079:Hugh Lawson White 11059:John Quincy Adams 10917: 10916: 10696:George H. W. Bush 10646:Lyndon B. Johnson 10576:Warren G. Harding 10516:Benjamin Harrison 10496:Chester A. Arthur 10486:James A. Garfield 10346:John Quincy Adams 10296:George Washington 10231: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10207: 10193:Succeeded by 10183:1844–1848 10179:Dean of the House 10154:Succeeded by 10126:Succeeded by 10101:Succeeded by 10076:Succeeded by 10043:Succeeded by 10010:Succeeded by 9990:Joseph Richardson 9970:Succeeded by 9937:Succeeded by 9863:Succeeded by 9844:Succeeded by 9812:Succeeded by 9807:Timothy Pickering 9802:1803–1808 9771:Succeeded by 9759: 9731:Succeeded by 9675:Succeeded by 9653:Diplomatic posts 9634: 9633: 9460:Charles Adams Sr. 9397:(1976 miniseries) 9264:Electoral history 9132:Adams–Onís Treaty 8927:John Quincy Adams 8867:Project Gutenberg 8767: 8675:978-0-8369-5021-2 8634:978-0-7391-0601-3 8612:978-1-118-52429-9 8593:978-0-306-82130-1 8586:. Da Capo Press. 8582:John Quincy Adams 8520:978-0-19-503172-0 8466:978-0-19-977203-2 8448:Secondary sources 8427:978-0-465-09879-8 8379:978-0-8050-6939-6 8369:John Quincy Adams 8296:978-1-4422-0288-7 8287:John Quincy Adams 8274:978-0-19-983754-0 8251:978-0-674-47940-1 8232:978-0-19-503172-0 8211:978-0-394-56922-2 8190:978-1-4165-7588-7 8169:McCullough, David 8125:978-0-06-219932-4 8118:. HarperCollins. 8106:978-0-19-974379-7 8044:978-1-63149-389-8 8025:978-0-394-41413-3 8002:978-0-313-22636-6 7952:Allgor, Catherine 7943:978-0-7425-5895-3 7862:"Residence Halls" 7739:978-0-19-507822-0 7541:"Digital History" 7518:978-0-7910-7599-9 7269:978-0-8090-2735-4 7236:978-0-517-40302-0 7227:How Did They Die? 7163:. doctorzebra.com 7089:978-1-59454-797-3 6678:, pp. 458–64 6605:, pp. 450–52 6593:, pp. 258–59 6518:, pp. 254–56 5288:, pp. 327–28 5272:978-0-465-02827-6 5203:, pp. 321–22 5175:, pp. 116–17 4799:, pp. 575–76 4451:, pp. 17–18. 4385:978-0-674-03264-4 4299:978-0-405-02500-6 4223:978-0-7434-9726-8 3947:in the 1997 film 3718:according to the 3452:Ellis Gray Loring 3438:that immediately 3419:Missouri question 3279:Republic of Texas 3049:Kingdom of Tahiti 3045:Kingdom of Hawaii 2894:Hugh Lawson White 2807:Ohio River system 2799:Falls of the Ohio 2666:kept his post of 2647: 2646: 2514:John Quincy Adams 2489:The Adams cabinet 2460:George H. W. Bush 2401:Twelfth Amendment 2385:Electoral College 2381: 2380: 2268:States for Adams 2140:Adams–Onís Treaty 2073:Adams–Onís Treaty 2063:Adams–Onís Treaty 2029:Rush–Bagot Treaty 1862:Adams portrait – 1723:Timothy Pickering 1616:John Skey Eustace 1580:George Washington 1457:Leiden University 1268:in Philadelphia. 1254:Adams–Onís Treaty 1221:George Washington 1126:John Quincy Adams 1123: 1122: 967:Adams–Onís Treaty 939:Electoral history 906: 905: 898:John Quincy Adams 871: 870: 816:Leiden University 654:February 23, 1848 610: 609: 581:George Washington 245:Joseph Richardson 36:John Quincy Adams 24776: 24489: 24488:from Wikiversity 24481: 24480: 24479: 24472: 24464: 24463: 24462: 24455: 24447: 24446: 24445: 24438: 24430: 24429: 24428: 24421: 24413: 24412: 24411: 24401: 24385: 24384: 24373: 24372: 24361: 24360: 24359: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24340: 24307: 24298: 24289: 24280: 24271: 24262: 24253: 24244: 24235: 24226: 24215: 24192: 24183: 24151: 24142: 24133: 24124: 24115: 24106: 24097: 24088: 24079: 24070: 24045: 24035: 24024: 23992: 23983: 23974: 23965: 23956: 23947: 23938: 23929: 23920: 23911: 23902: 23879: 23870: 23836: 23825: 23816: 23805: 23796: 23787: 23778: 23769: 23760: 23751: 23742: 23731: 23722: 23713: 23690: 23681: 23647: 23636: 23627: 23616: 23607: 23598: 23589: 23578: 23569: 23560: 23551: 23542: 23533: 23524: 23499: 23488: 23476: 23465: 23431: 23422: 23413: 23404: 23395: 23386: 23377: 23366: 23357: 23348: 23339: 23330: 23321: 23298: 23289: 23257: 23248: 23239: 23230: 23221: 23212: 23203: 23194: 23185: 23176: 23167: 23158: 23135: 23126: 23092: 23081: 23072: 23063: 23052: 23043: 23034: 23025: 23016: 23007: 22998: 22987: 22978: 22969: 22946: 22937: 22905: 22896: 22887: 22878: 22869: 22860: 22851: 22842: 22833: 22824: 22815: 22806: 22797: 22774: 22765: 22731: 22720: 22711: 22702: 22693: 22684: 22675: 22666: 22657: 22648: 22639: 22628: 22619: 22610: 22601: 22592: 22584:J. Crowninshield 22581: 22572: 22563: 22538: 22526: 22517: 22485: 22476: 22467: 22458: 22449: 22440: 22431: 22422: 22413: 22404: 22395: 22388:J. Crowninshield 22386: 22377: 22368: 22359: 22350: 22341: 22318: 22309: 22275: 22266: 22257: 22248: 22239: 22230: 22223:J. Crowninshield 22221: 22212: 22203: 22194: 22185: 22176: 22167: 22156: 22147: 22138: 22129: 22120: 22097: 22088: 22066: 22065: 22058: 22043: 22036: 22029: 22020: 22019: 22005: 22004: 21939:Susanna Boylston 21929:(great-grandson) 21923:(great-grandson) 21917:(great-grandson) 21829:Founding Fathers 21778:Federalist Party 21718:2008 miniseries) 21198:Conference House 21186:Continental Navy 21085: 21073: 21061: 21053: 21045: 21034: 21009: 21002: 20995: 20986: 20985: 20754:Edward MacDowell 20709:Thomas Jefferson 20644:Ulysses S. Grant 20604:Jonathan Edwards 20574:Grover Cleveland 20489:Susan B. Anthony 20450: 20443: 20436: 20427: 20426: 20387:Attorney General 20362:Secretary of War 20336: 20335: 20292: 20285: 20278: 20269: 20268: 20211:Attorney General 20192:Secretary of War 20166: 20165: 20116: 20109: 20102: 20093: 20092: 20084: 19819: 19812: 19805: 19796: 19795: 19787: 19442: 19435: 19428: 19419: 19418: 19345: 19344: 19221: 19220: 18984: 18983: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18941: 18940: 18932: 18605: 18604: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18583: 18576: 18569: 18560: 18559: 18216: 18171: 18170: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18149: 18142: 18135: 18126: 18125: 17705: 17698: 17691: 17682: 17681: 17663: 17633: 17598: 17568: 17511: 17446: 17381: 17306: 17216: 17061: 16871: 16606: 16351: 16121: 15901: 15706: 15491: 15271: 15016: 14893:B. Crowninshield 14858:J. Crowninshield 14816: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14799: 14586: 14568: 14561: 14554: 14545: 14544: 14375: 14207: 14200: 14193: 14184: 14183: 13723: 13722: 13681: 13674: 13667: 13658: 13657: 13586:George E. 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Bryan 11199:Grover Cleveland 11169:Samuel J. Tilden 11089:Martin Van Buren 10967:Thomas Jefferson 10959: 10958: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10921: 10920: 10907: 10906: 10897: 10896: 10536:William McKinley 10526:Grover Cleveland 10506:Grover Cleveland 10466:Ulysses S. Grant 10416:Millard Fillmore 10366:Martin Van Buren 10316:Thomas Jefferson 10271: 10264: 10257: 10248: 10247: 10235: 10234: 10212: 10203: 10196:James Iver McKay 10188:James Iver McKay 10172:Dixon Hall Lewis 10169:Preceded by 10164:Honorary titles 10136:Preceded by 10111:Preceded by 10086:Preceded by 10053:Preceded by 10020:Preceded by 9987:Preceded by 9947:Preceded by 9914:Party abolished 9878:Preceded by 9827:Preceded by 9788:Preceded by 9753: 9749:Jonathan Russell 9714:Preceded by 9658:Preceded by 9650: 9649: 9638: 9637: 9623: 9622: 9611:Andrew Jackson → 9557:(paternal uncle) 9549:Susanna Boylston 9426:2008 miniseries) 9079:Treaty of Limits 9032: 9024: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8992: 8981: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8876:Internet Archive 8859:, April 18, 1999 8827: 8791: 8789: 8778: 8777: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8731: 8716:The Adams Papers 8710: 8687: 8638: 8616: 8597: 8585: 8561: 8524: 8483: 8470: 8431: 8412: 8383: 8362: 8321: 8300: 8278: 8266: 8255: 8236: 8215: 8194: 8178: 8164: 8146: 8129: 8110: 8098: 8087: 8075: 8060:Georgini, Sara. 8057: 8048: 8029: 8017: 8006: 7987: 7947: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7727: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7650: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7547:on July 23, 2010 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7502: 7496: 7491: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7421:Shepherd, Jack, 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7340:. 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Peck 1750:Brown University 1612:Thomas Jefferson 1600:Federalist Party 1556: 1541: 1461:Saint Petersburg 1412:authors such as 1313:Democratic Party 1229:Thomas Jefferson 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1018:Treaty of Limits 902: 901: 899: 892: 884: 877: 876: 873: 872: 863: 741: 739: 735: 661:Washington, D.C. 657: 633: 631: 619:Personal details 601: 589: 577: 568: 558: 542: 532: 520: 511: 501: 486: 476: 466: 457: 447: 432: 423:Jonathan Russell 419: 407: 398: 388: 365: 364: 357: 335: 323: 314: 289: 281: 273: 253: 241: 232: 218: 207:James Iver McKay 203: 195:Dixon Hall Lewis 191: 182: 160: 150: 133: 111: 99: 87: 76: 54: 53: 1843–1848 51: 46: 32: 31: 24784: 24783: 24779: 24778: 24777: 24775: 24774: 24773: 24494: 24493: 24492: 24482: 24477: 24475: 24465: 24460: 24458: 24454:from Wikisource 24448: 24443: 24441: 24431: 24426: 24424: 24414: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24400:sister projects 24397:at Knowledge's 24391: 24379: 24367: 24357: 24355: 24345: 24343: 24335: 24333: 24328: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24316: 24305: 24296: 24287: 24278: 24269: 24260: 24251: 24242: 24233: 24224: 24213: 24200: 24199: 24190: 24181: 24159: 24158: 24149: 24140: 24131: 24122: 24113: 24104: 24095: 24086: 24077: 24068: 24055: 24054: 24043: 24040: 24033: 24022: 24000: 23999: 23990: 23981: 23972: 23963: 23954: 23945: 23936: 23927: 23918: 23909: 23900: 23887: 23886: 23877: 23868: 23846: 23845: 23834: 23823: 23814: 23803: 23794: 23785: 23776: 23767: 23758: 23749: 23740: 23729: 23720: 23711: 23698: 23697: 23688: 23679: 23657: 23656: 23645: 23634: 23625: 23614: 23605: 23596: 23587: 23576: 23567: 23558: 23549: 23540: 23531: 23522: 23509: 23508: 23497: 23486: 23483: 23474: 23463: 23441: 23440: 23429: 23420: 23411: 23402: 23393: 23384: 23375: 23364: 23355: 23346: 23337: 23328: 23319: 23306: 23305: 23296: 23287: 23265: 23264: 23255: 23246: 23237: 23228: 23219: 23210: 23201: 23192: 23183: 23174: 23165: 23156: 23143: 23142: 23133: 23124: 23102: 23101: 23090: 23079: 23070: 23061: 23050: 23041: 23032: 23023: 23014: 23005: 22996: 22985: 22976: 22967: 22954: 22953: 22944: 22935: 22913: 22912: 22903: 22894: 22885: 22876: 22867: 22858: 22849: 22840: 22831: 22822: 22813: 22804: 22795: 22782: 22781: 22772: 22763: 22741: 22740: 22729: 22718: 22709: 22700: 22691: 22682: 22673: 22664: 22655: 22646: 22637: 22626: 22617: 22608: 22599: 22590: 22579: 22570: 22561: 22548: 22547: 22536: 22533: 22524: 22515: 22493: 22492: 22483: 22474: 22465: 22456: 22447: 22438: 22429: 22420: 22411: 22402: 22393: 22384: 22375: 22366: 22357: 22348: 22339: 22326: 22325: 22316: 22307: 22285: 22284: 22273: 22264: 22255: 22246: 22237: 22228: 22219: 22210: 22201: 22192: 22183: 22174: 22165: 22154: 22145: 22136: 22127: 22118: 22105: 22104: 22095: 22086: 22059: 22056: 22047: 22017: 22012: 21971: 21961:daughter-in-law 21953:(second cousin) 21897:George W. 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Clayton 13355: 13317: 13310: 13171: 13164: 13091:American System 13082: 13073: 13043: 13034: 12985: 12974:William Pinkney 12942: 12937:John C. Calhoun 12881: 12852:Albert Gallatin 12838: 12774: 12727:Nathaniel Macon 12712: 12705: 12566: 12559: 12520:Anti-Federalism 12506: 12501: 12471: 12466: 12440: 12436:John C. Spencer 12433:Vice President: 12408: 12366: 12335:Nullifier Party 12324: 12282: 12270:Vice President: 12258: 12219: 12204: 12174: 12169: 12143: 12100: 12094:John C. Calhoun 12054: 12039: 12009: 12004: 11974: 11965:John C. Calhoun 11949: 11944:Nathaniel Macon 11909: 11904:John C. Calhoun 11869: 11857:John C. Calhoun 11809: 11801: 11786: 11756: 11751: 11725: 11683: 11671:Vice President: 11646: 11607: 11592: 11562: 11557: 11515: 11514: 11495:Hillary Clinton 11425:Michael Dukakis 11385:George McGovern 11375:Hubert Humphrey 11365:Barry Goldwater 11341:Adlai Stevenson 11327:Thomas E. Dewey 11317:Wendell Willkie 11237:Alton B. Parker 11189:James G. Blaine 11149:Horatio Seymour 11119:John C. Frémont 10953: 10948: 10918: 10913: 10885: 10811:F. D. Roosevelt 10763: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10636:John F. Kennedy 10616:Harry S. Truman 10586:Calvin Coolidge 10446:Abraham Lincoln 10426:Franklin Pierce 10286: 10280: 10275: 10240: 10232: 10227: 10198: 10184: 10182: 10174: 10159: 10150: 10141: 10131: 10122: 10116: 10106: 10097: 10091: 10081: 10072: 10066: 10058: 10048: 10039: 10033: 10025: 10023:James L. Hodges 10015: 10006: 10000: 9992: 9975: 9964: 9952: 9942: 9931: 9896: 9892: 9883: 9868: 9859: 9849: 9840: 9832: 9817: 9803: 9801: 9793: 9776: 9767: 9752: 9746: 9736: 9734:James A. Bayard 9727: 9719: 9704: 9695: 9680: 9671: 9663: 9643: 9635: 9630: 9594: 9566: 9454:George W. Adams 9438: 9430: 9373: 9367: 9352:President Adams 9308: 9295:Corrupt Bargain 9258: 9209: 9203: 9175: 9127:Treaty of Ghent 9114: 9108: 9054:American System 9035: 9027: 9019: 9011: 9003: 8995: 8984: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8929: 8924: 8889: 8838:Wayback Machine 8805: 8804: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8782:This audio file 8779: 8772: 8763: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8737: 8676: 8646: 8644:Primary sources 8641: 8635: 8613: 8594: 8571:(3rd ed. 2002) 8542:10.2307/3595046 8521: 8467: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437:Further reading 8434: 8428: 8420:. Basic Books. 8401:10.2307/3123239 8380: 8297: 8275: 8252: 8233: 8212: 8191: 8144: 8126: 8107: 8084: 8045: 8026: 8003: 7944: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7777: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7676: 7672: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7623:10.2307/3791125 7604: 7600: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7569:. March 4, 2015 7565: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7548: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7314:on July 3, 2018 7306: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7270: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7223: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120:newsdesk.si.edu 7115: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7076: 7072: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6558:10.2307/3122853 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6427:Hargreaves 1985 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6268:Hargreaves 1985 6266: 6262: 6256:Hargreaves 1985 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6232:Hargreaves 1985 6230: 6226: 6220:Hargreaves 1985 6218: 6214: 6208:Hargreaves 1985 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6184:Hargreaves 1985 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6115:10.2307/1848947 6099: 6095: 6089:Hargreaves 1985 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5897:Hargreaves 1985 5895: 5891: 5885:Hargreaves 1985 5883: 5879: 5873:Hargreaves 1985 5871: 5867: 5861:Hargreaves 1985 5859: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5813: 5807:Hargreaves 1985 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5733:Hargreaves 1985 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5709:Hargreaves 1985 5707: 5703: 5697:Hargreaves 1985 5695: 5691: 5687:, p. 62–64 5685:Hargreaves 1985 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5616: 5610:Hargreaves 1985 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5535:Hargreaves 1985 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5511:Hargreaves 1985 5509: 5505: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4924: 4881: 4877: 4871:McCullough 2001 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4797:McCullough 2001 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4360: 4356: 4352:, pp. 5–8. 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4101: 4097: 4066: 4062: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4015: 3973: 3953:, and again by 3945:Anthony Hopkins 3941:William Daniels 3919: 3816:is now part of 3802: 3790:Abraham Lincoln 3764: 3750: 3745: 3685:Abraham Lincoln 3669: 3645:Free Soil Party 3625: 3619: 3573:Abraham Lincoln 3523: 3474: 3399: 3393: 3372:Alta California 3364:disputed region 3325: 3315: 3252: 3150: 3145: 3116: 3110: 3069: 3017: 3009: 3007:Foreign affairs 2976: 2970: 2949: 2910:George McDuffie 2906:Robert Y. Hayne 2902:Nathaniel Macon 2845: 2835: 2754:American System 2733: 2728: 2643:1825–1829 2624:1825–1829 2605:1828–1829 2593:1825–1828 2574:1825–1829 2555:1825–1829 2536:1825–1829 2532:John C. Calhoun 2517:1825–1829 2484: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2429:Corrupt bargain 2366:Total: 13 (54%) 2205: 2199: 2162: 2160:Monroe Doctrine 2156: 2154:Monroe Doctrine 2065: 2049:Rocky Mountains 2013:John C. Calhoun 1957: 1951: 1885:James A. Bayard 1881:Albert Gallatin 1856: 1804:Contract Clause 1782: 1735:Napoleonic Wars 1695: 1625:, where he met 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1480:Harvard College 1370: 1357:abolish slavery 1289:electoral votes 1258:Monroe Doctrine 1161: 1160: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1081: 1078: 1060: 1059:Post-presidency 1057: 1037:Corrupt bargain 1025: 1022: 979: 976: 962:Treaty of Ghent 958: 953: 897: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 851: 834: 804: 783: 743: 731: 727: 714: 678:Political party 659: 655: 645:British America 635: 629: 627: 599: 587: 575: 569: 564: 557:the Netherlands 556: 540: 530: 518: 512: 507: 499: 490:James A. Bayard 484: 474: 464: 458: 453: 445: 430: 417: 405: 399: 394: 386: 370: 358: 353: 333: 321: 315: 310: 301: 293: 251: 239: 233: 228: 219: 214: 201: 189: 183: 178: 158: 148: 134: 129: 109: 97: 91:John C. Calhoun 83: 77: 72: 55: 52: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24782: 24772: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24631: 24626: 24621: 24616: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24516: 24511: 24506: 24491: 24490: 24473: 24471:from Wikibooks 24456: 24439: 24437:from Wikiquote 24422: 24393: 24390: 24389: 24377: 24365: 24353: 24330: 24329: 24324: 24323: 24319: 24318: 24315: 24314: 24303: 24294: 24285: 24276: 24267: 24258: 24249: 24240: 24231: 24222: 24210: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24188: 24178: 24171: 24169: 24161: 24160: 24157: 24156: 24147: 24138: 24129: 24120: 24111: 24102: 24093: 24084: 24075: 24065: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24052: 24041: 24031: 24019: 24012: 24010: 24002: 24001: 23998: 23997: 23988: 23979: 23970: 23961: 23952: 23943: 23934: 23925: 23916: 23907: 23897: 23890: 23888: 23885: 23884: 23875: 23865: 23858: 23856: 23848: 23847: 23844: 23843: 23832: 23821: 23812: 23801: 23792: 23789:L. Saltonstall 23783: 23774: 23765: 23756: 23747: 23738: 23734:L. Lincoln Jr. 23727: 23718: 23708: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23695: 23686: 23676: 23669: 23667: 23659: 23658: 23655: 23654: 23643: 23632: 23623: 23612: 23609:L. Saltonstall 23603: 23594: 23585: 23574: 23565: 23556: 23553:L. Lincoln Jr. 23547: 23538: 23529: 23519: 23512: 23510: 23507: 23506: 23495: 23484: 23472: 23460: 23453: 23451: 23443: 23442: 23439: 23438: 23434:L. Saltonstall 23427: 23418: 23409: 23400: 23391: 23382: 23373: 23362: 23359:L. Lincoln Jr. 23353: 23344: 23335: 23326: 23316: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23294: 23284: 23277: 23275: 23267: 23266: 23263: 23262: 23253: 23244: 23235: 23226: 23217: 23208: 23205:L. Lincoln Jr. 23199: 23190: 23181: 23172: 23163: 23153: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23140: 23131: 23121: 23114: 23112: 23104: 23103: 23100: 23099: 23088: 23084:L. Lincoln Jr. 23077: 23068: 23059: 23048: 23039: 23030: 23021: 23012: 23003: 22994: 22983: 22974: 22964: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22951: 22942: 22932: 22925: 22923: 22915: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22901: 22892: 22883: 22874: 22865: 22856: 22847: 22838: 22829: 22820: 22811: 22802: 22792: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22770: 22760: 22753: 22751: 22743: 22742: 22739: 22738: 22727: 22716: 22707: 22698: 22689: 22680: 22671: 22662: 22653: 22644: 22635: 22624: 22615: 22606: 22597: 22588: 22577: 22568: 22558: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22545: 22534: 22522: 22512: 22505: 22503: 22495: 22494: 22491: 22490: 22481: 22472: 22463: 22454: 22445: 22436: 22427: 22418: 22409: 22400: 22391: 22382: 22373: 22364: 22355: 22346: 22336: 22329: 22327: 22324: 22323: 22314: 22304: 22297: 22295: 22287: 22286: 22283: 22282: 22271: 22262: 22253: 22244: 22235: 22226: 22217: 22208: 22199: 22190: 22181: 22172: 22163: 22152: 22143: 22134: 22125: 22115: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22102: 22093: 22083: 22076: 22074: 22064: 22061: 22060: 22046: 22045: 22038: 22031: 22023: 22014: 22013: 22011: 22010: 21997: 21996: 21992: 21991: 21984: 21976: 21973: 21972: 21970: 21969: 21968: 21967: 21962: 21954: 21948: 21942: 21936: 21933:John Adams Sr. 21930: 21924: 21918: 21912: 21906: 21900: 21894: 21888: 21882: 21881: 21880: 21875: 21867: 21861: 21860: 21859: 21854: 21845: 21843: 21837: 21836: 21834: 21833: 21832: 21831: 21826: 21816: 21809: 21802: 21797: 21796: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21783:Federalist Era 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21754: 21752: 21748: 21747: 21745: 21744: 21736: 21728: 21720: 21715: 21707: 21703:Liberty's Kids 21699: 21691: 21683: 21678: 21670: 21662: 21653: 21651: 21647: 21646: 21644: 21643: 21638: 21630: 21625: 21616: 21607: 21598: 21589: 21580: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21549:Adams Memorial 21546: 21541: 21535: 21533: 21529: 21528: 21526: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21504: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21478: 21472: 21470: 21464: 21463: 21461: 21460: 21453: 21448: 21441: 21434: 21433: 21432: 21421: 21419: 21418:Other writings 21415: 21414: 21412: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21375: 21374: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21326: 21325: 21315: 21314: 21313: 21303: 21298: 21297: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21266: 21260: 21258: 21252: 21251: 21249: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21227: 21225: 21221: 21220: 21218: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21201: 21200: 21190: 21189: 21188: 21178: 21173: 21172: 21171: 21166: 21156: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21139: 21134: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21100: 21098: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21086: 21074: 21062: 21054: 21046: 21035: 21023: 21020: 21019: 21012: 21011: 21004: 20997: 20989: 20980: 20979: 20977: 20976: 20971: 20969:Orville Wright 20966: 20964:Woodrow Wilson 20961: 20959:Roger Williams 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20919:Daniel Webster 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20884:Gilbert Stuart 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20829:George Peabody 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20784:Maria Mitchell 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20699:Andrew Jackson 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20619:Stephen Foster 20616: 20614:David Farragut 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20544:Luther Burbank 20541: 20536: 20531: 20529:Louis Brandeis 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20453: 20452: 20445: 20438: 20430: 20421: 20420: 20418: 20417: 20410: 20408: 20402: 20401: 20399: 20398: 20391: 20389: 20383: 20382: 20380: 20379: 20373: 20366: 20364: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20354: 20347: 20345: 20339: 20338: 20331: 20329: 20327: 20326: 20319: 20317: 20311: 20310: 20295: 20294: 20287: 20280: 20272: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20259: 20253: 20250:Smith Thompson 20247: 20240: 20238: 20232: 20231: 20229: 20228: 20222: 20215: 20213: 20207: 20206: 20204: 20203: 20196: 20194: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20184: 20177: 20175: 20169: 20168: 20161: 20159: 20157: 20156: 20150: 20143: 20141: 20135: 20134: 20119: 20118: 20111: 20104: 20096: 20087: 20086: 20079: 20077: 20075: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19961: 19956: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19895: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19848: 19839: 19833: 19830: 19829: 19822: 19821: 19814: 19807: 19799: 19790: 19789: 19782: 19780: 19778: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 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16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16874: 16872: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16609: 16607: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16354: 16352: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16124: 16122: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15904: 15902: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15709: 15707: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15548:L. Lincoln Jr. 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15494: 15492: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15303:L. Lincoln Sr. 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15272: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15019: 15017: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14819: 14817: 14809: 14808: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14579: 14578: 14571: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14548: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14210: 14209: 14202: 14195: 14187: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14117: 14116: 14115: 14110: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13736: 13734: 13726: 13725: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13702: 13700: 13692: 13691: 13684: 13683: 13676: 13669: 13661: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13638: 13632: 13625: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13592:Abel P. Upshur 13589: 13583: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13540: 13533: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13478: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13451:George M. Bibb 13448: 13442: 13439:Walter Forward 13436: 13430: 13423: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13408:Edward Everett 13405: 13402:Daniel Webster 13399: 13393: 13390:Abel P. Upshur 13387: 13384:Daniel Webster 13381: 13374: 13372: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13322: 13320: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13295: 13282: 13269: 13256: 13243: 13234: 13225: 13216: 13203: 13190: 13176: 13174: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13110: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13096:American Party 13093: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13072: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13049: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13026: 13023:Smith Thompson 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12995: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12952: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12934: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12901:William Eustis 12898: 12895:Henry Dearborn 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12848: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12800: 12793: 12791: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12757:John W. Taylor 12754: 12748: 12745:Langdon Cheves 12742: 12736: 12730: 12724: 12717: 12715: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12694: 12685: 12676: 12663: 12650: 12637: 12624: 12611: 12598: 12585: 12571: 12569: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12500: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12477: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12430: 12425: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12398: 12389: 12387: 12380: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12356: 12347: 12345: 12338: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12314: 12305: 12303: 12296: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12248: 12244:Andrew Jackson 12238: 12236: 12229: 12221: 12220: 12203: 12202: 12195: 12188: 12180: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12133: 12123: 12121: 12114: 12106: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12079:Andrew Jackson 12073: 12071: 12064: 12056: 12055: 12038: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12015: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11970:Smith Thompson 11967: 11961: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11939: 11930: 11928: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11907: 11899: 11896:Andrew Jackson 11890: 11888: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11864:Nathan Sanford 11860: 11851: 11850: 11840: 11831: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11785: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11762: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11715: 11706: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11674:Henry Dearborn 11668: 11666:George Clinton 11663: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11640:George Clinton 11635: 11626: 11624: 11617: 11609: 11608: 11591: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11545: 11535: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11502: 11492: 11482: 11472: 11462: 11452: 11442: 11432: 11422: 11415:Walter Mondale 11412: 11402: 11392: 11382: 11372: 11362: 11352: 11338: 11324: 11314: 11304: 11297:Herbert Hoover 11294: 11284: 11274: 11264: 11254: 11244: 11234: 11216: 11206: 11196: 11186: 11176: 11166: 11159:Horace Greeley 11156: 11146: 11136: 11126: 11116: 11109:Winfield Scott 11106: 11096: 11086: 11076: 11066: 11056: 11038: 11028: 11021:Andrew Jackson 11018: 11008: 11001:DeWitt Clinton 10998: 10984: 10974: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10954: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10924: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10901: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10767: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10733: 10723: 10716:George W. Bush 10713: 10703: 10693: 10683: 10673: 10663: 10653: 10643: 10633: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10596:Herbert Hoover 10593: 10583: 10573: 10566:Woodrow Wilson 10563: 10553: 10543: 10533: 10523: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10456:Andrew Johnson 10453: 10443: 10436:James Buchanan 10433: 10423: 10413: 10406:Zachary Taylor 10403: 10393: 10383: 10373: 10363: 10356:Andrew Jackson 10353: 10343: 10333: 10323: 10313: 10303: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10285:Presidents and 10282: 10281: 10274: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10209: 10208: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10191: 10175: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10152: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10124: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10104:Andrew Stewart 10102: 10099: 10092: 10089:Rollin Mallary 10087: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10074: 10062:Member of the 10059: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10041: 10029:Member of the 10026: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10008: 9996:Member of the 9993: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9968: 9953: 9950:Samuel Lathrop 9948: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9935: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9908:Andrew Jackson 9884: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9866:Andrew Jackson 9864: 9861: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9842: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9810: 9794: 9791:Jonathan Mason 9789: 9785: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9769: 9760: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9729: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9702: 9697: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9673: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9615: 9614: 9607: 9604:← James Monroe 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9589:Quincy Patriot 9585: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9543:John Adams Sr. 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9444: 9442: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9386: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9356: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9325:Adams Memorial 9322: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9187:Lifelong diary 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9149: 9144: 9142:Tariff of 1832 9139: 9137:Treaty of 1818 9134: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9064:Tariff of 1828 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8993: 8982: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8878: 8869: 8860: 8844: 8828: 8812: 8811: 8794: 8780: 8773: 8761: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740:External links 8738: 8736: 8735: 8711: 8688: 8674: 8655: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8620: 8611: 8598: 8592: 8575: 8565:Pessen, Edward 8562: 8536:(3): 421–443. 8525: 8519: 8504: 8494: 8484: 8471: 8465: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8441:Main article: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8413: 8395:(2): 161–183. 8384: 8378: 8363: 8337:(2): 175–215. 8322: 8312:(2): 147–170. 8301: 8295: 8282: 8273: 8256: 8250: 8237: 8231: 8216: 8210: 8195: 8189: 8165: 8155:(4): 305–314. 8137: 8130: 8124: 8111: 8105: 8088: 8083:978-0700602728 8082: 8065: 8058: 8049: 8043: 8030: 8024: 8007: 8001: 7988: 7948: 7942: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7897: 7871: 7853: 7835: 7809: 7797: 7785:New York Times 7771: 7745: 7738: 7712: 7697: 7670: 7659:(4): 511–526. 7636: 7617:(2): 259–283. 7598: 7580: 7558: 7531: 7517: 7497: 7477: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7414: 7392: 7355: 7344:on May 9, 2012 7325: 7299: 7290: 7268: 7242: 7235: 7214: 7174: 7152: 7140: 7104: 7095: 7088: 7070: 7055: 7043: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6359: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6198:, p. 300. 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6109:(4): 903–917. 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5838: 5826: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5643: 5631: 5614: 5602: 5580: 5568: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5488: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5434: 5432:Traub, 256-258 5425: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5271: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5190: 5177: 5165: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4937: 4922: 4895:(2): 175–215. 4875: 4863: 4851: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4715:(2): 283–311. 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4384: 4354: 4342: 4316: 4305: 4298: 4280: 4254: 4229: 4222: 4198: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4138: 4134:George W. Bush 4125: 4112: 4095: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3918: 3915: 3869:Adams Memorial 3801: 3798: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3668: 3665: 3618: 3615: 3522: 3519: 3494:James Smithson 3486:George Bingham 3473: 3470: 3395:Main article: 3392: 3389: 3385:Wilmot Proviso 3376:Zachary Taylor 3360:Oregon Country 3314: 3311: 3251: 3248: 3233:Tariff of 1833 3229:Tariff of 1832 3221:South Carolina 3217:Tariff of 1828 3182:Andrew Johnson 3178:1830 elections 3170:Tobias Watkins 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3068: 3065: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001:Indian removal 2969: 2966: 2962:Tariff of 1828 2948: 2947:Tariff of 1828 2945: 2937:1826 elections 2922:Daniel Webster 2914:Edward Everett 2853:Andrew Jackson 2834: 2831: 2823:North Carolina 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2700:War Department 2645: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2527:Vice President 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2482:Administration 2480: 2464:oath of office 2456:George W. Bush 2447: 2444: 2439:Main article: 2436: 2433: 2413:Daniel Webster 2379: 2378: 2376:Total: 4 (17%) 2373: 2371:Total: 7 (29%) 2368: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355:North Carolina 2353: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339:South Carolina 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2201:Main article: 2198: 2195: 2178:George Canning 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2148:Russian Alaska 2102:Andrew Jackson 2064: 2061: 2053:Oregon Country 2037:Treaty of 1818 2001:Spanish Empire 1978:Peninsular War 1950: 1947: 1920:Lord Liverpool 1864:Gilbert Stuart 1855: 1852: 1832:Napoleonic War 1781: 1778: 1762:Jacksonian Era 1694: 1691: 1681:, whose work, 1564:Gilbert Stuart 1558: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1522:Main article: 1519: 1516: 1484:Phi Beta Kappa 1388:, that is now 1369: 1366: 1361:typically rank 1273:Andrew Jackson 1196:. Initially a 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003:Tariff of 1828 1000: 998:Foreign policy 995: 990: 985: 977: 975: 974: 972:Treaty of 1818 969: 964: 954: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 921: 916: 908: 907: 904: 903: 891:a series about 887: 885: 869: 868: 865: 864: 857: 853: 852: 850: 849: 846: 842: 840: 836: 835: 833: 832: 818: 812: 810: 806: 805: 803: 802: 797: 791: 789: 785: 784: 782: 781: 776: 770: 768: 764: 763: 749: 745: 744: 729: 725:Louisa Johnson 723: 722: 720: 716: 715: 713: 712: 706: 700: 694: 688: 681: 679: 675: 674: 669: 665: 664: 658:(aged 80) 652: 648: 647: 625: 621: 620: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 596: 595: 590: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 561: 560: 550: 549: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 521: 515: 514: 504: 503: 493: 492: 487: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 450: 449: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 420: 414: 413: 408: 402: 401: 391: 390: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360: 350: 349: 345:Member of the 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 327:Jonathan Mason 324: 318: 317: 307: 306: 295: 294: 292: 291: 283: 275: 266: 264: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 225: 224: 213:Member of the 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 175: 174: 167: 166: 161: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 126: 125: 118: 117: 115:Andrew Jackson 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 88: 85:Vice President 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24781: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24734:Quincy family 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24501: 24499: 24487: 24486: 24474: 24470: 24469: 24457: 24453: 24452: 24440: 24436: 24435: 24423: 24419: 24418: 24406: 24405: 24402: 24396: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24376: 24371: 24366: 24364: 24363:United States 24354: 24352: 24342: 24341: 24338: 24312: 24311: 24304: 24301: 24295: 24292: 24286: 24283: 24277: 24274: 24268: 24265: 24259: 24256: 24250: 24247: 24241: 24238: 24232: 24229: 24223: 24220: 24219: 24212: 24211: 24209: 24207: 24202: 24195: 24189: 24186: 24180: 24179: 24177: 24175: 24170: 24168: 24167: 24163: 24162: 24154: 24148: 24145: 24139: 24136: 24130: 24127: 24121: 24118: 24112: 24109: 24103: 24100: 24094: 24091: 24085: 24082: 24076: 24073: 24067: 24066: 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23496: 23493: 23492: 23485: 23481: 23480: 23473: 23470: 23469: 23462: 23461: 23459: 23457: 23452: 23450: 23449: 23445: 23444: 23436: 23435: 23428: 23425: 23419: 23416: 23410: 23407: 23401: 23398: 23392: 23389: 23383: 23380: 23374: 23371: 23370: 23363: 23360: 23354: 23351: 23345: 23342: 23336: 23333: 23327: 23324: 23318: 23317: 23315: 23313: 23308: 23301: 23295: 23292: 23286: 23285: 23283: 23281: 23276: 23274: 23273: 23269: 23268: 23260: 23254: 23251: 23245: 23242: 23236: 23233: 23227: 23224: 23218: 23215: 23209: 23206: 23200: 23197: 23191: 23188: 23182: 23179: 23173: 23170: 23164: 23161: 23155: 23154: 23152: 23150: 23145: 23138: 23132: 23129: 23123: 23122: 23120: 23118: 23113: 23111: 23110: 23106: 23105: 23097: 23096: 23089: 23086: 23085: 23078: 23075: 23069: 23066: 23060: 23057: 23056: 23049: 23046: 23040: 23037: 23031: 23028: 23022: 23019: 23013: 23010: 23004: 23001: 22995: 22992: 22991: 22984: 22981: 22975: 22972: 22966: 22965: 22963: 22961: 22956: 22949: 22943: 22940: 22934: 22933: 22931: 22929: 22924: 22922: 22921: 22917: 22916: 22908: 22902: 22899: 22893: 22890: 22884: 22881: 22875: 22872: 22866: 22863: 22857: 22854: 22848: 22845: 22839: 22836: 22830: 22827: 22821: 22818: 22812: 22809: 22803: 22800: 22794: 22793: 22791: 22789: 22784: 22777: 22771: 22768: 22762: 22761: 22759: 22757: 22752: 22750: 22749: 22745: 22744: 22736: 22735: 22728: 22725: 22724: 22717: 22714: 22708: 22705: 22699: 22696: 22690: 22687: 22681: 22678: 22677:J. Quincy III 22672: 22669: 22663: 22660: 22654: 22651: 22645: 22642: 22636: 22633: 22632: 22625: 22622: 22616: 22613: 22607: 22604: 22598: 22595: 22589: 22586: 22585: 22578: 22575: 22569: 22566: 22560: 22559: 22557: 22555: 22550: 22543: 22542: 22535: 22531: 22530: 22523: 22520: 22514: 22513: 22511: 22509: 22504: 22502: 22501: 22497: 22496: 22488: 22487:J. Quincy III 22482: 22479: 22473: 22470: 22464: 22461: 22455: 22452: 22446: 22443: 22437: 22434: 22428: 22425: 22419: 22416: 22410: 22407: 22401: 22398: 22392: 22389: 22383: 22380: 22374: 22371: 22365: 22362: 22356: 22353: 22347: 22344: 22338: 22337: 22335: 22333: 22328: 22321: 22315: 22312: 22306: 22305: 22303: 22301: 22296: 22294: 22293: 22289: 22288: 22280: 22279: 22272: 22269: 22263: 22260: 22254: 22251: 22245: 22242: 22236: 22233: 22227: 22224: 22218: 22215: 22209: 22206: 22200: 22197: 22191: 22188: 22182: 22179: 22173: 22170: 22164: 22161: 22160: 22153: 22150: 22144: 22141: 22135: 22132: 22126: 22123: 22117: 22116: 22114: 22112: 22107: 22100: 22094: 22091: 22085: 22084: 22082: 22080: 22075: 22073: 22072: 22068: 22067: 22062: 22055: 22051: 22050:Massachusetts 22044: 22039: 22037: 22032: 22030: 22025: 22024: 22021: 22009: 22008: 21999: 21998: 21994: 21993: 21990: 21989: 21985: 21983: 21982: 21978: 21977: 21974: 21966: 21963: 21960: 21959: 21958: 21955: 21952: 21949: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21937: 21934: 21931: 21928: 21925: 21922: 21919: 21916: 21915:John Q. Adams 21913: 21910: 21909:John Adams II 21907: 21904: 21901: 21898: 21895: 21892: 21889: 21886: 21885:Charles Adams 21883: 21879: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21871: 21868: 21865: 21862: 21858: 21857:Quincy family 21855: 21852: 21851: 21850: 21849:Abigail Adams 21847: 21846: 21844: 21842: 21838: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21821: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21814: 21810: 21808: 21807: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21794: 21793:republicanism 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21780: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21773:Congress Hall 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21755: 21753: 21749: 21743: 21741: 21737: 21735: 21733: 21729: 21727: 21725: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21712: 21708: 21706: 21704: 21700: 21698: 21696: 21692: 21690: 21688: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21676:(1969 musical 21675: 21671: 21669: 21667: 21663: 21661: 21660:(1964 series) 21659: 21655: 21654: 21652: 21648: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21623: 21622: 21617: 21614: 21613: 21608: 21605: 21604: 21599: 21596: 21595: 21590: 21587: 21586: 21581: 21578: 21577: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21536: 21534: 21530: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21502: 21501:Stone Library 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21483: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21473: 21471: 21465: 21459: 21458: 21457:Gray v. Pitts 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21446: 21442: 21440: 21439: 21435: 21431: 21428: 21427: 21426: 21423: 21422: 21420: 21416: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21373: 21372: 21368: 21367: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21324: 21321: 21320: 21319: 21316: 21312: 21309: 21308: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21271: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21261: 21259: 21257: 21253: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21226: 21222: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21199: 21196: 21195: 21194: 21191: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21161: 21160: 21157: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21144: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21131: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21097: 21096:United States 21091: 21083: 21079: 21075: 21071: 21067: 21063: 21059: 21055: 21051: 21047: 21043: 21040: 21036: 21032: 21029: 21025: 21024: 21021: 21017: 21010: 21005: 21003: 20998: 20996: 20991: 20990: 20987: 20975: 20974:Wilbur Wright 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20809:Simon Newcomb 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20769:John Marshall 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20759:James Madison 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20729:Robert E. Lee 20727: 20725: 20724:Sidney Lanier 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20669:Patrick Henry 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20629:Robert Fulton 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20484:Louis Agassiz 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20466: 20463: 20458: 20451: 20446: 20444: 20439: 20437: 20432: 20431: 20428: 20415: 20412: 20411: 20409: 20407: 20403: 20396: 20393: 20392: 20390: 20388: 20384: 20377: 20374: 20371: 20370:James Barbour 20368: 20367: 20365: 20363: 20359: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20346: 20344: 20340: 20324: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20316: 20312: 20307: 20304: 20300: 20293: 20288: 20286: 20281: 20279: 20274: 20273: 20270: 20257: 20254: 20251: 20248: 20245: 20242: 20241: 20239: 20237: 20233: 20226: 20223: 20220: 20217: 20216: 20214: 20212: 20208: 20201: 20198: 20197: 20195: 20193: 20189: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20174: 20170: 20154: 20151: 20148: 20145: 20144: 20142: 20140: 20136: 20131: 20128: 20124: 20117: 20112: 20110: 20105: 20103: 20098: 20097: 20094: 20083: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19951: 19947: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 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19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18987: 18982: 18976: 18972: 18965: 18960: 18958: 18953: 18951: 18946: 18945: 18942: 18931: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18609: 18603: 18598: 18584: 18579: 18577: 18572: 18570: 18565: 18564: 18561: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18533: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18504: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18482: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18405: 18401: 18399: 18398: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18326: 18324: 18318: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18220: 18215: 18205: 18202: 18201: 18199: 18195: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18179: 18175: 18169: 18164: 18150: 18145: 18143: 18138: 18136: 18131: 18130: 18127: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17924: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17832: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17807: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17767: 17760: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17717: 17713: 17706: 17701: 17699: 17694: 17692: 17687: 17686: 17683: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17657: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17631:20th district 17627: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17596:19th district 17592: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17566:18th district 17562: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509:17th district 17505: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17444:16th district 17440: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17379:15th district 17375: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304:14th district 17300: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17214:13th district 17210: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17059:12th district 17055: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16923:J. Richardson 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869:11th district 16865: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16753:J. E. Russell 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604:10th district 16600: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16345: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16115: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15895: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15700: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15318:W. Richardson 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15265: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15010: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14810: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14580: 14576: 14569: 14564: 14562: 14557: 14555: 14550: 14549: 14546: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14374: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14208: 14203: 14201: 14196: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14175: 14170: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13880:Frelinghuysen 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13790:E. Livingston 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13706:R. Livingston 13704: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13682: 13677: 13675: 13670: 13668: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13618: 13611: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13519: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13482:James Barbour 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13464: 13463:Thomas Corwin 13461: 13458: 13455: 13452: 13449: 13446: 13443: 13440: 13437: 13434: 13431: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13409: 13406: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13267:Frelinghuysen 13264: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13167: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13070: 13065: 13063: 13058: 13056: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13030: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13015: 13012: 13011:William Jones 13009: 13006: 13005:Paul Hamilton 13003: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12981: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12969: 12966: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12935: 12932: 12931:George Graham 12929: 12926: 12923: 12920: 12917: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12870:William Jones 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12809:James Madison 12807: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12770: 12767: 12764: 12761: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12562: 12556: 12555:Tertium quids 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12498: 12493: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12403:Amos Ellmaker 12399: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12363: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12321: 12320: 12319:John Sergeant 12315: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12201: 12196: 12194: 12189: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12024: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11981: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11919:Tertium quids 11916: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11876: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11783: 11778: 11776: 11771: 11769: 11764: 11763: 11760: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11690: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11632:James Madison 11628: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11589: 11584: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11554: 11546: 11544: 11536: 11534: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11355:Richard Nixon 11353: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11277:John W. Davis 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10945: 10940: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10910: 10902: 10900: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10856:G. H. W. Bush 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10831:L. B. Johnson 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10760: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10686:Ronald Reagan 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10656:Richard Nixon 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10396:James K. Polk 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10326:James Madison 10324: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10265: 10260: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10243: 10236: 10220: 10219:1824 election 10217:split in the 10216: 10210: 10206: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10189: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10149: 10148: 10145:Chair of the 10140: 10139:Caleb Cushing 10134: 10130: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10080: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10024: 10018: 10014: 10013:John Reed Jr. 10005: 10004: 9999: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9934: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9839: 9838: 9831: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9808: 9800: 9799: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9766: 9765: 9758: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9726: 9725: 9718: 9717:William Short 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707:Henry Wheaton 9701: 9694: 9693: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9670: 9669: 9662: 9661:William Short 9656: 9651: 9646: 9639: 9627: 9626: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9583:Republicanism 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9531:Charles Adams 9529: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9518:Quincy family 9516: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9505:Abigail Adams 9503: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9466:John Adams II 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9440:Quincy family 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9370: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9248: 9247:Stone Library 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9206: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8783: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8283: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7907: 7901: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7562: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7418: 7407:September 16, 7402: 7396: 7387: 7381: 7365: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7297:Traub, p. 446 7294: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7219: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7178: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7099: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7041:, p. 270 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7005:, p. 189 7004: 6999: 6993:, p. 224 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6918:, p. 414 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6894:, p. 410 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6786:, p. 330 6785: 6780: 6774:, p. 316 6773: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6750:, p. 315 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6333:, p. 229 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6294:, p. 257 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6174:, p. 256 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6007:, p. 251 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5875:, p. 173 5874: 5869: 5863:, p. 167 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5653: 5647: 5641:, p. 217 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5590: 5584: 5578:, p. 213 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5375:, p. 106 5374: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4873:, p. 587 4872: 4867: 4860: 4859:Thompson 1991 4855: 4839: 4838:Bloomberg.com 4835: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4186: 4181: 4180:public domain 4170: 4168: 4163: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4108:Melania Trump 4105: 4099: 4090: 4060: 4054: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903:daguerreotype 3900: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834:Stone Library 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3759: 3754: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728:Dean Simonton 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716:knee breeches 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3655:, serving as 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3617:Personal life 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3532: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3462:Supreme Court 3459: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368:Oregon Treaty 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3347:Liberty Party 3344: 3343:James K. Polk 3340: 3336: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297:Whig nominee 3295: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184:are the only 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166:spoils system 3163: 3154: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:Simón Bolívar 3083: 3078: 3077:Latin America 3074: 3067:Latin America 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3012: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2968:Indian policy 2965: 2963: 2953: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:James Barbour 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658:stayed on as 2657: 2653: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2589:James Barbour 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305:New Hampshire 2304: 2301: 2299:Massachusetts 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2217:1824 election 2209: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Holy Alliance 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:49th parallel 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1990:metric system 1987: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808:James Madison 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1547: 1540: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1469:Great Britain 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Massachusetts 1383: 1380:in a part of 1379: 1375: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:James Madison 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Abigail Adams 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Massachusetts 1181:representing 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1157: 1127: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 957: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 900: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 874: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 844: 843: 841: 837: 830: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 811: 807: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 790: 786: 780: 779:Abigail Smith 777: 775: 772: 771: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 751:4, including 750: 746: 726: 721: 717: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 680: 676: 673: 670: 668:Resting place 666: 662: 653: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634:July 11, 1767 626: 622: 617: 613: 606: 603: 597: 594: 593:William Short 591: 585: 582: 579: 573: 567: 562: 559: 551: 547: 546:Henry Wheaton 544: 538: 534: 528: 525: 522: 516: 510: 505: 502: 494: 491: 488: 482: 478: 472: 469:James Madison 468: 462: 456: 451: 448: 440: 437: 434: 428: 424: 421: 415: 412: 411:James Madison 409: 403: 397: 392: 389: 381: 377: 373: 366: 362: 356: 351: 348: 343: 340: 337: 331: 328: 325: 319: 313: 308: 305: 304:Massachusetts 300: 296: 288: 284: 280: 279:12th district 276: 272: 271:11th district 268: 267: 265: 261: 258: 255: 249: 246: 243: 237: 231: 226: 223: 222:Massachusetts 217: 211: 208: 205: 199: 196: 193: 187: 181: 176: 173: 168: 165: 162: 156: 152: 146: 142: 138: 132: 127: 124: 119: 116: 113: 107: 104: 101: 95: 92: 89: 86: 81: 75: 70: 67: 62: 58: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 24549:Adams family 24483: 24466: 24449: 24432: 24420:from Commons 24415: 24394: 24309: 24217: 24216: 24204: 24172: 24164: 24071: 24059: 24047: 24026: 24013: 24005: 23913:W. Parmenter 23903: 23891: 23859: 23851: 23838: 23827: 23807: 23771:W. Parmenter 23733: 23714: 23702: 23670: 23662: 23649: 23638: 23618: 23591:W. Parmenter 23580: 23534: 23513: 23501: 23490: 23478: 23467: 23454: 23446: 23433: 23424:W. Parmenter 23368: 23340: 23310: 23278: 23270: 23177: 23147: 23115: 23107: 23094: 23083: 23054: 23035: 22989: 22958: 22926: 22918: 22870: 22786: 22754: 22746: 22733: 22722: 22704:E. Livermore 22630: 22583: 22552: 22540: 22528: 22527: 22519:T. Pickering 22506: 22498: 22343:P. Wadsworth 22330: 22319: 22311:T. Pickering 22298: 22290: 22277: 22158: 22122:P. Wadsworth 22109: 22098: 22090:T. Pickering 22077: 22069: 22000: 21986: 21979: 21957:Louisa Adams 21951:Samuel Adams 21927:Brooks Adams 21869: 21841:Adams family 21811: 21804: 21739: 21731: 21723: 21710: 21702: 21694: 21686: 21673: 21665: 21657: 21620: 21611: 21602: 21593: 21584: 21574: 21539:Bibliography 21455: 21443: 21436: 21369: 21264:Inauguration 21176:Board of War 21159:Model Treaty 21129: 20949:Emma Willard 20934:Walt Whitman 20904:Lillian Wald 20874:Joseph Story 20834:William Penn 20814:Thomas Paine 20789:James Monroe 20684:Mark Hopkins 20664:Joseph Henry 20584:Peter Cooper 20564:Rufus Choate 20519:Daniel Boone 20504:Clara Barton 20473: 20395:William Wirt 20351:Richard Rush 20305: 20225:William Wirt 20219:Richard Rush 20152: 20147:Richard Rush 20130:James Monroe 19897: 19755:Ros-Lehtinen 19504: 19297: 19223:Soviet Union 19161:Breckinridge 19000: 18905:Hartog-Levin 18624: 18547: 18537: 18530: 18518: 18501: 18479: 18402: 18395: 18363: 18203: 17830: 17805: 17781: 17758: 17363:Wigglesworth 17288:Wigglesworth 17142: 16927: 16349:9th district 16207: 16119:8th district 15899:7th district 15704:6th district 15489:5th district 15269:4th district 15198:J. A. Thayer 15183:J. R. Thayer 15014:3rd district 14814:2nd district 14584:1st district 14247: 13774: 13629:Thomas Ewing 13537:William Wirt 13433:Thomas Ewing 13427:Richard Rush 13361:U.S. Cabinet 13183: 13170:Presidential 13080:Whig Parties 12999:Robert Smith 12980:William Wirt 12913:James Monroe 12832: 12821:James Monroe 12815:Robert Smith 12780:U.S. Cabinet 12669: 12565:Presidential 12452: 12432: 12428:Richard Rush 12422: 12419: 12400: 12395:William Wirt 12392: 12375: 12358: 12350: 12333: 12316: 12308: 12291: 12269: 12250: 12241: 12224: 12216:1836 → 12208:← 1828 12155: 12138:Richard Rush 12135: 12128: 12126: 12109: 12091: 12076: 12059: 12051:1832 → 12043:← 1824 11986: 11941: 11933: 11901: 11893: 11862: 11854: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11806: 11798:1828 → 11790:← 1820 11737: 11717: 11709: 11692: 11678: 11670: 11661:James Monroe 11657: 11637: 11629: 11612: 11604:1812 → 11596:← 1804 11505:Donald Trump 11405:Jimmy Carter 11267:James M. Cox 11058: 10781:T. Roosevelt 10750:2021–present 10736:Donald Trump 10726:Barack Obama 10706:Bill Clinton 10676:Jimmy Carter 10345: 10336:James Monroe 10287:presidencies 10204: 10186: 10177: 10144: 10129:Cave Johnson 10119: 10094: 10061: 10028: 9995: 9959:nominee for 9957:Anti-Masonic 9955: 9925: 9920: 9913: 9898: 9886: 9881:James Monroe 9854: 9835: 9830:James Monroe 9805: 9796: 9774:Richard Rush 9762: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9741: 9722: 9705: 9699: 9690: 9685: 9666: 9618: 9609: 9602: 9588: 9478:Brooks Adams 9448:Louisa Adams 9436:Adams family 9418: 9413:(1997 film) 9410: 9402: 9394: 9381: 9360: 9351: 9320:Bibliography 9152: 9049:Inauguration 8926: 8854: 8821: 8715: 8697: 8664: 8651: 8624: 8602: 8581: 8568: 8533: 8529: 8509: 8497: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8456: 8417: 8392: 8388: 8368: 8334: 8330: 8309: 8305: 8286: 8262: 8241: 8221: 8200: 8174: 8152: 8148: 8133: 8115: 8094: 8071: 8061: 8053: 8034: 8013: 7992: 7962:(1): 15–43. 7959: 7955: 7933: 7910:. Retrieved 7900: 7890:September 4, 7888:. 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Retrieved 6598: 6586: 6574: 6552:(1): 27–45. 6549: 6545: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6501:November 12, 6499:. Retrieved 6495: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6454:Parsons 2009 6439:Parsons 2009 6434: 6422: 6410: 6403:Parsons 2009 6398: 6391:Parsons 2009 6386: 6379:Parsons 2009 6374: 6367:Parsons 2009 6362: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6136:Parsons 2009 6131: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6084: 6077:Parsons 2009 6072: 6060: 6053:Parsons 2009 6048: 6036: 6029:Parsons 2009 6024: 6017:Parsons 2009 6012: 6000: 5988: 5981:Parsons 2009 5976: 5969:Parsons 2009 5964: 5957:Parsons 2009 5952: 5940: 5933:Parsons 2009 5928: 5921:Parsons 2009 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5829: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5769: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5721:Parsons 2009 5716: 5704: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656:. Retrieved 5646: 5634: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5583: 5571: 5547:Parsons 2009 5542: 5530: 5518: 5513:, p. 24 5506: 5499:Parsons 2009 5464: 5452: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5188:(2001) p. 56 5185: 5180: 5168: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057:. Retrieved 5043: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4966:, p. 85 4959: 4953:(2): 147–70. 4950: 4946: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4837: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4775:, p. 89 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732:. Retrieved 4712: 4706: 4696: 4684: 4679:, p. 83 4672: 4660: 4648: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4562:, p. 38 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432:. Retrieved 4427: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4365: 4357: 4345: 4333:. Retrieved 4329:the original 4319: 4308: 4289: 4283: 4271:. Retrieved 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4241: 4232: 4208: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4141: 4128: 4115: 4098: 4021: 3962: 3948: 3937:David Birney 3930: 3920: 3896: 3873: 3866: 3811: 3794:Barack Obama 3785: 3769: 3690: 3681: 3626: 3592: 3552: 3536: 3508: 3491: 3465: 3455: 3448:Lewis Tappan 3445: 3425: 3416: 3411: 3356: 3351:abolitionist 3331: 3326: 1840s 3296: 3276: 3261: 3237: 3202: 3159: 3133: 3125: 3102:slave revolt 3094:isolationist 3070: 3030: 3010: 2989:George Troup 2977: 2958: 2934: 2865: 2771: 2762:abolitionist 2758: 2742: 2712:Pennsylvania 2708:Richard Rush 2664:William Wirt 2648: 2620:William Wirt 2570:Richard Rush 2449: 2446:Inauguration 2405: 2397:Pennsylvania 2382: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2336:Pennsylvania 2314:Rhode Island 2242: 2226:Constitution 2224:view of the 2214: 2163: 2135:Sabine River 2131:Sabine River 2119: 2098:Seminole War 2094:Luis de Onís 2082: 2025: 2021:William Wirt 1994: 1974: 1969:Thomas Sully 1958: 1939:James Monroe 1932: 1928:Hundred Days 1923: 1905: 1869: 1848:Joseph Story 1817: 1797: 1791: 1773: 1747: 1719: 1715:Samuel Chase 1696: 1682: 1674: 1636: 1620: 1572: 1473: 1465:Francis Dana 1430: 1406:Hugo Grotius 1371: 1321: 1270: 1250:James Monroe 1242:Multilingual 1210: 1125: 1124: 1079: 1069:Abolitionism 988:Inauguration 944:Bibliography 896: 703:Anti-Masonic 656:(1848-02-23) 600:Succeeded by 576:Nominated by 565: 541:Succeeded by 519:Nominated by 508: 485:Succeeded by 465:Nominated by 454: 436:Richard Rush 431:Succeeded by 406:Nominated by 395: 354: 334:Succeeded by 311: 287:8th district 263:Constituency 252:Succeeded by 229: 202:Succeeded by 179: 159:Succeeded by 153:James Monroe 143:James Monroe 130: 110:Succeeded by 103:James Monroe 73: 29: 24514:1848 deaths 24509:1767 births 24273:J. Grinnell 24264:J. Rockwell 24228:R. Winthrop 24218:J. Q. Adams 24153:B. Thompson 24126:J. Grinnell 24117:J. Rockwell 24081:R. Winthrop 24072:J. Q. Adams 23994:J. Grinnell 23985:J. Rockwell 23940:H. Williams 23931:R. Winthrop 23904:J. Q. Adams 23839:N. Appleton 23808:R. Winthrop 23780:W. Hastings 23715:J. Q. Adams 23650:R. Winthrop 23629:H. Williams 23600:W. Hastings 23581:A. Lawrence 23535:J. Q. Adams 23526:J. Reed Jr. 23415:W. Hastings 23406:R. Fletcher 23369:S. Phillips 23341:J. Q. Adams 23332:G. Grennell 23323:J. Reed Jr. 23259:A. Lawrence 23214:S. Phillips 23178:J. Q. Adams 23160:J. Reed Jr. 23095:S. Phillips 23036:J. Q. Adams 23018:G. Grennell 22971:J. Reed Jr. 22907:H. Dearborn 22880:N. Appleton 22871:J. Q. Adams 22853:G. Grennell 22799:J. Reed Jr. 22641:J. Chandler 22529:J. Q. Adams 22442:J. Chandler 22379:S. Hastings 22320:J. Q. Adams 22241:N. Mitchell 22205:S. Thatcher 22196:S. Hastings 22149:L. Williams 22099:J. Q. Adams 21945:Elihu Adams 21921:Henry Adams 21668:(1969 play) 21636:Washington) 21072:(1775–1778) 21060:(1782–1788) 21052:(1785–1788) 21044:(1789–1797) 21033:(1797–1801) 20939:Eli Whitney 20844:Walter Reed 20764:Horace Mann 20524:Edwin Booth 20479:Jane Addams 20416:(1825–1829) 20397:(1825–1829) 20378:(1828–1829) 20372:(1825–1828) 20353:(1825–1829) 20325:(1825–1829) 20308:(1825–1829) 20258:(1823–1825) 20252:(1819–1823) 20246:(1817–1818) 20227:(1817–1825) 20202:(1817–1825) 20183:(1817–1825) 20155:(1817–1825) 20132:(1817–1825) 19700:Chiperfield 19226:(1933–1991) 18989:(1780–1917) 18630:Vans Murray 18625:J. Q. Adams 18440:Hillenbrand 17782:J. Q. Adams 17775:(1815–1893) 17723:(1785–1811) 17453:S. Thatcher 17358:Frothingham 17313:G. Thatcher 17248:J. Reed Jr. 17153:F. Rockwell 17083:S. Thatcher 17068:H. Dearborn 16933:J. Reed Jr. 16683:H. Williams 16553:T. H. Eliot 16493:G. Williams 16453:W. Washburn 16413:H. Williams 16388:J. Reed Jr. 16378:J. Reed Jr. 16268:C. H. Allen 16173:J. Reed Jr. 16153:L. Williams 16133:G. Thatcher 15988:J. Rockwell 15853:A.P. Andrew 15723:J. Reed Sr. 15713:G. Thatcher 15573:W. Appleton 15563:W. Appleton 15513:L. Williams 15478:Auchincloss 15473:Kennedy III 15288:G. Thatcher 15193:C. Washburn 14908:Saltonstall 14763:G. Lawrence 14733:T. D. Eliot 14723:T. D. Eliot 14713:W. Appleton 14698:N. Appleton 14688:A. Lawrence 14678:A. Lawrence 14668:N. Appleton 14508:Saltonstall 14050:Christopher 14045:Eagleburger 13985:G. Marshall 13755:J. Marshall 13643:(1850–1853) 13631:(1849–1850) 13612:(1852–1853) 13606:(1850–1852) 13600:(1849–1850) 13594:(1841–1843) 13582:(1825–1829) 13563:(1850–1853) 13557:(1849–1850) 13551:(1843–1845) 13549:John Nelson 13539:(1825–1829) 13520:(1850–1853) 13514:(1849–1850) 13508:(1843–1844) 13502:(1841–1843) 13490:(1828–1829) 13484:(1825–1828) 13465:(1850–1853) 13459:(1849–1850) 13453:(1844–1845) 13447:(1843–1844) 13441:(1841–1843) 13429:(1825–1829) 13410:(1852–1853) 13404:(1850–1852) 13398:(1849–1850) 13392:(1843–1844) 13386:(1841–1843) 13380:(1825–1829) 13352:(1856–1857) 13346:(1847–1849) 13340:(1841–1843) 13334:(1839–1841) 13328:(1825–1827) 13206:1836 (None) 13180:1828 (None) 13135:Union Party 13031:(1823–1825) 13025:(1819–1823) 13019:(1815–1818) 13013:(1813–1814) 13007:(1809–1813) 13001:(1801–1809) 12982:(1817–1825) 12976:(1811–1814) 12970:(1807–1811) 12964:(1805–1806) 12958:(1801–1805) 12939:(1817–1825) 12933:(1816–1817) 12927:(1815–1816) 12915:(1814–1815) 12909:(1813–1814) 12903:(1809–1813) 12897:(1801–1809) 12878:(1816–1825) 12866:(1814–1816) 12854:(1801–1814) 12835:(1817–1825) 12827:John Graham 12823:(1811–1817) 12817:(1809–1811) 12811:(1801–1809) 12799:(1790–1794) 12771:(1823–1825) 12765:(1821–1823) 12759:(1820–1821) 12753:(1815–1820) 12747:(1814–1815) 12741:(1811–1814) 12735:(1807–1811) 12729:(1801–1807) 12723:(1793–1795) 12393:President: 12351:President: 12309:President: 12247:(incumbent) 12242:President: 12132:(incumbent) 12127:President: 12097:(incumbent) 12077:President: 11934:President: 11894:President: 11835:President: 11710:President: 11643:(incumbent) 11630:President: 11485:Mitt Romney 11475:John McCain 11395:Gerald Ford 10666:Gerald Ford 10079:Horace Mann 9973:John Bailey 9815:James Lloyd 9782:U.S. Senate 9561:John Quincy 9555:Elihu Adams 9472:Henry Adams 9405:(1987 book) 9384:(1957 book) 9159:Mendi Bible 9031:(1794–1797) 9023:(1797–1801) 9015:(1803–1808) 9007:(1809–1814) 8999:(1814–1817) 8991:(1817–1825) 8980:(1825–1829) 8969:(1831–1833) 8957:(1833–1843) 8945:(1843–1848) 8482:(2): 24–37. 7925:Works cited 7708:Cooper 2017 7690:October 24, 7573:November 4, 7524:November 4, 7447:Cooper 2017 7435:Cooper 2017 7403:. Jmisc.net 7370:January 13, 7348:January 18, 7167:February 8, 7148:Cooper 2017 7051:Cooper 2017 7039:Miller 1996 7027:Cooper 2017 7015:Cooper 2017 7003:Miller 1996 6979:Cooper 2017 6967:Cooper 2017 6952:Cooper 2017 6940:Cooper 2017 6928:Kaplan 2014 6916:Cooper 2017 6904:Cooper 2017 6892:Cooper 2017 6880:Cooper 2017 6868:Cooper 2017 6856:Cooper 2017 6844:Cooper 2017 6832:Cooper 2017 6820:Cooper 2017 6808:Cooper 2017 6796:Cooper 2017 6784:Cooper 2017 6772:Cooper 2017 6760:Cooper 2017 6748:Cooper 2017 6736:Cooper 2017 6724:Cooper 2017 6712:Cooper 2017 6700:Cooper 2017 6688:Cooper 2017 6676:Kaplan 2014 6664:Cooper 2017 6652:Kaplan 2014 6640:Cooper 2017 6603:Kaplan 2014 6579:Cooper 2017 6528:Kaplan 2014 6343:Kaplan 2014 6331:Cooper 2017 6319:Remini 2002 6304:Kaplan 2014 6280:Cooper 2017 6244:Kaplan 2014 6160:Kaplan 2014 6041:Remini 2002 5993:Remini 2002 5909:Remini 2002 5849:Remini 2002 5834:Kaplan 2014 5822:Kaplan 2014 5795:Remini 2002 5783:Kaplan 2014 5745:Kaplan 2014 5673:Kaplan 2014 5639:Cooper 2017 5627:Kaplan 2014 5576:Cooper 2017 5564:Kaplan 2014 5523:Cooper 2017 5469:Kaplan 2014 5445:Kaplan 2014 5409:Cooper 2017 5385:Cooper 2017 5361:Cooper 2017 5349:Kaplan 2014 5334:Remini 2002 5322:Cooper 2017 5310:Cooper 2017 5298:Cooper 2017 5286:Kaplan 2014 5249:Cooper 2017 5225:Cooper 2017 5213:Cooper 2017 5201:Kaplan 2014 5161:Kaplan 2014 5146:Cooper 2017 5134:Kaplan 2014 5122:Cooper 2017 5110:Cooper 2017 5098:Cooper 2017 5086:Cooper 2017 5074:Cooper 2017 5036:Cooper 2017 5024:Cooper 2017 5012:Cooper 2017 5000:Cooper 2017 4976:Cooper 2017 4964:Cooper 2017 4821:Cooper 2017 4809:Cooper 2017 4785:Cooper 2017 4761:Cooper 2017 4749:Cooper 2017 4689:Cooper 2017 4665:Cooper 2017 4653:Cooper 2017 4626:Cooper 2017 4614:Cooper 2017 4584:Cooper 2017 4560:Cooper 2017 4548:Cooper 2017 4536:Cooper 2017 4524:Cooper 2017 4485:Cooper 2017 4461:Cooper 2017 4449:Cooper 2017 4411:Cooper 2017 4399:Cooper 2017 4350:Cooper 2017 4335:October 30, 4313:Remini 2002 4273:November 1, 4002:Mendi Bible 3929:miniseries 3822:Adams House 3765: 1858 3714:instead of 3667:Personality 3659:during the 3349:, a small, 3288:slave state 3198:third party 3194:Freemasonry 3033:reciprocity 2918:John Taylor 2803:Great Lakes 2797:around the 2750:New Orleans 2672:John McLean 2452:inaugurated 2330:Mississippi 2281:Connecticut 2255:New England 2033:Great Lakes 1912:Great Lakes 1896:and former 1877:War of 1812 1873:impressment 1752:and as the 1739:impressment 1488:studied law 1437:Netherlands 1394:John Quincy 1364:Americans. 1246:War of 1812 1225:Netherlands 711:(1834–1848) 705:(1830–1834) 699:(1828–1830) 693:(1809–1828) 687:(1792–1808) 588:Preceded by 531:Preceded by 475:Preceded by 418:Preceded by 339:James Lloyd 322:Preceded by 290:(1843–1848) 282:(1833–1843) 274:(1831–1833) 257:Horace Mann 240:Preceded by 190:Preceded by 149:Preceded by 98:Preceded by 24498:Categories 24434:Quotations 24300:J. Palfrey 24185:D. Webster 24037:D. Webster 23949:B. Burnell 23818:B. Burnell 23762:C. Cushing 23753:W. Calhoun 23571:C. Cushing 23562:W. Calhoun 23468:D. Webster 23397:C. Cushing 23388:W. Calhoun 23291:D. Webster 23261: (NR) 23252: (NR) 23243: (NR) 23241:C. Cushing 23234: (NR) 23232:W. Calhoun 23216: (NR) 23207: (NR) 23198: (AM) 23196:W. Jackson 23189: (NR) 23180: (AM) 23171: (NR) 23162: (AM) 23139: (NR) 23130: (NR) 23128:D. Webster 23098: (NR) 23087: (NR) 23067: (AM) 23065:W. Jackson 23058: (NR) 23047: (NR) 23038: (AM) 23029: (NR) 23027:W. Baylies 23020: (NR) 23011: (NR) 23002: (NR) 23000:E. Everett 22993: (NR) 22982: (NR) 22973: (NR) 22950: (NR) 22948:D. Webster 22941: (NR) 22939:N. Silsbee 22909: (NR) 22900: (NR) 22891: (NR) 22882: (NR) 22873: (NR) 22864: (NR) 22862:J. Kendall 22855: (NR) 22846: (NR) 22837: (NR) 22828: (NR) 22826:E. Everett 22819: (NR) 22810: (NR) 22801: (NR) 22778: (NR) 22776:D. Webster 22769: (NR) 22767:N. 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Skinner 22142: (DR) 22133: (DR) 21965:first lady 21911:(grandson) 21905:(grandson) 21899:(grandson) 21878:presidency 21866:(daughter) 21713:(2001 book 21711:John Adams 21681:1972 film) 21621:John Adams 21594:John Adams 21551:(proposed) 21496:Peacefield 21274:XYZ Affair 21256:Presidency 21016:John Adams 20899:Mark Twain 20719:James Kent 20689:Elias Howe 20569:Henry Clay 20469:John Adams 20323:Henry Clay 19837:Muhlenberg 19670:McReynolds 19550:Crittenden 19530:Pennington 19520:McClernand 19243:Steinhardt 19046:Cambreleng 18900:Culbertson 18840:Middendorf 18481:Bindenagel 18109:W. Johnson 18044:Richardson 17897:Pierrepont 17882:R. Johnson 17650:E. Lincoln 17128:L. Bigelow 16968:Whiting II 16913:J. Russell 16898:A. Bigelow 16808:Fitzgerald 16673:W. Baylies 16543:R. Russell 16503:Fitzgerald 16328:Kennedy II 16273:Greenhalge 16083:L. Connery 16078:W. Connery 16053:W. Everett 16038:W. Russell 15878:Torkildsen 15868:Harrington 15683:N. Tsongas 15663:P. Tsongas 15568:Burlingame 15338:E. Everett 15253:N. Tsongas 14933:Buffington 14738:Buffington 14348:E. Kennedy 14338:J. Kennedy 13975:Stettinius 13378:Henry Clay 13316:U.S. House 12769:Henry Clay 12751:Henry Clay 12739:Henry Clay 12711:U.S. House 12420:President: 12353:John Floyd 12311:Henry Clay 11844:Henry Clay 11720:Rufus King 11658:President: 11543:Presidents 11465:John Kerry 11307:Alf Landon 11099:Lewis Cass 11041:Henry Clay 11011:Rufus King 10977:John Adams 10866:G. W. Bush 10821:Eisenhower 10771:Washington 10762:Presidency 10386:John Tyler 10306:John Adams 10151:1842–1843 10123:1841–1843 10098:1831–1847 10073:1843–1848 10040:1833–1843 10007:1831–1833 9940:Henry Clay 9900:Henry Clay 9860:1825–1829 9847:Henry Clay 9841:1817–1825 9768:1815–1817 9728:1809–1814 9696:1797–1801 9686:New office 9672:1794–1797 9513:First Lady 9498:presidency 9490:John Adams 9486:(grandson) 9480:(grandson) 9474:(grandson) 9421:(2001 book 9419:John Adams 9361:John Adams 9242:Peacefield 9217:Early life 9041:Presidency 8797:Audio help 8788:2019-03-13 8175:John Adams 8149:Modern Age 7494:Nagel 1999 7470:October 4, 7190:Bela Marsh 5059:August 26, 4434:October 4, 4374:. p. 4158:References 4104:First Lady 3964:John Adams 3923:mass media 3857:John Adams 3838:Peacefield 3637:alcoholism 3621:See also: 3434:imposed a 3380:Rio Grande 3307:John Tyler 3264:Whig Party 3244:John Davis 3039:, and the 3025:Henry Clay 2997:Deep South 2972:See also: 2837:See also: 2716:Henry Clay 2656:New Jersey 2551:Henry Clay 2450:Adams was 2393:New Jersey 2333:New Jersey 2236:, and the 2123:Rio Grande 1953:See also: 1901:Henry Clay 1820:Baltic Sea 1770:David Hume 1766:Ciceronian 1651:nepotistic 1596:Jay Treaty 1402:Thucydides 1333:Whig Party 1281:Henry Clay 1206:Whig Party 1198:Federalist 1191:First Lady 1187:John Adams 983:Presidency 919:Early life 914:Birthplace 845:Politician 839:Occupation 774:John Adams 685:Federalist 630:1767-07-11 524:John Adams 164:Henry Clay 24485:Resources 24468:Textbooks 24351:Biography 24313: (W) 24302: (W) 24293: (W) 24284: (W) 24282:G. Ashmun 24275: (W) 24266: (W) 24257: (W) 24248: (W) 24246:A. Abbott 24239: (W) 24237:C. Hudson 24230: (W) 24221: (W) 24196: (W) 24187: (W) 24155: (W) 24146: (W) 24137: (W) 24135:G. Ashmun 24128: (W) 24119: (W) 24110: (W) 24101: (W) 24099:A. Abbott 24092: (W) 24090:C. Hudson 24083: (W) 24074: (W) 24051: (W) 24039: (W) 24030: (W) 23996: (W) 23987: (W) 23978: (W) 23969: (W) 23967:A. Abbott 23960: (W) 23958:C. Hudson 23951: (W) 23942: (D) 23933: (W) 23924: (W) 23915: (D) 23906: (W) 23883: (W) 23881:R. Choate 23874: (W) 23842: (W) 23831: (W) 23828:C. Hudson 23820: (W) 23811: (W) 23800: (W) 23791: (W) 23782: (W) 23773: (D) 23764: (W) 23755: (W) 23746: (W) 23744:N. Borden 23737: (W) 23726: (W) 23724:G. Briggs 23717: (W) 23692:R. Choate 23653: (W) 23642: (W) 23631: (D) 23622: (W) 23619:J. Alvord 23611: (W) 23602: (W) 23593: (D) 23584: (W) 23573: (W) 23564: (W) 23555: (W) 23546: (W) 23544:G. Briggs 23537: (W) 23528: (W) 23502:R. Choate 23437: (W) 23426: (D) 23417: (W) 23408: (W) 23399: (W) 23390: (W) 23381: (D) 23379:N. Borden 23372: (W) 23361: (W) 23352: (W) 23350:G. Briggs 23343: (W) 23334: (W) 23325: (W) 23225: (J) 23223:N. Borden 23187:G. Briggs 23076: (J) 23074:G. Osgood 23055:R. Choate 23045:G. Briggs 22980:B. Gorham 22898:R. Choate 22889:G. Briggs 22844:J. Hodges 22808:J. Nelson 22715: (F) 22706: (F) 22695:D. Ilsley 22679: (F) 22661: (F) 22621:J. Barker 22614: (F) 22605: (F) 22594:E. Seaver 22587: (F) 22565:J. Varnum 22544: (F) 22532: (F) 22521: (F) 22489: (F) 22480: (F) 22478:J. Nelson 22462: (F) 22424:J. Barker 22417: (F) 22408: (F) 22397:E. Seaver 22390: (F) 22381: (F) 22361:P. Bishop 22352:J. Varnum 22345: (F) 22322: (F) 22313: (F) 22278:S. Larned 22270: (F) 22261: (F) 22250:E. Seaver 22243: (F) 22234: (F) 22232:T. Dwight 22225: (F) 22216: (F) 22207: (F) 22198: (F) 22178:W. Eustis 22171: (F) 22169:M. Cutler 22151: (F) 22140:P. Bishop 22131:J. Varnum 22124: (F) 22101: (F) 22092: (F) 21947:(brother) 21224:Elections 21215:Diplomacy 20749:Mary Lyon 20459:inductees 20303:President 20127:President 19959:Culberson 19922:Washburne 19869:Davenport 19665:Linthicum 19510:Ingersoll 19362:Pickering 19176:McCormick 19166:Hitchcock 19121:Stoughton 19056:Ingersoll 19016:Middleton 18885:Schneider 18850:McCloskey 18725:Roosevelt 18532:Quinville 18470:Holbrooke 18301:Pendleton 18049:Armstrong 18039:Annenberg 17862:Ingersoll 17837:Stevenson 17822:Van Buren 17605:J. Parker 17585:J. Parker 17388:Wadsworth 17328:J. Holmes 17223:Wadsworth 17193:McCormack 17073:I. Parker 16788:O'Connell 16763:McEttrick 16758:J. Walker 16708:Dickinson 16658:F Baylies 16573:McCormack 16563:Nicholson 16533:Underhill 16448:A. Walker 16438:E. Thayer 16393:H. Dwight 16318:Macdonald 16303:Dallinger 16298:H. Thayer 16293:Dallinger 16263:W Russell 16218:Wentworth 16093:Macdonald 15968:H. Dwight 15873:Mavroules 15648:E. Rogers 15643:J. Rogers 15518:T. Dwight 15498:Partridge 15453:P. Holmes 15398:J. Abbott 15348:Parmenter 15293:Wadsworth 15173:J. Andrew 15138:Whiting I 15098:A. Abbott 15068:Pickering 15058:Livermore 14978:Granfield 14963:Churchill 14878:Pickering 14498:Lodge Jr. 14408:Pickering 14333:Lodge Jr. 14318:Lodge Sr. 14132:Tillerson 14015:Kissinger 13860:Washburne 13785:Van Buren 13750:Pickering 13740:Jefferson 13494:John Bell 13326:J. Taylor 13276:Z. Taylor 12605:Jefferson 12592:Jefferson 12579:Jefferson 12361:Henry Lee 10764:timelines 10746:Joe Biden 10740:2017–2021 10730:2009–2017 10720:2001–2009 10710:1993–2001 10700:1989–1993 10690:1981–1989 10680:1977–1981 10670:1974–1977 10660:1969–1974 10650:1963–1969 10640:1961–1963 10630:1953–1961 10620:1945–1953 10610:1933–1945 10600:1929–1933 10590:1923–1929 10580:1921–1923 10570:1913–1921 10560:1909–1913 10550:1901–1909 10540:1897–1901 10530:1893–1897 10520:1889–1893 10510:1885–1889 10500:1881–1885 10480:1877–1881 10470:1869–1877 10460:1865–1869 10450:1861–1865 10440:1857–1861 10430:1853–1857 10420:1850–1853 10410:1849–1850 10400:1845–1849 10390:1841–1845 10370:1837–1841 10360:1829–1837 10350:1825–1829 10340:1817–1825 10330:1809–1817 10320:1801–1809 10310:1797–1801 10300:1789–1797 10114:John Bell 9539:(brother) 9533:(brother) 8753:hour and 8707:564019879 8684:559230698 8550:0275-1275 8359:144055057 8351:0734-8584 8331:Rhetorica 8318:0012-8163 8161:0026-7457 8018:. Knopf. 7976:0145-2096 7912:March 18, 7805:Howe 2007 7764:March 23, 7551:April 20, 7283:August 2, 7278:191882004 7207:August 2, 6625:March 23, 6591:Edel 2014 6516:Edel 2014 6478:Howe 2007 6466:Howe 2007 6415:Howe 2007 6355:Howe 2007 6292:Howe 2007 6196:Edel 2014 6172:Howe 2007 6148:Edel 2014 6065:Howe 2007 6005:Howe 2007 5945:Howe 2007 5757:Howe 2007 5595:March 28, 5484:Howe 2007 5457:Howe 2007 5421:Howe 2007 5397:Howe 2007 5373:Howe 2007 5237:Edel 2014 5173:Edel 2014 4988:Edel 2014 4917:144055057 4909:0734-8584 4889:Rhetorica 4844:March 14, 4773:Edel 2014 4729:1553-0620 4677:Edel 2014 4572:Edel 2014 4473:Edel 2014 4191:March 15, 4132:In 2001, 3925:. In the 3800:Memorials 3609:, called 3603:Unitarian 3266:. In the 2930:Democrats 2869:Tennessee 2510:President 2458:, son of 2421:Louisiana 2409:demagogue 2342:Tennessee 2290:Louisiana 2174:Argentina 2114:Pensacola 2110:St. Marks 2106:Seminoles 2089:New Spain 1663:Quasi-War 1566:, 1821-26 1478:class of 1426:Aristotle 1410:classical 1382:Braintree 856:Signature 809:Education 788:Relatives 637:Braintree 566:In office 509:In office 455:In office 396:In office 355:In office 312:In office 230:In office 180:In office 170:14th 140:President 131:In office 74:In office 48:Portrait 24375:Politics 24194:J. Davis 24048:J. Davis 24027:I. Bates 23922:O. Baker 23872:I. Bates 23798:O. Baker 23683:I. Bates 23639:O. Baker 23491:I. Bates 23479:J. Davis 23300:J. Davis 23137:J. Davis 23009:I. Bates 22990:J. Davis 22835:I. Bates 22817:J. Davis 22734:J. Story 22723:E. Bacon 22713:J. Upham 22668:I. Green 22574:R. Cutts 22541:J. Lloyd 22469:I. Green 22370:R. Cutts 22214:P. Bruce 22187:R. Cutts 22007:Category 21941:(mother) 21935:(father) 21824:patriots 21740:Franklin 21695:Liberty! 21467:Life and 21078:Delegate 21066:Delegate 20649:Asa Gray 20022:Doughton 19912:Giddings 19884:Williams 19864:Stanford 19846:Thatcher 19730:Hamilton 19720:Zablocki 19705:Richards 19695:Richards 19645:C. Smith 19615:McCreary 19600:McCreary 19585:Williams 19535:Clingman 19515:T. Smith 19402:Sullivan 19397:Huntsman 19372:Vershbow 19305:Stoessel 19288:Thompson 19278:Thompson 19258:W. Smith 19253:Harriman 19248:Standley 19191:Rockhill 19151:C. Smith 19081:Appleton 19026:Buchanan 19021:Randolph 19011:Campbell 18915:Hoekstra 18880:Dornbush 18820:Matthews 18805:Hornbeck 18770:Phillips 18760:Van Dyke 18660:Bleecker 18615:J. Adams 18487:Kornblum 18445:Stoessel 18376:Schurman 18371:Houghton 18354:Leishman 18271:Bancroft 18241:Hannegan 18236:Donelson 18054:Brewster 18009:Harriman 17979:Houghton 17877:C. Adams 17867:Buchanan 17857:Lawrence 17852:Bancroft 17802:Lawrence 17797:Gallatin 17730:J. Adams 17661:At-large 17523:Chandler 17468:S. Davis 17408:Bradbury 17333:Lovering 17273:Mitchell 17258:Simpkins 17188:Gallivan 17168:Lovering 17163:E. Morse 17148:Robinson 17143:J. Adams 17048:Donnelly 17023:Flaherty 17013:Douglass 16998:Sullivan 16978:Coolidge 16963:Robinson 16943:Goodrich 16928:J. Adams 16908:B. Adams 16883:Bartlett 16878:Bradbury 16853:Delahunt 16818:Douglass 16743:Norcross 16698:Grinnell 16638:J. Allen 16628:Hastings 16473:T. Lyman 16408:Hastings 16288:Deitrick 16208:J. Adams 16108:Pressley 16048:Cogswell 16008:Boutwell 15993:Goodrich 15978:Grennell 15973:S. Allen 15933:Mitchell 15913:Ward Sr. 15863:W. Bates 15858:G. Bates 15833:Cogswell 15823:Lovering 15808:Thompson 15783:T. Davis 15773:G. Davis 15753:Grennell 15738:S. Allen 15728:J. Smith 15653:B. Morse 15623:Sh. Hoar 15608:L. Morse 15558:C. Allen 15543:J. Davis 15433:Mitchell 15423:Weymouth 15403:L. Morse 15363:Thompson 15353:Thompson 15343:Sa. Hoar 15308:Hastings 15283:Dearborn 15278:Sedgwick 15248:McGovern 15168:L. Morse 15133:Twichell 15118:C. Adams 15038:S. Lyman 15003:McGovern 14953:E. Morse 14903:Phillips 14848:W. Lyman 14843:Ward Sr. 14838:Sedgwick 14833:W. Lyman 14773:Heselton 14768:Treadway 14748:R. Davis 14708:S. Eliot 14703:Winthrop 14693:Winthrop 14683:Fletcher 14643:Ward Jr. 14628:J. Bacon 14623:Sedgwick 14613:Sedgwick 14503:S. Weeks 14493:Coolidge 14478:J. Weeks 14463:Boutwell 14453:Rockwell 14393:Sedgwick 14308:Washburn 14293:Winthrop 14062:Albright 13820:Buchanan 13745:Randolph 13621:Interior 13419:Treasury 13344:Winthrop 13318:Speakers 13306:Donelson 13302:Fillmore 13280:Fillmore 13250:Harrison 13210:Harrison 13201:Sergeant 12844:Treasury 12713:speakers 12688:Crawford 12661:Tompkins 12648:Tompkins 12386:Nominees 12344:Nominees 12302:Nominees 12235:Nominees 12120:Nominees 12085:campaign 12070:Nominees 11927:Nominees 11887:Nominees 11828:Nominees 11703:Nominees 11623:Nominees 11445:Bob Dole 11287:Al Smith 10899:Category 10801:Coolidge 10776:McKinley 9625:Category 9527:(sister) 9208:Life and 9180:Writings 8885:LibriVox 8834:Archived 8799: · 8728:56354007 8171:(2001). 7984:24913402 7380:cite web 7318:July 11, 5658:March 9, 4734:June 30, 4511:11615552 4247:April 5, 3971:See also 3732:UC Davis 3712:trousers 3531:cenotaph 3529:Adams's 3499:Congress 3436:gag rule 3047:and the 2993:Muscogee 2886:Missouri 2878:Kentucky 2851:General 2793:and the 2706:went to 2696:Virginia 2425:Maryland 2417:Illinois 2389:New York 2358:Virginia 2349:Delaware 2308:New York 2302:Missouri 2296:Maryland 2287:Kentucky 2284:Illinois 1836:Napoleon 1606:and the 1592:John Jay 1435:and the 1422:Plutarch 1353:gag rule 1343:and the 1211:Born in 1051:election 1032:election 748:Children 121:8th 64:6th 24337:Portals 24310:H. Mann 24291:A. Hale 24255:D. King 24144:A. Hale 24108:D. King 23976:D. King 23250:S. Hoar 22686:J. Dean 22650:O. Cook 22451:O. Cook 21751:Related 21404:Cabinet 21080:to the 21068:to the 20299:Cabinet 20123:Cabinet 20062:Conyers 20057:Dingell 20052:Whitten 20027:Rayburn 19997:Gillett 19978:Dalzell 19973:Bingham 19937:Randall 19889:Everett 19842:Hartley 19725:Fascell 19630:Perkins 19625:Cousins 19595:Belmont 19540:Hopkins 19500:Cushing 19495:Pickens 19470:Everett 19465:Forsyth 19460:Russell 19367:Collins 19357:Strauss 19330:Strauss 19325:Matlock 19320:Hartman 19233:Bullitt 19206:Francis 19141:Lothrop 19096:C. Clay 19091:Cameron 19086:C. Clay 19076:Pickens 19071:Seymour 19036:J. 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