767:, as well as within their own ranks. The party, along with other opposition political parties, was finally banned in 1936. is Bistras was openly critical of the government in this period. In 1927, he was alleged to have influenced several military officers who attempted to force Smetona to form a coalition government. The intervention failed and Brisas fled Lithuania for Germany, returning only the following year. Starting in 1930, he and other Catholic leaders criticized the government for attempting to curtail the activities of religious organizations and, in 1935 openly criticized the government in a speech at the Global Lithuanian Congress.
613:, dismissing complaints from the opposition politicians that the Seimas did not have the necessary quorum when it voted on his candidacy. The first Seimas, however, had a short and troubled life – no clear majority emerged in the elections (Christian Democrats and their allies won 38 of the 78 seats allocated), making it difficult to govern. In fact, Prime Minister
717:, but Christian Democrats and their allies did not fare well in the elections. For the first time in six years, the party was in the opposition to a left-leaning coalition that attempted to normalize life in Lithuania by lifting martial law and introducing far-reaching reforms. Christian Democrats proved to be an active opposition in the parliament, with multiple
693:. While Christian Democrats were naturally aligned with the Church in their views on a number of matters, organization of the Catholic Church presented the Lithuanian government with a headache. Even after the declaration of independence in 1918, Catholic churches in Lithuania continued to be organized under
661:
and refused to open diplomatic relations. Although
Petrulis' government saw negotiations as technical and not constituting diplomatic recognition, public and military discontent was widespread. An ultimatum from military offices forced Petrulis to resign and Bistras was appointed as prime minister of
592:
and was more moderate in its goals. In
November 1918, a conference was called to unite the two parties. During the conference, Bistras emerged as one of the leaders of the movement and proposed a solution once an impasse was reached – both radical and moderate Christian Democrats would be represented
705:
to the Polish ecclesiastical province. While this did not confer diplomatic recognition of the Polish possession of
Vilnius, public opinion in Lithuania turned against the Vatican and the Christian Democrats, who were perceived as their allies. Despite protests, Bistras accepted the establishment of
721:
of the government, many of them co-authored or signed by
Bistras. Christian Democrats voted against the treaty with the Soviet Union originally conceived under Bistras' government and criticized other government decisions as support for the government waned, especially among military officers and
828:
in
Kazakhstan, where he worked as a medic. In January 1945, he was sentenced again, for allegedly providing a fake certificate of absence, but was released seven months later and allowed to return to Lithuania. In Lithuania, he worked at the library of the Archdiocese of Vilnius. In 1950, he was
776:(The Morning) giving a voice to Christian Democrats in Lithuania. The newspaper was often critical of Smetona and the ruling Nationalists, and was often a target of censorship and fines. In 1928, publication of the newspaper was suspended as a result of "infractions" and Bistras began publishing
758:
Bistras assumed leadership of the
Christian Democrats in 1927 in a difficult period. Smetona did not call for new parliamentary elections until 1936, severely limiting the activities and influence of the party. Party leadership was constantly persecuted and surveilled, and party congresses were
593:
in the joint leadership of the party and both programs would remain in place until they could be aligned. This goal was eventually achieved and the party remained united. Bistras officially joined the party as a member in 1921 and from 1922 onward was regularly elected to its central committee.
685:
evrntually signed in 1926. Bistras later regretted this shift in political direction. Seeing the growing power of the Soviet Union and
Germany in the mid-1930s, he advocated for stronger ties with Latvia, Estonia and, above else, Poland, even if it meant accepting Polish possession of Vilnius.
746:
president, thus giving him constitutional legitimacy, and initially joined the government, with
Bistras appointed minister of education. Bistras, ever trying to reach a compromise, initially hoped that a new election would be called, allowing the Christian Democrats to return to power. As the
803:. He served in the 20th cabinet as minister of education. Even as a member of the government, Bistras maintained an explicitly cold relationship with Smetona, refusing to present the president with the work plan for his ministry.
823:
in interwar
Lithuania. Proving Bistras' involvement in the suppression was not seen as necessary; his mere participation in the government and the Christian Democratic Party was enough. For health reasons, he was transferred to
637:. As a minister, he took a hard line insisting on religious instruction in public schools, drawing criticism from political opponents. Between January and September 1925, Bistras again served as speaker of the Seimas.
1540:
783:' (The Dusk) instead, expressing the editor's view of the situation in the country. Bistras had many political articles published in the minority, and especially Jewish, press, which was less subject to censor.
453:. Bistras also headed the ministries of education, defense and foreign affairs in several different governments throughout the 1920s and 1930s and twice served as the speaker of the Lithuanian parliament, the
546:. Throughout his life, Bistras did not publish a single article (other than his doctoral thesis), but was proud of his doctoral degree, signing his name "Dr. Leonas Bistras" throughout his political career.
617:
failed twice to get his cabinet approved by the Seimas and
Stulginskis dissolved the First Seimas on 12 March 1923. However, the Seimas did play a role in the history of interwar Lithuania, authorizing the
535:, initially as a private and later as a medic. After the war, Bistras returned to Lithuania and helped to establish Kaunas municipality, and worked for the press office in Lithuania and Switzerland.
461:
and the subsequent fall of parliamentary democracy, Bistras led the Christian Democrats and, despite persecution, acted as an outspoken leader of the opposition to the authoritarian President
577:), giving him his first experience in journalism, which would take much of his interest in the coming decades. In 1917, Bistras joined the emerging Lithuanian Christian Democratic movement.
742:
as president. Although Bistras and the Christian Democrats were not directly involved in the coup, they participated in implementing its outcome. Christian Democrats voted to elect
31:
837:
or given work by the Soviet government, Bistras lived on donations from the people of Kaunas, where he died in 1971, three days before his 81st birthday. He was buried in
1545:
1214:
1535:
1580:
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1032:
673:
Bistras' cabinet withdrew from the negotiations with Poland. Feeling isolated in the international arena, Bistras started negotiations with the
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469:
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in 1923. Between June 1923 and January 1925, he served as minister of education in successive cabinets headed by Galvanauskas and
1525:
667:
472:, Bistras was arrested, sentenced without a trial and deported from Lithuania. He only permanently returned after the death of
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1200:
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458:
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476:. Bistras lived the remaining years of his life in obscurity and poverty, supported only by the local people of
1064:
Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940)
542:
in 1921 with a PhD in philosophy. Between 1922 and 1940 he taught at the Faculty of Theology and Philosophy at
764:
1036:
666:
resigned, as the minister of foreign affairs. His government was in power for less than a year, until the
1223:
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450:
43:
1391:
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banned in 1929. Christian Democrats also struggled to maintain unity with their traditional allies, the
820:
588:, and was radicalized by the ongoing revolution there. The other, established in Lithuania, was led by
787:
For inciting protests against the government, Bistras was sentenced in 1938 to a three-month exile to
838:
751:
was dissolved, Bistras and other Christian Democrats resigned from the government, leaving Smetona's
718:
580:
The political situation during the war led to the formation of two parties styling themselves as the
396:
601:
Bistras' growing prominence in Lithuanian politics was evident when, in 1922, he was elected to the
1287:
1252:
1242:
1184:
735:
682:
318:
88:
1396:
967:"Leono Bistro visuomeninės ir politinės veiklos fragmentai nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje 1918-1940 m."
795:. His sentence was cut short and Bistras even returned to the government after Lithuania lost the
760:
694:
589:
563:
liberalized the political environment and allowed for discussions on the status of Lithuania. In
64:
1464:
1091:"Tautininkų ir krikščionių demokratų pasitarimų protokolai (1927 m. balandis, spalis–lapkritis)"
702:
610:
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A major challenge for the Bistras' government was managing relations with the Holy See in the
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the 12th cabinet on 25 September 1925. He also served as minister of defense and, after
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523:), but was unable to finish due to the complex international environment leading up to
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based in foreign countries. The issue escalated in 1925 when the Holy See signed the
646:
584:. One was originally established by Lithuanian refugees in Russia, led by the priest
543:
76:
1297:
1459:
1425:
1307:
202:
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1413:
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462:
657:. Successive Lithuanian governments bitterly contested Polish possession of the
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and became its speaker. He played a role in the election of Stulginskis as
602:
473:
386:
1541:
Lithuanian military personnel in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I
819:
in 1941. Charges laid against him were related to the suppression of the
816:
567:, Bistras met other active Lithuanian Catholics and edited the newspaper
524:
413:
489:
434:
346:
606:
442:
564:
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a year later. He then returned to studying medicine in Dorpat (now
915:"Lietuvių ir Lietuvos atstovavimas Šveicarijoje 1915–1975 metais"
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830:
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30:
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788:
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a Lithuanian ecclesiastical province without Vilnius in 1926.
626:
become an autonomous part of Lithuania between 1923 and 1939.
559:
Bistras first ventured into politics during World War I. The
520:
1002:
The Great Powers lithuania and the Vilna Question, 1920-1928
833:, only returning in 1954 or 1956. As he was not granted a
527:. When the war started, Bistras was conscripted into the
504:), where his father had emigrated. He graduated from the
649:
opened negotiations with Poland over navigation on the
488:
Bistras was born in 1890 to a working-class family in
811:In July 1940, Bistras was arrested, imprisoned in
1546:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party politicians
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1497:
1222:
778:
771:
572:
730:In December 1926, military officers executed a
1208:
470:Soviet occupation and annexation of Lithuania
1536:Academic staff of Vytautas Magnus University
1123:"Leonas Bistras – primirštas valstybininkas"
960:
958:
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791:, isolating him from the political elite in
1581:Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
511:Bistras attempted to study medicine at the
483:
1215:
1201:
1088:
1056:
1054:
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770:Until 1936, Bistras also edited newspaper
29:
1561:Ministers of foreign affairs of Lithuania
947:
933:. Government of the Republic of Lithuania
864:"Filosofija pralaimėjo, politika laimėjo"
857:
855:
853:
192:28 March 1939 – 21 November 1939
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1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
887:
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747:prospect of new elections waned and the
240:25 September 1925 – 31 May 1926
56:25 September 1925 – 31 May 1926
1179:25 September 1925 – 15 June 1926
1051:
806:
701:with Poland and assigned the contested
596:
106:18 June 1923 – 4 February 1924
1498:
1030:
850:
829:again arrested, sentenced and sent to
554:
445:politicians of the interwar period. A
149:17 December 1926 – 3 May 1927
1196:
1147:. Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania
1017:
895:. Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania
878:
679:Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact
645:In September 1925, the government of
582:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
407:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
998:
286:21 April 1925 – 31 May 1926
1556:Ministers of education of Lithuania
1120:
917:. Lithuanian Embassy in Switzerland
549:
13:
861:
14:
1602:
1566:Ministers of defence of Lithuania
1035:. Lietuvos Žinios. Archived from
640:
515:, switching to philosophy at the
1521:People from Courland Governorate
1033:"Politikas, nerašęs prisiminimų"
1031:Lukšas, Aras (23 October 2009).
815:and deported without a trial to
441:) was one of the most prominent
1586:Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery
1488:indicate acting prime ministers
753:Nationalists Union of Lithuania
531:and served in Russia until the
1137:
1114:
1089:Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (2008).
992:
907:
801:German ultimatum of March 1939
726:Coup d'état and Smetona's rule
1:
1526:University of Freiburg alumni
844:
755:as the sole governing party.
629:Bistras was reelected to the
1551:Prime ministers of Lithuania
1224:Prime ministers of Lithuania
1067:. BRILL. pp. 105, 430.
965:Svarauskas, Artūras (2015).
893:"Leonas Bistras (1890–1971)"
7:
1531:University of Geneva alumni
1175:Prime Minister of Lithuania
1061:Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).
999:Senn, Alfred Erich (1966).
709:Bistras was elected to the
538:Bistras graduated from the
459:1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
451:Prime Minister of Lithuania
449:, he was in 1925 appointed
275:Minister of Foreign Affairs
44:Prime Minister of Lithuania
10:
1607:
821:Lithuanian Communist Party
1483:
1359:
1321:
1230:
1181:
1172:
1164:
605:from the constituency of
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41:
37:
28:
21:
1591:20th-century journalists
1516:Politicians from Liepāja
713:in 1926, this time from
695:ecclesiastical provinces
569:Voice of the Lithuanians
484:Early life and education
1095:Istorija. Mosklo Darbai
681:that the government of
590:Aleksandras Stulginskis
65:Aleksandras Stulginskis
1576:Lithuanian journalists
1571:Speakers of the Seimas
779:
772:
738:as prime minister and
703:Archdiocese of Vilnius
611:President of Lithuania
573:
540:University of Freiburg
517:University of Freiburg
419:University of Freiburg
1397:Laurynas Stankevičius
1293:Augustinas Voldemaras
1268:Ernestas Galvanauskas
1258:Ernestas Galvanauskas
1238:Augustinas Voldemaras
1121:Stundys, Valentinas.
615:Ernestas Galvanauskas
529:Imperial Russian Army
437:– 17 October 1971 in
160:Augustinas Voldemaras
95:Minister of Education
16:Lithuanian politician
1465:Algirdas Butkevičius
1351:Vytautas Sakalauskas
1005:. Brill. p. 106
839:Petrašiūnai Cemetery
807:Later life and death
761:Farmers' Association
597:Member of the Seimas
533:Bolshevik Revolution
513:University of Geneva
494:Courland Governorate
433:(20 October 1890 in
397:Petrašiūnai Cemetery
351:Courland Governorate
181:Konstantinas Šakenis
1443:Algirdas Brazauskas
1437:Eugenijus Gentvilas
1402:Gediminas Vagnorius
1392:Adolfas Šleževičius
1382:Aleksandras Abišala
1377:Gediminas Vagnorius
1367:Kazimira Prunskienė
1331:Mečislovas Gedvilas
1288:Mykolas Sleževičius
1253:Mykolas Sleževičius
1243:Mykolas Sleževičius
1185:Mykolas Sleževičius
1039:on 28 November 2016
974:Parlamento Studijos
736:Mykolas Sleževičius
683:Mykolas Sleževičius
655:Klaipėda Convention
653:as required by the
586:Mykolas Krupavičius
561:February Revolution
555:Entry into politics
319:Mykolas Sleževičius
229:Minister of Defence
224:Kazimieras Jokantas
89:Mykolas Sleževičius
1470:Saulius Skvernelis
1455:Gediminas Kirkilas
1449:Zigmantas Balčytis
1346:Ringaudas Songaila
1336:Motiejus Šumauskas
447:Christian Democrat
260:Teodoras Daukantas
1493:
1492:
1387:Bronislovas Lubys
1278:Vytautas Petrulis
1248:Pranas Dovydaitis
1191:
1190:
1182:Succeeded by
1168:Vytautas Petrulis
862:Juozas, Girnius.
765:Labour Federation
699:Concordat of 1925
664:Mečislovas Reinys
647:Vytautas Petrulis
544:Kaunas University
506:Liepāja Gymnasium
428:
427:
364:
307:Mečislovas Reinys
77:Vytautas Petrulis
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1475:Ingrida Šimonytė
1460:Andrius Kubilius
1426:Andrius Kubilius
1372:Albertas Šimėnas
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1165:Preceded by
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1414:Rolandas Paksas
1408:Irena Degutienė
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1341:Juozas Maniušis
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1273:Antanas Tumėnas
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744:Antanas Smetona
734:, that removed
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719:interpellations
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635:Antanas Tumėnas
624:Klaipėda Region
620:Klaipėda Revolt
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574:Lietuvių balsas
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1313:Antanas Merkys
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1303:Vladas Mironas
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1298:Juozas Tūbelis
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1125:. XXI amžius
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1037:the original
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457:. After the
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387:Soviet Union
374:(1971-10-17)
314:Succeeded by
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266:Succeeded by
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220:Succeeded by
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177:Succeeded by
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134:Succeeded by
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84:Succeeded by
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1511:1971 deaths
1506:1890 births
1151:25 November
1129:25 November
1104:25 November
1080:25 November
1043:25 November
1009:25 November
984:25 November
937:25 November
921:25 November
899:25 November
870:25 November
841:in Kaunas.
817:Archangelsk
732:coup d'état
715:Marijampolė
525:World War I
302:Preceded by
256:Preceded by
210:Preceded by
167:Preceded by
124:Preceded by
72:Preceded by
1500:Categories
1360:since 1990
866:. Aidai.eu
845:References
468:After the
443:Lithuanian
414:Alma mater
340:1890-10-20
1231:1918–1940
980:: 145–161
607:Raseiniai
508:in 1911.
282:In office
236:In office
188:In office
145:In office
102:In office
61:President
52:In office
763:and the
722:clergy.
565:Voronezh
500:(now in
1486:Italics
835:pension
831:Siberia
826:Atbasar
799:to the
780:Sutemos
691:Vatican
677:on the
496:of the
490:Liepāja
435:Liepāja
347:Liepāja
296:Himself
250:Himself
1071:
793:Kaunas
789:Alytus
502:Latvia
478:Kaunas
455:Seimas
439:Kaunas
379:Kaunas
361:Latvia
970:(PDF)
773:Rytas
651:Neman
521:Tartu
359:(now
42:10th
1153:2016
1131:2016
1106:2016
1082:2016
1069:ISBN
1045:2016
1011:2016
986:2016
939:2016
923:2016
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872:2016
369:Died
334:Born
1502::
1099:71
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