418:. On 7 June, workers encircled factory demanding for their wages and their share of the workers' participatory fund. Being unhappy with the unity of labour at the time, the State ordered a shootout on peaceful protestors. Police started firing on the workers and three workers killed. Among casualties was a leading figure of Muttahida Mazdoor Federation Shoaib Khan, next morning workers from all industrial estates of the city gathered at Khan's funeral which turned into a procession. This procession of workers began from Benaras Chowk and at the crossroads, police opened fire as marchers walked onto the main road killing ten workers and injuring dozens. These events triggered a mass workers' strike and over 900 units were closed. Nearly, in all factories of Karachi red and black flags raised. This strike had paralyzed all industrial zones and in 12 days of strike factories' production reduced to half. This strike finally ended on 18 June when a tribunal was set up by a High court judge with objectives to take action against responsible. However, a brutal repression of workers followed and 1200 were arrested and put into Karachi Jail.
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taken over by right-wing. In order to divide the movement, Bhutto even tried to form his own trade union by the name of the
Peoples Labour Federation. Even Bhutto went too far to justify his ruthless action against industrial workers by propagating that these unions had foreign agents working to destabilize the country. He also threatened the workers of the country that if they did not end their protest, "the strength of the street will be met by the strength of the state".
44:
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The
Benaras Chowk was renamed as Shaheed Chowk (Matyr's Square) by workers and in the late 1980s it was renamed as Bacha Khan Chowk. A Shaheed Mazdoor Yadgari Committee has been set up which holds various public meeting to commemorate martyr workers. At graveyard of SITE area a memorial monument has
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Although Bhutto introduced labour laws for the welfare of workers and their families however in reality legislation at the time was the real cause of damage to labour and trade union movement. He effectively repressed trade unions and students' movement effectively and gradually these movements were
406:
From
January 1972, strikes and lockouts in Karachi became routine. Workers started occupying their factories and an important takeover was of Dawood Mills Karachi, which was led by Aziz-ul-Hasan and Riaz Ahmed. According to official estimates during five months between January and May 150 factories
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was tortured and lost much of his eyesight. The State further repressed trade movement in country through amending labour laws through a
Presidential order in October 1974. This ordinance received much acclamation from industrial class as it allowed them to crush unions. This labour movement slow
450:
The next years of Bhutto regime saw these scenes repeated throughout country and there was no industrial zone of
Pakistan, where workers didn't suffer crackdowns, State occupation of trade unions and massacres of workers' militant leaders. Notably Karachi's movement leader Bawar Khan was brutally
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Both these incidents took place under Bhutto's government. He was sworn in as prime minister on
December 19, 1971 and on February 10, 1972, he announced a labour policy which the trade unions rejected, because they expected much more, given his election campaign promises. People were getting
386:'s initial anti-industrialist and socialists agenda encouraged a sense of elation among workers. They intensified their demands and during first months of 1972, whole country engulfed with periodic lockouts and encirclement of industries. Among them notable struggles were "
433:
The conflict in Landhi started over wage demands in a government run machine tool factory. The protest spread to neighbouring textile mills and finally paramilitary forces literally bulldozed their way into a mill. Four persons were killed in the firing that took
425:, when striking workers occupied mills and refused to resume work, on 18 October the police and military used bulldozers to break factory walls and firing upon workers. Army supervised and ensured that workers were back to work and 100 workers killed.
378:. The military regime continued to repress the working class movement and tried to prevent strikes and lockouts. Around 45,000 workers in Karachi alone were retrenched during Yahya Khan's tenure (1969-1971). Labour militancy increased as new regime of
387:
370:, the industrial class had given free rein and working class suffered. Labour activists were arrested and tried in military courts and trade unions were curbed. Uprising of workers and students during
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to intervene. During this period workers were brutally killed, put into jail and shameful tactics were employed at police stations where trade union activists were allegedly sexually assaulted.
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were encircled. Even newspapers carried threats of factories closures from industrialists if this labour unrest did not stop. Desperate appeals were made to
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down by 1975 because all union were implicated in several cases. In 1977, Bhutto regime was overthrown by
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610:"Public Authority and Local Resistance: Abdur Rehman and the industrial workers of Lahore, 1969–1974"
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The
Strength of the Street Meets the Strength of the State: The 1972 Labor Struggle in Karachi
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A trade unionist
Karamat Ali in an interview described movement's reasons in following words;
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impatient, which is why they mobilised in large numbers prompting Bhutto to use force.
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464:, which unleashed new attacks on working class and Zia era remained darkest period in
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The unrest began on 6 June 1972 with workers protest at Feroz Sultan Mills located at
703:"Pakistan's Other Story: 6. Witness to Revolution – Veterans of the 1968-69 upheaval"
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Iqbal Khan, Pakistan Forum, Vol. 2, No. 11 (Aug., 1972), pp. 4–8 Published by:
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911:"Pakistan's Other Story: 7. War and Reformism – Lessons of a Derailed Revolution"
859:"Pakistan's Other Story: 7. War and Reformism – Lessons of a Derailed Revolution"
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1063:, Pakistan Forum, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Dec., 1972), pp. 13–14+16, Published by:
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782:"Frontier, Pathan colonies on Karachi's map, but not on authorities' minds"
525:"The 1968-9 Pakistan Revolution: a students' and workers' popular uprising"
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1045:, Pakistan Forum, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Nov., 1972), pp. 5–6, Published by:
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1054:, Pakistan Forum, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Nov., 1972), p. 7, Published by:
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935:"Muzaffargarh police claim busting inter-provincial dacoits gang"
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been constructed with "Mazdoor
Shaheed" words inscribed on it.
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Khan, Iqbal (1972). "From Pathan Colony to a
Workers' State".
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978:"Tributes paid to martyrs of 1972 labour movement in Karachi"
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A photo of the monument commemorating the Martyred workers
585:"Strength of the street: Karachi 1972 - Kamran Asdar Ali"
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Behind the Headlines: Dawoods: Empire and the Terror
834:"Pakistan: Bloody Origins of the Z.A. Bhutto Regime"
958:"The courageous crusaders who refused to bow down"
388:Emergence of a worker-led court under Abdur Rehman
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762:"Fallen heroes of 1972 labour crusade honoured"
294:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1012:, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Feb., 2005), pp. 83–107
374:toppled Ayub Khan and power was taken over by
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1065:Middle East Research and Information Project
1056:Middle East Research and Information Project
1047:Middle East Research and Information Project
1038:Middle East Research and Information Project
1029:Middle East Research and Information Project
1020:Middle East Research and Information Project
1010:International Journal of Middle East Studies
429:of 19 October 1972 reported the incident:
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1016:Behind the Headlines: Take-over of Valika
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318:Learn how and when to remove this message
499:"Lessons of history | ePaper | DAWN.COM"
1025:Koh-E-Noor Rayon under Workers' Control
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1043:Who is Sabotaging Production?
884:Economic and Political Weekly
675:"Labour movement in Pakistan"
650:"Labour Movement in Pakistan"
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18:Karachi labour unrest of 1972
608:Malik, Anushay (July 2018).
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1085:Labour movement in Pakistan
1080:Labour disputes in Pakistan
648:www.zaa.cc, Zaa Normandin.
554:"Labour: The Unkindest Cut"
342:in its industrial areas of
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909:Khan, Lal (29 May 2009).
857:Khan, Lal (29 May 2009).
701:Khan, Lal (22 May 2009).
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409:the President of Pakistan
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372:1968 movement in Pakistan
216:Federal Capital Territory
1125:1972 murders in Pakistan
882:"The Legacy of Bhutto".
356:occupied their factories
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366:Under military rule of
344:S.I.T.E Industrial Area
30:Part of a series on the
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380:Pakistan Peoples Party
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890:(13): 574–578. 1978.
529:marxistleftreview.org
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1008:, Kamran Asdar Ali,
615:Modern Asian Studies
523:Bellingham, Justen.
206:Independent Pakistan
1100:Politics of Karachi
466:trade union history
462:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
457:Meraj Muhammad Khan
384:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
451:tortured in jail,
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298:You can assist by
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143:Muhammad bin Qasim
53:Prehistoric period
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231:Demographics
734:(11): 4–8.
423:Landhi Town
392:Kot Lakhpat
308:August 2024
62:Mulri Hills
1074:Categories
963:2018-09-20
940:2018-09-20
920:2018-09-20
868:2018-09-20
843:2018-09-20
816:2018-09-20
787:2018-09-20
767:2018-09-20
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684:2018-09-18
659:2018-09-18
594:2018-09-18
589:libcom.org
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509:2018-09-18
481:References
376:Yahya Khan
362:Background
300:editing it
113:Barbarikon
446:Aftermath
416:SITE Town
368:Ayub Khan
330:In 1972,
108:Minnagara
80:Allahdino
811:Newsline
679:DAWN.COM
558:Newsline
332:Pakistan
236:Violence
123:Banbhore
896:4366485
748:2568979
348:Korangi
336:Karachi
103:Krokola
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402:Events
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