34:
536:
439:
1368:
1666:
779:
1541:
1394:
is lower in MSK case. Moreover, the main lobe of the MSK signal is wider, which means more energy in the null-to-null bandwidth. However, this can be also the disadvantage where extremely narrow bandwidth is required (null-to-null bandwidth of QPSK is equal to
371:. This results in a constant-modulus signal (constant envelope signal), which reduces problems caused by non-linear distortion. In addition to being viewed as related to OQPSK, MSK can also be viewed as a continuous-phase frequency-shift keyed (
561:
378:
In MSK the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms used to represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. Thus, the maximum frequency deviation is
1982:
Feher, K. (1993, July). FQPSK: A modulation-power efficient RF amplification proposal for increased spectral efficiency and capacity GMSK and Π/4-QPSK compatible PHY standard. In IEEE 802.11 Wireless Access
Methods Phys. Layer Spec.
1977:
Elnoubi, S., Chahine, S. A., & Abdallah, H. (2004, March). BER performance of GMSK in
Nakagami fading channels. In Radio Science Conference, 2004. NRSC 2004. Proceedings of the Twenty-First National (pp. C13-1).
1421:
1908:
Rice, M., Oliphant, T., & Mcintire, W. (2007). Estimation techniques for GMSK using linear detectors in satellite communications. IEEE Transactions on
Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 43(4).
1651:
1274:
774:{\displaystyle s(t)=a_{I}(t)\cos {\left({\frac {{\pi }t}{2T}}\right)}\cos {(2{\pi }f_{c}t)}-a_{Q}(t)\sin {\left({\frac {{\pi }t}{2T}}\right)}\sin {\left(2{\pi }f_{c}t\right)}}
1205:
1884:
1704:
before being applied to a frequency modulator, and typically has much narrower phase shift angles than most MSK modulation systems. This has the advantage of reducing
1301:
1337:
986:
894:
854:
818:
1598:
1571:
1073:
1627:
1357:
1690:
1042:
950:
1715:, making it more difficult to differentiate between different transmitted data values and requiring more complex channel equalization algorithms such as an
1918:
Wong, Yen F., et al. "An optimum space-to-ground communication concept for CubeSat platform utilizing NASA space network and near earth network." (2016).
1700:
Gaussian minimum-shift keying, or GMSK, is similar to standard minimum-shift keying (MSK); however, the digital data stream is first shaped with a
1536:{\displaystyle P_{b}=Q\left({\sqrt {\frac {2E_{b}}{N_{0}}}}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {erfc} \left({\sqrt {\frac {E_{b}}{N_{0}}}}\right)}
316:
280:
1997:
1949:
503:
1736:
475:
456:
1841:
Anderson J. B., Aulin T., Sundberg C. E. Digital phase modulation. – Springer
Science & Business Media, 2013. – p. 49-50
1408:
1396:
482:
1797:
Anderson J. B., Aulin T., Sundberg C. E. Digital phase modulation. – Springer
Science & Business Media, 2013. – p.49–50
309:
225:
1359:
otherwise. Therefore, the signal is modulated in frequency and phase, and the phase changes continuously and linearly.
540:
489:
522:
204:
98:
1981:
1762:
1744:
471:
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1708:
power, which in turn reduces out-of-band interference between signal carriers in adjacent frequency channels.
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1371:
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108:
93:
1306:
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863:
856:
encode the even and odd information respectively with a sequence of square pulses of duration
823:
787:
1756:
1082:, this can be rewritten in a form where the phase and frequency modulation are more obvious,
260:
194:
1811:
1576:
1549:
1051:
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55:
50:
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8:
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991:
899:
1956:
1716:
1404:
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176:
153:
133:
1711:
However, the
Gaussian filter increases the modulation memory in the system and causes
1399:, null-to-null bandwidth of the MSK signal is 1.5 times as large as the 3dB-bandwidth.
1960:
1669:
Power spectral densities of MSK and GMSK. Note that the decreasing of time-bandwidth
1045:
123:
1943:
Pulse and
Spectrum Manipulation in the Minimum (Frequency) Shift Keying (MSK) Format
1724:
407:
349:
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245:
70:
60:
1701:
185:
1832:
Proakis J. G. Digital communications. 1995 //McGraw-Hill, New York. – p. 126-128
1786:
367:
However, instead of square pulses as OQPSK uses, MSK encodes each bit as a half
1412:
1972:
1853:
1991:
544:
361:
33:
1873:
Haykin, S., 2001. Communication
Systems, John Wiley&Sons. Inc. - p. 398
1864:
Haykin, S., 2001. Communication
Systems, John Wiley&Sons. Inc. - p. 394
422:
290:
230:
209:
535:
1630:
463: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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400:
is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index
25:
1740:
368:
235:
438:
1705:
1692:
negatively influences bit-error-rate performance due to increasing
22:
1731:, for instance, in order to reliably transmit the same amount of
1973:
Link Budget
Analysis: Digital Modulation-Part 2-FSK (Atlanta RF)
1854:
Link Budget Analysis: Digital Modulation-Part 2-FSK (Atlanta RF)
375:) signal with a frequency separation of one-half the bit rate.
1367:
372:
240:
1732:
1728:
1665:
1379:
1375:
410:
that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are
1885:"What is GMSK Modulation - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying"
1759:
used to examine the modulation in signal space (not time)
419:
352:
employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. Similar to
1411:, the following formula can be used for the theoretical
1929:
Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation
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1639:
1606:
1579:
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1424:
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1309:
1282:
1224:
1091:
1054:
994:
958:
902:
866:
826:
790:
564:
555:
The resulting signal is represented by the formula:
551:. Each bit time, the carrier phase changes by ±90°.
539:
MSK waveform can also be designed as OQPSK (i.e. in
1684:
1645:
1621:
1592:
1565:
1535:
1351:
1331:
1295:
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1199:
1067:
1036:
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944:
888:
848:
812:
773:
415:
1989:
1660:
1849:
1847:
356:, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between
16:Type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
428:
1787:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2977417.html
310:
1844:
1938:, Can. Elec. Eng. J. Vol. 1, Number 1, 1976
360:, with the Q component delayed by half the
1950:"Appendix D – Digital Modulation and GMSK"
1276:and −1 if they are of opposite signs, and
317:
303:
1805:
1803:
1386:dB) than in both BPSK and QPSK cases (−10
523:Learn how and when to remove this message
1818:(4 ed.). McGraw-Hill Inc. pp.
1664:
1366:
534:
348:that was developed in the late 1950s by
1936:Fast FSK Signals and their Demodulation
1809:
1783:Minimum Shift Data Communication System
1737:Global System for Mobile Communications
1990:
1800:
1382:. The side-lobes of MSK are lower (−23
1646:{\displaystyle \operatorname {erfc} }
1931:, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1979
1735:. GMSK is most notably used in the
461:adding citations to reliable sources
432:
1743:, in satellite communications, and
13:
14:
2009:
1882:
1269:{\displaystyle a_{I}(t)=a_{Q}(t)}
406:is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK
1998:Quantized radio modulation modes
437:
32:
1911:
1902:
1763:Gaussian frequency-shift keying
1747:(AIS) for maritime navigation.
1745:Automatic Identification System
1719:at the receiver. GMSK has high
1600:is the noise spectral density,
1200:{\displaystyle s(t)=\cos \left}
448:needs additional citations for
1876:
1867:
1858:
1835:
1826:
1791:
1775:
1616:
1610:
1326:
1320:
1263:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1156:
1150:
1101:
1095:
1031:
1001:
975:
969:
939:
909:
883:
877:
843:
837:
807:
801:
691:
685:
668:
644:
596:
590:
574:
568:
1:
1768:
1661:Gaussian minimum-shift keying
1362:
416:Gaussian minimum-shift keying
1959:. 2001-03-13. Archived from
1655:complementary error function
7:
1785:, US Patent 2977417, 1958,
1750:
1573:is the energy per one bit,
429:Mathematical representation
10:
2014:
1781:M.L Doelz and E.T. Heald,
1392:inter-channel interference
414:. A variant of MSK called
226:Capacity-approaching codes
1810:Proakis, John G. (2001).
1296:{\displaystyle \phi _{k}}
1723:, but it needs a higher
1713:intersymbol interference
1694:intersymbol interference
1332:{\displaystyle a_{I}(t)}
981:{\displaystyle a_{Q}(t)}
889:{\displaystyle a_{I}(t)}
849:{\displaystyle a_{Q}(t)}
813:{\displaystyle a_{I}(t)}
1405:minimum symbol distance
896:has its pulse edges on
163:Hierarchical modulation
1927:Subbarayan Pasupathy,
1697:
1686:
1647:
1623:
1594:
1567:
1537:
1407:is the same as in the
1400:
1372:Power spectral density
1353:
1333:
1297:
1270:
1201:
1080:trigonometric identity
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1038:
982:
946:
890:
850:
814:
775:
552:
543:) with the sinusoidal
472:"Minimum-shift keying"
418:(GMSK) is used in the
346:frequency-shift keying
1814:Digital Communication
1757:Constellation diagram
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1668:
1648:
1624:
1595:
1593:{\displaystyle N_{0}}
1568:
1566:{\displaystyle E_{b}}
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1070:
1068:{\displaystyle f_{c}}
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547:. Mapping changes in
538:
358:quadrature components
1889:RadioElectronics.com
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1637:
1622:{\displaystyle Q(*)}
1604:
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1390:dB). Therefore, the
1352:{\displaystyle \pi }
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335:minimum-shift keying
1721:spectral efficiency
1957:University of Hull
1717:adaptive equalizer
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1685:{\displaystyle BT}
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1037:{\displaystyle t=}
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945:{\displaystyle t=}
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771:
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331:digital modulation
85:Digital modulation
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42:Analog modulation
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408:modulation index
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343:continuous-phase
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1702:Gaussian filter
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341:) is a type of
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186:Spread spectrum
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1397:3dB-bandwidth
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474: –
473:
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468:Find sources:
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451:
446:This section
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1961:the original
1942:
1941:F. Amoroso,
1935:
1934:R. de Buda,
1928:
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1883:Poole, Ian.
1878:
1869:
1860:
1837:
1828:
1813:
1793:
1782:
1777:
1710:
1699:
1653:denotes the
1629:denotes the
1545:
1402:
1211:
1209:
1077:
857:
783:
554:
519:
510:
500:
493:
486:
479:
467:
455:Please help
450:verification
447:
423:mobile phone
402:
393:
392:
383:
382:
377:
366:
338:
334:
328:
291:Multiplexing
231:Demodulation
118:
1727:level than
1218:is +1 when
236:Line coding
1769:References
1739:(GSM), in
1631:Q-function
1403:Since the
1363:Properties
1339:is 1, and
1078:Using the
541:I/Q manner
513:April 2020
483:newspapers
425:standard.
412:orthogonal
26:modulation
1894:March 23,
1741:Bluetooth
1614:∗
1497:
1347:π
1285:ϕ
1184:ϕ
1163:π
1122:π
1111:
1029:…
937:…
913:−
749:π
736:
710:π
698:
673:−
652:π
641:
615:π
603:
1992:Category
1751:See also
1706:sideband
1374:of MSK,
1303:is 0 if
381:δ = 0.5
369:sinusoid
364:period.
218:See also
23:Passband
1415:bound:
497:scholar
1546:where
1388:
1384:
1378:, and
1210:where
1044:. The
784:where
499:
492:
485:
478:
470:
391:where
362:symbol
144:SC-FDE
1978:IEEE.
1964:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1822:-199.
1725:power
504:JSTOR
490:books
373:CPFSK
354:OQPSK
241:Modem
1983:Doc.
1896:2014
1733:data
1729:QPSK
1641:erfc
1633:and
1494:erfc
1409:QPSK
1380:QPSK
1376:BPSK
952:and
820:and
476:news
281:OFDM
210:THSS
205:FHSS
200:DSSS
114:MFSK
99:APSK
1820:196
1216:(t)
1108:cos
1048:is
988:on
733:sin
695:sin
638:cos
600:cos
459:by
420:GSM
339:MSK
329:In
286:FDM
276:ΔΣM
271:PWM
266:PDM
261:PCM
256:PAM
251:PoM
246:AnM
195:CSS
177:WDM
172:QAM
154:WDM
149:TCM
139:QAM
134:PSK
129:PPM
124:OOK
119:MSK
109:FSK
104:CPM
94:ASK
76:SSB
66:QAM
1994::
1955:.
1887:.
1846:^
1802:^
1657:.
1075:.
860:.
858:2T
333:,
71:SM
61:PM
56:FM
51:AM
1898:.
1696:.
1680:T
1677:B
1617:)
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1586:0
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1093:s
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494:·
487:·
480:·
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403:m
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394:f
386:m
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318:e
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304:v
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