2311:
374:
2327:
2541:
2516:
2491:
1996:. Totems include turtles, snakes, and dragons, and worshiped ancestors include the mythical figures of Song Sang, Song En, Zhang Liang, and Zhang Mei. However, the Kam have been influenced by Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism through historical contacts with the Han. This influence is mainly seen in regards to ancestor worship, funeral rites, and certain festivals like the Spring and Dragon Boat Festivals. The Kam also use rice grains, bamboo roots, snails, and chicken bone, eyes, blood, and eggs for divination. Today,
32:
2292:
1499:, and households (known as "kitchens"), respectively from largest to smallest in size. Village elders were traditionally the village leaders, although the government replaced these elders with village heads from 1911 to 1949. Kam society was also traditionally matriarchal, as can be evidenced by the cult of the goddess Sa Sui (Geary 2003:88). Before the advent of the Han Chinese, the Kam had no surnames, instead distinguishing each other by their fathers' names.
1305:
382:
284:, but none were successful in the long run. The Qing developed extensive irrigation systems in the area and rice harvests increased significantly but this mostly benefited the local landlords. The Kam were further exploited after the first Opium War of 1840–1842 by western forces, capitalists, landlords, usurers and Qing officials.
287:
As a consequence of these events, many Kam helped or joined the
Chinese Communists soon after its founding in 1921. They supplied food and resources to the Red Army as it passed through Guangxi during the Long March. Some Kam also allied with the People's Liberation Army through establishing guerilla
2182:
Sorcery can be performed in private. There are many purposes of sorcery, such as repelling evil spirits, recovering the soul of a disturbed child, exacting revenge on enemies, and inducing love. Voodoo dolls, borrowed from the
Chinese, are made so that pins can be stuck onto them, with the person's
1552:
Weddings last three days and are first held at the bride's family's home. The bride is later sent to the groom's home, where an afternoon reception and all-night feast then ensue. The next day there is a "blocking the horse" ceremony where the hosts block the guests while singing songs. The bride
273:. Some scholars (mainly Chinese) also believe that the Kam were a branch of the Bai Yue from the first century CE. The Bai Yue inhabited the Yangze River basin after the collapse of the Yue Kingdom around the first century CE which led to the establishment of many small chiefdoms.
299:
is marked by innumerable tensions and conflicts between the Han
Chinese and non-Han minority groups. Today, many Kam are assimilating into mainstream Chinese society as rural Kam move into urban areas, resulting in intermarriage with the Han Chinese and the loss of the
1547:
where a man gives a woman a gift, with the woman expected to make excuses to test her suitor. The token is usually a minor gift without much monetary value. However, it is highly important symbolically, as it is the equivalent of an engagement ring in
Western
2148:, as this might cause materials to diminish for the new year. On this day, floors should not be swept, rubbish should not be thrown out, friends should not be visited, arguments should be avoided, and knives should not be used to cut food.
1729:
The Kam people cultivate dozens of varieties of glutinous rice (known locally as "Kam" or "good" rice). The Han
Chinese cultivate non-glutinous rice, which is called "Han (Chinese) rice" by the Kam. Supplementary foods inclusive
304:. However, various attempts to preserve Kam culture and language have been very successful, and improving living conditions in rural Guizhou may entice local Kam villagers to stay rather than move to major urban areas.
1811:. Major economic activities include carpentry and the manufacture of silverwork and wickerwork. Baskets and other wickerwork are usually made by men. Baskets can be made from five types of plant materials, namely
244:
who occupied much of southern China. Kam legends generally maintain that the ancestors of the Kam migrated from the east. According to the migration legends of the
Southern Kam people, their ancestors came from
2090:
Traditional Kam religion uses many taboos, omens, and fetishes. The fetishes are usually plant parts such as tree branches, reeds, leaves, and roots. Some of the taboos and superstitions are listed below.
288:
units against the forces of Chiang Kai-Shek. After 1949, infrastructure was quickly developed in Kam areas. Schools, roads, small factories and more were built. Many Kam also became government officials.
1638:
Starting on the road – A red cock is killed, and the corpse is removed from the dream bed and placed into a coffin. White headcloths are worn by the mourners (also practiced by the Han
Chinese).
1397:
Kam oral literature contains a rich array of legends and folk tales. Many of these popular tales are about the leaders of past uprisings (Geary 2003:218). Celebrated leaders include:
2798:
1656:
Returning to the mountain – The sons return to the grave to build a grave-mound. The dead person is called to "go back home" to live at the altar to the family's ancestors.
1650:
Placing the coffin into the "well" – A chicken is killed and prayers are said. The chicken is then lowered into the grave and pulled back out again for later consumption.
2179:
Rituals involving supernatural elements include dragon dances, spring buffalo dances, and fire prevention ceremonies where ash is placed in boats and sent downstream.
1800:(another glutinous rice snack). The giant salamander is a rare local specialty. Two hot meals (breakfast and dinner) and one cold meal (lunch) are served every day.
2082:
peoples, which included the Kam. The legendary founders of the Kam people, Zhang Liang and Zhang Mei, are often called upon to help with illnesses and disasters.
1672:
An average-size Kam village has 200–300 homes, although the smallest ones have only 10–20 and the largest ones have more than 1,000. Kam villages typically have:
1565:
The "stepping-over-the-threshold person," the first person to enter the home where the child was born, will influence the child's future personality and success.
3940:
2183:
name and birth date written on them. The doll is then buried underground after being inserted into a clay pot. White cocks can be used for revenge sorcery.
2711:
Sinicization: at the crossing of three China regions, an ethnic minority becoming increasingly more
Chinese: the Kam People, officially called Dong People
2310:
2686:
2776:
1336:
2664:
2108:
Children cannot have haircuts before the age of one month old. The locks of hair from the first haircut must be stored and not be disposed of.
2020:
Sa Ma Qing Sui, or Sa Sui, is the most important deity in Kam mythology. Sa Sui is a female deity who may have originally been a land goddess.
2650:
2715:
Sinisation: à la limite de trois provinces de Chine, une minorité de plus en plus chinoise: les locuteurs kam, officiellement appelés Dong
1706:
Drum towers – usually found only in southern Kam areas today. Drum towers may be village towers or extended-family towers (Geary 2003:47).
354:
are the languages most closely related to Kam. Historically, Northern Kam has been influenced by
Chinese much more than has Southern Kam.
1774:
Ducks: 2–4 per household (about half of all households). Ducks tend to destroy rice seedlings and are thus less preferable than chickens.
1792:. Other popular local dishes and condiments include barbecued fish, intestines sauce, purple blood pork, chicken-blood sauce, oil tea,
1619:
Drinking clear tea – Three spoonfuls of "clear tea" and a small pieces of silver are placed into the recently deceased person's mouth.
1390:
are highly popular among the Kam and are performed by local troupes. Two famous Kam playwrights are Wu Wencai (1798–1845), author of
1344:
2361:, ed. K.L. Adams and T.J. Hudak, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 101–133. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. Expand.
2170:
A recently deceased person will rise up if a cat jumps over them. Therefore, all domesticated animals must be kept away from them.
1553:
typically resides at her parents' house for a few months or even years. Silver jewellery is passed onto the bride by her mother.
276:
The first explicit mention of the Kam (or Dong) people come from Ming dynasty sources. Many Kam rebellions took place during the
2326:
1803:
The Kam-speaking area is famous for its fir wood. Fir from the Kam area was used to build the ships of 15th-century explorer
2769:
3904:
2102:
Pregnant women cannot participate in marriage ceremonies or arrangements, visit sick acquaintances, or sacrifice to gods.
2607:
2155:
should not be played between the sowing and transplanting of rice seedlings, since it could attract plagues of insects.
3945:
2748:
2624:
2603:
2580:
2466:
2391:
1424:– Led a 1397 rebellion but was later executed. Popular among the Northern Kam and is commemorated by an ancient tree.
2704:
1586:
Wrapping the hands – The child's hands are wrapped to help prevent him or her from stealing things later on in life.
3914:
2595:
2167:
Leaving home on the 7th, 17th, or 27th day of the month is unlucky. (This custom is also practiced by the
Chinese.)
2161:
While hunting, the names of animals should not be shouted so that the mountain god is not aroused to protect them.
2762:
2105:
Women cannot give birth in their mothers' home. There are many other childbirth-related taboos and superstitions.
1777:
Geese: 2–4 per household (about one-tenth of all households). They are recent introductions from the Han Chinese.
338:
distinguishes three Kam varieties as separate but closely related languages: Northern Dong , Southern Dong , and
3950:
2785:
571:
166:
2111:
Coffins cannot have any metal objects inside them, since departed souls fear metal objects, especially copper.
1718:
527:
2291:
3817:
2123:
The meat of crows or dead wild animals with unknown causes of death bring bad luck and should not be eaten.
1703:
Village entrances – to protect against intruders, and also are where "blocking the way" ceremonies are held
1583:
Building a "bridge" – Three wooden planks are lined up side by side to express goodwill to passing people.
365:
was developed in 1958, but it is not much in use due to a lack of printed material and trained teachers.
373:
2554:
2138:
Main entrances of two houses should not directly face each other as this will cause severe quarreling.
1663:
are transferred from the deceased mother to her eldest brother or the eldest brother's representative.
2540:
2515:
2490:
3879:
3198:
1808:
3742:
3097:
1608:, Kam funerals are highly elaborate. People who died from unnatural causes (e.g., accidents) are
2357:
Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. 2001, "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands", in
1612:, while those who died from natural causes are buried. Burial consists of the following phases:
1568:
Several fir trees are planted at the birth which are gifted at age 18 for marriage and new home.
186:
3730:
3458:
3168:
2876:
2806:
1580:
Homage expressed to the land god for the birth of a male child (practiced by the Northern Kam).
3470:
2847:
325:
2571:
D. Norman Geary, Ruth B. Geary, Ou Chaoquan, Long Yaohong, Jiang Daren, Wang Jiying (2003).
2457:
D. Norman Geary, Ruth B. Geary, Ou Chaoquan, Long Yaohong, Jiang Daren, Wang Jiying (2003).
2078:
Snakes are highly revered and are often thought to have been the progenitors of the ancient
1771:
Chickens: 2–20 per household. Hens raised by the Kam generally lay around 100 eggs per year.
1659:"Transferring the sons" (if the dead is female) – This is a ceremony in which the duties of
3909:
3884:
3182:
2643:
2630:
2266:
2164:
Fish swimming upstream are protected by the gods, and catching one will result in bad luck.
8:
3935:
3851:
1883:
1754:
is cultivated for textile production. Generally the Kam occupy lower-lying land than the
1713:
Popular scenic spots in Kam-speaking territories are the Jiudong region, Liudong region,
162:
3780:
3750:
3666:
3244:
3176:
1932:" of the Kam people who led a rebellion in the 19th century, is celebrated on this day.
1714:
1315:
The Kam people are internationally renowned for their polyphonic choir singing, called
394:(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population.)
2120:
Chopsticks should not be tapped on bowls, as this is reminiscent of beggars' behavior.
3812:
3773:
3755:
2968:
2815:
2620:
2599:
2584:
2576:
2462:
2387:
2298:
2193:(Hmong) shamanism. One major duty of shamans is to recover the souls of sick people.
2065:"Wind-and-water trees" (i.e., trees with magic qualities) and ancient evergreen trees
1941:
1595:
First eating of meat dipped in wine at six months old – considered a major milestone.
1347:
since 2009. Kam choral songs include nature songs, narratives, and children's songs.
1308:
358:
339:
2099:, since they must wait around nine years before giving birth to their first infants.
357:
The Kam language has no traditional script of its own. The Kam people sometimes use
3830:
3807:
3760:
3677:
3588:
3355:
3345:
3289:
3278:
2951:
2927:
2835:
2145:
1852:
1320:
482:
209:
193:
142:
97:
31:
3867:
3841:
3802:
3717:
3684:
3671:
3422:
3340:
2981:
2932:
2830:
2725:
2709:
2252:
1953:
1834:
In recent years, tourism has become a major source of income for the Kam people.
1739:
1616:
Receiving the breath – listening for last words and the person's the last breath.
505:
347:
147:
3889:
3872:
3698:
3643:
3502:
3497:
3440:
3380:
3325:
3143:
3137:
3127:
3038:
3017:
2866:
2861:
2359:
Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
2262:
2141:
It is best to move into new houses at night when the village is already asleep.
2096:
1967:
1919:
King Lin's Day – commemorates Lin Kuan, a northern-Kam hero of the 14th century
1859:
1812:
1785:
549:
351:
205:
3656:
3537:
3929:
3625:
3611:
3577:
3549:
3531:
3485:
3479:
3417:
3405:
3295:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3032:
2896:
2885:
2528:
2503:
2478:
1647:
Going up the mountain – Coffins are usually placed high up on a mountainside.
37:
3846:
3822:
3786:
3765:
3691:
3661:
3651:
3618:
3603:
3543:
3517:
3432:
3253:
3218:
3206:
3106:
3082:
3075:
3026:
3006:
2992:
2976:
2677:
2225:
2221:
2117:
Names are not to be called out when a corpse is being carried to its grave.
2005:
1981:
1660:
1415:
1405:
362:
343:
313:
301:
281:
277:
270:
122:
93:
1577:
Visit from the female relatives on the third day or so; gifts are brought.
3632:
3571:
3559:
3554:
3524:
3395:
3260:
3212:
3132:
3122:
3117:
2999:
2938:
2921:
2909:
2902:
2891:
2841:
2754:
2735:
2719:
2190:
1755:
1605:
292:
241:
2583:. (The two main authors are affiliated with the linguistic organization
1430:– Wu revolted in the 1740 to resist grain taxes, but was killed in 1741.
1354:, or many-part, songs) can be sung by one or many people. They include:
3834:
3565:
3491:
3446:
3365:
3350:
3267:
3233:
3226:
3150:
2855:
2824:
2533:
2508:
2483:
2211:) (1907–1984), the first senior general of the People's Liberation Army
1929:
1816:
1747:
1351:
334:
109:
3157:
2957:
2945:
2186:
1789:
1609:
1541:
where the courtship is one-to-one and the songs are more spontaneous.
250:
246:
201:
2722:, 359 pages, Guy Trédaniel editor, Paris, France, published in 1998.
2126:
Unmarried men should not eat pig feet, since pigs have split hooves.
1992:
The Kam people are traditionally polytheistic with many elements of
240:
The Kam are thought to be the modern-day descendants of the ancient
3360:
3300:
3273:
2001:
1963:
1804:
377:
Kam-Dong (red) and Sui (purple) autonomous prefectures and counties
262:
133:
1625:"Washing" the corpse – The corpse is covered with wet money paper.
1304:
3710:
3412:
3400:
3390:
3370:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
2671:
2658:
2333:
2317:
2302:
2152:
2114:
Corpses should not be placed inside coffins during rainy weather.
2016:
Some deities and sacred natural phenomena are also listed below.
1993:
1891:
1820:
385:
Distribution of the Dong and other Kam-Sui ethnic groups in China
381:
317:
296:
258:
182:
174:
77:
69:
61:
3704:
3597:
3375:
3335:
3305:
3283:
3188:
2915:
2274:
2270:
2261:) (1987–), gold medalist in the 10 meter synchronized platform
2129:
New houses should not be built if a neighbor has recently died.
2079:
1997:
1971:
1828:
1824:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1535:
where men and women sing songs and recite poems to one another.
1340:
266:
254:
152:
2158:
Meeting a pregnant woman while hunting is considered bad luck.
1561:
The birth of a child is complemented by the following events:
3724:
3452:
3427:
3385:
3112:
2986:
2202:
1731:
1632:
1592:
First eating of fermented rice at the age of about one month.
1387:
178:
170:
73:
65:
2135:
Wood struck by lightning cannot be used for building houses.
2698:
1653:
Holding the funeral receptions – Lunch and dinner are held.
1380:
1365:
81:
1434:
Popular folk tales are listed below. They can be found in
1404:– An ancient figure, whose legend dates possibly from the
1858:
One-day work-related festivals, where chicken, fish, and
1694:
Wells surrounded by stone rims and usually dug near trees
1644:
Holding the memorial ceremony – Presents are distributed.
1628:
Putting on the graveclothes – Old clothes are taken off.
1519:
Multiple townships / large portion of the Kam population
204:
skills and unique architecture, in particular a form of
2727:
Sinicization of the Kam (Dong People), a China minority
2132:
Pregnant women should not watch new houses being built.
295:
peoples generally get along well today, the history of
2668:
article about the Kam of Dimen, Liping County, Guizhou
2189:
is practiced by the Kam and bears many parallels with
1879:
There are four harvest festivals which last 1–3 days.
261:. The Northern Kam maintain that their ancestors fled
1761:
Animals frequently raised by the Kam people include:
192:
They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice (
2044:
Sun and moon worship (derived from Chinese religion)
1709:
Altars to Sa Sui, the main deity of the Kam pantheon
2657:; in Chinese; pages are not correctly displayed in
1984:is also historically popular among the Kam people.
126:
2731:Sinisation d'une minorité de Chine, les Kam (Dong)
2035:A love deity actually consisting of five male gods
2749:NPR story about Kam folk songs, featuring Amy Tan
2144:Nothing should be bought on the first day of the
3927:
2606:. (Translated from Chinese by D. Norman Geary.)
1796:(glutinous rice snack sweetened with liana) and
1738:, vegetables, plums, peaches, pears, mushrooms,
1528:Traditional courtship consists of three phases:
1466:The frog and the swallow (rice agriculture tale)
1780:Fish: raised in fish-ponds and sometimes hunted
1571:Neighbors are invited and bring food and gifts.
1842:Below is a list of traditional Kam festivals.
1688:Wayside pavilions with wooden or stone benches
2770:
2690:
2575:. (London / New York, RoutledgeCurzon 2003).
2461:. (London / New York, RoutledgeCurzon 2003).
2256:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2215:
2206:
185:. Small pockets of Kam speakers are found in
36:Ethnic Kam women and man in holiday dresses.
3941:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
1574:Announcing the birth to the mother's family.
2738:, 95 pages, s.n. editor, published in 1994.
2085:
1905:Commemoration of lovers killed by lightning
611:Qiandongnan Miao Dong autonomous prefecture
2784:
2777:
2763:
2386:. New York: Routledge. pp. 408, 409.
2243:) (1945–), Pastor for the Golden Singers (
1724:
1697:Fish-ponds, traditionally communally owned
2590:Long, Yaohong and Zheng, Guoqiao (1998).
2573:The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen
2459:The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen
1523:
1516:Single township / entire local rural area
1472:The singing tree (origin of singing tale)
1335:in English. The Kam Grand Choir has been
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
1928:Best Weather Day – Jiang Yingfang, the "
1414:– Leader of a 1378 rebellion during the
1327:), which can be literally translated as
1303:
380:
372:
361:to represent the sounds of Kam words. A
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2381:
2059:Two fire spirits: one good and one evil
1788:, sour (pickled) food, hot pepper, and
3928:
2619:. Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社).
2384:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2174:
2011:
1784:The "four pillars" of Kam cuisine are
1589:First haircut at the age of one month.
1475:Liang Niangni (origin of singing tale)
1022:Enshi Tujia Miao autonomous prefecture
132:
2758:
2613:Cic deenx Gaeml Gax / Dòng-Hàn cídiǎn
1691:Bullfighting arenas, which are fields
208:known as the "wind and rain bridge" (
2594:. Dallas: SIL International and the
2400:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
1700:Racks for drying grain and granaries
1622:Buying water for washing the corpse.
1248:Jingzhou Miao Dong autonomous county
390:County-level distribution of the Kam
56:Regions with significant populations
3905:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
2706:(Steven Frost's photos of Zhaoxing)
2592:Language in Guizhou Province, China
1679:-style wooden houses (stilt houses)
1311:, the largest Dong village in China
13:
2316:Autumn festival in Chengyangqiao,
216:). The Kam people call themselves
14:
3962:
2637:
2598:Publications in Linguistics 126.
2364:
1685:Covered ("wind-and-rain") bridges
1506:and is practiced at four levels.
1448:Ding Lang and the dragon princess
1394:, and Zhang Honggan (1779–1839).
3910:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
2596:University of Texas at Arlington
2539:
2514:
2489:
2325:
2309:
2290:
2196:
1765:Water buffalo: 1–3 per household
1631:Arranging the "dream bed" – The
1364:Love songs – accompanied by the
137:), officially known in China as
30:
2646:(government website in English)
1977:Bull intestines eating festival
1469:The dog (rice agriculture tale)
1230:Zhijiang Dong autonomous county
1212:Xinhuang Dong autonomous county
984:Rongshui Miao autonomous county
966:Sanjiang Dong autonomous county
908:Longshenggezu autonomous county
368:
2644:The Kam (Dong) ethnic minority
2631:The Kam (Dong) ethnic minority
2547:
2522:
2497:
2472:
2351:
1667:
1350:One-part songs (as opposed to
1266:Tongdao Dong autonomous county
1136:Chengbu Miao autonomous county
572:Songtao Miao Autonomous County
173:. They live mostly in eastern
157:
16:Ethnic group of southeast Asia
1:
2565:
1491:and are further divided into
1445:The unfriendly eldest brother
528:Yuping Dong Autonomous County
169:officially recognized by the
2655:Lectures on the Kam language
2095:Not marrying in the Chinese
2032:Three family prosperity gods
1837:
1457:Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai
1345:intangible cultural heritage
7:
2555:"A bullet train to nowhere"
2382:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
2041:Spirit of the sky and earth
1987:
1641:Digging the "well" (grave).
1635:is played during the vigil.
1599:
1502:Kam common law is known as
1478:Lou Niang (drum tower tale)
307:
10:
3967:
2280:
2220:) (1975–), singer for the
2008:are practiced by the Kam.
1482:
1418:due to drought and famine.
1299:
235:
171:People's Republic of China
3900:
3860:
3795:
3741:
3642:
3587:
3469:
3243:
3197:
3167:
3096:
3048:
3016:
2967:
2875:
2814:
2805:
2792:
2691:
2257:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2216:
2207:
2062:Large stones and boulders
2004:, and to a lesser extent
1947:Sweet rice cakes festival
1936:Miscellaneous festivals:
1324:
213:
197:
146:
108:
103:
92:
87:
60:
55:
50:
45:
29:
3946:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
3880:Local ethnic nationalism
2799:recognized ethnic groups
2611:Ōu Hēngyuán 欧亨元 (2004).
2344:
2086:Taboos and superstitions
2023:Village entrance goddess
1845:Two new year festivals:
1809:Great Hall of the People
1758:and are thus wealthier.
1682:Ancient and sacred trees
1556:
1545:Exchanging a token phase
2029:Land gods and goddesses
1912:Remembrance festivals:
1872:Washing water buffaloes
1768:Pigs: 1–3 per household
1725:Agriculture and economy
1717:, Pingdeng region, and
1487:Kam clans are known as
1442:The two orphan brothers
1436:The Kam People of China
127:
3915:Historic ethnic groups
2786:Ethnic groups in China
2699:Photos of Kam villages
2617:Kam–Chinese dictionary
2332:Kam covered bridge in
1908:Gaoba Singing Festival
1524:Courtship and marriage
1451:Zhu Lang and Niang Mei
1312:
386:
378:
3951:Ethnic groups in Laos
2701:(website in Japanese)
2071:Rice seedling spirits
2068:Water buffalo spirits
2047:Thunder and lightning
1319:in the Kam language (
1307:
384:
376:
291:Although the Kam and
2682:(mouth organ) parade
2651:Dòngyǔ jiǎngzuò 侗语讲座
2267:2004 Summer Olympics
1954:Dragon Boat Festival
1940:Tidying the graves (
1897:Cultivating new land
1539:Deepening love phase
1438:by D. Norman Geary.
187:Tuyên Quang Province
2666:National Geographic
2649:Zhèng Guóqiáo 郑国乔:
2175:Magic and shamanism
2012:Spirits and deities
1944:or "tomb sweeping")
1901:Singing festivals:
1884:Mid-Autumn Festival
1533:Early meeting phase
1454:Shan Lang and E Mei
76:; small pockets in
26:
2633:, www.china.org.cn
2074:Fruit tree spirits
2053:Rivers and streams
2038:Banishing-evil god
1604:Like those of the
1313:
926:Liuzhou prefecture
590:Tongren prefecture
568:Tongren prefecture
546:Tongren prefecture
524:Tongren prefecture
502:Tongren prefecture
478:Tongren prefecture
461:(whole prefecture)
457:Tongren prefecture
387:
379:
359:Chinese characters
165:and one of the 56
22:
3923:
3922:
3092:
3091:
2585:SIL International
2537:(25th ed., 2022)
2512:(25th ed., 2022)
2487:(25th ed., 2022)
2097:Year of the Tiger
1958:Zongba Festival (
1942:Qingming Festival
1715:Chengyang village
1343:as a world-class
1297:
1296:
115:
114:
70:Guangxi provinces
40:, Guizhou, China.
3958:
3781:Tajiks (Pamiris)
2812:
2811:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2694:
2693:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2362:
2355:
2329:
2313:
2294:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2146:Chinese New Year
1853:Chinese New Year
1740:mandarin oranges
1513:Several villages
1326:
1176:Hecheng district
812:Congjiang county
794:Rongjiang county
593:Wanshan District
483:Bijiang District
437:(whole province)
433:Guizhou province
426:Total population
397:
396:
323:
215:
199:
159:
150:
136:
130:
46:Total population
34:
27:
21:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3896:
3868:Han nationalism
3856:
3803:African Chinese
3791:
3737:
3638:
3583:
3465:
3423:Sichuan Mongols
3239:
3193:
3163:
3088:
3044:
3012:
2963:
2871:
2801:
2788:
2783:
2640:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2401:
2394:
2380:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2295:
2283:
2199:
2177:
2088:
2014:
1990:
1875:Eating new rice
1869:Planting cotton
1840:
1727:
1670:
1602:
1559:
1526:
1485:
1329:Kam Grand Choir
1302:
686:Zhenyuan county
506:Jiangkou County
406:Prefecture/city
371:
321:
310:
238:
41:
24:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3890:Zhonghua minzu
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2723:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2684:
2675:
2662:
2647:
2639:
2638:External links
2636:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2609:
2588:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2546:
2521:
2504:Dong, Southern
2496:
2479:Dong, Northern
2471:
2399:
2392:
2363:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2297:Drum tower in
2296:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2250:
2235:
2212:
2198:
2195:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:Bridge goddess
2024:
2021:
2013:
2010:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1968:glutinous rice
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1922:A Dianlong Day
1920:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1860:glutinous rice
1856:
1855:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1813:glutinous rice
1786:glutinous rice
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:Single village
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:Mourning songs
1375:
1372:
1371:Drinking songs
1369:
1362:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:Hongjiang city
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:Huitong county
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:Xinning county
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:Suining county
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:Hunan province
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:Xuan'en county
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:Hubei province
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:Rong'an county
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
889:
882:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:
865:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:Danzhai county
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
830:Leishan county
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:Jinping county
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:Tianzhu county
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:Cengong county
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:Shibing county
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:Shiqian County
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
481:Tongren City (
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
429:
428:
423:
421:Kam population
418:
413:
408:
403:
392:
391:
370:
367:
363:Latin alphabet
309:
306:
282:Qing dynasties
237:
234:
206:covered bridge
163:Kam–Sui people
134:[kɐ́m]
113:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
90:
89:
85:
84:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
35:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3963:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3743:Indo-European
3740:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3406:Upper Mongols
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3098:Austroasiatic
3095:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:(in French)/
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:(in French)/
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2678:Photo of Kam
2676:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:7-105-06287-8
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:1-55671-051-8
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:0-7007-1501-0
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2467:0-7007-1501-0
2464:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2393:1-57958-468-3
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:Notable Dongs
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1970:, similar to
1969:
1965:
1962:is a type of
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:Fireworks Day
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1719:Yuping region
1716:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:Bride's songs
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
961:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
905:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
868:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
776:Liping county
775:
773:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
758:Jianhe county
757:
755:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
719:
717:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
701:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
683:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
668:Sansui county
667:
665:
663:
662:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
645:
644:
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
614:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
383:
375:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
319:
315:
305:
303:
298:
294:
289:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
271:locust swarms
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
203:
195:
190:
188:
184:
181:and northern
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:ethnic groups
164:
160:
154:
149:
144:
140:
135:
129:
124:
120:
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:Liping County
33:
28:
3829:
3823:Kaifeng Jews
3779:
3772:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3596:
3576:
3564:
3542:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3490:
3478:
3451:
3439:
3288:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3181:
3169:Austronesian
3156:
3149:
3142:
3105:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3037:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2956:
2944:
2937:
2920:
2908:
2901:
2884:
2877:Lolo-Burmese
2854:
2840:
2823:
2807:Sino-Tibetan
2794:
2751:, April 2008
2742:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2679:
2665:
2654:
2616:
2612:
2591:
2572:
2549:
2532:
2524:
2507:
2499:
2482:
2474:
2458:
2383:
2358:
2353:
2226:Happy Avenue
2222:Chinese rock
2214:Wu Hongfei (
2185:
2181:
2178:
2089:
2077:
2015:
2006:Christianity
1991:
1982:Bullfighting
1980:
1959:
1935:
1911:
1900:
1878:
1866:Sowing seeds
1857:
1849:Kam New Year
1844:
1841:
1833:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1760:
1728:
1712:
1676:
1671:
1661:filial piety
1603:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1416:Ming dynasty
1411:
1406:Tang dynasty
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1368:or niutuiqin
1358:
1349:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1314:
1154:Huaihua city
1153:
1152:
1076:
1021:
1020:
998:
925:
924:
885:
884:
862:
610:
456:
432:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
369:Distribution
356:
333:
332:) language.
329:
314:Kam language
311:
302:Kam language
290:
286:
275:
239:
229:
225:
221:
217:
191:
189:in Vietnam.
156:
138:
118:
116:
19:Ethnic group
3667:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2736:Jean Berlie
2720:Jean Berlie
2237:Sen Fluke (
1888:Pumpkin Day
1862:are eaten.
1748:watermelons
1668:Environment
1606:Miao people
1392:Mei Liangyu
1091:63,274,173
1013:59,508,870
886:Guilin city
877:43,854,538
448:35,247,695
330:Zhuang–Dong
293:Han Chinese
269:because of
242:Rau peoples
139:Dong people
3936:Kam people
3930:Categories
3873:chauvinism
3852:Pakistanis
3835:Chaoxianzu
3447:Sogwo Arig
3366:Muumyangan
3351:Khishigten
3199:Hmong-Mien
3151:Vietnamese
2795:Underlined
2566:References
2534:Ethnologue
2509:Ethnologue
2484:Ethnologue
1966:made from
1930:Robin Hood
1916:Girls' Day
1817:cogongrass
1408:(618–907).
1352:polyphonic
1333:Grand song
1167:4,639,738
1044:Enshi city
1035:3,775,190
939:3,522,322
899:4,614,670
632:Kaili city
623:3,844,697
470:3,302,625
335:Ethnologue
328:(Chinese:
177:, western
119:Kam people
110:Polytheism
3751:Armenians
3672:Ili Turks
3268:Dongxiang
2952:Qixingmin
2848:subgroups
2836:Chuanqing
2797:: the 56
2687:Kam Bible
2187:Shamanism
2050:Mountains
1925:Jiaxu Day
1838:Festivals
1790:rice wine
1548:cultures.
1428:Wu Jinyin
1317:Kgal Laox
620:1,207,197
445:1,628,568
326:Tai–Kadai
322:lix Gaeml
251:Guangdong
247:Guangzhou
202:carpentry
161:), are a
88:Languages
51:2,960,293
3842:Macanese
3813:Japanese
3774:Russians
3756:Iranians
3652:Altaians
3589:Tungusic
3361:Khuuchid
3356:Khorchin
3346:Kharchin
3301:Abaganar
3274:Hamnigan
3245:Mongolic
3177:Filipino
2982:Gyalrong
2529:Cao Miao
2299:Zhaoxing
2002:Buddhism
1988:Religion
1964:dumpling
1807:and the
1805:Zheng He
1610:cremated
1600:Funerals
1422:Lin Kuan
1309:Zhaoxing
1293:485,061
1275:206,327
1257:245,444
1239:334,229
1221:241,690
1203:331,392
1185:346,522
1145:241,517
1127:557,120
1109:339,235
1071:335,984
1053:755,725
993:425,608
975:304,149
957:283,029
917:160,796
857:135,400
839:132,004
821:301,513
803:300,369
785:458,533
767:189,085
749:190,429
731:348,302
713:187,734
695:222,766
677:170,167
659:137,171
641:433,236
582:547,488
560:334,508
538:126,462
516:189,288
494:308,583
401:Province
340:Cao Miao
308:Language
263:Zhejiang
104:Religion
3861:Related
3831:Koreans
3808:Indians
3761:Nepalis
3731:Western
3711:Uyghurs
3612:Manchus
3503:Tai Nua
3498:Tai Lue
3471:Kra–Dai
3459:Eastern
3441:Monguor
3413:Onnigud
3401:Torghut
3391:Khoshut
3381:Dzungar
3371:Naimans
3341:Khalkha
3331:Jalaids
3321:Chahars
3316:Buryats
3311:Baarins
3290:Mongols
3279:Kangjia
3183:Gaoshan
3039:Tibetan
3018:Tibetic
2969:Qiangic
2928:Laomian
2867:Waxiang
2862:Longjia
2816:Sinitic
2680:lusheng
2672:Amy Tan
2659:Mozilla
2336:, China
2334:Guangxi
2320:, China
2318:Guangxi
2303:Guizhou
2281:Gallery
2265:at the
2253:Li Ting
2153:lusheng
1994:animism
1892:Lusheng
1823:grass,
1821:Guangxi
1815:straw,
1794:gongguo
1744:pomelos
1483:Society
1463:Mei Dao
1460:Suo Lao
1412:Wu Mian
1402:Xing Ni
1321:Chinese
1300:Culture
1272:156,719
1236:175,030
1218:193,678
1200:173,947
1164:808,155
1088:842,123
972:170,248
936:229,162
874:303,139
863:Guangxi
818:123,270
800:115,295
782:324,867
728:235,241
607:Guizhou
602:54,674
587:Guizhou
565:Guizhou
557:101,990
543:Guizhou
521:Guizhou
499:Guizhou
491:104,051
475:Guizhou
467:376,862
453:Guizhou
324:) is a
318:autonym
297:Guizhou
259:Guangxi
236:History
210:Chinese
194:Chinese
183:Guangxi
175:Guizhou
143:Chinese
98:Chinese
78:Vietnam
62:Guizhou
3847:Nivkhs
3796:Others
3787:Wakhis
3718:Uzbeks
3705:Tuvans
3685:Kyrgyz
3678:Kazakh
3644:Turkic
3626:Oroqen
3598:Evenks
3578:Zhuang
3550:Qabiao
3532:Maonan
3486:Buyang
3480:Bouyei
3376:Oirats
3336:Jaruud
3326:Gorlos
3306:Aohans
3284:Khatso
3189:Utsuls
3144:Ta'ang
3069:Jingpo
3062:Derung
3049:Others
3033:Sherpa
2933:Laopin
2916:Kucong
2886:Achang
2831:Caijia
2674:(2008)
2623:
2615:侗汉词典 (
2602:
2579:
2465:
2390:
2275:Greece
2271:Athens
2263:diving
2080:Baiyue
1998:Taoism
1972:zongzi
1960:Zongba
1829:rattan
1827:, and
1825:bamboo
1798:bianmi
1752:Cotton
1746:, and
1736:millet
1677:Ganlan
1388:Operas
1359:Duo Ye
1341:UNESCO
1337:listed
1323::
1290:26,360
1254:63,962
1182:10,370
1106:13,973
1068:46,817
1050:17,187
1032:67,440
1010:69,947
990:48,020
914:42,718
896:48,166
764:65,170
746:94,537
710:61,006
692:71,800
638:22,099
599:40,130
579:14,025
535:98,757
513:17,011
411:County
348:Maonan
267:Fujian
255:Wuzhou
212::
196::
158:Dòngzú
155::
153:pinyin
145::
3885:Minzu
3766:Daman
3725:Yugur
3699:Tatar
3692:Salar
3662:Dolan
3633:Sibes
3619:Nanai
3604:Solon
3544:Mulao
3518:Gelao
3453:Yugur
3428:Sunud
3418:Ordos
3386:Khoid
3296:Abaga
3254:Bonan
3219:Hmong
3207:Gejia
3138:Pakan
3118:Kunge
3113:Bolyu
3107:Blang
3083:Tujia
3076:Lhoba
3027:Monpa
3007:Qiang
2993:Nakhi
2987:Mosuo
2977:Baima
2743:Audio
2670:, by
2345:Notes
2224:band
2203:Su Yu
2056:Wells
1732:maize
1633:suona
1557:Birth
1383:songs
1361:songs
1269:75.96
1251:26.06
1233:52.37
1215:80.13
1197:52.49
1161:17.42
1142:3,498
1065:13.93
987:11.28
969:55.98
954:8,303
911:26.57
854:1,452
836:2,752
815:40.88
797:38.38
779:70.85
761:34.47
743:49.64
725:67.54
707:32.50
689:32.23
674:83193
671:48.89
656:3,464
617:31.40
596:73.40
554:30.49
532:78.09
488:33.72
464:11.41
416:% Kam
352:Mulao
230:Gaeml
179:Hunan
128:Gaeml
74:China
66:Hunan
3818:Jews
3657:Äynu
3572:Yang
3560:Shan
3538:Nùng
3511:Dong
3433:Urad
3396:Olot
3261:Daur
3213:Miao
3133:Mang
3123:Khmu
3056:Deng
3000:Pumi
2939:Lisu
2922:Lahu
2910:Jino
2903:Hani
2897:Bisu
2892:Akha
2692:侗文圣经
2621:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2246:幸福大街
2231:幸福大街
2191:Miao
2151:The
1756:Miao
1504:kuan
1497:gong
1381:Pipa
1366:pipa
1325:侗族大歌
1287:5.43
1179:2.99
1139:1.45
1121:0.05
1103:4.12
1085:1.33
1047:2.27
1029:1.79
1007:0.12
951:2.93
933:6.51
893:1.04
871:0.69
851:1.07
833:2.08
653:2.53
635:5.10
576:2.56
510:8.99
442:4.62
350:and
312:The
280:and
278:Ming
265:and
253:and
226:Jeml
222:Geml
117:The
82:Laos
80:and
68:and
25:Dong
3566:Sui
3555:Rau
3492:Dai
3234:Yao
3227:She
3128:Lai
2856:Hui
2842:Han
2825:Bai
2531:at
2506:at
2481:at
2269:at
2240:裕虹虹
2217:吴虹飞
1894:Day
1489:dou
1339:by
1331:or
1124:283
344:Sui
228:or
218:Kam
214:风雨桥
200:),
198:香禾糯
123:Kam
94:Kam
23:Kam
3932::
3525:Li
3158:Wa
2958:Yi
2946:Nu
2734:,
2718:,
2587:.)
2402:^
2366:^
2301:,
2273:,
2258:李婷
2208:粟裕
2000:,
1974:.)
1831:.
1819:,
1750:.
1742:,
1734:,
1721:.
1495:,
1493:ji
346:,
342:.
320::
257:,
249:,
232:.
224:,
220:,
151:;
148:侗族
131:,
125::
96:,
72:,
64:,
3837:)
3833:(
2778:e
2771:t
2764:v
2695:)
2689:(
2661:)
2653:(
2627:.
2557:.
2469:.
2396:.
2255:(
2249:)
2234:)
2228:(
2205:(
485:)
316:(
141:(
121:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
