List of doping cases in cycling

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taking supplements which were contaminated with the banned substance. A formal hearing of the North American CAS Panel reported in October 2003, that a doping violation had occurred, but further stated that it was not an intentional doping violation. She was suspended for 6 months from any race activity dating back to the beginning of her voluntary withdrawal. In December 2007 Neben filed a lawsuit in a California district court against Hammer Nutrition, maker of Endurolytes, alleging that the product contained unlisted substances that caused all three plaintiffs to produce positive doping tests.

10512: 7907: 7880: 7591: 7304: 8558: 595:"The administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiologic substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition. When necessity demands medical treatment with any substance which, because of its nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete's performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded as doping." 8142: 8018: 5051:. On 30 April 2007 Team Discovery Channel announced that Basso would be released from his contract on Basso's request. While still claiming to never have actually engaged in blood doping, Basso admitted contacting Dr. Fuentes' clinic with the intention to engage in blood doping. On 15 June 2007, Basso received a two-year ban. The time he had already spent under team suspension whilst riding for CSC and temporary suspension since leaving Discovery were taken into consideration which meant his ban would end on 24 October 2008. 10388: 7411: 6910: 6497:, had their homes searched as part of the investigation. Bernucci was suspended after police reportedly found banned products in his house. He remained suspended until his team received further information about the search. A day later, the same newspaper revealed more details of the investigation, claiming that 16 of the teams riders and staff had been placed under formal investigation for doping related offences. Amongst the names mentioned by the newspaper were current and former Lampre riders, including 12545:. In-competition use of tramadol was banned by the UCI Medical Regulations starting on 1 March 2019 in order to protect riders from its side effects. Since tramadol was not on the WADA prohibited substances list, Quintana's positive test did not constitute an anti-doping rule violation. Quintana appealed his disqualification to the Court of Arbitration of Sport (CAS) which upheld the decision of the UCI. WADA has since decided to add tramadol to its list of prohibited substances, effective 1 January 2024. 2924:

revealed EPO use, including six from Armstrong. In 2006 a UCI appointed independent lawyer, Emile Vrijman, released a report in 2006 claiming that Lance Armstrong should be cleared of any suspicion surrounding the retrospective testing of the 1999 Tour de France. Vrijman denounced the manner in which the doping laboratory in Châtenay-Malabry carried out its research, claiming that there were too many procedural and chain of custody gaps. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rejected it, calling it

6650:) had failed an out of competition doping control and would be suspended from cycling. On September 10, Sentjens admitted to having doped with EPO that he had obtained in Barcelona, Spain, and declined to request the testing of his B-sample. He also announced his immediate retirement from professional cycling. UCI handed him a 2-year ban on 27 December 2012. He changed his mind about retirement while serving his ban, and he made a comeback in 2012 with continental team Cyclingteam de Rijke. 10482: 10448: 10418: 10327: 10289: 10254: 7625: 5000: 4135:, the former world champion from Belarus tested positive at three European races in 2005, - once to anabolic steroid stanozolol and twice to hormone testosterone. In 2006 she was banned for 2 years. It was not her first positive test for doping substances, nor her first suspension: At the Giro d'Italia Femminile in 2001, she returned a positive test for a diuretic, and at the Circuito di Massarosa in 2003, for ephedrine. She was out of competition for four and two months respectively. 10211: 9393: 8816: 8684: 8429: 8311: 7945: 7842: 7792: 7719: 7655: 7549: 7457: 7347: 7212: 7095: 7047: 6962: 6875: 1240:, after leading the race through 16 stages. Merckx was found positive at doping control and expelled from the Giro. Merckx steadfastly denied the charges. The controversy began to swirl when his test results were not handled in the ordinary manner. The positive doping control was released to the press before all parties (Merckx and team officials) involved were notified and happened just after Merckx refused to accept money for not competing in general classification. 9219: 8643: 8225: 39: 15650:, volume 26: issue number 1, January 13, 1997, pp 6-7: Velonotes: A USA Cycling disciplinary panel has recommended that Levi Leipheimer receive a three-month suspension and be forced to return his national criterium championship jersey. The decision came after a drug test conducted at the August 18 championship event showed positive. The panel's decision was upheld by USA Cycling executive director Lisa Voight, and the criterium title was awarded to Matt Johnson 44: 28753: 9745: 9702: 9659: 9616: 9530: 5686: 4965: 4895: 8993: 8949: 8387: 8179: 5421: 9262: 8599: 8512: 9434: 8860: 9484: 8770: 10597: 10542: 9573: 8352: 8105: 5818: 2200:. Some teams used sophisticated recovery techniques whereby riders were put on a drip during the night and fed nutrients such as Vitamin B12. This practice was blamed when the entire PDM team went down with a fever on the 10th Stage of the Tour de France. PDM management blamed a virus although only riders were infected. Ten days later a press release stated that the team had used recovery substances which were past their sell-by date. 1141:) Having won a stage which started at Scarborough and crossed Rosedale Chimney, riding ahead of the race on one of the race's hardest climbs, he rode into the back of a car parked beside the road as an official waited to time him. He remounted and won the stage and led the race. Two days later, he and three others (Canet and Usamentiaga of Spain and Ken Hill of Great Britain) were disqualified for doping. The Spanish team went home. 7685: 3212:, from Northern Ireland, tested positive for the Norandrosterone in 2002 during the Tour of Austria, which returned a reading 3 nanograms above the permitted blood concentration of the substance. Laboratory tests showed the presence of a legal glutamine supplement he was using contained norandrosterone not listed on the label. This evidence led to him being given the minimum allowed six-month suspension and fined 2000 Swiss Francs. 1822:, was not against Olympic rules although Games medical guidelines discouraged it. Borysewicz and a colleague, Ed Burke, set up a clinic in a Los Angeles motel room and four of the seven athletes who had transfusions won medals. The U.S. federation banned blood-doping in January 1985. Borysewicz and Burke were fined a month's pay. Mike Fraysse, a former president of the federation, was demoted from first to third vice-president. 9352: 7761: 5785: 4825: 9131: 10358: 9308: 9039: 8472: 8267: 8061: 9175: 8906: 8727: 7503: 7268: 7176: 7014: 5752: 5653: 5620: 5554: 5488: 5455: 4860: 4722: 9085: 7143: 5719: 5587: 5521: 5388: 4930: 4774: 9910:. Schleck's B-sample confirmed the positive result, and Schleck claims he was poisoned. In January 2013, it was announced that Schleck was handed a ban of one year by the Luxembourg Anti-Doping Agency, who specified that it was a "verdict of accidental contamination" and the traces of Xipamide were very low. The ban has been retrospectively applied, so Schleck will be able to compete again after 14 July 2013. 6439:, returned positive results for EPO, in controls carried out at the event which took place in Tabor, Czech Republic in January. The two had been targeted after suspicious blood profiles were revealed as part of their respective biological passports. A week later, Kacper Szczepaniak reportedly attempted to commit suicide. On 30 March, Pawel was handed an 8-year ban while Kacper got a 4-year ban. 1039:. Palfium was used to deaden pain in leg muscles where it was directly injected (sometimes while riding). It was suggested that it had so numbed Rivière's fingers that he could not feel the brake levers. He said he had an injection of solucamphor and amphetamine before the start and swallowed several amphetamine tablets. He said he was an addict who downed thousands of pills a year. 798: 892:, which had been developed for military use during World War II to keep aircrew, merchant seamen and submariners awake, alert and energetic. After the war they found a ready market among endurance sportsmen. Coppi also said, "One day I will take the wrong pill and pedal backward." He also joked on camera that he only took drugs when absolutely necessary, which is nearly always. 4176:(hCG) in an 'out of season' test on 26 March, and an 'in competition' test on 10 June 2006. Further tests indicated that his testosterone imbalance resulted from the presence of exogenous testosterone. He was suspended for 8 years by the USADA. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 8 years." 633:, and listed as the presumed first death due to doping during a competition. The report did allow that in this period it was common practice, and not illegal. This is alternatively reported as 'trimethyl" poisoning (a compound which does not actually exist). However, the main Bordeaux–Paris race did not start until 1891, and the cyclist who supposedly died in 1886, 4086:

the case said that it was "probable" that Landaluze had committed a doping violation, but the UCI had failed to meet its burden of proof in the case. New revisions to the WADA Code would suggest that Landaluze would have lost his case under the new rules. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states 'Acquitted for legal reasons'

3503:, a synthetic drug which increases red blood cell levels. The ring included six riders plus four others including the chief defendant, Belgian veterinarian Jose Landuyt. On 24 January 2007, Johan Museeuw confessed to the charges. The court proceedings were adjourned until 23 September 2008, pending a ruling from the Constitutional Court on the point of law. 3493:, a synthetic drug which increases red blood cell levels. The ring included six riders plus four others including the chief defendant, Belgian veterinarian Jose Landuyt. On 24 January 2007, Johan Museeuw confessed to the charges. The court proceedings were adjourned until 23 September 2008, pending a ruling from the Constitutional Court on the point of law. 1873:, Winnen admitted that he had doped. He came third in the 1983 Tour de France (undoped) but he said that in the 1986 Tour de France "I was very bad and had the choice: go back to home or to provide me with testosterone." - Winnen reached Paris. During his career with Raleigh, Panasonic and Buckler, Winnen used testosterone, amphetamines and corticosteroids. 22540: 1986:. "Average" red blood cell volume of the population at sea level is about 45% red blood cells. About 5% of the population has less than 40% red blood cell, which is defined as "anemia" and 5% of the population, including many world class athletes, have a natural red blood cells volume of 50%... 1% of the population has 54% red blood cell volume. 6718:) was handed a 2-year backdated ban for the "use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method". His results from 17 September 2008 to 22 October 2010 were annulled and he was immediately free to compete again. Stević had originally been banned for life by the Italian anti-doping authority in September 2008 for his involvement in the 5295:/doping and was on the same day suspended by his team T-Mobile. On 31 July 2007, Sinkewitz was fired by the T-Mobile team after he declined to have his "B" blood sample tested. He also admitted to having used Testogel, a topically applied testosterone ointment. On 3 November, he admitted using banned EPO and blood transfusions in the past. 915:

the Tour de France." Malléjac collapsed, falling to the ground with one foot still trapped in a pedal. The other leg pedalled on in the air. He was "completely unconscious, his face the colour of a corpse, a freezing sweat ran on his forehead. He regained consciousness after 15 minutes attention, oxygen, water, and an injection of

760:, probably brought on by drinking. Michael was managed by Choppy Warburton. Michael was reported to have taken a potion and within a few laps collapsed on the track, picked himself up and then in a daze, set off in the wrong direction. Michael is said to have accused Warburton of "poisoning him", before he was taken to court for 5076:. Italian authorities investigated whether this was a natural consequence of racing at a high level for three weeks, or some kind of masking agent. On 28 September, Di Luca withdrew from the UCI Road World Championships calling his treatment "a scandal" after he had been accused of doping allegations. Di Luca was leading the 2060:("Pijn is genot") that he had trouble coping when that success began to dry up. Van der Velde said he remembered shivering at the start of an Italian race, the skin of his arms wrinkled in goosebumps, because of the amphetamine he had taken just to start. He was also disqualified from the 1981 Liège–Bastogne–Liège race. 2038:(translated as "Breaking the Chain") although he acknowledged the impossibility of proving the link between these early deaths and the drugs taken while racing. It is widely presumed, but not proven, that the death is attributable to EPO use but this is disputed. Voet also talked about Oosterbosch riding the 1982 1636:. Methylphenidate was a popular performance-enhancing drug in cycling at that time. Arroyo and his team denied the allegations and asked for a second analysis of the sample. The B analysis confirmed the first positive test. Arroyo was assigned a 10-minute penalty and stripped of his Vuelta win which was given to 22548: 6210:

established at the start of the season. A biological passport is an individual, electronic record for each rider, in which the results of all doping tests over a period of time are collated. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible

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was voluntarily retired by his team for lying about his whereabouts and missing doping tests. A fourth rider was confirmed to having used doping while in a training session prior to the 2007 Tour and a fifth rider tested positive late in the race, with his result being officially announced just after

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in September 2007. He purchased it over the counter at a pharmacy in Italy to help keep his weight under control and said he had been taking it for four years, unaware it had been added to the list of banned substances. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated

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of Norway tested positive for Ephedrine during a stage race in Germany (the Berliner 4-Etappen-Fahrt). He was suspended for 2 months from 1 February 1998, fined 500 Swiss francs ($ US345) and lost 15 UCI ranking points. Additionally the Norwegian Cycling Federation was fined 5,000 Swiss francs (about

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that Leipheimer tested positive for a banned substance after the Championship, and a disciplinary panel recommended that he return his title. The Leipheimer family confirmed the violation, claiming that Levi had innocently used the allergy medicine Claritin-D to relieve hay fever symptoms. The family

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to cyclists. Conconi was found 'morally guilty', but was acquitted, because the evidence was considered insufficient to definitively prove that his involvement led to the deliberate ingestion of drugs by riders. The judge had looked at medical reports of 33 cyclists in the period 1993–1995, including

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during the Tour de France and received a ten-minute penalty which moved him from fourth to eleventh place overall. He admitted in 2000 to using illegal substances during his career, according to an interview published by the Dutch regional newspaper Dutch "Eindhovens Dagblad". He confessed "to having

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of Belgium confessed that "In the Tour de France, I took steroids. That is not a stimulant, just a strengthener. If I hadn't, I would have had to give up. What do you think? I'm on the bike all year from February onwards, I have to do well in the classics in all the little races, and also in the Tour

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and was provisionally suspended. As teammate Naser Rezavi also tested positive in the Jelajah Malaysia in December 2015, the UCI considers this a second Adverse Analytical Finding in a 12-month period with the team potentially facing a ban of between 15 and 45 days. Emami was handed a seven-year and

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team had been banned from cycling for five years. After his house was raided in 2010, prohibited substances were found and he was banned for 'the use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or method, as well as the possession of prohibited substances'. Several members of his family

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of the US tested positive for metabolites of testosterone or its precursors (6?-OH-androstenedione 6?-OH-androsterone) on 7 May 2006, at the International 42nd Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey. He received a 2-year suspension. When he testified for the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) at the Floyd

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of Canada recorded a hematocrit level in excess of the allowable limit while with the Canadian National Team preparing for the World Championships in Hamilton, Ontario, in late 2003. She was required to withdraw from competition for two weeks. She explained the finding by reference to an oxygen tent

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of the US tested positive for an elevated testosterone-epitestosterone ratio at the 2001 USPRO Championships in Philadelphia on 10 June 2001 and received a 1-year suspension. O'Bee declared that his positive drug test "resulted from a special training regimen recommended by his coach, which involved

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of Australia was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team, and although admitting he had taken EPO intravenously, he claimed to have doped unknowingly as the team had told him it was vitamin supplements. He was not suspended by his national federation, but decided

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in Los Angeles. The U.S. cycling team's successes were coloured by revelations that riders had blood transfusions before their events, a practice known as blood-doping. The transfusions were to increase red blood cells in riders' blood. That would take more oxygen to their muscles. They received the

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addiction at a psychiatric institute. Many stories circulate about his reported wild behaviour after races and when he put his career on hold. When he returned to racing, the Belgian federation would offer him a licence for only a day at a time until it saw how his life would progress. He refused to

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in his bedroom with plastic tubes running from each arm to a bottle of hormones; retransfusion was a legal practice at the time. In the 1930s, Scandinavian runners were believed to have used retransfusion to increase the number of corpuscles that carry oxygen to the muscles. In 1972, Dr Björn Ekblom

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during the 1955 Tour de France; it was widely attributed to drug abuse. Ten kilometres from the summit he was: "Streaming with sweat, haggard and comatose, he was zigzagging and the road wasn't wide enough for him... He was already no longer in the real world, still less in the world of cyclists and

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under the title "Les Forçats de la Route" ('The Convicts of the Road'). Francis is reported as saying "In short, we run on dynamite." Henri is reported as saying "Do you know how we keep going? Look, this is cocaine, chloroform, too. And pills? You want to see pills? Here are three boxes - We run on

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On 28 September, UCI announced that José Roberto Rojas Romero of Venezuela was banned for 2 years for a formestane positive from 10 July 2014, that Adrian Alvarado Teneb of Chile was banned for 2 years for an EPO positive from 1 May 2014, and that Karl Murray of New Zealand was banned 2 years for a

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On 26 October, the UCI Management Committee announced its decision to not reallocate the Tour victories or any other of Armstrongs results in the period between 1998 and 2005. The ruling extended "from now on to any competitive sporting results disqualified due to doping for the period from 1998 to

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and that they were suspended for six months. Hincapie and Barry had retired earlier in the season while Team Omega Pharma-Quickstep terminated Leipheimers contract a week later, and he eventually had to retire from pro cycling as he could not get a new contract. Zabriskie, Danielson and Vande Velde

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on 28 April of that year. The substance, an active ingredient in nasal congestion medication, is listed on the banned lists of both the UCI and WADA. It is the second time in as many years that Lhotellerie has been dismissed by a team. Despite promising results in Paris–Nice, La Flèche Wallonne and

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during the Tour de France. He believed the test was a result of a tainted nutritional supplement that he had taken to cure a liver problem. The chemist who had prepared Brandt's prescription confirmed he had been working with methadone on the same day that he had prepared Brandt's prescription. His

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of the US was suspended for one year due to contaminated supplements which contained the banned substance - 19-norandrosterone. These supplements were bought off the shelf of the local Boulder, Colorado supplement store. It was later proven by lab results from the same batch of supplements that the

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court for the importation of prohibited doping substances during the 2002 Tour de France where he finished third. His wife Edita was given the same sentence with a 3,000 euros fine on identical charges, while Polish doctor Krzysztof Ficek was handed a 12-month suspended sentence for prescribing the

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from Poland (CCC-Polsat) tested "non-negative" for EPO, at the 55th Peace Race/Course de la Paix in the Czech Republic. He was tested after the fourth stage that finished in Chemnitz on 13 May 2002. Both Przydzial's A and B samples showed signs of EPO and he faced a two-year ban. Prior to the start

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part of the investigation allegedly detail a number of aliases for Roche including Rocchi, Rossi, Rocca, Roncati, Righi and Rossini. In 2004 Judge Oliva alleged that Roche had taken EPO during 1993 but due to the statute of limitations, neither Roche nor his teammates at Carrera would be prosecuted.

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several days later, Roche again denying EPO. In March 2000 the Italian judge Franca Oliva published a report detailing the investigation into sports doctors including Conconi. This official judicial investigation concluded that Roche was administered EPO in 1993, his last year in the peloton. Files

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of France never hid that he took drugs – a common practice at the time - and in a debate with a government minister on French television said that only a fool would imagine it was possible to ride Bordeaux–Paris on just water. He and other cyclists had to ride through "the cold, through heat waves,

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after the final stage of the Vuelta a Colombia, which he had won, on 15 August. He has been provisionally suspended. On 30 September, it was announced that the Spanish Cycling Federation will let him continue racing until his B-sample is tested. On 14 September 2011, Sevilla was issued a six-month

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during a rest day in Italy of the 2008 Tour de France to blood seized in the Operación Puerto investigation. At a February 2009 appearance in front of the Olympic Committee, Valverde maintained his innocence and questioned the Italians' jurisdiction over this case. In May 2009, the Italian Olympic

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tested positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol before the start of the 2008 Giro d'Italia, which resulted in his expulsion from the race, but later the case was dismissed by the Argentinian federation since it was proven Richeze was not to blame. Richeze did however lose the appeal at CAS and

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had its headquarters searched by police where illegal products were discovered, such as doping substances, medications, equipment to conduct blood transfusions and instruments for clinical use. In June 2008, the Portuguese Cycling Federation (UVP/FCP) suspended nine members of the team temporarily

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said: "She was tested in the Village and she had already left China that evening before having had the result. The test has come back positive for EPO. The disciplinary commission has ruled that she should be excluded from the Games and have her accreditation withdrawn." The IOC passed the case to

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and was suspended from racing until his case was heard out. In 2006, however, he was cleared to return to racing after he showed that the lab conducting tests committed procedural errors. The UCI then failed to show that those errors did not affect the outcome of the tests. The CAS panel reviewing

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of Switzerland was given a 4-year ban by the Swiss Olympic Committee (COS) after testing positive for testosterone on May 5 during the Tour de Romandie. Rütimann declined to have his B test analysed, and was given a heavy suspension as he had also tested positive for banned substances in May 2001,

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becomes the first rider to test positive for EPO under a new system introduced by the UCI in 2001. Hamburger was later acquitted by the Danish Sports Federation after irregularities in the handling of Hamburger's B sample analysis. Hamburger denied ever taking any banned substances, but in 2007 he

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of Switzerland was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 July, he confessed using EPO throughout the past two years, along with amphetamines and growth hormones. He was suspended 8 months by the Swiss Cycling Federation from 1 October 1998 until 1 June

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in the 1998 Tour, where he opted to abandon the race in sympathy with the Festina riders. Despite confessing to doping use when riding all the Grand Tours, he insisted to have won the Rainbow Jersey in 1994 without any help of illegal substances. As the statute of limitation was only five years in

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of Denmark released his autobiography in November 2006, in which he confessed to having used doping for more than 10 years. In 1991 he started using steroids, in 1992 growth hormones and testosterone, and finally by 1993 he was also using EPO. He claimed that he requested the drugs himself, and he

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According to cyclingnews.com, 1990 was the height of the drug taking in the team and during this year, two riders had to stop with acute heart problems; whether this refers to stopping with professional cycling or performance-enhancing drugs is unclear. Team manager Gisbers denied any knowledge of

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had both tested positive for hydroxyethyl starch on September 16, during the Vuelta a España. Mosquera had finished the race in 2nd place, and Dapena finished 11th overall. On 6 October, it was announced that Garcia Dapena had tested positive for EPO during the race, on 13 September. Mosquera was

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of the US tested positive for the banned substance 19-norandrosterone after the Montreal World Cup race. Neben chose to appeal the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and, in the meantime, accepted a provisional suspension which began in mid-July 2003. She claimed that it was the result of

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during the race. For years, it had been impossible to detect the drug, called erythropoietin, until UCI began using a urine test for EPO in 2001. According to the newspaper, tests on 1999 urine samples were done to help scientists improve their detection methods. The newspaper said 12 samples had

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positive for EPO, that he indeed had used this substance intensively during the two weeks ahead of the Tour. At this point of time, the positive test was not perceived as an individual rider scandal – but more as proof for a collective peloton behavior, as the retrospective test actually had

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of Italy was arrested by the French police in the 1998 Tour de France for possession of cortisone, and was alleged to have sold EPO to several riders. He was thrown out of the Tour while wearing the Mountain's jersey. He was however only convicted guilty of the first part of the charge, and along

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from Poland - died, aged 26, on 5 February 1994. In 1988 he was the World Champion cyclist, Olympic Silver medalist, and was voted 'best athlete in Poland'. In 1990 he turned professional and took part in the World Championships in Japan, but in autumn that year health problems (heart arrhythmia)

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of Ireland was described in Willy Voet's book 'Massacre à la Chaine': He won the Tour of Lombardy three times (1983, 1985, 1991 (also won amateur version in 1976)) and on at least one occasion he did it with the help of a corticoide injection. Kelly was controlled positive after Paris–Brussels in

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was the first rider to be tested in the Tour at the end of a stage to Bordeaux. He said "I was strolling down the corridor in ordinary clothes when I came across two guys who asked if I was a rider. They made me go into a room, I pissed into some bottles and they closed them without sealing them.

11388:) had tested positive for the HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 on 16 June, and that Taborre was provisionally suspended. His team Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec was also facing sanction from UCI, as this was the second anti-doping rule violation in less than a year for riders from the team. 11062:

revealed that there was an ongoing investigation into anomalous values from 2011 and 2012 in his biological passport. On 22 September, it was announced that his national federation cleared him of any anti-doping violation and that he was free to compete again. The ruling has been appealed to the

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was admitted to a hospital in critical condition after what has been diagnosed as kidney failure, allegedly due to a blood transfusion he performed on himself with 25-day-old blood. Riccò admitted he had performed the transfusion to the doctor treating him in the presence of his girlfriend Vania

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from Switzerland tested positive for EPO at the end of la Flèche Wallonne on April 18. The Swiss Cycling Federation (SRB) stated that the B sample 'counter-evaluation' was carried out by the IUML (University Institute of Forensic medicine) in Lausanne and it confirmed the first analysis. He was

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of France, the 1994 world champion, admitted to the court in the Festina trial (after having retired in 1999), that he had used performance-enhancing EPO to prepare for the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España throughout 1994–1998. He claimed the reason he started to use EPO in 1994

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of France was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 25 October 2000 he admitted to doping (with amphetamines, cortisone and EPO) during the 1998 Tour de France. Beside of a short self-imposed suspension, he was given a 2-month suspension from 1 February

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On 19 September, it was announced that British cyclist Dan Stevens had been banned for 21 months after refusing to submit to an out-of-competition doping control on 29 January 2014. He'd received a 3-month cut of the sanction for providing valuable information to the Cycling Independent Reform

6570:. On 22 June, the Spanish Cycling Federation cleared Rosendo. On 30 July, Valjavec was cleared by the Slovenian anti-doping agency. On 21 October, Pellizotti was also cleared by his own national anti-doping agency. The UCI appealed the cases of Pellizotti and Valjavec to CAS and won both cases. 3342:

was expelled from the Giro d'Italia after becoming the first professional cyclist to be caught using NESP, a stronger and longer lasting form of EPO. However, NESP is not produced naturally by the body, and is therefore easy to detect by doping tests as it stays in the body for a long time. He

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of France was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 July he confessed being doped in the Tour by EPO, amphetamines, corticosteroids, nandrolone and Human Growth Hormones (HGH). He was suspended by the French Cycling Federation for six months from 1

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after an out of competition control, and received a 4-year suspension. In June 2006 he confessed at a doping trial in Bordeaux, that while being suspended he had both consumed and sold the drug known in the peloton as "pot Belge" (a mixture of amphetamines, caffeine, and sometimes cocaine and

6456:. It was confirmed that he could not ride on Italian soil again until 10 March 2011. A UCI press statement, issued after this hearing, stated that "the UCI expresses its determination to take the necessary measures to secure a suspension that is applicable internationally." The UCI President 2694:

of France was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 October 2000, he admitted using doping (EPO, cortisone, ACTH, and growth hormones) at the 1998 Tour de France. On 22 December 2000, he was cleared by the French court from the criminal charge of

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Rossi. The doctor treating him reported this information to authorities leading to an investigation being opened against the professional cyclist by police and the Italian Olympic committee (CONI). He was well enough to be released from hospital within two weeks, and was sacked by his team

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had been provisionally suspended after he tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition test on March 22. He subsequently admitted the charge and waived the B sample testing. In December, it was announced that Galimzyanov was suspended for two years, starting retroactively on 13 April

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Then they took my name, my date of birth, without asking for anything to check my identity. I could have been anyone, and they could have done anything they liked with the bottles." The next morning, on the way to the Pyrenees, the riders climbed off, began walking and shouting protests.

2823:. The small amounts of corticoids in a urine sample were explained by the prescription for skin cream (saddle sores / boil / allergy) that he subsequently presented to the UCI, thus he was cleared of any offence. He later admitted that saddle sores were a cover story for actually doping. 2395:

of Denmark admitted doping during the 1990s in his 2002 autobiography. This did not cost him his job as manager for the Danish national team, despite some concern about him being a role model for the young riders. In May 2007 he admitted having used EPO on two occasions in 1996 at Team

3789:

the Belgian Mountain biker, tested positive for EPO at an out of competition control on June 25, two days before round 5 of the mountain bike World Cup in Mont St Anne, Canada, which he won. The 33-year-old World Champion told the Belga newsagency that he will stop competitive cycling

3295:

1188:. The post mortem found that he had taken amphetamines and alcohol, a diuretic combination which proved fatal when combined with the hot conditions, the notoriously hard climb of the Ventoux and a pre-existing stomach complaint. Investigators discovered more drugs in his hotel room at 3237:

tested positive for high levels of caffeine and was removed from the Danish National Team for the World Championships in Ballerup in September. It was the second time Nielsen has been caught relating to doping. In 1997, he was found to have taken nandrolone and was suspended for two

2507:

won the Tour de France. Team doctors Andreas Schmid and Lothar Heinrich also confessed to participating and administering banned substances. The latter was Team Telekom's sporting director until 3 May 2007, when he was suspended following allegations published in former team member

22493: 4661:

was found to have failed a drug test after stage 17; Landis contested the result and demanded arbitration. On 20 September 2007 Landis was found guilty and suspended retroactive to 30 January 2007 and stripped of the 2006 Tour de France title making Óscar Pereiro the title holder.

2728:

found 92% of the tested riders (35 out of 38) positive for EPO in this edition of the Tour. As the statute of limitation is 8 years, a disciplinary proceeding was not launched, but the rider decided to retire, and he was also asked to retire from his recently appointed post in the

9890:

On 10 July, the USADA issued lifetime bans for Michele Ferrari, Luis Garcia del Moral, and Jose Pepe Marti in relation to the doping conspiracy charges. Jose Pepe Marti later opted to have his case taken in arbitration, and the USADA agreed to the request, suspending his lifetime

4200:

announced that Basso would be released from his contract on Basso's request. While still claiming to never have actually engaged in blood doping, Basso admitted contacting Dr. Fuentes' clinic with the intention to engage in blood doping. On 15 June 2007, Basso received a two-year

3948:

at a race on 7 June. He was initially suspended for 18 months by Belgian Cycling Federation but Capelle appealed his ban on a technicality. In the middle of December the Belgian Council of State overturned the suspension and Capelle was cleared on a procedural error of a testing

3364:, a synthetic drug which increases red blood cell levels, which Museeuw obtained from Landuyt. On 24 January 2007, Museeuw confessed to these charges. The court proceedings were adjourned until 23 September 2008, pending a ruling from the Constitutional Court on the point of law. 10042:

published its Reasoned Decision with appendices and supporting material of their investigation into doping at the US Postal and Discovery teams, a 1000+ pages long document. The document was made public for everyone to read at USADA's website, with only some names redacted from

1059:

of Germany had been ill overnight so the start was delayed by 10 minutes, but at the first hill he got off his bike and sat by the roadside, telling onlookers "I ate bad fish at the hotel last night." Eleven other riders abandoned the Tour that day, including the former leader,

10079:

On 19 October, Rabobank announced that they would end their sponsorship of the professional men's and women's teams as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents. They later changed their mind about the women's

2775:, and a subsequent searching of many teams during the race for possession of illicit doping substances. The affair highlighted systematic doping and suspicion of a widespread network of doping in many teams of the Tour de France, and was characterised by the constant negative 2673:

of Denmark, who raced the Tour de France on four occasions in the 1990s, and worked for Team CSC as a directeur sportif in 2001, confessed that he during his active career had used cortisone – but only in the days where it had not yet been added to the prohibited list of

6427:

was reported positive for CERA by the Italian Olympic Committee. The Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano (CONI) controlled Rossi on January 10 after she finished second in the women's national cyclocross championships. Rossi was the partner of Italian professional cyclist

1574:

of Belgium, admitted to the French newspaper L'Équipe, after his retirement, that "like everyone else", he had used amphetamines in round-the-houses races but he insisted that he had ridden without drugs in important races - not least because he knew he would be tested for

6480:

in Lombardy, which had been commenced by Italian police. It reported that the investigation could involve 54 people relating to events in the 2008 and 2009 seasons. The cycling coach/doctor Guido Negrelli, who had worked in the past with Lampre riders and the team manager

6465:) did not open disciplinary proceedings against Valverde. The CAS ruled on 31 May that the suspension could be enforced, and the UCI applied a retroactive two-year suspension on Valverde from 1 January 2010. In additionto this, all of his results from 2010 were nullified. 1097:

in the rain and in the mountains", and they had the right to treat themselves as they wished, he said in a television interview, before adding: "Leave me in peace; everybody takes dope." There was implied acceptance of doping right to the top of the state: the president,

587:"Doping is the administration to a normal subject in any possible way of a foreign agent or abnormal quantities of physiological substances with the sole purpose of increasing artificially and in an unfair manner the performance of the subject participating in a contest." 3585:. He protested the USADA and controversially raced, and won, during this protest period. He was ultimately found guilty and sentenced to a two-year suspension that included the year of protest in which he raced and won. He was never ordered to return any of his winnings. 1528:

tested positive for doping in stage 13. He was penalized by 10 minutes in the general classification, lost the points that he earned in stage 13 and received 10 penalty points in the mountains classification. Battaglin was still able to win the mountains classification.

11485:(Slovenia) was provisionally suspended for an EPO positive in sample collected in March 2012. Blaža Klemenčič rode for the Felt-Ötztal-X-Bionic Team in 2012. She was subsequently handed a two-year ban and her results from 27 March 2012 to 31 December 2012 were annulled. 1997:

or stroke, especially in the middle of the night when the heart's rate is lowest. Doctors and blood specialists concluded that the drug could have been implicated in the deaths of as many as 18 European professional bicycle racers between 1987 and 1991. One of them was

1505:

de France. On the first rest day, before we went into the Pyrenees, I had a first hormone injection. I had another one on the second day, at the start of the last week. You can't call that medically harmful, not if it's done under a doctor's control and within reason."

2118:) that they had doped in their careers. Rooks said he used testosterone and amphetamines during his whole 13-year career. In 2009, he extended his confession, by also admitting the use of EPO after 1989, which was something he took together with two other Dutch riders 1672:) that they had doped in their careers. Rooks said he used testosterone and amphetamines during his whole 13-year career. In 2009, he extended his confession, by also admitting the use of EPO after 1989, which was something he took together with two other Dutch riders 6896:

Use, possession, trafficking, administration of prohibited substances and methods and assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.

2449:

that were prescribed. He also testified in court that he had used doping since 1993. Dr. Ferrari was also Lance Armstrong's doctor and this led to a public falling-out at the 2002 Tour de France. In 2001 and 2002 Simeoni was suspended for several months for doping

3378:

did not consider the Tour de France positive as a doping offense, and began a face-off with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which insisted the case was indeed one of doping. The UCI declared that there was no limit placed on the amount salbuamol used under

1886:

of Denmark tested positive for doping in 1987, and was banned for life, a sentence that was later changed to a one-year quarantine. In 1992 he was tested positive again, and fired from his team. He rode as an individual for the rest of the year, before finally

11188:, Anti-Doping Denmark and Anti-Doping Authority Netherlands. Former Rabobank riders Michael Rasmussen and Levi Leipheimer testified at the hearing. Information from the hearing lead to UCI Doctor and Scientific Advisor Dr. Mario Zorzoli being suspended by UCI. 2216:, a stimulant drug, which had been prohibited on 1 January that same year. He admitted the offence and received a conditional quarantine. He is now particularly known for his strong and uncompromising struggle against the use of doping in professional cycling. 1382:

of France was reported to have raced across France to avoid a positive dope finding and then ended up in a row which exposed organised drug-taking in cycling in the 1970s. Dard and a teammate, Bourreau, were caught trying to defraud the doping control with a

3748:

announced that Hamilton would keep his gold medal because results could not be obtained from the second, backup sample. The Athens lab had frozen the backup sample, which made it impossible to repeat the blood doping test. Hamilton also tested positive for

10753:) had tested positive for GW-501516 in an out-of-competition control 16 April. Ubeto had been recommended the drug by a doctor in Venezuela after surgery. The Venezuelan federation handed Ubeto a two-year ban from sport, which was later cut to 14 months. 6460:

stated later that it would seek to extend Valverde's ban worldwide. On 27 March, McQuaid said that the UCI would wait to impose a worldwide ban on Valverde until CAS ruled on an appeal by the UCI, protesting the fact that the Spanish cycling federation

6366:

and Markus Cronjäger had been provisionally suspended after returning positive doping controls. Pollack tested positive in an out-of-competition test on July 6 and Cronjäger tested positive after a control conducted at the Rund um den Odenwald on July

2666:

of team Festina was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 July he confessed to using EPO and amphetamines. He served a six-month suspension by the French Cycling Federation from 1 November 1998 until 1 May

3937:

was found in his house and he admitted using. The team accepted his resignation and he was suspended for two years in general and for four years for the UCI Pro-Tour. On October 3, 2008, the Belgium court gave him a 16,500 Euro fine for possession of

22852: 3135:

where the participants of the race were staying. About 200 officers were involved in the raid. Police officers search the rooms of riders from all 20 teams, confiscating medicines. The organizers decided to cancel the 18th stage after second-placed

25101: 11392:

had tested positive for EPO in a control only two days prior to Taborre's positive test. The team would also have to auto suspend itself from competition for 4 weeks in accordance with MPCC rules, as it was their 3rd positive in less than 2 years.

6088:, a new type of EPO, at the end of stage 4. There had not previously been any public acknowledgment that a test for the new drug was being administered, or had even been developed yet. The Tour de France testing was done under the auspices of the 3800:

in the 46th Vuelta a Guatemala in October 2004. In July 2005 he was sanctioned by the Federacion Venezolana De Ciclismo, involving a four-year suspension from 10 November 2004 to 9 November 2008, disqualification of the race, and a fine of CHF

2622:

of Switzerland was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 July 1998 he confessed being doped throughout the past 3 years with EPO, and received an 8-month suspension from 1 October 1998 until 1 June

4437:. On 20 September 2007, he was stripped of his title as winner of the 2006 Tour and placed under a two-year ban from professional racing, following an arbitration panel's 2 to 1 ruling. He appealed the result of the arbitration hearing to the 3469:, a synthetic drug which increases red blood cell levels. On 24 January 2007, Museeuw confessed to these charges. The court proceedings were adjourned until 23 September 2008, pending a ruling from the Constitutional Court on the point of law. 27167: 6110:, winner of stage 10 of the 2008 Tour de France, was sacked by his team for "violation of the team's ethics code" the following day, though no positive test had been reported by that date. He confessed to his team manager that he had used 4358:

prescribed by a doctor. González was handed a two-year ban and retired soon afterwards. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' listed 17 alpha methyl, 5 beta androstane, 3 alpha 17 beta dio and a 2-year

2750:. Contreras have won the gold in the 500m time trial and Guerrero the gold in the points race and the bronze medals in 3000m Individual Pursuit and road race. The Dr. José Angel Covarrubias, then Contreras doctor, was later sanctioned. 1640:. With the 10-minute penalty Arroyo went down to 13th place in the overall classification. The disqualification of the winner of the Vuelta has been called the worst scandal that has ever hit the race on the official La Vuelta website. 2646:

1994, his confession came at a time when he anyway did not risk to lose his title. As his confession moreover came at a time when he had retired, his national federation did not bother to launch disciplinary proceedings against him.

5241:

of Italy tested positive for Salbutamol (>1000 ng/ml) 'in competition' on 23 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "Acquitted due to medical reasons. (under appeal by

2709:, whereas the maximum allowed figure is 50%. He also stated in court by September 1998, that he has been employing EPO throughout the past four years (1994–1998); most lately it was administered to him by the Festina team doctor 782:

of France was doped or poisoned during the Tour de France. He was favourite but collapsed in a ditch in the Pyrenees after drinking from a spiked or poisoned bottle, allegedly given by a rival team manager. He finished in second

6554:

would be suspended from professional cycling for 2 years. He tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition test in September 2009. He was provisionally suspended by the UCI on October 6, and so his ban would end on 5 October

5290:

of Germany tested positive for testosterone at the Tour de France 2007. Sinkewitz failed to start Stage 9 after colliding with a spectator the previous day. On 18 July 2007, Sinkewitz "A" blood sample tested positive for using

3891:

of New Zealand who spent two years racing for Belgian teams, tested positive for high levels of testosterone after a race in Wanzele in March. The Belgian cycling federation banned him for two years plus a fine of $ NZ900 plus

2680:

of France was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. He confessed using EPO in the Tour, and was suspended by the French Cycling Federation for six months from 1 November 1998 until 1 May

2149:(Fiscal Information and Investigation Service) to investigate the medical business of the team. It was said that Wim Sanders supplied anabolic steroids and EPO to the team and was responsible for the "intralipid affair" of the 1109:

said: "Jacques had the strength - for which he was always criticised - to say out loud what others would only whisper. So, when I asked him 'What have you taken?' he didn't drop his eyes before replying. He had the strength of

15630: 6584:

became the first cyclist to be banned on the evidence of his blood passport results. His 2-year suspension was set to finish in June 2011, 2 years after he was first stopped from racing. De Bonis appealed the case to CAS, but

2531:. Earlier in the week, five of Riis' former teammates from Team Telekom confessed to having used banned substances during the 1990s when Riis won the Tour. Riis said that he bought and injected the EPO himself, and team coach 4447:

of France 'Failed to Comply' with the 'in competition' testing on 29 December 2006 and 2 January 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for

10068:

announces that riders and staff will have to sign an anti-doping declaration confirming that they have no past or present involvement in doping, a zero tolerance policy to doping. Anyone not signing will have to leave the

3029:

was expelled from the Giro d'Italia after police discovered banned substances in his hotel room. In 2005 he was arrested and banned from the Tour de France after police found 10 doses of erythropoietin (EPO) in his wife's

4512:

linked numbers used by Dr. Fuentes to identify blood sample bags to names; number 1 to Ullrich, number 2 to Basso, number 4 to Botero, number 5 to Sevilla, number 7 to Unai Osa himself, and number 8 to his brother Aitor

2535:

turned a blind eye to the drug use on the team. Riis was removed from the official record books of Tour de France, but in July 2008 he was written back into the books along with additional notes about his use of doping.

817:

of France – In 1924, following their abandoning of the Tour de France, the first real drug scandal arose when the Pélissier brothers gave an extraordinary interview to journalist Albert Londres. They said that they used

26931: 845:

dynamite." Francis Pélissier said much later: "Londres was a famous reporter but he didn't know about cycling. We kidded him a bit with our cocaine and our pills." Even so, the Tour de France in 1924 was no picnic. See

552:, where doping means "use of physiological substances or abnormal method to obtain an artificial increase of performance." It is neither a list of shame nor a list of illegality, as the first laws were not passed until 24609: 4493:

linked numbers used by Dr. Fuentes to identify blood sample bags to names; number 1 to Ullrich, number 2 to Basso, number 4 to Botero, number 5 to Sevilla, number 7 to Aitor's brother, Unai Osa, number 8 to Aitor Osa

6298:

in an out of competition test on 2 April. He was targeted for additional controls using information from his blood profile. Colom's positive drug test is the second within the ranks of Katusha within five weeks (see

4311:

of Poland tested positive for Stanozolol on May 20, 2006. The 'Union Cycliste Internationale' (UCI) summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2

2407:

claim that USA Cycling later relaxed its standards regarding the use of allergy medicines; however, ephedrine remains a banned substance. USA Cycling's official records name Matt Johnson as the 1996 event's champion.

933:

Following the 14th Stage of the 1956 Tour de France, the entire Belgian team went down with a mystery illness. It was officially attributed to their having eaten 'bad fish' at dinner, an excuse also used in 1962 and

5108:

of Italy "Failed to Comply" with the testing procedures in competition on 14 January 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1

2145:. The doctor of the team from between 1990 and 1991 was Wim Sanders who was the centre of the investigation which was reported to have been initiated when the General Manager of the team, Manfred Krikke, called the 690:. The British and French cycling union announced that Michael would be banned, even though there was no rule at that time against doping. In the end, Michael was not banned, but he left to ride in the United States. 20870: 20537: 2641:, and then for the subsequent two years suddenly found he could not keep up with the pace of the peloton without. "It is true, but I could have taken a lot more to win these races", said Leblanc. He was riding for 1002:, 15 pills of amphetamine and coffee.) The chairman of the Dutch cycling federation, Piet van Dijk, said of Rome that "dope - whole cartloads - used in such royal quantities." Jensen's death led to pressure on the 3251:

of the US tested positive for 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone at the First Union Invitational in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on 4 June 2002. He received a 2-year suspension on 25 September 2002 from the

12665:"Doping in Sport: From Strychnine to Genetic Enhancement, It's a Moving Target, by Gary I. Wadler, M.D., FACP, FACSM, FACPM, FCP. Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine" 3422:

of Spain admitted doping during the 2003 season. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated that he was "Acquitted for legal reasons." He is famous as the whistleblower of

6816:

in an A sample collected on 6 July 2011. As the UCI Anti-Doping Rules do not provide for a provisional suspension given the nature of the substance Kolobnev voluntarily withdrew, with the team waiting on the B

2084:

from the Netherlands. It is widely presumed, but not proven, that his death was attributable to EPO use. The autopsy did not specify the cause of death, but Draaijer's wife later told the German news magazine,

12427: 5169:

of Italy tested positive for Testosterone 'in competition' on July 19, 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years.".

2153:, when the entire team withdrew due to what was reported at the time as food poisoning. In a 2008 TV documentary; team members and team doctor Wim Sanders explain how the cause was in fact careless storage of 442: 2570:

of France told French investigators in July 1998 that he had been supplied with drugs when he was on the Festina team in 1997 and also while he was on the Casino team during the Liege-Bastogne-Liege race in

22856: 12002: 10826:

On 24 July, a French Senatorial commission released a list containing the names of cyclists who, in a retroactive analysis, tested positive for EPO while competing in the 1998 Tour de France which includes:

5217:

of Italy tested positive for Salbutamol (>1000 ng/ml) on both 22 and 30 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "Acquitted due to medical reasons."

27107: 3457:) plus four others including the chief defendant, Belgian veterinarian Jose Landuyt. Museeuw used human growth hormone which he obtained from Landuyt. The police recorded phone calls where Museeuw spoke of 2974:

tested positive at a World Cup track meeting in Turin on 13 July and at the British Championships on 29 July. Both samples showed higher concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) than permitted.

2180:

1984 and that came as a surprise because he used the urine of a mechanic. But the mechanic was using a banned substance himself because he had to work long hours at night and needed the lift to stay awake."

2044:

Oosterbosch was flat from the start due to the Synacten he had taken. The drugs initially blocked his ability to work hard. An hour after the injection it started working as planned and his tempo increased.

1700:

15065: 5929:

stated that he had tested positive for EPO at the end of the time trial fourth stage. The Barloworld team announced two days later that they were withdrawing from sponsorship after the 2008 Tour de France.

4533:

of Italy tested positive for Testosterone in competition on 18 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years."

4128:

tested positive twice for EPO during the 2003 Tour de Romandie when he won two stages and took the overall lead in spectacular fashionrace. He was suspended for 18 months from 18 October 2003 to 17 April

28202: 26306: 25658: 21836: 3981:

was ejected from the 2005 Tour de France on stage 10. Tests carried out in the morning found his haemetocrit to be over the legal 50% level. He was banned from cycling for two weeks 'for health reasons'.

1908:. Probenicid interferes with chemicals which the kidneys secrete, and thus aroused a suspicion that he was using it as a masking agent for steroid use. Though other sports governing bodies, such as the 24344:

McQuaid also asked the USADA to provide the UCI with three Garmin-Barracuda riders' files after their own team manager Jonathan Vaughters hinted this month that they had doped earlier in their careers.

10954:, as a reaction to the French Senatorial commission report released the same day, admitted to have used EPO. He'd retired from cycling two days previously, after having signed a one-year contract with 2464:. In the press conference he said that he experimented with EPO for a week, but then stopped due to severe side effects. Zabel also publicly apologized for having lied about his use of EPO in the past. 697:

was used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and was credited with improving riders' breathing. Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion

10646:

On 15 January, WADA and USADA said they would not be participating in UCI's Independent Commission. They voiced concerns about lack of impartiality and the commission's lack of power to grant amnesty.

4025:

of the Dominican Republic tested positive for EPO on 17 September 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for life".

990:; he collapsed during the 100 km team time trial during the Games, fracturing his skull, and in a nearby Rome hospital shortly thereafter, he was pronounced dead. The autopsy showed he had taken 11586: 5211:

O'Neill had a prescription for Phentermine, which meant his possession of it was legal, but its use failed to meet the guidelines of the UCI/WADA code and that set out by the team's medical director.

2577:

of Denmark confessed in a DR TV documentary in March 2003, to using EPO during his career, especially during his 1997 success in Belgium. In 2004 he was awarded an anti-doping prize for his openness.

2699:

gave him a nine-month ban and a 4,000 Swiss franc fine for his confessed doping use, which shortly afterwards was changed to a 6.5 months suspension by CAS from 1 February 2001 until 14 August 2001.

3775:

in March 2004. This included his use of EPO, Cortisone, Testosterone, Human Growth Hormone, Nandrolone, Oxyglobin, and the extreme practices to administer them. The revelations were so strong that

21811: 3389:

in two races. In 1998 he tested positive twice for the nandrolone drug, but the case was dismissed. In 1999, a blood test conducted in the "Docteur Mabuse" justice case showed he was positive for

3360:, a genetically engineered recombinant EPO. The ring included six riders plus four others including the chief defendant, Belgian veterinarian Jose Landuyt. De Clercq used human growth hormone and 3196:

team, he got a 9-month prison term on probation in December 2000. In April 2007, he exposed the doping practices of the Team Telekom in the 1990s, and admitted his own use of amphetamines in 1963.

26711: 20224: 9925:. He subsequently won the Tour, but could face a ban and the loss of his title if the B sample is positive. On 14 September, the news reported that the B sample turned out positive too, and the 5873:

after the first stage of the Tour de France. The news broke on 11 July 2008. Blood abnormalities before the Tour start had led French anti-doping agency AFLD to target the rider. Beltrán's team

2771:

just before the start of the race, which led to a large-scale police investigation against the Festina Team, this was followed by the re-opening of a separate police investigation case into the

1391:

and spilled the inside story, including the prescriptions for dope that Bellocq, the team doctor, had given him. He said riders treated with cortisone and steroids were now in "a pitiful state".

3385:

of France admitted during police interrogation to an ongoing pattern of EPO use that continued into the 2003 Tour de France This was the end of a career in which in 1996 he tested positive for

2616:

of Italy was caught in March 1998 with a positive testosterone finding. He was suspended for 6 months, later increased to 9 months from September 1998 until June 1999, and sacked by Cofidis.

3965:

of Colombia tested positive for Stanozolol on 9 August 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for life".

3548:

of the US, a former U.S. national time trial champion, tested positive in August 2003 for EPO. He was the first U.S. cyclist to be found guilty of taking EPO and he received a two-year ban.

26243: 19091: 18604: 4582:

in competition on 8 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years - (under appeal by rider)."

25251: 24233: 22383: 12092: 5330:' B sample result was confirmed as being positive for artificial testosterone. Mayo was suspended for two years and never returned to cycling, Leukemans was suspended for the 2008 season. 5315:'in competition' on 21 July 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1 year. (under appeal by UCI)". 3192:

was a masseur to professional cycling teams. In 1998, he was involved in a major doping scandal during the Tour de France, namely the Festina affair. For his involvement in doping in the

2705:

of Switzerland was ejected from the Tour de France on 17 July 1998 with the entire Festina team. On 24 July he confessed using EPO, growth hormones and amphetamines in the 1998 Tour. His

998:(Ronicol Retard) (nicotinyl alcohol tartrate), a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. (He was also reported as swallowing 8 pills of 24825: 11463:. Neither UCI nor Cycling Canada had announced the doping case at the time, and UCI has never published any information about Hughes being disqualified from the 1994 World Championships. 5263: 20983: 4423:

of Poland tested positive for cannabis in competition on 4 August 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and warning."

1265: 26691: 25770: 11089:

received two-year sanctions as a result of anomalies detected in their biological passports. Barredo and Menchov had already retired from the sport while Tiernan-Locke's contract with

5183:

on 4 March 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years.". He was also sacked from his team,

15881: 12514:) returned an adverse analytical finding for a prohibited endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. On 16 May, it was announced her B sample was positive for anabolic steroids as well. 11492:(Czech Republic) had been handed a 4-year ban from sports after he'd tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in June. Rybin had won bronze in the scratch race at the 3850: 3757:, where he won the April 8 stage. In April 2005 he was banned for 2 years for blood doping. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated that for 3086:

of Poland was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He was one of three riders for the Polish CCC Mat team who received a two-week ban.

3036:

of Poland was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He was one of three riders for the Polish CCC Mat team who received a two-week ban.

2186:, the Australian track cyclist, tested positive for the use of banned substances and lost the medal he won in the World Championship at Stuttgart and placed on probation for 6 months. 2173:, the Australian track cyclist, tested positive for the use of banned substances and lost the medal he won in the World Championship at Stuttgart and placed on probation for 6 months. 447: 25843: 923:). In the ambulance he insisted that he had been drugged against his will and that he wanted to start legal proceedings. He denied wrongdoing right up to his death in September 2000. 26533: 22903: 3115:- The Giro was overshadowed by a series of scandals related to doping. Police raided the hotels of several teams during the race, uncovering a variety of banned substances. Italian 2799:

tested positive for steroids and high testosterone level during the Sachsen Tour in August 1999. He admitted his error, blaming a cocktail of drugs taken during a bout of influenza.

27211: 23914: 17815: 16669: 4186:

in an 'out of competition' test on 4 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years."

4102:

of Romania "Failed to Comply" with test procedures on 22 April 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "ineligibility for 2 years".

25592: 25505: 3370:

of Spain missed the Tour de France because of a six-month doping ban imposed on him by France's Council for Prevention and Fight against Doping (CPLD) after testing positive for

16805: 26928: 1148:

on 1 June 1965. The first riders to be caught were four amateurs, three Spanish (Luis Santamarina, Canet and Usamentiaga) and one Briton (Ken Hill), who were thrown out of the

16587: 11153: 5312: 3962: 3793: 3758: 2309:

caused his retirement from the sport, aged 24. It was suspected that the problems was associated with the abuse of drugs (EPO). His death was also noted by disgraced soigneur

1402:

took over the lead in the eighth stage, but it was later revealed that he failed a doping test, and he was penalized by having ten minutes added to his total competition time.

25795: 3714:

was not eligible to participate in the Tour de France as he was under investigation by Italian officials for doping. Di Luca was recorded in several phone conversations with

20412: 12496: 11460: 6603:) for two years due to CERA having been found in two separate blood samples collected around a year ago. He was also implicated due to abnormal values in his blood passport. 6408:

On 18 October 2009 South African road and Track rider Nolan Hoffman tested positive for testosterone, he served an 18-month ban after co-operating with Cycling South Africa.

5877:

withdrew him from the tour with immediate effect. French police questioned Beltrán over possible offences, and searched his hotel room. The B-Sample has not yet been tested.

4295:, and cocaine metabolites on 11 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 3096:

was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He was one of three riders for the Polish CCC Mat team who received a two-week ban.

26031: 24885: 23588: 22822: 20878: 20545: 11022:

tested positive for probenecid at the South African Cycling Championships. He was later cleared as it was determined the positive test was due to a contaminated medication.

4550:

on 26 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated that he was sanctioned by 'disqualification and Ineligibility for 1 year'.

26961: 23825: 23416: 14075: 12047: 12032: 6513:. Team manager Saronni, directeur sportifs Fabrizio Bontempi and Maurizio Piovani, current coach Sergio Gelati, and former Lampre doctor Dr Andrea Andreazzoli (In 2010 at 4536: 4382: 3699: 26890: 24180: 22518: 11033:

over his 2011 HGH positive and got an eight-year suspension. It was his second doping suspension, the first came as a result of testing positive for testosterone in 2007.

10713:

held a press conference for Dutch news broadcaster NOS where he admitted to have used doping at the peak of his career (from 1997 until 2007). He stated that he had used

4592:'in competition' on 26 December 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 months." 23110: 12191: 11932: 5112: 4575: 5305:'in competition' on 21 October 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 4166:(hCG) in competition on 19 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years." 3343:

received a one-year ban plus a one-year suspended ban from the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) announced on 17 April 2003.

2829:

was removed from the Tour de France by his Lampre team after winning the 11th stage. At the post race drugs test he told the race doctor about his use of the corticoid

14318: 12434: 11015:

was banned for two years by CONI for a blood transfusion received in 2009. Late 2015, his suspension was overturned in court, and Ballan was cleared of any wrongdoing.

6673:, on July 21, one of the race's rest days. He had been suspended by the UCI for two years and loses all his titles won in this time, including the Tour de France 2010. 5197:'in competition' on 27 April 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 8 months." 3144:

team after illegal drugs were found in his room. Frigo later admitted carrying them as security in case he needed a boost during the final stages of the race. Italian

27264: 23521: 22933: 11299:) had tested positive for terbutaline and was provisionally suspended by his team. He was handed a four-month ban in October, lasting from 29 June to 28 October 2015. 5119:'in competition' on 12 April 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years." 4305:

in competition on November 9, 2006. he UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years."

3862: 12602: 12492: 12043: 12028: 11529:" in cycling the UCI, during the Women's under-23 race, for the first time in cycling history found evidence of technological fraud when they checked the bicycle of 2971: 2560:. It was later revealed that he had tested positive for drugs after six races in 1997, including the Tour de France. He was subsequently banned for a year after the 2402:

of the United States used a banned substance as an amateur during the 1996 U.S. National Criterium Championships, when he lapped the field. It was later reported by

23221: 6610:

had been notified at the start of the Tour de France that he had been placed under investigation by a prosecutor in Padova. Petacchi is accused of having used PFC (

4379:

in competition on 1 August 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years."

4249:'in competition' on 11 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years." 3975:

on 28 October 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years and 2 months".

2383:

of Germany confessed publicly on 23 May 2007 to having used EPO in preparation for the Tour de France in 1996 when he was with Team T-Mobile, and continued in 1997.

22497: 15831: 13674: 12158: 11722: 11493: 11285: 10987: 6016: 5260:'in competition' on 4 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 4329: 4179: 3842: 2743: 1842: 1764: 723:

Warburton was banned from the sport after unproven claims of massive doping in the 1896 Bordeaux–Paris. His activities may have contributed to the early deaths of

432: 25662: 19998: 17411: 15062: 12982: 11689: 4281:

in competition on 15 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and Ineligibility for 1 year".

27004: 26574: 24643: 23683: 11965: 11419:

had both tested positive mid June, and new UCI rules 1 January 2015 introduced Team Suspension provisions in cases of multiple doping rule violations on a team.

10732: 7148: 6780:

at the GP di Lugano in late February. He has been provisionally suspended pending results of his B sample, and could face a lifetime ban for this second offence.

6184: 4242: 4225:

in competition on 4 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years."

4159: 3909:, Canada, on 26 March 2005, and for EPO on 23 June 2005 at an out of competition control. He was disqualified and sacked by his team, Heijdens-Ten Tusscher. The 2574: 1017:

of the Sport and Gymnastics Institute in Stockholm found that retransfusing cells increased oxygen uptake by nine per cent and athletic potential by 23 per cent.

26310: 24691: 21844: 21131: 15313: 12871: 25216: 24153: 22544: 12242: 12058: 11883: 11861: 11696: 4516: 4464: 3203: 2336:

from Denmark admitted taking EPO from 1995 to 1997 in his 2007 autobiography. He had vociferously denied taking banned substances throughout his active career.

26194: 24941: 21910: 11281:

were named, had all violated applicable anti-doping rules, but that the statute of limitations (8 years) prevented ADD from opening doping cases against them.

4543:

on 19 June 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated that he was sanctioned by 'disqualification and a warning'.

2006:, and died from a heart attack in February 1990. Although the autopsy did not specify the cause of death, Draaijer's wife later told the German news magazine 888:

of Italy admitted in a television interview in 1952 that he used 'la Bomba' as there was no alternative if you wanted to remain competitive. This referred to

22622: 17304: 12397: 12297: 11979: 11775: 11258: 9157: 6114:, a new 'third generation' type of EPO, the same drug used by his teammate Riccardo Riccò. On 7 October it was reported that Piepoli had tested positive for 4089: 26948: 25980: 23128: 13841: 12223:

On 31 January Costa Rican cyclist Gabriel Marin was suspended by the UCI after testing positive for the third generation blood boost, EPO-CERA, at the 2017

11533:. The UCI had been testing a new detection system. The offence carries a minimum six-month suspension and a fine of between 20,000 and 200,000 Swiss francs. 6635:

On 29 July, the UK Anti-doping agency posted the 2-year suspension for cyclist Dan Staite for EPO and ATD found in sample taken at a National B level event.

28080: 23432: 13546: 12423: 12231: 12180: 12088: 11998: 11737: 11574: 10636: 4566:

on 2 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated that he was sanctioned by 'disqualification and warning'.

4105: 3916: 3445:

of Belgium was implicated in a doping affair accusing him of both trafficking and taking banned performance-enhancing drugs. The ring included six riders (

3234: 27041: 19117: 13589: 13140: 11401: 10983:(age 62) tested positive for a steroid of exogenous origin, recombinant human erythropoietin ("rhEPO") and amphetamine. He received a two-year suspension. 10121:, in the wake of USADAS Reasoned Decision and as a result of Skys zero tolerance policy, admits to doping in the past and leaves his job as race coach at 3285: 2290:

with which Roche had some of his best years, had provided riders including Roche with EPO. Roche denied the allegations. This was further reported in the

1358:. In 1982, after retiring from racing, he said "I was doped with cortisone for three years and there were many like me. The experience ruined my health". 1137:

of Spain was disqualified from the Milk Race in Great Britain, as one of four competitors who were caught in the first official blood tests. (See below -

27104: 26481: 21815: 17646: 12688: 12278: 11983: 9962: 5298: 5277: 4625: 4068: 3959:

on 24 September 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

1543:

was found to have used doping, which he confessed later. Zoetemelk was penalized by 10 minutes in the general classification, but kept his second place.

26708: 25102:"ANTIDOPING: La Procura deferisce i ciclisti Michele Scarponi e Giovanni Visconti, chiesti tre mesi di squalifica. Disposti altri quattro provvedimenti" 11434:) disclosed that he'd been notified by the USADA that he had tested positive for synthetic testosterone in a sample collected out-of-competition 9 July. 6001:

Landis served a full two-year suspension that is back-dated to 30 January 2007. Additionally, Landis was ordered to pay $ 100,000 in costs to the USADA.

5284:'in competition' on 27 September 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and warning". 4112:

on 23 December 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

3923:

on 23 December 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

3882: 1152:

when they tested positive for amphetamines after Professor Arnold Beckett first applied sensitive gas chromatographic techniques to monitor drug abuse.

28713: 27900: 14567: 12386: 12264: 11790: 8911: 6200: 5980: 5105: 4420: 4372: 4204: 4156:

on 9 January 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 4 months".

4115: 4060: 3602: 23799: 23319: 23144: 23094: 22724: 20672: 15563: 12953:"1 Guardian, July 2003, Science, If this year's Tour de France is 100% clean... ...then that will certainly be a first. By Matt Seaton and David Adam" 6574: 5987:

decided in Gusev's favor, declared that Astana was wrong in the firing, and ordered that they compensate Gusev for back-pay, legal costs, and damages.

5023: 4071:

on 30 August 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

3913:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated both "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years and life" respectively.

3588: 3206:, where he finished 11th. He bought it in Germany via internet and replied that 'it was a gamble'. He was suspended for one year and ended his career. 26846: 23856: 23606: 21311: 12289: 11972: 11556: 6700: 5999:

presence of exogenous testosterone or its precursors or metabolites in Floyd Landis' sample proved that he violated the anti-doping rules of the UCI.

5908: 5460: 5098:

and was immediately suspended by the Caisse d'Epargne team. He is contesting the case, citing errors in the testing procedure at the laboratory. The

4686:, to enhance their performance. Tour de France's favorites Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were expelled from the Tour de France before the race started. 4556:

was implicated in the Operación Puerto case. On 8 May 2007, Scarponi confessed his role in the case. On 15 May, Scarponi was provisionally suspended.

4444: 3693: 3316:

for travelling in excess of the speed limit and found a large quantity of amphetamines and syringes in the car. Sainz, known in the cycling world as

1032: 535: 27016: 26788:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR) (Updated: 08.10.2015)

21266: 18380: 16409: 4622:

on 6 June 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for 6 months".

4417:

on 18 June 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

4096:

on 8 April 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

3705: 3033: 26744: 26592: 26032:"Tribunal Arbitral du Sport Court of Arbitration for Sport MEDIA RELEASE CYCLING - DOPING (HGH) EIGHT YEAR SUSPENSION IMPOSED ON PATRICK SINKEWITZ" 23072: 17901: 15929: 14374: 14279: 13815: 12511: 12375: 12253: 12169: 12136: 11181: 10969: 6148: 6034: 4636:

on 16 May 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

4559: 4530: 4451: 4315: 4308: 4169: 4022: 4019:

on 16 July 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1 year".

3991:

in his wife's car as part of a border-crossing search. The couple were arrested for carrying prohibited substances. In September 2008 the court in

3637: 3161: 3039: 2369:

of Germany confessed publicly on 23 May 2007 to having used EPO and growth hormones in preparation for the Tour de France in 1996 when he was with

2239:

from Italy, confessed in 1997 that he had used drugs from 1993 to 1995, but later retracted that statement. Chiappucci used the practice of Doctor

701:

refused to continue a New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand."

25319: 21208: 16106: 16007: 15947: 9868:, team doctors Pedro Celaya and Luis Garcia del Moral, and trainer Jose Pepe Martí) charging them with conspiring in doping between 1998 and 2011. 6172:

and its metabolites during his national time trial championships in June 2008. He faced a suspension and did not come back to professional racing.

4475:

on 23 March 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for life".

1581:("Didi") of Germany tested positive on 3 occasions in 1980 and again in 1987. After he stopped his career in 1989, he admitted in an interview in 28591: 27886: 27853: 27763: 27717: 27684: 27637: 27604: 27538: 26120: 25723: 25248: 23050: 23028: 19095: 18608: 16290: 12563:) was suspended and had his contract terminated after admitting to using a banned substance following an anti-doping rule violation in July 2024. 12271: 11805: 11674: 11470:(Russia) was provisionally suspended for an EPO positive in sample collected in November 2011. Shmidt rode for the professional continental team 5204: 4336:

in competition on 21 July 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and warning".

4252: 3578: 3189: 3042:

of Germany and Team Cologne was excluded from the 2001 Peace Race after failing a hematocrit test prior to the event. He received a two-week ban.

1967:

company. Recombinant EPO is a bio-manufactured copy of a hormone normally produced in the kidney and was not detectable by any test at the time.

27835: 27505: 27387: 23177: 22877: 18348: 17696: 6592:

had been banned for 2 years on the evidence of his irregular blood passport results, found in June 2009. His ban was set to finish in June 2011.

3744:(receiving blood transfusions to boost performance) at the Olympics. Two days after the announcement of his positive test result at Athens, the 3499:

of Belgium was implicated in a doping affair involving both trafficking and taking banned performance-enhancing drugs, human growth hormone and

3356:

of Belgium was implicated in a doping affair involving both trafficking and taking banned performance-enhancing drugs, human growth hormone and

2992:, US track cyclist, tested positive for testosterone at the 2000 US Olympic trials, and in 2001 tested positive for a previously unseen steroid 2779:

of the cases, police searches of hotels, a spate of confessions by retired and current riders to doping, the detainment and arrest of many team

27067: 24833: 15168: 14392: 13650: 13625: 11508: 11037: 10790: 4218: 4012: 3902: 3690:

after race organisers received a letter from Padova's financial brigade, saying the riders were under investigation in Italy on doping charges.

3513:(ASADA) in September 2008 for having used prohibited substances in 2003 and 2004, although he never tested positive. He was found to have used 1426:

in the 1977 Tour de France, although Pemoline was a legal substance at that time. In the 1979 Tour de France he tested positive for 'hormones'.

1399: 422: 28192: 27666: 26688: 25774: 24304: 22652: 20987: 20654: 17170: 15287: 13996: 9803:

after a urine sample taking in May 2011 tested positive for twelve prohibited substances, thought to be a record number in an individual case.

6445:

of Spain was found, on 14 March, to have taken EPO, and in January 2011 the UCI handed down a fine of €35,000 and suspension until April 2012.

6330:

the 4 Jours de Dunkirk, Skil-Shimano dissolved its contract with the rider last year after he failed to attend two appointments with the team.

5352:

the end of the Tour. Along the way, two teams contesting the competition were asked to withdraw due to positive tests of at least one member.

3476:

banned substance was not labeled on the product container. Although Moninger was suspended, he is considered to be a clean rider by his peers.

25628: 20707: 19638: 18424: 15150: 14203: 13203: 11163:

had tested positive for testosterone on 22 October, while he was still serving his reduced ban for an EPO positive at the 2013 Giro d'Italia.

10980: 10820: 6432:, who himself tested positive for CERA at the 2008 Tour de France. Her B sample later came back negative, and she was cleared of all charges. 4266: 3797: 3545: 3506: 3248: 2986:

of France was banned for three months by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) after testing positive for corticoids during Tour de France.

2695:"inciting the administration of doping and masking products to others and complicity in the importation of drugs". On December 30, 2000, the 916: 572:. It also contains and clarifies cases where subsequent evidence and explanation has shown the parties to be innotrcent of illegal practice. 337: 26419: 21961: 13469: 6206:

In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new

1486:

of Spain caused doctor Le Calvez to be suspicious during a test, thus raising his jersey to reveal a system of tubes and a bottle of urine.

1051:– At the stage from Luchon to Carcassonne of the 1962 Tour de France, twelve riders fell ill and said 'bad fish' was the cause. Tour doctor 27028: 26626: 24100: 22911: 22656: 22626: 22446: 22013: 21390: 13521: 12213: 12062: 11991: 11943: 11634: 9598: 6349: 6257: 6132: 6115: 4362: 4298: 4256: 4054: 2170: 268: 28130: 27801: 27553: 27278:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per UCI Anti-Doping Rules (Updated: 28.09.2015)

26988: 26728: 24993: 24855: 20232: 18122:"1 Guardian, July 2003, If this year's Tour de France is 100% clean....then that will certainly be a first. By Matt Seaton and David Adam" 15678: 15543: 15388: 15363: 14295: 28030: 27651: 23339: 22125: 18317: 17918: 17016: 16677: 16515: 16123: 16075: 15194: 14985: 14450: 13564: 6558:

On 3 May, the UCI announced the names of three riders who had returned irregular blood values in their blood passport. These riders were

27586: 27208: 27054: 25606: 25502: 25123: 22759: 18246: 18162: 16991: 14748: 6029:

on 31 July. She left China on the day of the test, before the results were published, and reports in Spain claimed an 'anxiety attack'.

27950: 25683: 21027: 17819: 17765: 12150:(Frijoles Los Tierniticos) was suspended by the UCI after testing positive for the third generation blood boost, EPO-CERA, at the 2017 11093:

was immediately terminated. Menchov was stripped of his 2009, 2010 and 2012 Tour de France results, Tiernan-Locke was stripped for the

4527:. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for 18 months". 3812: 556:

and their implementation is an ongoing developing process. Thus the list contains doping incidents, those who have tested positive for

475: 26534:

Pro Cycling Team Rabobank Board Member and Chief Team Doctor, Leinders, Receives Lifetime Ban for Multiple Anti-Doping Rule Violations

26358: 26355: 25939: 24457: 17575: 15885: 15424: 9965:

had tested positive for three banned substances in an amateur race on June 30 of the same year. Svenningsen was a board member of the

6621:

had been suspended for life following positive analysis of his B-sample for EPO. He had previously been suspended for EPO use in 2001.

3306:

winner, tested positive for cocaine and was withdrawn from the Giro d'Italia, but was later cleared by the Italian Cycling Federation.

27968: 26375:Исполнительный директор РУСАДА: «Федерация велосипедного спорта России приняла решение рассматривать дело Забелинской самостоятельно» 25865: 24799: 24535: 23279: 23159: 22968: 18780: 17123: 15132: 11794: 6517:

were also named. On 9 April, BMC Racing suspended its riders Ballan and Santambrogio pending the outcome of the police investigation.

5235:. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 4369:. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' states "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 4047:. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". 3489:

was implicated in a doping affair involving both trafficking and taking banned performance-enhancing drugs, human growth hormone and

3404:

which she used as part of her conditioning and training program. After years of denial, in an investigative documentary broadcast on

2653:

with a fine of US$ 1800 he received a six-month suspension from the Italian Cycling Federation from 1 November 1998 until 1 May 1999.

2389:

of Germany used banned substances (including EPO) while riding for the T-Mobile team in the mid-1990s, which he admitted in May 2007.

1508: 995: 17721: 17484: 16617: 16595: 14953: 14774: 14424: 13345: 1803:

below for details) The practice was not against Olympic rules although Games medical guidelines discouraged it. The U.S. team coach

846: 28733: 25799: 15107: 14100: 13508: 11326: 6436: 6245:(DHEA) after an out-of-competition control in early February. He faces a lifelong ban, and decided to retire with immediate effect. 6111: 6085: 5902: 5836: 5803: 5770: 5671: 5638: 3017:

and later admitted his guilt. He was suspended for four years by the Swedish Cycling Federation but made an early comeback in 2004.

2980:

from the Czech Republic was thrown out of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games after testing positive for an unspecified banned substance.

1246:

of Portugal tested positive in the Tour of Portugal. He subsequently tested positive again in 1973, and the Tour de France of 1977.

273: 27362: 27239: 27180: 25451: 24584: 23769: 22830: 17436: 11177:

was banned for nine months after the Salbutamol positive from the 2014 Giro d'Italia. The ban was backdated and ended on March 28.

9800: 1982:. A study of 15 Swedish athletes by the Stockholm Institute of Gymnastics and Sports found an improvement of nearly 10 percent in 1458:

of Belgium was caught trying to cheat the drugs control with someone else's urine in a rubber bulb in his shorts after victory at

26325: 26042: 25913: 25887: 25744: 25376: 24893: 24558: 23585: 21579: 20733: 20455: 16463: 15449: 13858: 13383: 4326:

on 9 June 2006. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and warning".

3510: 1708:

refused to submit to a doping control at the 1982 Critérium de Callac and was fined and given a one-month conditional suspension.

480: 27277: 26877: 26787: 26343: 26178: 25697: 25268: 24915: 24665: 23833: 23413: 22934:"Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)" 16434: 14079: 10064:

On 17 October, as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents,

4122:

on 10 November 2005. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "ineligibility for life".

26894: 25547: 24356: 22526: 12357: 11958: 11854: 11839: 11670:

six-month ban, expiring on May 24, 2024, when Emami will be 42, therefore the ban will effectively end his professional career.

11074:

admitted that he'd been doping and that part of the EPO that were seized by French customs from a TVM team car in 1998 was his.

1489: 1477: 1465: 1076:

wrote that he suspected doping but nothing was proven - other than that none of the hotels had served fish the previous night.

678:. Linton was managed by the notorious Choppy Warburton, whose success was questioned, with claims that he drugged his charges. 437: 27520: 26962:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)

26494: 26344:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)

26068: 25412: 24405: 24378: 23958: 23870: 23304: 21754: 18484: 17982: 15223: 3320:, said he was leaving Frank Vandenbroucke's home, which led to the police searching the cyclist's residence, where they found 2996:. She received a lifetime ban from the sport. She was sentenced to five years of probation and six months of home confinement. 22442: 19409: 16877: 14825: 14726: 13930: 13909: 13232: 13118: 13081: 9796: 9507: 5224: 2274:

exposing apparently endemic drug use in the peloton, and Roche threatened litigation. It was reported in the Rome newspaper,

1199: 528: 149: 28055: 26520: 23657: 20984:"VeloNews|Riccardo Riccò tests positive; Saunier Duval team withdraws from Tour de France|Tour de France Coverage" 15660: 11448:

had been handed a 4-year ban from sports for testing positive for EPO and methylprednisolone on 24 and 28 March, during the

6624:

Three Brazilian riders were sanctioned for adverse findings during the Tour do Rio in July 2010: Jao Paulo de Oliveira (for

4433:

on 5 August 2006, after a test result indicated an abnormally high testosterone/epitestosterone ratio after stage 17 of the

637:, actually finished second in 1896 and died a few weeks later, reportedly from a combination of drug-induced exhaustion and 28159: 26973: 26774: 26761: 25965: 25075: 23977: 23529: 22944: 21135: 19558: 15806: 15262: 14906: 11141:(brother of Valentin Iglinsky and riding for the same team, Astana) was provisionally suspended after testing positive for 10947:. Hamburger and Livingston were again named for producing positive results for doping tests during the 1999 Tour de France. 10775:. It was confirmed on 5 December 2013 that he would be banned for life and he received a fine of 35,000 euros on top of it. 10031: 9883:

he was competing in at the time. This is related to a doping affair which happened in 2011 when di Gregorio was riding for

5274:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

5102:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

4454:

of France. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' listed Testosterone and a 3-year ban.

4385:

from Spain was disqualified for 2 years. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' listed

4263:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

4215:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years".

3231:(CONI) demanded suspension of up to four and a half years for possession and use of the drug EPO and possession of insulin. 2317:

although he acknowledged the impossibility of proving the link between these early deaths and the drugs taken while racing.

1945:

although he acknowledged the impossibility of proving the link between these early deaths and the drugs taken while racing.

1654:

although he acknowledged the impossibility of proving the link between these early deaths and the drugs taken while racing.

1568:

although he acknowledged the impossibility of proving the link between these early deaths and the drugs taken while racing.

28169: 28164: 27441: 26387: 25400: 25388: 16643: 16340: 15364:"No.12 - Tour de France winner Stephen Roche denies allegations by an Italian judge of taking performance enhancing drugs" 14499: 12934: 12609: 11261:

published their report on doping in Danish cycling between 1998 and 2015. The report said that CSC team leaders and staff

10035:

came back after the suspensions, but two of them retired after the 2013 season, with only Danielson still riding pr. 2014.

6359:

had tested positive for Recombinant Erythropoietin (EPO) on 26 June 2009 and was being provisionally suspended by the UCI.

3193: 1633: 27932: 26813: 25023: 23229: 23205: 19853: 18322: 15835: 9951:. Thus, Armstrong was deemed guilty of doping and banned for life, and USADA disqualified his results from 1 August 1998. 9918: 9062: 4612:

after a positive A-test for testosterone. Urweider blamed a nutritional supplement he bought without team doctors advise.

3665: 3119:, who was fighting for the race lead at the time, was expelled from the race as a result. The week prior to the raid saw 27619: 27092: 26878:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) as per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules

25477: 25364: 24430: 23631: 22390: 2857:

for a suspiciously high red blood cell count (52%) which could have meant that the rider had taken the banned substance

26571: 26211: 23495: 22121: 20320: 20117: 20048: 20002: 19282: 12990: 12722: 9903: 6222: 5944: 5044: 5040: 4883: 3228: 263: 59: 28177: 27227: 26507: 25548:

Consequences Imposed on License-Holders as Result of Anti-Doping Rule Violations a per the UCI Anti-Doping Rules (ADR)

23691: 21884: 17153:"VeloNews | L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour | The Journal of Competitive Cycling" 16152: 13883: 13712: 3845:

of Spain became the second Spanish athlete to commit a doping offence at the Olympics after also testing positive for

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On 11 March, Polish brothers Pawel and Kacper Szczepaniak, who finished first and second in the under 23 race of the

6288:

in an out of competition test on 27 April. He had previously been found to have taken the same substance in May 2008.

5340: 5227:

team tested positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone on 30 May 2007. The sample was taken after stage one of the

5138: 3836: 3664:

and was barred from attending the Olympic Games. Although he accepted full responsibility for the positive test, his

3409: 3164:

was detained by Italian police as part of an investigation into the supply of performance-enhancing drugs during the

3010: 1610:, "a very bad medicine", and he still regrets using it. Ducrot said he used synacthen in 1982 when he was an amateur. 407: 247: 243: 239: 27745: 25521: 25425: 22691: 22277: 4239:

summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2006' stated "disqualification, warning and reprimand".

28777: 27699: 26191: 22151: 21914: 20302: 19959: 19789: 19427: 17865: 17243: 15082: 12077: 11711: 11359: 10674:

held a press conference where he admitted the use of doping for much of his pro career. He stated that he had used

10643:

announced that they no longer would hire any rider or staff member who had served more than a six-month doping ban.

9948: 4988: 4918: 4848: 2717:

and José Aremendi. He was suspended 8 months by the Swiss Cycling Federation from 1 October 1998 until 1 June 1999.

521: 505: 27252: 26455: 24774: 24747: 24721: 24277: 23477: 22630: 21009: 17312: 14691: 11640:

On 10 August, masters cyclist Gea Johnson tested positive for modafinil and was subsequently banned for 21 months.

9995:

failed an off-competition doping test performed on 21 September 2012. His A-sample was consistent with the use of

2254:

from Denmark tested positive for a stimulant drug. The Danish Cycling organisation banned him but the UCI did not.

1729:

for Sunday lunch, and only when he tested positive did he realise that the pigeons had been doped with strychnine.

28723: 28295: 28290: 28198:

Amsterdam School for Social Science Research - Moral Entrepreneurship and Doping Culture in Sport by Ruud Stokvis

28193:

Principal doping substances and their side effects - A compilation prepared for the Union Cycliste Internationale

27986: 27123: 24610:"Cycling Australia vice-president Stephen Hodge resigns after confessing to doping, insists Cadel Evans in clean" 24255: 22095: 19600: 16048: 14331: 13845: 8066: 6352:

on 20 and 28 May 2009, during the Giro d'Italia. He was provisionally suspended with immediate effect by the UCI.

6341:

two years prior. He was 17 years old when he tested positive, and 19 years old when the penalty came into effect.

4461:

Landis trial he also stated that he had graduated to testosterone after starting on EPO (erythropoietin) in 2001.

4009:

on 31 July. Guidi's B test came back negative for EPO and the team's temporary suspension against him was lifted.

3745: 3405: 3259:

of the 2001 Peace Race, Przydzial and Sosenka failed a hematocrit test (above 50%) and were not allowed to start.

2564:(UCI) appealed against a six-month ban imposed by the Uzbekistan Cycling Federation, claiming it was too lenient. 1474:

of Spain anticipated a positive test at the Tour de France, and so left the race immediately after being tested.

1003: 626: 427: 27473: 25820: 19663: 13550: 11411:

for 30 days, starting 1 August, for two doping rule violations committed by the team's riders within 12 months.

10050:

as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents.

9972:

On 7 September, UCI president Pat McQuaid said the UCI has asked the USADA to provide the UCI with the files of

5048: 4666: 4654: 4599: 4193: 2417:. She was suspended, along with a Russian coach and a Belarusian doctor, by the International Olympic Committee. 2030:

of the Netherlands died on 18 August 1989, aged 32, from a heart attack and poor health. His death was noted by

2024:

of France tested positive for amphetamines at the Grand Prix de la Liberation in Eindhoven on 17 September 1989.

349: 28787: 28782: 26146: 25049: 22043: 21482: 19487: 18858: 18527: 18506: 17794: 13144: 11064: 11030: 9807: 6453: 6401:

team had tested positive on EPO during an out-of-competition test in September. Bosisio had won a stage in the

6045: 5994: 5984: 5936: 4438: 4354:

metabolite. González claimed that the positive test was the result of a contaminated dietary supplement called

3220: 278: 27136: 25339: 25160: 24234:"Armstrong says no USADA arbitration, faces possible lifetime ban and loss of Tour titles over doping charges" 19617: 19509: 19391: 18762: 18696: 17654: 17152: 12696: 11692:(GSport–Valencia Sports–Wolfbike) tested positive for anabolic androgenic steroids and was banned for 4 years. 11404:

of Colombia had tested positive for clostebol metabolites at Vuelta Ciclista Femenina a Costa Rica on 13 June.

3605:, received a 2-year suspension on 24 September from the United States Antidoping Agency. The track racer from 1916:(UCI), which oversaw cycling, did not, and thus Delgado was allowed to continue in the event without sanction. 1625: 1387:

of untainted urine in their shorts to give the impression they were urinating. A few weeks later Dard went to

1023:

of France admitted that his career-ending crash in the 1960 Tour de France was probably attributable to using

27192: 26657: 26546: 26265: 24052: 21987: 21935: 21631: 17262: 15964:"Cycling News, July 1997, Uzbekistan's Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, expelled from the Tour de France for doping" 12368: 11898: 11217: 11108:

had tested positive for octopamine at a race in the spring. The case was still not closed mid September 2015.

9926: 6703:

was given a one-year ban by CONI for testing positive for clenbuterol on the last stage of the Vuelta Mexico.

6162: 6101: 5888: 5271: 5099: 4260: 4236: 4212: 3910: 3375: 3309: 2561: 1913: 402: 27419: 24635: 23193: 22745: 22467: 18846: 12256: