481:, a substantial arched structure, carried the Pennsylvania Railroad across the Conemaugh River in the center of Johnstown. The debris carried by the flood, now including twisted steel rails, boxcars, entire buildings, and the bodies of the flood's victims, formed a temporary dam at the bridge, forcing the flood surge to roll upstream along the channel of the Stoney Creek River. Eventually, gravity caused the surge to return to the dam, resulting in a second wave that hit the city from a different direction. Some people who had been washed downstream became trapped in an inferno as the debris that had piled up against the bridge caught fire; at least eighty people died there. The fire burned for three days. After floodwaters receded, the pile of debris at the bridge was seen to cover 30 acres (12 ha), and reached 70 feet (21 m) in height. It took workers three months to remove the mass of debris, the delay owing in part to the huge quantity of barbed wire from the ironworks entangled with the wreckage.
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published in 2016 confirmed that the changes made to the dam by the South Fork
Fishing and Hunting Club severely reduced its ability to withstand major storms. Lowering the dam by as much as 3 feet (0.91 m) and failing to replace the discharge pipes at its base cut the dam's safe discharge capacity in half. This fatal lowering of the dam greatly reduced the capacity of the main spillway and virtually eliminated the action of an emergency spillway on the western abutment. Walter Frank first documented the presence of that emergency spillway in a 1988 ASCE publication. Its existence is supported by topographic data from 1889 which shows the western abutment to be about one foot lower than the crest of the dam remnants, even after the dam had previously been lowered as much as three feet by the South Fork Club. Adding the width of the emergency spillway to that of the main spillway yielded the total width of spillway capacity that had been specified in the 1847 design of William Morris, a state engineer.
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saw that the water was nearly cresting the dam. He quickly assembled a group of men to save the face of the dam by trying to unclog the spillway, where an iron grate and a broken fish trap had become obstructed with debris from the swollen waterline. Other men tried digging a ditch at the other end of the dam, on the western abutment which was lower than the dam crest. The idea was to let more water out of the lake to try to prevent overtopping of the crest in the center, where the dam was structurally weakest, but the effort was unsuccessful. Most men remained on top of the dam, some plowing earth to raise the crest above the water, while others tried to pile mud and rock on the face to save the eroding wall.
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in the past of the dam not holding against flooding, and most people felt the danger was not serious enough to warrant urgent delivery of the messages. Unger, Parke, and the rest of the men continued working until exhaustion to save the face of the dam; they abandoned their efforts at around 1:30 pm, fearing that their efforts were futile and recognizing that the dam was at risk of imminent collapse. Unger ordered all of his men to fall back to high ground on both sides of the dam where they could do nothing but watch and wait. During the day in
Johnstown, the situation worsened as water levels rose to as high as 10 feet (3.0 m) in the streets, trapping some people in their houses.
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546:(ASCE) appointed a committee of four prominent engineers to investigate the cause of the disaster. The committee was led by the esteemed James B. Francis, a hydraulic engineer best known for his work related to canals, flood control, turbine design, dam construction, and hydraulic calculations. Francis was a founding member of the ASCE and served as its president from November 1880 to January 1882. The committee visited the site of the South Fork Dam, reviewed the original engineering design of the dam and modifications made during repairs, interviewed eyewitnesses, commissioned a
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314:. Workers lowered the dam, which had been 72 feet (22 m) high, by 3 feet (0.91 m). These alterations are thought to have increased the vulnerability of the dam. Moreover, a system of relief pipes and valves, a feature of the original dam which had previously been sold off for scrap, was not replaced. The club had no way of lowering the water level in the lake in case of an emergency.
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modeling reveals that it likely took approximately 65 minutes for most of the lake to empty. The first town to be hit by the flood was South Fork, immediately downstream; the town was on high ground, and most of the people escaped by running up the nearby hills when they saw the dam spill over. Between twenty and thirty houses were destroyed or washed away, and four people were killed.
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tried to escape by running towards high ground, but most were hit by the surging floodwater in their homes and workplaces. Many people were crushed by pieces of debris, and others became caught in barbed wire from the wire factory upstream. Those who reached attics or roofs, or managed to stay afloat on pieces of floating debris, waited hours for help to arrive.
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518:, a man reported as presumed dead had survived; Leroy Temple returned to Johnstown eleven years after the disaster and revealed he had extricated himself from the flood debris at the Stone Bridge, walked out of the valley, and moved to Beverly, Massachusetts. After the revelation of Temple's survival, the official death toll was 2,208.
680:. Barton arrived on June 5, 1889, to lead the group's first major disaster relief effort; she did not leave for more than five months. Donations for the relief effort came from all over the U.S. and overseas. $ 3,742,818.78 was collected for the Johnstown relief effort from within the U.S. and 18 foreign countries, including
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bridge's arch. But within seven minutes, the viaduct collapsed, allowing the flood to resume its course. Owing to the delay at the stone arch, the flood waters gained renewed hydraulic head, resulting in a stronger, more abrupt wave of water hitting places downstream than otherwise might have been expected. The small town of
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According to records compiled by the
Johnstown Area Heritage Association, bodies were found as far away as Cincinnati, Ohio, and as late as 1911; 99 entire families died in the flood, including 396 children; 124 women and 198 men were widowed; 98 children were orphaned; and one third of the dead, 777
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In its final report, the ASCE committee concluded the dam would have failed even if it had been maintained within the original design specifications, i.e., with a higher embankment crest and with five large discharge pipes at the dam's base. This claim has since been challenged. A hydraulic analysis
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to send warnings to
Johnstown explaining the dangerous situation unfolding at the dam. Parke did not personally take a warning message to the telegraph tower – he sent a man instead. The warnings ultimately were not passed to the authorities in Johnstown, however, as there had been many false alarms
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On the morning of May 31, in a farmhouse on a hill just above the South Fork Dam, Elias Unger, president of the South Fork
Fishing and Hunting Club, awoke to the sight of Lake Conemaugh swollen after a night-long heavy rainfall. Unger ran outside in the still-pouring rain to assess the situation and
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formed over
Nebraska and Kansas. By the time this weather pattern reached western Pennsylvania two days later, it had developed into what would be termed the heaviest rainfall event that had ever been recorded in that part of the U.S. The United States Army Signal Corps estimated that 6 to 10 inches
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The ASCE committee completed their investigation report on
January 15, 1890, but its final report was sealed and not shared with other ASCE members or the public. At ASCE's annual convention in June 1890, committee member Max Becker was quoted as saying, "We will hardly report this session, unless
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in the town's railyard, engineer John Hess heard and felt the rumbling of the approaching flood. Throwing his locomotive into reverse, he raced backward toward East
Conemaugh, the whistle blowing constantly. His warning saved many people who reached high ground. When the flood hit, it picked up the
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Survivors of the flood were unable to recover damages in court because of the South Fork Club's ample resources. First, the wealthy club owners had designed the club's financial structure to keep their personal assets separated from it and, secondly, it was difficult for any suit to prove that any
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was left. The death toll here was approximately sixteen people. In 2009, studies showed that the flood's flow rate through the narrow valley exceeded 420,000 cubic feet per second (12,000 m/s), comparable to the flow rate of the
Mississippi River at its delta, which varies between 250,000 and
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John Parke, an engineer for the South Fork Club, briefly considered cutting through the dam's end near the abutments, where the pressure would be less, in order to create another spillway, but eventually decided against it as doing so would have quickly ensured the failure of the dam. Twice, under
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to temporarily replace the
Conemaugh Viaduct, which had been destroyed by the flood. The Pennsylvania Railroad restored service to Pittsburgh, 55 miles (89 km) away, by June 2. Food, clothing, medicine, and other provisions began arriving by rail. Morticians traveled by railroad. Johnstown's
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Fifty-seven minutes after the dam collapsed, the flood reached Johnstown. Residents were caught by surprise as the wall of water and debris bore down, traveling at speeds of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) and reaching a height of 60 feet (18 m) in places. Some people, realizing the danger,
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Individual members of the South Fork Club, millionaires in their day, contributed to the recovery in Johnstown. Along with about half of the club members, co-founder Henry Clay Frick donated thousands of dollars to the relief effort. After the flood, Andrew Carnegie built the town a new library.
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in 1969, contains the lyrics "What ever happened to those faces in the old photographs / I mean, the little boys / Boys? Hell they were men / Who stood knee deep in the Johnstown mud / In the time of that terrible flood / And they listened to the
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first call for help requested coffins and undertakers. The demolition expert "Dynamite Bill" Flinn and his 900-man crew cleared the wreckage at the Stone Bridge. They carted off debris, distributed food, and erected temporary housing. At its peak, the army of relief workers totaled about 7,000.
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analysis of the Lake Conemaugh basin reveals that it contained 14.55 million cubic meters (3.843 billion gallons) of water at the moment the dam collapsed. Witnesses reported that the lake took only 35–45 minutes to empty completely after the dam began to fail, though modern dam-breach computer
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In the years following the disaster, some survivors blamed the members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for their modifications to the dam that lowered its level and gradually blocked a spillway. They were also accused of failing to maintain the dam properly, so that it was unable to
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Continuing on its way downstream to Johnstown, 14 miles (23 km) by river to the west, the water picked up debris such as trees, houses, and animals. At the Conemaugh Viaduct, a 78-foot-high (24 m) railroad bridge, the flood was momentarily stemmed when debris jammed against the stone
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The Johnstown Flood was the worst flood to hit the U.S. in the 19th century, and to date, the worst to strike Pennsylvania. 1,600 homes were destroyed, $ 17 million in property damage levied (approx. $ 550 million in 2022), and 4 square miles (10 km) of downtown Johnstown were
118:, Pennsylvania, United States. The dam ruptured after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled the average flow rate of the Mississippi River, the flood killed 2,208 people and accounted for
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in the 1850s brought further industry to town, and eventually led to abandonment of the canal. By 1889, Johnstown's industries had attracted numerous Welsh and German immigrants to work. With a population of 30,000, it was a growing industrial community known for the quality of its steel.
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By the early 20th century, entertainers developed an exhibition portraying the flood, using moving scenery, light effects, and a live narrator. It was featured as a main attraction at the Stockholm Exhibition of 1909, where it was seen by 100,000 and presented as "our time's greatest
325:. Lake Conemaugh at the club's site was 450 feet (140 m) in elevation above Johnstown. The lake was about 2 miles (3.2 km) long, about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 60 feet (18 m) deep near the dam. The dam was 72 feet (22 m) high and 931 feet (284 m) long.
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effort. Support for victims came from all over the U.S. and eighteen foreign countries. After the flood, survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dam's owners. This led in the 20th century to American law changing from a
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Coleman, Neil M., Wojno, Stephanie, and Kaktins, Uldis. (2016). Dam-breach hydrology of the Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report. Paper No. 178-5. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 48, No. 7.
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The John Schultz house in Johnstown, Pennsylvania after the flood. Skewered by a huge tree uprooted by the flood, the house floated down from its location on Union Street to the end of Main. Six people, including Schultz, were inside the house when the flood hit; all
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Supporters of the memorial also believed it was important to gain control over the remaining buildings and property of the former South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, in order to have full interpretation. The area and contributing buildings were designated as the
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Davis T., C., Coleman, Neil M., Meyers, Reed A., and Kaktins, Uldis (2009). A determination of peak discharge rate and water volume from the 1889 Johnstown Flood (Presentation 76-10). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 41, No. 7,
470:. Of Woodvale's 1,100 residents, 314 died in the flood. Boilers exploded when the flood hit the Gautier Wire Works, causing black smoke seen by Johnstown residents. Miles of barbed wire became entangled with the rest of the debris in the flood waters.
838:, a severe thunderstorm dropped 11 inches (28 cm) of rain in eight hours on the watershed above the city and the rivers began to rise. By dawn, the city was under water that reached as high as 8 feet (2.4 m). Seven counties were declared a
1446:(1989), a historical fiction romance written about a young girl who rides the flood from South Fork to Johnstown and survives. She then works as a telegraph operator for the reporters flooding the town while advocating for the people living there.
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Coleman, Neil M., Wojno, Stephanie, and Kaktins, Uldis. (2017). The Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the Findings of the ASCE Investigation Report. Paper No. 29-10. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 49, No. 2.
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from the iron furnaces of the steel mills was dumped along the river to create more land for building and narrowed the riverbed. Developers' artificial narrowing of the riverbed to maximize early industries left the city even more flood-prone.
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completely destroyed. Debris at the Stone Bridge covered thirty acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged; they returned to full production within eighteen months.
1418:(2001), which tells the story of a romance between a member of the club's granddaughter and a man brought in to see if the dam was really in trouble. It follows him trying to convince the people of the danger and then the flood.
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particular owner had behaved negligently. Though the former reason was probably more central to the failure of survivors' suits against the club, the latter received coverage and extensive criticism in the national press.
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The total death toll from the flood was calculated originally as 2,209 people, making the disaster the largest loss of civilian life in the U.S. at the time. This number of deaths was later surpassed by fatalities in the
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As railroads superseded canal barge transport, the Commonwealth abandoned the canal and sold it to the Pennsylvania Railroad. The dam and lake were part of the purchase, and the railroad sold them to private interests.
303:, including Benjamin Ruff, to purchase the abandoned reservoir, modify it, and convert it into a private resort lake at a property for their wealthy associates. Many were connected through business and social links to
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Coleman, Neil M., Davis Todd, C., Myers, Reed A., Kaktins, Uldis (2009). "Johnstown flood of 1889 – destruction and rebirth" (Presentation 76-9). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 41, No. 7,
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was the next populated area to fall victim to the flood. One witness on high ground near the town described the water as almost obscured by debris, resembling "a huge hill rolling over and over". From his idle
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The high, steep hills of the narrow Conemaugh Valley and the Allegheny Mountains to the east restricted development of Johnstown, keeping it close to the riverfront areas. The valley received large amounts of
558:." Although many ASCE members clamored for the report, it was not published in the society's transactions until two years after the disaster, in June 1891. William Shinn, a former partner of industrialist
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Kaktins, Uldis, Davis Todd, C., Wojno, S., Coleman, N.M. (2013). Revisiting the timing and events leading to and causing the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Pennsylvania History, v. 80, no. 3, 335–363.
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Kaktins, Uldis, Davis Todd, C., Wojno, S., Coleman, N.M. (2013). Revisiting the timing and events leading to and causing the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Pennsylvania History, v. 80, no. 3, 335–363.
1397:(2011), a historical novel that proposes a theory of the involvement of Andrew Carnegie and other wealthy American industrialists in the Johnstown Flood, told through the lives of two survivors.
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Neither the club nor its members was ever held legally responsible for the disaster. This perceived injustice is considered to have aided the acceptance, in later cases, of a new definition of "
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dredged the Conemaugh River within the city and built concrete river walls, creating a channel nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) deep. Upon completion, the Corps proclaimed Johnstown "flood free".
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still-moving locomotive off the tracks and floated it aside; Hess himself survived, but at least fifty people died, including about twenty-five passengers stranded on trains in the village.
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1064:, a 1977 film was filmed in Johnstown. Renamed to the fictitious "Charlestown" for the film, there are several references to an also-fictitious "1938 flood", when the character Reg Dunlop (
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Coleman, Neil M., Kaktins, Uldis, and Wojno, Stephanie (2016). Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889 – challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report, Heliyon,
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Floods have continued to be a concern for Johnstown, which had major flooding in 1894, 1907, 1924, 1936, and 1977. The biggest flood of the first half of the 20th century was the
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uses time-reversal power to undo the flood and prevent the dam from breaking in the first place. One of a series of cartoons where he stops disasters that actually happened.
952:, which held that a non-negligent defendant could be held liable for damage caused by the unnatural use of land, foreshadowed the legal system's 20th-century acceptance of
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400:(150 to 250 mm) of rain fell in 24 hours over the region. During the night of May 30, small creeks became roaring torrents, ripping out trees and debris.
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1312:(1972), featuring a young girl as the main character, the book is inspired by the memoir of Gertrude Quinn (Slattery) who was age 6 at the time of the flood.
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from rain and snowfall. The area surrounding the city is prone to flooding due to its location on the rivers, whose upstream watersheds include an extensive
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1335:(1985), a mass market historical romance set in Johnstown. The characters Patricia and Cole try to reunite with each other and loved ones after the flood.
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series, when New York City is flooded in the episode "20,000 Leaks Under the City", Burne Thompson says it is the biggest story since the Johnstown Flood.
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Immediately downstream of Johnstown, the Conemaugh River is hemmed in by steep mountainsides for about 10 miles (16 km). A roadside plaque alongside
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Coleman, Neil M.; Wojno, Stephanie; Kaktins, Uldis (2017). "The Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the Findings of the ASCE Investigation Report".
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1432:(2014) portrays the Fishing and Hunting Club at its heyday, and then the main characters scramble for their lives in the flood at the novel's climax.
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Just before reaching the main part of Johnstown, the flood surge hit the Cambria Iron Works in the town of Woodvale, sweeping up railroad cars and
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605:, joint, and several liability," so that even a "non-negligent defendant could be held liable for damage caused by the unnatural use of land."
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magazine beginning in Dec 1962. It involved a Boy Scout troop discovering a time machine and travelling to Johnstown just prior to the flood.
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and Stoney Creek, which form the main stem of the Conemaugh River at their confluence in Johnstown, were threatening to overtop their banks.
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Francis, J.B.; Worthen, W.E.; Becker, M.J.; Fteley, A. (1891). "Report of the Committee on the Cause of the Failure of the South Fork Dam".
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features a teenage girl living in a small Pennsylvania town below an earthen dam in the 1930s; its events parallel the Johnstown Flood.
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Development included lowering the dam to make its top wide enough to hold a road for a carriageway and putting a fish screen in the
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321:, an exclusive and private mountain retreat. Membership grew to include more than fifty wealthy steel, coal, and railroad
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850:". Markers on a corner of City Hall at 401 Main Street show the height of the crests of the 1889, 1936, and 1977 floods.
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were both club members. Knox and Reed successfully argued that the dam's failure was a natural disaster which was an
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2170:"The worst natural disaster in Pennsylvania history was the Johnstown Flood of 1889, which killed over 2,000 people"
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https://archive.org/stream/StillCastingShadowsASharedMosaicOfU.s.HistoryVol.I1620-1914/StillCastingShadows1_djvu.txt
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The Bosses Club, The conspiracy that caused the Johnstown Flood, destroying the iron and steel capital of America
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1373:(1967) features two time travelers who were unable to warn the Johnstown population of the coming disaster.
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2252:"Arizona's 1890 dam disaster killed more than 100 people - The Prescott Daily Courier - Prescott, Arizona"
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in Johnstown is now operated by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association. It has adapted it for use as the
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189:, Pennsylvania was founded in 1800 by Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns (anglicized from "Schantz") where the
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Ruthless Tide: The Heroes and Villains of the Johnstown Flood, America's Astonishing Gilded Age Disaster
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2605:(2018). Springer International Publishing AG. 256 pp. 978-3-319-95215-4 978-3-319-95216-1 (eBook)
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Remains of the South Fork Dam abutment with US-219 downstream in the background as it appeared in 1980
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Gertrude Quinn Slattery, who survived the flood as a six-year-old girl, published a memoir entitled
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water, that awful noise / And then they put away the dreams that belonged to little boys."
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2764:"'It's still controversial': Debate rages over culpability of wealthy club members" by David Hurst
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precedent which had formerly been largely ignored in the United States. State courts' adoption of
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At Point Park in Johnstown, at the confluence of the Stonycreek and Little Conemaugh rivers, an
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Frank Shomo, the last known survivor of the 1889 flood, died March 20, 1997, at the age of 108.
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1411:(2013) which tells story of life at the lake, the flood and a coming together of the classes.
1305:(1897) as the disaster that destroyed the family of the minor character "Pennsylvania Pratt".
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Authorities averting looting on Main Street, as depicted in a June 15, 1889, illustration in
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The north end of the dam abutment and the farm of Elias Unger, now the visitor center of the
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Shelley Johansson of the Johnstown Flood Museum, "First Person: The Swedish Johnstown flood"
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featured the flood in her "To This Water (Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1889)", in her collected
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1845:"The South Fork Fishing & Hunting Club and the South Fork Dam", Johnstown Flood Museum
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electromechanical spectacle", and was probably the Johnstown Flood attraction at the 1908
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less than a year later, the Flood brought national attention to the issue of dam safety.
2724:"The Johnstown Flood", Greater Johnstown/Cambria County Convention & Visitors Bureau
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Remains of South Fork Dam showing construction details of the dam as it appeared in 1980
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1439:(2016) writes about two young women in present-day and Johnstown, Pennsylvania in 1889.
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orders from Unger, Parke rode on horseback to a telegraph office in the nearby town of
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1076:, a 1989 short documentary film which won the Best Documentary Academy Award in 1990.
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As a result of this criticism, in the 1890s, state courts around the country adopted
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1252:(published by Edgewood Publishing Co.), likely the first book account of the flood.
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Johnstown's Flood of 1889 – Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster
2278:"THE ARIZONA DISASTER.; MORE PEOPLE THAN REPORTED BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN DROWNED"
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Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster
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Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster
1361:, features two students assigned a project on the flood who travel back in time.
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3094:
2925:
2586:
1105:
847:
843:
717:
693:
681:
665:
591:
587:
583:
401:
372:
304:
282:
270:
226:
222:
178:
107:
1817:
173:
3465:
3185:
3114:
3058:
2790:
2777:
2582:
2453:
1425:(2014), a coming of age tale set against the backdrop of the Johnstown flood.
1221:
870:
839:
689:
579:
497:
A contemporary rendition of the Johnstown Flood scene at the Stone Bridge by
322:
139:
2526:
1200:(Issue #57, May 30, 2005), was largely based on the Johnstown Flood of 1889.
3317:
1797:
1638:
1457:
1404:(2012), a story of Pamela Gwynedd McCrae from 1889–1939 through flashbacks.
1234:
1053:
673:
130:
1778:
858:
3250:
3211:
2732:
Perils of a Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on Natural Disasters
2134:
Perils of a Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on Natural Disasters
1065:
656:
1889 view of Johnstown, Pennsylvania several months after the Great Flood
467:
300:
35:
2597:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 475.
522:
people, never were identified; their remains were buried at Johnstown's
317:
The Pittsburgh speculators built cottages and a clubhouse to create the
1492:
1481:
1354:
1315:
945:
799:
Copy of the preceding picture was resold 11 years later as part of the
595:
555:
547:
459:
2366:
2331:
891:. This includes a park and was established in 1969 and managed by the
3411:
3376:
3301:
3131:
2389:"Theater Loop – Chicago Theater News & Reviews – Chicago Tribune"
1931:, Willis Fletcher Johnson (1889), pp 61–64. Available on CD-ROM from
1911:"Johnstown Flood Museum: Pennsylvania Railroad Interview Transcripts"
1678:
1468:
1196:
1060:
1035:
598:. No legal compensation was ever paid to the survivors of the flood.
149:
The events have been commemorated nationally as well as locally. The
2804:
846:
failure. Another 50,000 were rendered homeless as a result of this "
3313:
3297:
3189:
2323:
2218:
1522:
550:
survey of the dam remnants, and performed hydrologic calculations.
482:
311:
1655:
Sid Perkins, "Johnstown Flood matched volume of Mississippi River"
612:
Popular feeling ran high, as is reflected in Isaac G. Reed's poem:
404:
were downed and rail lines were washed away. Before daybreak, the
3381:
3371:
3361:
3321:
3289:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3242:
3225:
3217:
3195:
3173:
2986:
2719:
Benefit event for Johnstown Flood Sufferers held on June 14, 1889
2037:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 89.
1867:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 65.
723:
446:
442:
438:
273:
between 1838 and 1853 as part of a cross-state canal system, the
1679:"Johnstown Flood National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)"
819:. That flood also reached Pittsburgh, where it was known as the
269:
High above the city, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built the
3356:
3351:
3346:
2750:
Google Earth view showing Johnstown and the South Fork Dam site
364:
May 5, 2013 view of the center section of the dam that gave way
2196:"Frank Shomo, Infant Survivor Of Johnstown Flood, Dies at 108"
1968:"Statistics about the great disaster", Johnstown Flood Museum,
575:
contain the additional water of the unusually heavy rainfall.
554:
pressed to do so, as we do not want to become involved in any
391:
1889 view of debris field with Stone Bridge in the left center
3436:
2637:
https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/Paper283665.html
2611:
https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2017NE/webprogram/Paper290358.html
538:
South Fork Dam legend showing construction details of the dam
425:
917:
122: (equivalent to about $ 580,000,000 in 2023) in damage.
3446:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3366:
3309:
2697:
1593:
Coleman, Neil M.; Kaktins, Uldis; Wojno, Stephanie (2016).
424:
Between 2:50 and 2:55 pm the South Fork Dam breached.
230:
2509:
2017:
3246:
3199:
3177:
1668:, Vol.176 #11, 21 November 2009, accessed 14 October 2012
1421:
Michael Stephan Oates wrote the historical fiction novel
2159:(in which, text-search for text "Mining a similar vein")
1322:(1979), set in 1890 and the final book in the series of
1156:, mentions a song titled "Night of the Johnstown Flood".
907:. It is also administered by the National Park Service.
887:
Portions of the Stone Bridge have been made part of the
862:
The former South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, now the
2020:
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers
450:
710,000 cu ft/s (7,000 and 20,000 m/s).
1799:
Disastrous floods and the demise of steel in Johnstown
664:
Working seven days and nights, workmen built a wooden
177:
The remaining abutment of the South Fork Dam with the
161:
was established in 1986. Both are administered by the
1988:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
1881:
1347:(2001), based on events of the flood. The book was a
1471:
recreates the Johnstown Flood set on another planet.
1248:
Willis Fletcher Johnson wrote in 1889 a book called
248:
1985:
1592:
229:of the Allegheny plateau. Adding to these factors,
763:View of lower Johnstown three days after the flood
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
16:Massive flood off Johnstown, Pennsylvania in 1889
3463:
2728:
2715:(Three Rivers Michigan) #45 Vol. XI June 7, 1889
2346:"Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List"
1308:Marden A. Dahlstedt wrote the young adult novel
738:A house almost completely destroyed in the flood
542:On June 5, 1889, five days after the flood, the
356:May 1889 view of the broken dam from the roadway
114:, 14 miles (23 km) upstream of the town of
88: (equivalent to about $ 580,000,000 in 2023)
2510:Boy Scouts of America, Inc (December 1, 1962).
201:. It began to prosper with the building of the
2427:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1573:
383:Wreck of Pullman cars and engines at Conemaugh
102:, occurred on Friday, May 31, 1889, after the
2820:
2460:, issue 41, 11 July 1909, at Runeberg website
715:(This was shown satirically in the 1978 book
582:in court by the firm of Knox and Reed (later
133:and with fifty volunteers, undertook a major
2407:
2405:
2064:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
1548:
1546:
1544:
638:Such was the price that was paid for— fish!
277:. Johnstown was the eastern terminus of the
3492:1889 natural disasters in the United States
2006:
1981:
1979:
1259:, published by National Publishing Company.
1104:"A True History of the Johnstown Flood" by
722:as "The morning after the final concert of
2827:
2813:
2469:
2136:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
1830:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1552:
1402:Waterproof: A Novel of the Johnstown Flood
1279:(1968), published by Simon & Schuster.
1094:, a part of the 2012 miniseries docudrama.
34:
2755:"Johnstown Flood', by Jeffrey J. Kitsko,
2402:
2301:
2131:
1795:
1650:
1648:
1628:
1618:
1541:
1194:Brian Booker's "A Drowning Accident", in
918:Effect on the development of American law
672:One of the first outsiders to arrive was
3472:19th-century floods in the United States
3008:Pennsylvania Highlands Community College
2769:, May 25, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
2581:
2057:
1976:
926:Location of the South Fork Reservoir at
921:
857:
651:
647:
533:
492:
386:
378:
367:
359:
351:
348:View of the lake bed from top of the dam
343:
332:
260:
252:
172:
2032:
1970:The Johnstown Area Heritage Association
1963:
1961:
1862:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1257:The Johnstown Horror or Valley of Death
1171:"The Pennsylvania Disaster", a poem by
514:. However, as pointed out by historian
3464:
1838:
1742:
1645:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1386:Paul Mark Tag's science fiction novel
1215:Donald Keith's science fiction serial
1023:
873:burns in memory of the flood victims.
636:All the horrors that hell could wish,
632:Lovers burnt and sweethearts drowned,
618:Butchered husbands, slaughtered wives
328:
3003:University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
2834:
2808:
2706:– Johnstown Area Heritage Association
2663:History of the Johnstown Flood (1889)
2550:
2187:
2090:""May 31, 1889 CE: Johnstown Flood",
1776:
1723:
1721:
1671:
1282:Weatherman and author Al Roker wrote
959:
825:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2193:
1958:
1763:
1729:"Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Historic"
1255:James Herbert Walker wrote the 1889
963:
905:National Register of Historic Places
807:
692:, Great Britain, Australia, and the
3049:Concurrent Technologies Corporation
2524:
2254:. November 18, 2015. Archived from
2230:Johnstown Area Heritage Association
1802:. Richard Burkert. Charleston, SC.
1506:
1242:
901:National Historic Landmark District
676:, the founder and president of the
544:American Society of Civil Engineers
319:South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club
181:bridge downstream in the background
159:South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club
155:National Historic Landmark District
110:, located on the south fork of the
98:, sometimes referred to locally as
13:
3517:History of Johnstown, Pennsylvania
3080:Pasquerilla Performing Arts Center
2557:. Pocket Books. pp. 431–432.
2302:Shugerman, Jed Handelsman (2000).
2244:
2058:Christie, Robert D. (April 1971).
1779:"The Cause of the Johnstown Flood"
1718:
1344:In Sunlight, In a Beautiful Garden
994:by removing the content or adding
630:Sent to heaven before their time;
620:Mangled daughters, bleeding sons,
375:'s spillway as it appeared in 1980
14:
3538:
3502:Dam failures in the United States
3110:Cambria County War Memorial Arena
2911:Johnstown Flood National Memorial
2691:
2685:Johnstown – The Day The Dam Broke
2428:thelondonphile (April 25, 2012).
2122:ISBN 978-0-671-20714-4. page 264.
1955:(David & Charles 1966), p.131
1891:(David & Charles 1966), p.129
1706:. The American National Red Cross
928:Johnstown Flood National Memorial
910:Combined with the failure of the
889:Johnstown Flood National Memorial
864:Johnstown Flood National Memorial
249:South Fork Dam and Lake Conemaugh
151:Johnstown Flood National Memorial
1482:Austin, Pennsylvania Dam Failure
1318:featured the flood in his novel
1188:
1134:", written by singer-songwriter
968:
823:. Following the 1936 flood, the
792:
780:
768:
756:
743:
731:
704:
529:
21:Johnstown Flood (disambiguation)
2575:
2544:
2518:
2503:
2482:
2463:
2447:
2421:
2381:
2359:
2338:
2295:
2270:
2162:
2150:
2125:
2112:
2082:
2051:
2026:
1945:
1922:
1903:
1894:
1856:
1789:
1749:"The Johnstown Flood Of 1889",
1523:"Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1904"
634:Darlings lost but never found!
622:Hosts of martyred little ones,
2735:. Cambridge University Press.
1929:History of the Johnstown Flood
1696:
1452:Star Trek: The Original Series
1250:History of the Johnstown Flood
830:The new river walls withstood
1:
3013:Greater Johnstown High School
2630:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00120
2514:. Boy Scouts of America, Inc.
2367:"20 000 Leaks Under the City"
2194:Pace, Eric (March 24, 1997).
1777:Frank, Walter Smoter (2004).
1620:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00120
1499:
1299:noted the flood in his novel
1290:
1160:
834:in 1972, but on the night of
153:was established in 1964. The
3085:Johnstown Symphony Orchestra
3028:Westmont Hilltop High School
2470:McGonagall, William (1889).
1400:Judith Redline Coopey wrote
1089:"Bloody Battles" episode of
1082:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
642:
445:in Mineral Point – only the
203:Pennsylvania Main Line Canal
7:
3023:Richland Senior High School
2472:"The Pennsylvania Disaster"
2430:"Franco-British Exhibition"
1796:Farabaugh, Patrick (2021).
1475:
1341:wrote the historical novel
616:Many thousand human lives-
10:
3543:
3064:Cambria Somerset Authority
2931:Allegheny Portage Railroad
2698:"Johnstown Flood Memorial"
2660:Johnson, Willis Fletcher.
2132:Zebrowski, Ernest (1998).
2118:McCullough, David (1968).
1553:McCullough, David (1968).
1461:(2006) (third part of the
1442:Jane Claypool Miner wrote
1407:Kathleen Danielczyk wrote
1325:The Kent Family Chronicles
1217:Mutiny in the Time Machine
1098:
930:in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
787:Ruins of the Hulbert House
578:The club was successfully
488:
299:led a group of Pittsburgh
197:rivers joined to form the
168:
18:
3507:Disasters in Pennsylvania
3342:
3335:
3169:
3162:
3123:
3072:
3036:
3018:Bishop McCort High School
2995:
2969:
2893:
2842:
2729:Ernest Zebrowski (1999).
2645:10.1130/abs/2016AM-283665
2619:10.1130/abs/2017NE-290358
2094:. Retrieved June 3, 2019"
2000:10.1130/abs/2017NE-290358
1972:. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
1393:Richard A. Gregory wrote
1351:Notable Book of the Year.
1114:Franco-British Exhibition
1091:The Men Who Built America
1034:, a 1926 American silent
990:Please help Knowledge to
903:in 1986 and added to the
853:
281:, supplied with water by
275:Main Line of Public Works
81:
73:
68:
60:
53:
33:
2226:"Johnstown Flood Museum"
1559:. Simon & Schuster.
1409:Summer of Gold and Water
1331:Rosalyn Alsobrook wrote
1209:Tales of Pain and Wonder
1165:
1124:
1052:, a 1946 animated film.
821:Pittsburgh Flood of 1936
801:1900 Galveston hurricane
569:
508:1900 Galveston hurricane
142:-based regime to one of
3522:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
2791:40.348556°N 78.775083°W
2700:, National Park Service
2594:Encyclopædia Britannica
2416:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1529:. World Digital Library
1416:The Wedding Quilt Bride
1264:Johnstown and Its Flood
775:Main Street after flood
3512:Floods in Pennsylvania
2916:The Johnstown Galleria
2906:Johnstown Flood Museum
2704:Johnstown Flood Museum
2554:Voyages of Imagination
2454:"Johnstowns undergång"
2033:Coleman, Neil (2018).
1994:(2). Paper No. 29-10.
1863:Coleman, Neil (2018).
1781:. Walter Smoter Frank.
1704:"Founder Clara Barton"
1437:The Woman in the Photo
931:
882:Johnstown Flood Museum
866:
657:
539:
502:
406:Little Conemaugh River
392:
384:
376:
365:
357:
349:
341:
339:Johnstown Flood Museum
279:Western Division Canal
266:
258:
182:
112:Little Conemaugh River
55:Meteorological history
2796:40.348556; -78.775083
2757:Pennsylvania Highways
2060:"The Johnstown Flood"
1786:, pp. 63–66, May 1988
1269:Historian and author
1183:Florence Earle Coates
1042:. A print is held at
925:
893:National Park Service
861:
655:
648:Immediately afterward
537:
496:
485:was eventually used.
390:
382:
371:
363:
355:
347:
336:
264:
256:
239:Pennsylvania Route 56
210:Pennsylvania Railroad
176:
163:National Park Service
3482:1889 in Pennsylvania
3146:The Tribune-Democrat
3090:Johnstown Blue Birds
3073:Entertainment/sports
2936:Cambria Iron Company
2921:Richland Town Center
2767:The Tribune-Democrat
2713:Three Rivers Tribune
2551:Ayers, Jeff (2006).
2258:on November 18, 2015
2120:The Johnstown Flood.
1464:Star Trek: New Earth
1430:Wealth and Privilege
1414:Colleen Coble wrote
1044:George Eastman House
992:improve this article
512:September 11 attacks
208:Construction of the
104:catastrophic failure
19:For other uses, see
3324:Faith & Family)
3139:All the Right Moves
3105:Johnstown Tomahawks
3044:AmeriServ Financial
2894:History/attractions
2787: /
2759:, January 27, 2015.
2671:The Johnstown Flood
2669:McCullough, David.
2369:. Allreadable. 1989
2306:Fletcher v. Rylands
2092:National Geographic
2022:. v. XXIV: 431–469.
1942:, Between the Lakes
1751:The Weather Channel
1611:2016Heliy...200120C
1556:The Johnstown Flood
1527:Library of Congress
1390:features the flood.
1302:Captains Courageous
1276:The Johnstown Flood
1073:The Johnstown Flood
1050:The Johnstown Flood
1031:The Johnstown Flood
1024:Film and television
1004:independent sources
941:Rylands v. Fletcher
817:flood of March 1936
626:Herod's awful crime
395:On May 28, 1889, a
329:Events of the flood
100:Great Flood of 1889
48:following the flood
30:
3153:Johnstown Magazine
2951:Staple Bend Tunnel
2946:Grandview Cemetery
2601:Coleman, Neil M.
2308:in the Gilded Age"
2282:The New York Times
2200:The New York Times
1938:2006-10-20 at the
1916:2013-03-29 at the
1850:2013-11-04 at the
1757:2013-12-26 at the
1660:2012-09-25 at the
1428:Jeanette Watts's
1377:Catherine Marshall
1359:The Flood Disaster
1273:'s first book was
1204:Caitlín R. Kiernan
1173:William McGonagall
960:Depiction in media
932:
867:
678:American Red Cross
658:
586:), whose partners
540:
524:Grandview Cemetery
503:
393:
385:
377:
366:
358:
350:
342:
267:
259:
214:Cambria Iron Works
183:
127:American Red Cross
28:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3331:
3330:
3124:Media/pop culture
2865:Richland Township
2836:City of Johnstown
2742:978-0-521-65488-3
2710:A Valley of Death
2588:"Johnstown"
2564:978-1-4165-0349-1
2476:McGonagall Online
2044:978-3-319-95215-4
1953:The Elements Rage
1889:The Elements Rage
1874:978-3-319-95215-4
1809:978-1-4671-5001-9
1784:Civil Engineering
1566:978-0-671-20714-4
1423:Wade in the Water
1367:'s fantasy novel
1357:'s fantasy novel
1310:The Terrible Wave
1219:was published in
1148:Bruce Springsteen
1144:Highway Patrolman
1021:
1020:
814:St. Patrick's Day
808:Subsequent floods
397:low-pressure area
92:
91:
40:Debris above the
3534:
3487:1889 meteorology
3340:
3339:
3167:
3166:
3100:Johnstown Chiefs
3054:DRS Technologies
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2746:
2598:
2590:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2312:Yale Law Journal
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:on July 18, 2014
2202:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:on July 10, 2019
2096:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2066:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1590:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1467:mini-series) by
1271:David McCullough
1243:Historical works
1179:By the Conemaugh
1146:", a track from
1016:
1013:
1007:
972:
971:
964:
954:strict liability
912:Walnut Grove Dam
878:Carnegie Library
796:
784:
772:
760:
747:
735:
708:
516:David McCullough
499:Kurz and Allison
297:Henry Clay Frick
289:behind the dam.
195:Little Conemaugh
144:strict liability
121:
87:
56:
38:
31:
27:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3527:May 1889 events
3497:Andrew Carnegie
3462:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3327:
3158:
3119:
3068:
3032:
2991:
2965:
2961:Conemaugh River
2901:Johnstown Flood
2889:
2838:
2833:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2743:
2694:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2504:
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2410:
2403:
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2259:
2250:
2249:
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2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2167:
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199:Conemaugh River
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135:disaster relief
119:
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1012:February 2024
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871:eternal flame
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840:disaster area
837:
836:July 19, 1977
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3477:1880s floods
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2956:Stone Bridge
2900:
2782:78°46′30.3″W
2779:40°20′54.8″N
2772:
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2756:
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2712:
2684:
2670:
2661:
2654:p. 216.
2650:p. 216.
2602:
2592:
2576:Bibliography
2553:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2531:Ploughshares
2530:
2520:
2512:"Boys' Life"
2505:
2495:February 15,
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2415:
2394:February 15,
2392:. Retrieved
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:February 15,
2349:. Retrieved
2340:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:November 10,
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2199:
2189:
2179:February 25,
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2091:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2063:
2053:
2034:
2028:
2019:
1991:
1987:
1969:
1952:
1947:
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1858:
1840:
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1750:
1744:
1734:February 15,
1732:. Retrieved
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1666:Science News
1665:
1602:
1598:
1555:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1462:
1458:Rough Trails
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1235:Ploughshares
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1152:
1136:John Stewart
1090:
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1054:Mighty Mouse
1049:
1038:directed by
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1009:
979:may contain
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944:, a British
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674:Clara Barton
671:
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624:(Worse than
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479:Stone Bridge
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219:
207:
185:The city of
184:
148:
131:Clara Barton
124:
99:
95:
93:
64:May 31, 1889
42:Stone Bridge
25:
2794: /
2536:November 4,
2527:"Fall 2023"
2490:"One Story"
2287:October 18,
2262:October 18,
1951:Lane, F.W.
1933:"Johnstown"
1887:Lane, F.W.
1710:January 25,
1683:www.nps.gov
1066:Paul Newman
548:topographic
468:barbed wire
301:speculators
3466:Categories
3163:Television
3059:Galliker's
2860:Brownstown
2843:Metro area
2458:Hvar 8 dag
2236:January 2,
1818:1260340723
1533:January 5,
1500:References
1493:Vajont Dam
1355:Peg Kehret
1316:John Jakes
1291:In fiction
1222:Boys' Life
1161:Literature
981:irrelevant
946:common law
596:Act of God
556:litigation
460:locomotive
418:South Fork
191:Stonycreek
74:Fatalities
3132:Slap Shot
2996:Education
2885:Daisytown
2850:Johnstown
1826:cite book
1469:L.A. Graf
1379:'s novel
1230:Privilege
1197:One Story
1061:Slap Shot
1036:epic film
996:citations
751:survived.
643:Aftermath
287:reservoir
205:in 1836.
187:Johnstown
129:, led by
116:Johnstown
46:Johnstown
3190:PBS Kids
3037:Industry
2880:Franklin
2875:Ferndale
2855:Westmont
2673:(1968);
2074:June 25,
1936:Archived
1914:Archived
1848:Archived
1755:Archived
1658:Archived
1639:27441292
1495:disaster
1489:disaster
1476:See also
1388:Prophecy
1153:Nebraska
1000:reliable
580:defended
510:and the
483:Dynamite
312:spillway
212:and the
61:Duration
3382:WHYU-FM
3372:WFGI-FM
3362:WCOA-FM
3318:Scripps
3312:, 47.6
3308:, 47.5
3304:, 47.4
3300:, 47.3
3296:, 47.2
3290:WKBS-TV
3282:, 23.4
3278:, 23.3
3265:WATM-TV
3257:, 10.4
3253:, 10.3
3251:Mystery
3249:, 10.2
3243:WTAJ-TV
3218:WWCP-TV
3204:Charge!
3196:WJAC-TV
3174:WPSU-TV
2987:CamTran
2977:Airport
2439:June 8,
2373:May 20,
2174:History
2104:June 3,
1688:May 28,
1630:4946313
1607:Bibcode
1599:Heliyon
1266:(1936).
1212:(1994).
1099:Theater
1079:In the
950:Rylands
724:The Who
690:Germany
489:Victims
447:bedrock
443:subsoil
439:topsoil
169:History
157:of the
106:of the
3357:W296ED
3352:W283CX
3347:W263AW
3302:Bounce
3292:(47.1
3267:(23.1
3245:(10.1
3235:, 8.4
3231:, 8.3
3210:, 6.4
3206:, 6.3
3202:, 6.2
3188:, 3.4
3184:, 3.3
3182:Create
3180:, 3.2
2982:Amtrak
2739:
2687:(1957)
2677:
2561:
2332:797576
2330:
2232:. 2020
2140:
2041:
1871:
1816:
1806:
1637:
1627:
1563:
1455:novel
1444:Jennie
854:Legacy
686:France
682:Russia
603:strict
501:(1890)
285:, the
223:runoff
82:Damage
3437:WXM33
3336:Radio
3298:Court
3284:Merit
3220:(8.1
3208:Comet
3198:(6.1
3186:World
3176:(3.1
2328:JSTOR
1909:JAHA
1381:Julie
1232:, in
1166:Poems
1125:Music
570:Legal
441:, no
426:Lidar
140:fault
77:2,208
3447:WYUP
3442:WYRA
3432:WRKW
3427:WQEJ
3422:WPCL
3417:WPAI
3412:WOWQ
3407:WNTJ
3402:WLKJ
3397:WLKH
3392:WKYE
3387:WJHT
3377:WGGI
3367:WCRO
3322:47.9
3314:Ion+
3310:Dabl
3280:Cozi
3273:23.2
3259:Grit
3255:Laff
2737:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2538:2023
2497:2017
2441:2021
2396:2017
2375:2017
2353:2017
2289:2022
2264:2022
2238:2020
2212:2010
2181:2024
2138:ISBN
2106:2019
2076:2020
2039:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1832:link
1814:OCLC
1804:ISBN
1736:2017
1712:2015
1690:2021
1635:PMID
1561:ISBN
1535:2014
1449:The
1002:and
876:The
590:and
477:The
231:slag
193:and
125:The
94:The
3306:Ion
3294:COR
3276:Fox
3269:ABC
3247:CBS
3237:Get
3233:TBD
3229:ABC
3226:8.2
3222:Fox
3212:CW+
3200:NBC
3178:PBS
2641:doi
2639:.
2626:doi
2615:doi
2613:.
2320:doi
2316:110
1996:doi
1625:PMC
1615:doi
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998:to
726:.")
718:MAD
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