290:
38:
218:. As far back as 1999, it was noted that with the amount of material that can be stored on a hard drive, "a single disk failure could be like the burning of the library at Alexandria." A domain name's registration may lapse or be transferred to another party. Some causes will result in the link failing to find any target and returning an error such as
150:
A 2004 study showed that subsets of Web links (such as those targeting specific file types or those hosted by academic institutions) could have dramatically different half-lives. The URLs selected for publication appear to have greater longevity than the average URL. A 2015 study by
Weblock analyzed
342:
Strategies for preventing link rot can focus on placing content where its likelihood of persisting is higher, authoring links that are less likely to be broken, taking steps to preserve existing links, or repairing links whose targets have been relocated or removed.
99:'s ability to preserve information. Estimates of that rate vary dramatically between studies. Information professionals have warned that link rot could make important archival data disappear, potentially impacting the legal system and scholarship.
1151:
177:
articles published between 1996 and 2019 found a half-life of about 15 years (with significant variance among content topics) but noted that 13% of functional links no longer lead to the original content—a phenomenon called
151:
more than 180,000 links from references in the full-text corpora of three major open access publishers and found a half-life of about 14 years, generally confirming a 2005 study that found that half of the
161:
articles were active 10 years after publication. Other studies have found higher rates of link rot in academic literature but typically suggest a half-life of four years or greater. A 2013 study in
102:
Commonly, broken website links may immediately redirect the user to the home page of the website, confusing users even more and resulting in it being difficult to obtain the URL of the broken link.
132:
A 2002 study suggested that link rot within digital libraries is considerably slower than on the web, finding that about 3% of the objects were no longer accessible after one year (equating to a
1126:
1148:
584:
214:
Link rot can result from several occurrences. A target web page may be removed. The server that hosts the target page could fail, be removed from service, or relocate to a new
129:
external links, it was found that 27% of the links resulted in a site loading with no redirects, 45% of links have been redirected, and 28% returned various error messages.
1392:
1365:
1277:
974:
1303:"Harvard University's Berkman Center Releases Amber, a "Mutual Aid" Tool for Bloggers & Website Owners to Help Keep the Web Available | Berkman Center"
614:
76:
due to that resource being relocated to a new address or becoming permanently unavailable. A link that no longer points to its target, often called a
810:
952:
645:
1490:
1414:
Bar-Yossef, Ziv; Broder, Andrei Z.; Kumar, Ravi; Tomkins, Andrew (2004). "Sic transit gloria telae: towards an understanding of the Web's decay".
1122:
346:
The creation of URLs that will not change with time is the fundamental method of preventing link rot. Preventive planning has been championed by
171:
citation index and found that the median lifespan of web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived. A 2021 study of external links in
1520:
Dellavalle, Robert P.; Hester, Eric J.; Heilig, Lauren F.; Drake, Amanda L.; Kuntzman, Jeff W.; Graber, Marla; Schilling, Lisa M. (2003).
192:
dashboards found that 23% of the state dashboards available in
February 2021 were no longer available at the previous URLs in April 2023.
562:
451:
which can automatically update links when content within the same site is relocated or automatically replace links with canonical URLs
147:(which had stopped updating in 2014 after 21 years of development) that found the half-life of the directory's links to be two years.
502:
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606:
311:
703:
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Markwell, John; Brooks, David W. (2002). "Broken Links: The
Ephemeral Nature of Educational WWW Hyperlinks".
448:
1662:
394:
126:
944:
772:
637:
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222:. Other causes will cause a link to target content other than what was intended by the link's author.
1172:
1003:"Normalizing the pandemic: exploring the cartographic issues in state government COVID-19 dashboards"
467:
386:
307:
1603:
1584:"The impact of impermanent Web-located citations: A study of 123 scholarly conference publications"
854:
789:
273:
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1339:
139:
A 2003 study found that on the Web, about one link out of every 200 broke each week, suggesting a
300:
1583:
1598:
1419:
1123:"The Growing Problem of Internet "Link Rot" and Best Practices for Media and Online Publishers"
849:
784:
462:
The detection of broken links may be done manually or automatically. Automated methods include
830:
741:
Proceedings of the 5th
International Web Archiving Workshop and Digital Preservation (IWAW'05)
1657:
1196:"Going, going, still there: Using the WebCite service to permanently archive cited web pages"
471:
382:
267:
507:
497:
372:
203:
1561:
Koehler, Wallace (1999). "An
Analysis of Web Page and Web Site Constancy and Permanence".
8:
1039:
895:"A Cross Disciplinary Study of Link Decay and the Effectiveness of Mitigation Techniques"
840:
463:
195:
1247:"Perma: Scoping and Addressing the Problem of Link and Reference Rot in Legal Citations"
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The rate of link rot is a subject of study and research due to its significance to the
73:
31:
1169:"Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine"
671:"A longitudinal study of web pages continued: a consideration of document persistence"
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1227:
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867:
368:
199:
1481:
838:; et al. (March 2001). "Persistence of Web References in Scientific Research".
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Chapekis, Athena; Bestvater, Samuel; Remy, Emma; Rivero, Gonzalo (May 17, 2024).
437:
347:
119:
911:
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the presence of user-specific information (such as a login name) within the link
198:
found that, in 2023, 38% of pages from 2013 went missing. Also, in 2023, 54% of
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173:
168:
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of 138 weeks. This rate was largely confirmed by a 2016–2017 study of links in
111:
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linking to primary rather than secondary sources and prioritizing stable sites
185:
A 2013 study found that 49% of links in U.S. Supreme court opinions are dead.
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871:
421:
65:
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1537:
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Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web – WWW '04
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Adams, Aaron M.; Chen, Xiang; Li, Weidong; Chuanrong, Zhang (27 July 2023).
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1545:
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409:
403:
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Decentralized
Persistent Identifiers: a basic model for immutable handlers
879:
798:
1212:
215:
1093:
732:
McCown, Frank; Chan, Sheffan; Nelson, Michael L.; Bollen, Johan (2005).
110:
A number of studies have examined the prevalence of link rot within the
378:
314: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1612:
1591:
Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology
1575:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:2<162::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-B
1074:
734:"The Availability and Persistence of Web References in D-Lib Magazine"
1245:
Zittrain, Jonathan; Albert, Kendra; Lessig, Lawrence (12 June 2014).
863:
605:
Fetterly, Dennis; Manasse, Mark; Najork, Marc; Wiener, Janet (2003).
512:
364:
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avoiding links that point to resources on researchers' personal pages
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Strategies pertaining to the protection of existing links include:
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96:
69:
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Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Web Engineering
611:
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web
444:
to automatically refer browsers and crawlers to relocated content.
253:
dynamic page content such as search results that changes by design
417:
241:
167:
analyzed nearly 15,000 links in abstracts from
Thomson Reuters's
64:
tending over time to cease to point to their originally targeted
229:
the restructuring of websites that causes changes in URLs (e.g.
202:
articles had a dead link in the 'references' section and 23% of
37:
479:
975:"49% of the Links Cited in Supreme Court Decisions Are Broken"
246:
a change in server architecture that results in code such as
1413:
945:"What the ephemerality of the Web means for your hyperlinks"
1519:
1033:
604:
390:
563:"Object Persistence and Availability in Digital Libraries"
353:
Strategies pertaining to the authorship of links include:
247:
115:
474:. Automatic checking may not detect links that return a
470:
as well as standalone broken-link checkers such as like
1563:
Journal of the
American Society for Information Science
1331:
1168:
731:
1244:
1000:
607:"A large-scale study of the evolution of web pages"
399:avoiding linking to documents other than web pages
1353:
1158:." Procedia computer science 146 (2019): 123-130.
1125:. Journalist's Resource, Harvard Kennedy School.
892:
1649:
538:"Link rot: what is it and how can I prevent it?"
482:response but point to content that has changed.
240:relocation of formerly free content to behind a
1193:
1082:
1053:
41:A rotten link usually leads to an error message
16:Phenomenon of URLs tending to cease functioning
1522:"Going, Going, Gone: Lost Internet References"
1491:"Modelling Information Persistence on the Web"
1459:
1407:
561:Nelson, Michael L.; Allen, B. Danette (2002).
256:deletion of the target page and/or its content
1380:
1362:"Software Eliminates User Errors And Linkrot"
1187:
664:
662:
1194:Eysenbach, Gunther; Trudel, Mathieu (2005).
1116:
1114:
761:
727:
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1462:Journal of Science Education and Technology
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893:Hennessey, Jason; Xijin Ge, Steven (2013).
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598:
560:
279:
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1121:Kille, Leighton Walter (8 November 2014).
773:"The Decay and Failures of Web References"
659:
1602:
1423:
1389:"FYI on Google Toolbar's Latest Features"
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635:
578:
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503:Deletionism and inclusionism in Knowledge
330:Learn how and when to remove this message
1581:
1332:"Arweave - A community-driven ecosystem"
225:Other reasons for broken links include:
36:
25:Broken Link (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
1631:
1560:
1489:Gomes, Daniel; Silva, Mário J. (2006).
1386:
1238:
668:
535:
1650:
1395:from the original on 13 September 2008
991:
972:
188:A 2023 study looking at United States
19:"Broken Link" redirects here. For the
1120:
638:"The half-life of a link is two year"
1368:from the original on 11 October 2007
1283:from the original on 1 November 2020
1200:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1175:from the original on 26 January 1997
1129:from the original on 12 January 2015
312:adding citations to reliable sources
283:
114:, in academic literature that uses
13:
1453:
1360:Rønn-Jensen, Jesper (2007-10-05).
454:integrating search resources into
14:
1679:
1620:
1391:. Google Webmaster Central Blog.
1062:"The Web, Cartography and Trust"
1036:"When Online Content Disappears"
617:from the original on 9 July 2011
288:
118:to cite web content, and within
1342:from the original on 2023-03-15
1324:
1313:from the original on 2016-02-02
1295:
1161:
1147:Sicilia, Miguel-Angel, et al. "
1141:
1100:from the original on 2000-03-02
1027:
966:
955:from the original on 2021-08-02
937:
886:
813:from the original on 2020-07-23
685:from the original on 2017-09-11
648:from the original on 2017-10-17
587:from the original on 2020-07-19
299:needs additional citations for
30:For link rot on Knowledge, see
696:
629:
529:
1:
1060:McGranaghan, Matthew (1999).
1020:10.1080/17445647.2023.2235385
706:. August 2015. Archived from
523:
105:
1387:Mueller, John (2007-12-14).
1254:Legal Information Management
973:Garber, Megan (2013-09-23).
389:, Handle System references,
88:link, is a specific form of
7:
912:10.1186/1471-2105-14-S14-S5
536:Szymura, Sav (2023-09-11).
485:
10:
1684:
1582:Sellitto, Carmine (2005).
949:Columbia Journalism Review
580:10.1045/january2002-nelson
468:content management systems
449:content management systems
29:
21:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
18:
1627:Future-Proofing Your URIs
1500:. ICWE'06. Archived from
1266:10.1017/S1472669614000255
1066:Cartographic Perspectives
777:Communications of the ACM
704:"All-Time Weblock Report"
669:Koehler, Wallace (2004).
234:
230:
209:
1094:"Cool URIs Don't Change"
350:and other web pioneers.
280:Prevention and detection
274:domain name registration
1538:10.1126/science.1088234
1474:10.1023/A:1014627511641
478:or links that return a
367:or otherwise employing
262:deliberate blocking by
250:functioning differently
127:Million Dollar Homepage
125:In a 2023 study of the
60:) is the phenomenon of
383:persistent identifiers
206:linked to a dead URL.
42:
1434:10.1145/988672.988716
1307:cyber.law.harvard.edu
799:10.1145/602421.602422
636:van der Graaf, Hans.
136:of nearly 23 years).
40:
1643:on 23 December 2012.
1418:. pp. 328–337.
1213:10.2196/jmir.7.5.e60
834:; David M. Pennock;
675:Information Research
508:Digital preservation
498:Dead Internet theory
494:, web archiving team
373:URL canonicalization
308:improve this article
272:the expiration of a
235:domain.net/tree/pine
231:domain.net/pine_tree
1364:. Justaddwater.dk.
1040:Pew Research Center
769:Spinellis, Diomidis
440:mechanisms such as
428:, Amber, or Arweave
1663:Product expiration
1637:"Fighting Linkrot"
1154:2023-05-10 at the
899:BMC Bioinformatics
836:Gary William Flake
472:Xenu's Link Sleuth
395:content addressing
233:might be moved to
164:BMC Bioinformatics
43:
32:Knowledge:Link rot
1613:10.1002/asi.20159
1532:(5646): 787–788.
1075:10.14714/CP32.624
369:URL normalization
340:
339:
332:
200:English Knowledge
120:digital libraries
1675:
1644:
1639:. Archived from
1635:(14 June 1998).
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90:dangling pointer
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