205:. In 1633, Kong and Geng fled Shandong via the sea. After fighting several naval battles against Ming and Korean forces along the way, they landed in Liaodong with about 14,000 followers. They then switched allegiance to the Manchu Later Jin dynasty, and presented their Dengzhou artillery to the khan,
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trapped and executed Mao
Wenlong in 1629. Although Yuan had hoped to recruit Mao's followers into the regular Ming army, some including Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming refused to join him. Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming had close relationship, some historical sources indicate that they were sworn
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instead. In
February 1632, Kong Youde attacked Sun's garrison at Dengzhou, where Geng Zhongming was stationed. Geng turned on Sun Yuanhua, and Dengzhou fell to Kong Youde's assault. Among the casualties of the battle were several of the Portuguese artillery specialists from Macau who had been
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training the Ming troops. Kong and Geng took the
Western cannons. Sun was allowed to leave unharmed, but was subsequently executed for desertion after arriving at the Ming capital of
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Kong Youde was illiterate, but was known for his ferocity and martial skills in battle. He was a loyal follower of the semi-independent warlord Mao
Wenlong, who operated in
126:. Together, the three were known as the "Three Miners from Shandong" and participated in many campaigns under the Qing dynasty, hastening the demise of the Ming.
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209:. Their former associate under Mao Wenlong, Shang Kexi, soon joined them in 1634. Hong Taiji renamed the Later Jin dynasty to the Qing dynasty in 1636.
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264:. But it is unclear what he introduced as Zhanyi Gate exactly was, and in fact Kong's body was buried outside Fucheng Gate(阜成門) in Beijing.
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276:. This claimed descent, repeated in his Qing era biographies, was likely a fabrication. It was rejected by the officially recognized
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under nominal Ming supervision. In an effort to unify Ming forces on the northern frontier under a single command structure, general
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In 1652, Kong Youde was battling
Southern Ming armies in Guangxi when he was outflanked by the Ming loyalist general
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to work for Sun
Yuanhua. While serving in Dengzhou, Kong and Geng were among the officers who learned to use the new
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Statecraft and
Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633)
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forces throughout the 1640s as the Qing dynasty consolidated its control over China proper, notably in
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laid siege to the northern fortress of
Dalinghe. Sun ordered Kong Youde to reinforce Ming general
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197:. The Ming court responded by sending a force under the command of Zu Dashou's brother-in-law,
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The Great
Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
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429:"Migrants and Mutineers: The Rebellion of Kong Youde and Seventeenth-Century Northeast Asia"
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married
General Sun Yanling and supported his participation of the
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After capturing Dengzhou, Kong Youde besieged the Ming garrison at
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82:: kung ioo de; died August 7, 1652) was a Chinese adventurer and
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in Shandong, and he was barred by the family from entering the
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in 1634. Kong, Geng, and Shang Kexi all participated in the
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Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
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until Mao's death in 1629. Subsequently, he worked for
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256:. Having nowhere to escape, Kong committed suicide in
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466:; Engelfriet, Peter Mark; Blue, Gregory (2001),
86:military officer who served under the warlord
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217:Kong Youde participated in the invasion of
225:. Kong and Shang also participated in the
272:Kong Youde claimed to be a descendant of
534:United States Government Printing Office
237:. Kong Youde continued fighting against
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376:Jami, Engelfriet & Blue 2001
178:loot the surrounding countryside
576:Han Chinese Plain Red Bannermen
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293:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
223:second Manchu invasion of Korea
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501:University of California Press
427:Agnew, Christopher S. (2009),
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571:Suicides in the Qing dynasty
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278:descendants of Confucius
168:In September 1631, the
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110:in 1631, Kong and Geng
156:Sun had obtained from
561:Ming dynasty generals
551:Qing dynasty generals
518:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
491:Wakeman, Frederic Jr.
284:to pay his respects.
282:Cemetery of Confucius
523:"K'ung Yu-tê"
414:, pp. 523–524.
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108:Battle of Dalinghe
170:Later Jin dynasty
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235:Shun dynasty
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213:Later career
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135:Early career
120:Qing dynasty
84:Ming dynasty
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18:Chinese name
556:1652 deaths
289:Kong Sizhen
92:Sun Yuanhua
88:Mao Wenlong
22:family name
545:Categories
510:0520048040
412:Agnew 2009
299:References
254:Li Dingguo
231:Li Zicheng
207:Hong Taiji
124:Shang Kexi
59:Kǒng Yǒudé
34:Kong Youde
457:0022-4995
304:Citations
274:Confucius
203:Wu Sangui
189:Defection
174:Zu Dashou
104:Zu Dashou
493:(1985),
199:Wu Xiang
150:Dengzhou
141:Liaodong
116:Dengzhou
112:mutinied
96:Shandong
16:In this
262:Beijing
247:Guangxi
195:Laizhou
183:Beijing
106:at the
38:Chinese
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268:Family
258:Guilin
219:Shanxi
164:Mutiny
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64:Manchu
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54:pinyin
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20:, the
441:Brill
439:(3),
243:Hunan
158:Macau
505:ISBN
478:ISBN
453:ISSN
245:and
130:Life
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70:ᡴᡠᠩ
27:Kong
445:doi
24:is
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43:孔
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