61:
691:
1696:
110:
72:
50:
83:
38:
792:. Each code word in a paired disparity code that averages to a negative level is paired with another code word that averages to a positive level. The transmitter keeps track of the running DC buildup, and picks the code word that pushes the DC level back towards zero. The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples of paired disparity codes include
1570:
898:
may be imposed on the generated channel sequence, i.e., the maximum number of consecutive ones or zeros is bounded to a reasonable number. A clock period is recovered by observing transitions in the received sequence, so that a maximum run length guarantees sufficient transitions to assure clock
832:
Bipolar line codes have two polarities, are generally implemented as RZ, and have a radix of three since there are three distinct output levels (negative, positive and zero). One of the principle advantages of this type of code is that it can eliminate any DC component. This is important if the
945:
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By
22:
1371:
954:, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing
776:
in a constant-weight code is designed such that every code word that contains some positive or negative levels also contains enough of the opposite levels, such that the average level over each code word is zero. Examples of constant-weight codes include
836:
Unfortunately, several long-distance communication channels have polarity ambiguity. Polarity-insensitive line codes compensate in these channels. There are three ways of providing unambiguous reception of 0 and 1 bits over such channels:
429:
in data storage systems. Some signals are more prone to error than others as the physics of the communication channel or storage medium constrains the repertoire of signals that can be used reliably.
1015:
of the received signal. If the clock recovery is not ideal, then the signal to be decoded will not be sampled at the optimal times. This will increase the probability of error in the received data.
1574:
1018:
Biphase line codes require at least one transition per bit time. This makes it easier to synchronize the transceivers and detect errors, however, the baud rate is greater than that of NRZ codes.
1434:
When PSK data modulation is used, the potential exists for an ambiguity in the polarity of the received channel symbols. This problem can be solved in one of two ways. First ... a so-called
1399:
841:
Pair each code word with the polarity-inverse of that code word. The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples include
1302:
1034:. These requirements are unique for each medium, because each one has different behavior related to interference, distortion, capacitance and attenuation.
1468:
Another benefit of differential encoding is its insensitivity to polarity of the signal. ... If the leads of a twisted pair are accidentally reversed...
1386:
392:
961:
Early disk drives used very simple encoding schemes, such as RLL (0,1) FM code, followed by RLL (1,3) MFM code which were widely used in
1609:
1329:
Line codes ... facilitates the transmission of data over telecommunication and computer networks and its storage in multimedia systems.
356:
990:
1349:
1646:
1579:
1299:
385:
301:
698:
Each line code has advantages and disadvantages. Line codes are chosen to meet one or more of the following criteria:
650:
Differential
Manchester used in Token Ring. There is always a transition halfway between the conditioned transitions.
1939:
1840:
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1427:
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414:
280:
879:
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1723:
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CodSim 2.0: Open source simulator for
Digital Data Communications Model at the University of Malaga written in HTML
1123:
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65:
1614:
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1369:, Peter E. K. Chow., "Code converter for polarity-insensitive transmission systems", published 1983
1187:
378:
636:
Variant of
Differential Manchester. There is always a transition halfway between the conditioned transitions.
1144:
745:. The disparity of a bit pattern is the difference in the number of one bits vs the number of zero bits. The
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1814:
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1100:
986:
179:
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1639:
622:
Manchester. Two consecutive bits of the same type force a transition at the beginning of a bit period.
331:
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26:
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773:
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958:), while efficiently using the media to reliably store the maximal amount of data in a given space.
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A detailed description is furnished of the limiting properties of runlength limited sequences.
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A line code will typically reflect technical requirements of the transmission medium, such as
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After line coding, the signal is put through a physical communication channel, either a
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of the disparity of all previously transmitted bits. The simplest possible line code,
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Most line codes eliminate the DC component – such codes are called
757:, gives too many errors on such systems, because it has an unbounded DC component.
712:
566:
level. This is the standard positive logic signal format used in digital circuits.
441:
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321:
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42:
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Line coding should make it possible for the receiver to synchronize itself to the
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778:
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1685:
1343:"Data Transmission at High Rates via Kapton Flexprints for the Mu3e Experiment"
1212:
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1133:
1128:
1059:
1006:
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864:
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508:
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87:
1366:
1928:
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1027:
1012:
926:, refer to the rate of the code, while the remaining two specify the minimal
764:, zero-DC, or DC-free. There are three ways of eliminating the DC component:
750:
487:
413:
is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data
109:
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until the mid-1980s and are still used in digital optical discs such as
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522:
503:
the line-coded signal can be used to turn on and off a light source in
491:
101:
729:
Most long-distance communication channels cannot reliably transport a
808:
670:
is represented by a transition at the beginning of the clock period.
496:
16:
Pattern used within a communications system to represent digital data
1500:
1325:
IEEE International
Conference on Signal Processing and Communication
833:
signal must pass through a transformer or a long transmission line.
664:
Need a Clock, always a transition in the middle of the clock period
71:
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875:
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472:, in the form of variations of the voltage or current (often using
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number of zeroes between consecutive ones. This is used in both
521:
the line-coded signal can be converted to magnetized spots on a
1824:
1654:
1415:
1174:
993:
codes. Higher density RLL (2,7) and RLL (1,7) codes became the
797:
82:
37:
863:
each symbol relative to the previous symbol. Examples include
1319:
Abdullatif Glass; Nidhal
Abdulaziz; and Eesa Bastaki (2007),
978:
316:
694:
An arbitrary bit pattern in various binary line code formats
681:
forces a positive or negative pulse for half the bit period
1866:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1522:"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc"
1054:
1049:
1044:
951:
868:
801:
514:
the line-coded signal can be printed on paper to create a
21:
1095:
970:
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25:
An example of coding a binary signal using rectangular
1516:
1479:
1422:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 255.
1388:
628:
forces a positive transition in the middle of the bit
625:
forces a negative transition in the middle of the bit
611:
goes high for half the bit period and returns to low
532:
the line-coded signal can be converted to pits on an
1265:
1237:
938:
and storage systems that move a medium past a fixed
540:Some of the more common binary line codes include:
1419:Error-Correction Coding for Digital Communications
1321:"Slope line coding for telecommunication networks"
1365:
425:. This repertoire of signals is usually called a
1926:
1449:
1275:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
597:does nothing (keeps sending the previous level)
586:does nothing (keeps sending the previous level)
490:(to reduce its frequency bandwidth) and then is
1530:A high-density alternative to EFM is described.
902:RLL codes are defined by four main parameters:
468:the line-coded signal can directly be put on a
1271:"A Survey of Codes for Optical Disk Recording"
1640:
386:
1384:
678:The positive and negative pulses alternate.
1340:
885:
451:
1647:
1633:
1416:George C. Clark Jr.; J. Bibb Cain (2013).
811:. For example, the scrambler specified in
393:
379:
1526:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
1453:Data Communications and Computer Networks
464:. The most common physical channels are:
1548:. Javvin Technologies Inc. p. 284.
689:
81:
70:
59:
48:
36:
20:
1021:
1927:
1739:Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)
1292:
874:Invert the whole stream when inverted
733:. The DC component is also called the
494:(to shift its frequency) to create an
1719:Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)
1628:
1456:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 13.
1300:"Coding for Magnetic Storage Mediums"
1259:
1181:
684:keeps a zero level during bit period
661:Differential Manchester (Alternative)
1724:Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)
1615:Line Coding in Digital Communication
1541:
1147:, Miller encoding and delay encoding
1037:
507:, most commonly used in an infrared
500:that can be sent through free space.
997:for hard disks by the early 1990s.
708:Ease error detection and correction
13:
1385:David A. Glanzer, "4.7 Polarity",
1000:
14:
1956:
1841:Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
1729:Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)
1603:
1243:"Innovation in Constrained Codes"
1194:Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero
667:is represented by no transition.
1694:
1573: This article incorporates
1568:
1355:from the original on 2022-10-09.
847:Differential Manchester encoding
614:stays low for the entire period
505:free-space optical communication
108:
66:differential Manchester encoding
1658:(digital baseband transmission)
1586:General Services Administration
1535:
1510:
1473:
1405:from the original on 2022-10-09
1846:Alternate-phase return-to-zero
1443:
1409:
1378:
1359:
1334:
1312:
1231:
1188:Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero
702:Minimize transmission hardware
1:
1485:"Runlength-Limited Sequences"
1224:
1145:Modified frequency modulation
1815:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
1247:IEEE Communications Magazine
1157:Non-return-to-zero, inverted
1101:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
878:are detected, perhaps using
724:
7:
1206:
1200:Three of Six, Fiber Optical
827:
479:the line-coded signal (the
53:Encoding of 11011000100 in
10:
1961:
1897:Pulse-amplitude modulation
1004:
705:Facilitate synchronization
432:Common line encodings are
302:Capacity-approaching codes
27:pulse-amplitude modulation
1854:
1833:
1747:
1703:
1692:
1663:
1610:Line Coding Lecture No. 9
1450:Prakash C. Gupta (2013).
1163:Pulse-position modulation
594:Non-return-to-zero space
1940:Physical layer protocols
1892:Pulse modulation methods
1775:Alternate mark inversion
1141:: B8ZS, B6ZS, B3ZS, HDB3
1080:Alternate mark inversion
886:Run-length limited codes
843:alternate mark inversion
794:alternate mark inversion
580:Non-return-to-zero mark
452:Transmission and storage
1887:Ethernet physical layer
1489:Proceedings of the IEEE
1220:and bit synchronization
1218:Self-synchronizing code
1124:differential Manchester
239:Hierarchical modulation
1581:Federal Standard 1037C
1575:public domain material
1518:Kees Schouhamer Immink
1481:Kees Schouhamer Immink
695:
474:differential signaling
90:
79:
68:
57:
46:
34:
1903:Pulse-code modulation
1820:Delay/Miller encoding
1594: (in support of
1542:Dong, Jielin (2007).
1327:, Dubai: IEEE: 1537,
1032:shielded twisted pair
896:run-length limitation
790:paired disparity code
693:
653:keeps level constant
642:keeps level constant
419:communication channel
85:
74:
63:
52:
40:
24:
1909:Serial communication
1882:Digital transmission
1785:Coded mark inversion
1341:Jens Kröger (2014).
1267:K. Schouhamer Immink
1239:K. Schouhamer Immink
1086:Coded mark inversion
1022:Other considerations
851:coded mark inversion
770:constant-weight code
656:forces a transition
639:forces a transition
600:forces a transition
583:forces a transition
569:forces a high level
486:) undergoes further
1914:Category:Line codes
1795:Hybrid ternary code
1755:Conditioned diphase
1748:Extended line codes
1714:Return to zero (RZ)
1396:Fieldbus Foundation
1115:Hybrid ternary code
894:at the receiver, a
880:polarity switching
861:differential coding
772:. Each transmitted
572:forces a low level
462:data storage medium
458:transmission medium
55:Manchester encoding
1834:Optical line codes
1545:Network Dictionary
1528:. CE-41: 491–497.
1305:2014-05-21 at the
1182:Optical line codes
1151:Non-return-to-zero
1139:Modified AMI codes
1075:128b/130b encoding
995:de facto standards
936:telecommunications
899:recovery quality.
783:Interleaved 2 of 5
696:
564:Non-return-to-zero
407:telecommunications
161:Digital modulation
91:
80:
69:
58:
47:
35:
31:non-return-to-zero
1922:
1921:
1780:Modified AMI code
1671:Unipolar encoding
1495:(11): 1745–1759.
1483:(December 1990).
1038:Common line codes
918:. The first two,
747:running disparity
711:Achieve a target
688:
687:
470:transmission line
403:
402:
118:Analog modulation
77:biphase mark code
1952:
1810:64b/66b encoding
1698:
1676:Bipolar encoding
1649:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1599:
1593:
1588:. Archived from
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1235:
1070:64b/66b encoding
963:hard disk drives
821:64b/66b encoding
713:spectral density
543:
542:
427:constrained code
421:or written to a
395:
388:
381:
112:
95:
94:
43:bipolar encoding
1960:
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1805:8b/10b encoding
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1307:Wayback Machine
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1120:Manchester code
1103:(EFM), used in
1065:8b/10b encoding
1040:
1024:
1009:
1003:
1001:Synchronization
888:
855:Miller encoding
830:
779:Manchester code
727:
608:Return to zero
454:
446:Manchester code
399:
262:Spread spectrum
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1800:6b/8b encoding
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1790:MLT-3 encoding
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1604:External links
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1592:on 2022-01-22.
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1298:Karl Paulsen.
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1213:Physical layer
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1169:Return-to-zero
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1134:MLT-3 encoding
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1129:Mark and space
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1060:6b/8b encoding
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1007:Clock recovery
1005:Main article:
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940:recording head
892:clock recovery
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865:MLT-3 encoding
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743:DC coefficient
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88:MLT-3 encoding
86:An example of
75:An example of
64:An example of
41:An example of
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1555:9781602670006
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1463:9788120348646
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1429:9781489921741
1425:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:compact discs
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
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1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:optical fiber
1019:
1016:
1014:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
897:
893:
890:For reliable
881:
877:
873:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
838:
834:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
766:
765:
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:running total
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
720:
716:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
699:
692:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:pulse shaping
485:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
374:
373:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
293:
292:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
263:
260:
259:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
240:
237:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
119:
116:
115:
111:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
89:
84:
78:
73:
67:
62:
56:
51:
44:
39:
32:
28:
23:
1858:
1705:
1590:the original
1580:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1418:
1411:
1387:
1380:
1361:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1274:
1261:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1233:
1110:Hamming code
1025:
1017:
1010:
960:
944:
931:
930:and maximal
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:
889:
835:
831:
759:
746:
738:
734:
731:DC component
728:
719:DC component
717:Eliminate a
697:
539:
534:optical disc
495:
480:
455:
431:
426:
410:
404:
367:Multiplexing
311:
307:Demodulation
1656:Line coding
1596:MIL-STD-188
1436:transparent
762:DC-balanced
415:transmitted
312:Line coding
29:with polar
1935:Line codes
1929:Categories
1734:Manchester
1706:line codes
1367:US 4387366
1285:2018-02-05
1252:2022-10-05
1225:References
1094:, used in
948:modulating
527:tape drive
523:hard drive
102:modulation
1859:See also:
1438:code. ...
1281:: 751–764
876:syncwords
809:scrambler
774:code word
741:, or the
735:disparity
725:Disparity
647:Biphase–S
633:Biphase–M
619:Biphase–L
497:RF signal
492:modulated
411:line code
45:, or AMI.
1872:Bit rate
1862:Baseband
1520:(1995).
1400:archived
1350:Archived
1303:Archived
1269:(2001).
1241:(2022).
1207:See also
956:bit slip
828:Polarity
755:unipolar
555:0 state
549:Comments
516:bar code
482:baseband
434:unipolar
294:See also
99:Passband
1202:(TS-FO)
1092:EFMPlus
991:EFMPLus
983:Blu-ray
749:is the
675:Bipolar
552:1 state
442:bipolar
417:down a
1825:TC-PAM
1704:Basic
1552:
1460:
1426:
1373:
1309:.2007.
1196:(CSRZ)
1190:(APRZ)
1175:TC-PAM
1159:(NRZI)
985:using
815:
807:Use a
798:8b/10b
788:Use a
768:Use a
737:, the
546:Signal
484:signal
444:, and
220:SC-FDE
1905:(PCM)
1899:(PAM)
1577:from
1403:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1165:(PPM)
1153:(NRZ)
1088:(CMI)
1082:(AMI)
1013:phase
979:Hi-MD
591:NRZ–S
577:NRZ–M
560:NRZ–L
438:polar
317:Modem
1867:Baud
1770:2B1Q
1765:4B5B
1760:4B3T
1550:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1171:(RZ)
1122:and
1096:DVDs
1055:4B5B
1050:4B3T
1045:2B1Q
989:and
981:and
952:data
950:the
869:NRZI
867:and
853:and
819:for
817:2615
802:4B3T
800:and
781:and
739:bias
409:, a
357:OFDM
286:THSS
281:FHSS
276:DSSS
190:MFSK
175:APSK
33:code
1497:doi
1030:or
987:EFM
971:DVD
813:RFC
525:or
460:or
405:In
362:FDM
352:ΔΣM
347:PWM
342:PDM
337:PCM
332:PAM
327:PoM
322:AnM
271:CSS
253:WDM
248:QAM
230:WDM
225:TCM
215:QAM
210:PSK
205:PPM
200:OOK
195:MSK
185:FSK
180:CPM
170:ASK
152:SSB
142:QAM
1931::
1598:).
1584:.
1524:.
1503:.
1493:78
1491:.
1487:.
1466:.
1432:.
1394:,
1323:,
1279:19
1277:.
1273:.
1245:.
977:,
975:MD
973:,
969:,
967:CD
942:.
914:,
910:,
906:,
849:,
845:,
796:,
605:RZ
476:).
448:.
440:,
436:,
147:SM
137:PM
132:FM
127:AM
1648:e
1641:t
1634:v
1558:.
1499::
1288:.
1255:.
932:k
928:d
924:n
922:/
920:m
916:k
912:d
908:n
904:m
871:.
857:.
823:.
804:.
785:.
536:.
529:.
518:.
511:.
394:e
387:t
380:v
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