Stimulant - Knowledge

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making them do a certain action (like pressing a lever or poking a nose device) to get the drug. The number of actions needed to get the drug increases every time, so it becomes harder and harder to get the drug. The highest number of actions that the animal or human is willing to do to get the drug is called the break point. The higher the break point, the more the animal or human wants the drug. In contrast to the classical stimulants such as amphetamine, the effects of modafinil depend on what the animals or humans have to do after getting the drug. If they have to do a performance task, like solving a puzzle or remembering something, modafinil makes them work harder for it than placebo, and the subjects wanted to self-administer modafinil. But if they had to do a relaxation task, like listening to music or watching a video, the subjects did not want to self-administer modafinil. This suggests that modafinil is more rewarding when it helps the animals or humans do something better or faster, especially considering that modafinil is not commonly abused or depended on by people, unlike other stimulants.

313:. The Yerkes-Dodson Law is a psychological theory that describes how stress affects performance. The theory says that there is an optimal level of stress that helps people perform better, but too much or too little stress can impair performance. The theory can be illustrated by an upside-down U-shaped curve, where the peak of the curve represents the optimal level of stress and performance. The theory was developed by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908, based on experiments with mice. Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, such as those used to treat ADHD, can improve the ability to focus and other aspects of mood and behavior when taken in appropriate doses. However, when taken in higher doses, these drugs can have the opposite effect and reduce the ability to focus. This is because the higher doses cause too much stress, which exceeds the optimal level and harms performance. In higher doses, stimulants may also produce euphoria, vigor, and a decreased need for sleep. Many, but not all, stimulants have 322:, amphetamine and methylphenidate have been reported in healthy adolescents by some studies, and is a commonly cited reason among illicit drug users for use, particularly among college students in the context of studying. Still, results of these studies is inconclusive: assessing the potential overall neurocognitive benefits of stimulants among healthy youth is challenging due to the diversity within the population, the variability in cognitive task characteristics, and the absence of replication of studies. Research on the cognitive enhancement effects of modafinil in healthy non-sleep-deprived individuals has yielded mixed results, with some studies suggesting modest improvements in attention and executive functions while others show no significant benefits or even a decline in cognitive functions. 1199:

striatal dopamine in animal models, as well as inhibit the inhibitory effect of adenosine receptors on dopamine receptors, however the implications for humans are unknown. Unlike most stimulants, caffeine has no addictive potential. Caffeine does not appear to be a reinforcing stimulus, and some degree of aversion may actually occur, per a study on drug abuse liability published in an NIDA research monograph that described a group preferring placebo over caffeine. In large telephone surveys only 11% reported dependence symptoms. However, when people were tested in labs, only half of those who claim dependence actually experienced it, casting doubt on caffeine's ability to produce dependence and putting societal pressures in the spotlight.

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al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007).

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stimulants on working memory. At abused (relatively high) doses, stimulants can interfere with working memory and cognitive control, as will be discussed below. It is important to recognize, however, that stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks...through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.

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prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...

1137:(e.g., delusions and paranoia), which very rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. As recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, recreational use carries a far greater risk of serious side effects, such as dependence, which only rarely arises with therapeutic amphetamine use. 2386:. Use of stimulants may cause the body to reduce significantly its production of natural body chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Until the body reestablishes its normal state, once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is referred to as a " 1762:(DAT). Methylphenidate has a higher affinity for the dopamine transporter than for the norepinephrine transporter, and so its effects are mainly due to elevated dopamine levels caused by the inhibited reuptake of dopamine, however increased norepinephrine levels also contribute to various of the effects caused by the drug. 1728:(CNS). Unlike the long-term use of amphetamine in prescription doses, which may improve certain brain regions in individuals with ADHD, there is evidence that methamphetamine causes brain damage from long-term use in humans; this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in 1191:

concentrated caffeine food products for personal consumption, following the death of a young man from acute caffeine toxicity. In Canada, Health Canada has proposed to limit the amount of caffeine in energy drinks to 180 mg per serving, and to require warning labels and other safety measures on these products.

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Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. In 2010, it was made illegal in many European countries, and, in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal. In Australia, New Zealand, and the US, it is considered an

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Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in individuals with ADHD and in normal subjects...it is now believed that dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin, produce the beneficial effects of

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Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has

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A few jurisdictions restrict the sale and use of caffeine. In the United States, the FDA has banned the sale of pure and highly concentrated caffeine products for personal consumption, due to the risk of overdose and death. The Australian Government has announced a ban on the sale of pure and highly

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effects. The term "ergogenic" means "enhancing physical performance". Ergogenic effects are those effects that improve physical performance or endurance. For example, if a drug allows its user to run faster, lift heavier, or last longer, it is said to have ergogenic effects. Drugs such as ephedrine,

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Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et

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Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral

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Caffeine's mechanism of action differs from many stimulants, as it produces stimulant effects by inhibiting adenosine receptors. Adenosine receptors are thought to be a large driver of drowsiness and sleep, and their action increases with extended wakefulness. Caffeine has been found to increase

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protocol has found amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, cocaine, and nicotine to all have a higher break point than placebo that scales with dose indicating reinforcing effects. A progressive ratio self-administration protocol is a way of testing how much an animal or a human wants a drug by

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Methylphenidate is a stimulant drug that is often used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy and occasionally to treat obesity in combination with diet restraints and exercise. Its effects at therapeutic doses include increased focus, increased alertness, decreased appetite, decreased need for

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Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. By 2007, mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the Internet; by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound; and, by 2010, it had been reported in most of

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found that cardiovascular side effects were limited to transient increases in blood pressure only. However, a 2024 systematic review of the evidence found that stimulants overall improve ADHD symptoms and broadband behavioral measures in children and adolescents, though they carry risks of side

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The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class

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in the brain. Nicotine is addictive and dependence forming. Tobacco, the most common source of nicotine, has an overall harm to user and self score 3 percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking 6th most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed, as determined by a multi-criteria

6753: 284:. The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the nervous system that prepares the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Stimulants can activate the same receptors as the natural chemicals released by the sympathetic nervous system (namely 1815:. In Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia, the most common form of cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, in particular in 1071:. Although it is a prescription medication in many countries, unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine is often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with uncontrolled or heavy use. As a consequence, amphetamine is illegally manufactured in 341:. The violent and aggressive behavior associated with acute stimulant toxicity may partially be driven by paranoia. Most drugs classified as stimulants are sympathomimetics, that is they stimulate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. This leads to effects such as 381:

Assessment of the effects of stimulants is relevant given the large population currently taking stimulants. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of prescription stimulants found no association in children, but found a correlation between prescription stimulant use and

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Zamanian MY, Karimvandi MN, Nikbakhtzadeh M, Zahedi E, Bokov DO, Kujawska M, et al. (2023). "Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) on Memory and Learning in Experimental and Clinical Studies: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behaviour Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects".

1090:, a brand of inhalers used to treat a variety of conditions. Because the dextrorotary isomer has greater stimulant properties, Benzedrine was gradually discontinued in favor of formulations containing all or mostly dextroamphetamine. Presently, it is typically prescribed as 2223:, which is the compulsive and excessive use of a substance despite adverse consequences. In clinical trials, modafinil has shown no evidence of abuse potential, that is why modafinil is considered to have a low risk of addiction and dependence, however, caution is advised. 1964:

in younger women. In a few countries in Europe, however, it is still available either by prescription or sometimes over-the-counter. In Canada, it was withdrawn from the market on 31 May 2001. In India, human use of PPA and its formulations were banned on 10 February 2011.

434:, and pathological restricting of lung tissue. Cocaine may also increase risk for autoimmune disease and damage nasal cartilage. Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar effects as well as marked degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in an increased risk for 8724:

Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects".

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Fitzgerald LR, Gannon BM, Walther D, Landavazo A, Hiranita T, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Fantegrossi WE (March 2024). "Structure-activity relationships for locomotor stimulant effects and monoamine transporter interactions of substituted amphetamines and cathinones".

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Gallardo-Godoy A, Fierro A, McLean TH, Castillo M, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M, Nichols DE (April 2005). "Sulfur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitors: biological activities, CoMFA analysis, and active site modeling".

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The presence of stimulants in the body may be tested by a variety of procedures. Serum and urine are the common sources of testing material although saliva is sometimes used. Commonly used tests include chromatography, immunologic assay, and mass spectrometry.

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Caffeine is also included in some medications, usually for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the primary ingredient, or reducing one of its side-effects (especially drowsiness). Tablets containing standardized doses of caffeine are also widely available.

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Kollb-Sielecka M, Demolis P, Emmerich J, Markey G, Salmonson T, Haas M (1 May 2017). "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use".

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effects like appetite suppression and other adverse events. Initiation of stimulant treatment in those with ADHD in early childhood appears to carry benefits into adulthood with regard to social and cognitive functioning, and appears to be relatively safe.

1436:, among others. Relative to catecholaminergic transmission, MDMA enhances serotonergic transmission significantly more, when compared to classical stimulants like amphetamine. MDMA does not appear to be significantly addictive or dependence forming. 6749: 15788: 918:, as well as additions or substitutions in place of the normal carboxylate on the tropane 2 carbon. Various compound with similar structure activity relationships to cocaine that aren't technically analogs have been developed as well. 397:

Abuse of prescription stimulants (not following physician instruction) or of illicit stimulants carries many negative health risks. Abuse of cocaine, depending upon route of administration, increases risk of cardiorespiratory disease,

2146:), although the WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive. It is banned in some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Germany, while its production, sale, and consumption are legal in other countries, including 1129:. Likewise, it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. In contrast, supratherapeutic doses of amphetamine are likely to impair cognitive function and induce rapid 389:. A review over a four-year period found that there were few negative effects of stimulant treatment, but stressed the need for longer-term studies. A review of a year long period of prescription stimulant use in those with 2551:, have demonstrated improved effectiveness when added to treatment as usual consisting of counseling and/or case-management. This is demonstrated with a decrease in dropout rates and a lengthening of periods of abstinence. 6779: 6724: 8811: 8632:

Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of

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Giacobbe P, Rakita U, Lam R, Milev R, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS (January 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine as an antidepressant augmentation strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...

4982:"Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine" 4933:"Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine" 4706:

McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Zhou AJ, Rosenblat JD, Peters EM, Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Rong C, Jerrell JM (August 2017). "The Efficacy of Psychostimulants in Major Depressive Episodes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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controlled substances in the United States. Also, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many other countries due to its placement in schedule II of the

619:. In relation to this, they are minimally effective in the treatment of depression when administered continuously. In addition, tolerance to the mood-lifting effects of amphetamine has led to dose escalation and 595:

is used to relieve nasal or sinus congestion caused by the common cold, sinusitis, hay fever and other respiratory allergies; it is also used to relieve ear congestion caused by ear inflammation or infection.

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A well-known textbook of physical treatments described stimulants as having 'limited value in depression' because the euphoria they induce quickly wears off and 'the patient slips back' (Sargant & Slater

1214:, but it may also have a modest effect on colorectal cancer. There does not appear to be a significant protective effect against other types of cancers, and heavy coffee consumption may increase the risk of 9627:

Warot D, Corruble E, Payan C, Weil JS, Puech AJ (1993). "Subjective effects of modafinil, a new central adrenergic stimulant in healthy volunteers: a comparison with amphetamine, caffeine and placebo".

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Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)...

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Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S (January 2008). "Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature".

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Mephedrone is neurotoxic and has abuse potential, predominantly exerted on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) terminals, mimicking that of MDMA with which it shares the same subjective sensations on abusers.

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neurotransmission. Catecholamine neurotransmitters are employed in regulatory pathways implicated in attention, arousal, motivation, task salience and reward anticipation. Classical stimulants either

7145:. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse. p. 179. Archived from 5505:)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with ( 12810: 2432:

syndrome can occur. Stimulants may be screened for in animal discrimination and self-administration models which have high sensitivity albeit low specificity. Research on a progressive ratio

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have criticized the scheduling level, writing a satirical article finding MDMA to be 28 times less dangerous than horseriding, a condition he termed "equasy" or "Equine Addiction Syndrome".

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and provide benefits similar in magnitude to those of conventional antidepressants. The reasons for the short-term mood-improving effects of stimulants are unclear, but may relate to rapid

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pseudoephedrine, amphetamine and methylphenidate have well documented ergogenic effects, while cocaine has the opposite effect. Neurocognitive enhancing effects of stimulants, specifically

7972: 1629:; however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses. Although rarely prescribed due to the potential risks, methamphetamine hydrochloride is approved by the 7860: 6128:

Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training...

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Hunter Gillies, Wayne E. Derman, Timothy D. Noakes, Peter Smith, Alicia Evans, Gary Gabriels (1 December 1996). "Pseudoephedrine is without ergogenic effects during prolonged exercise".

309:(ADHD), increases ability to focus, vigor, sociability, libido and may elevate mood. However, in higher doses, stimulants may actually decrease the ability to focus, a principle of the 2199:. While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive. Despite being a CNS stimulant, the addiction and 373:. However, given the complexity of the mechanisms that underlie these potentially fatal outcomes of acute stimulant toxicity, it is impossible to determine what dose may be lethal. 6281: 1656:

mixture of the right- and left-handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine). Both dextromethamphetamine and racemic methamphetamine are

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Baicy K, Bearden CE, Monterosso J, Brody AL, Isaacson AJ, London ED (2005). "Common substrates of dysphoria in stimulant drug abuse and primary depression: therapeutic targets".

1819:. Most cocaine use is recreational and its abuse potential is high (higher than amphetamine), and so its sale and possession are strictly controlled in most jurisdictions. Other 1765:

Methylphenidate is sold under a number of brand names including Ritalin. Other versions include the long lasting tablet Concerta and the long lasting transdermal patch Daytrana.

608:, beginning after the introduction of the amphetamines in the 1930s. However, they were largely abandoned for treatment of depression following the introduction of conventional 7995: 5787:, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Committee on Government Reform, United States House of Representatives, 26 July 2006 3364:

Hechtman L, Greenfield B (1 January 2003). "Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome".

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Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (1 April 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?".

4125:"Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults" 10088:"pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor competitive antagonist, and inverse agonist, in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with narcolepsy" 6776:"Australia to protect consumers by banning sale of pure caffeine powder | Health Portfolio Ministers | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care" 5539: 1465:(NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reported to be sold as a 4750:

Bahji A, Mesbah-Oskui L (September 2021). "Comparative efficacy and safety of stimulant-type medications for depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis".

2310:, as well as producing a response opposite to that of endogenous histamine at the receptor (inverse agonism), pitolisant enhances histaminergic activity in the brain. 4049: 15808: 9279: 7630: 4621:"The Convergence Model of Brain Reward Circuitry: Implications for Relief of Treatment-Resistant Depression by Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle" 3589:

Ramón Peces, Navascués RA, Baltar J, Seco M, Alvarez J (1999). "Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use".

3125:. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 1999. 6261:

Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability.

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Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G (1 August 2016). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects".

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Classifying stimulants is difficult, because of the large number of classes the drugs occupy, and the fact that they may belong to multiple classes; for example,

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Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW (1 September 2019). "The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT (October 2006). "Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers".

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sleep and decreased impulsivity. Methylphenidate is not usually used recreationally, but when it is used, its effects are very similar to those of amphetamines.

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Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, Mulder R, Porter R, Singh A, Murray G (March 2016). "Stimulants for depression: On the up and up?".

16825: 15376: 12855: 8878: 8762:"Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies" 14230: 13310: 9510: 8619: 4148:"Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients" 3318: 2183:

medication, which means that it promotes wakefulness and alertness. Modafinil is sold under the brand name Provigil among others. Modafinil is used to treat

1187:. Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most common stimulant. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. 1510:

classes. Slang names include drone and MCAT. It is reported to be manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the

16766: 8083: 1400:, and stimulant of the amphetamine class. Briefly used by some psychotherapists as an adjunct to therapy, the drug became popular recreationally and the 256:. Therefore, the use of stimulants is regulated by laws and policies in most countries, and requires medical supervision and prescription in some cases. 12549: 8303: 6515: 6479: 6074: 4286:

Bicopoulos D, editor. AusDI: Drug information for the healthcare professional, 2nd edition. Castle Hill: Pharmaceutical Care Information Services; 2002.

16544: 6132: • Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation 1732:

volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity. However, recreational amphetamine doses may also be neurotoxic.

7412:"Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 5142:

Brauer LH, Ambre J, De Wit H (February 1996). "Acute tolerance to subjective but not cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine in normal, healthy men".

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containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing for

1246:. There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. Caffeine may increase the effectiveness of some medications including ones used to treat 13278: 10392: 8612:"CFR TITLE 21: DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE: PART 341 – COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE" 5517:)-isomer . Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, ( 15803: 5521:)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . ... 2203:

liabilities of modafinil are considered very low. Although modafinil shares biochemical mechanisms with stimulant drugs, it is less likely to have

9316:"Khat chewing in Yemen: turning over a new leaf – Khat chewing is on the rise in Yemen, raising concerns about the health and social consequences" 15798: 14287: 12361: 7976: 7852: 6868: 5489:

yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens . ... Beyond (1

4884:"Development of a non-human primate model to support CNS translational research: Demonstration with D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response" 865: 8045: 6645: 3888: 16791: 16771: 16549: 15356: 12278: 9066: 4043:"The Voice of the Patient A series of reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Patient-Focused Drug Development Initiative" 9164: 8400:"Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine" 7800:

Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".

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Comer SD, Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (June 2001). "Effects of repeated oral methamphetamine administration in humans".

16369: 5513:)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its ( 3681:

Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update".

1880:. Nicotine is used widely throughout the world for its stimulating and relaxing effects. Nicotine exerts its effects through the agonism of 406:. Some effects are dependent upon the route of administration, with intravenous use associated with the transmission of many disease such as 9535:

Kakehi S, Tompkins DM (October 2021). "A Review of Pharmacologic Neurostimulant Use During Rehabilitation and Recovery After Brain Injury".

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Flavahan NA (April 2005). "Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2-adrenoceptors".

16329: 10236: 3201:"Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies" 1828: 1234:

compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 2–4 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. Caffeine increases

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Stimulants have a long history of use, both for medical and non-medical purposes. They have been used to treat various conditions, such as

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Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X (March 2011). "The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications".

16489: 13300: 12037: 6311: 5625:"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity" 4785:

Nuñez NA, Joseph B, Pahwa M, Kumar R, Resendez MG, Prokop LJ, Veldic M, Seshadri A, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, Wang Z, Singh B (April 2022).

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Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, Miles J, Pakdaman S, Brown M, Yagyu S, Motala A, Hempel S (1 April 2024).

1125:. At therapeutic doses, this causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in libido, increased arousal, and improved 16084: 14081: 9506: 7334:

Marques S, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Outeiro TF (2011). "Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics".

1751: 1630: 1462: 345:, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature. When these changes become pathological, they are called 14041: 12584: 12559: 12554: 6690: 6159:

Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Harper SJ, Jones NS (1 October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature".

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Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...

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Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H (June 2003). "Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells".

2640: 16796: 15975: 7991: 6348: 4304: 1980: 1606: 1048: 686: 390: 306: 178: 9843: 7496:"Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies" 2801: 16554: 16094: 15773: 15346: 12494: 10064: 9134: 4132: 3764: 16784: 16454: 15985: 12750: 12574: 4322: 2257:

class, which means that it promotes wakefulness and alertness. Pitolisant is the first eugeroic drug that acts by blocking the

861: 845: 840:

Amphetamines-type stimulants are often used for their therapeutic effects. Physicians sometimes prescribe amphetamine to treat

9344:

Nutt D, King LA, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".

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Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives".

4565:"Dopamine and Beyond: Implications of Psychophysical Studies of Intracranial Self-Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression" 4421:

Morelli M, Tognotti E (August 2021). "Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants".

16464: 15783: 15326: 13654: 8544: 8260: 7624: 6564: 6168: 6034: 5956: 5551: 5321: 5276: 4381: 3046: 2887:"Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review" 1662: 10861: 7137: 5882: 16063: 14978: 13941: 13934: 10448: 9783: 9746: 7950: 5860: 4042: 2058: 5220:

Barr AM, Markou A, Phillips AG (October 2002). "A 'crash' course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression".

3126: 2672: 910:

Hundreds of cocaine analogs have been created, all of them usually maintaining a benzyloxy connected to the 3 carbon of a

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de Biase S, Pellitteri G, Gigli GL, Valente M (February 2021). "Evaluating pitolisant as a narcolepsy treatment option".

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biosynthesis and release upon binding to endogenous histamine. By preventing the binding of endogenous histamine at the H

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in the 1950s. Subsequent to this, there has been a resurgence in interest in stimulants for depression in recent years.

16504: 15878: 15159: 14336: 13684: 13547: 12539: 11840: 11746: 10516: 9813: 9096: 8550: 8516: 1518:. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, or inject, producing similar effects to 1020:

of some stimulants, such as modafinil, for treating symptoms of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, remains unknown.

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Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants".

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Palamara KL, Mogul HR, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH (1 October 2016). "Obesity: new perspectives and pharmacotherapies".

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of these catecholamines, resulting in increased activity of their circuits. Some stimulants, specifically those with

798: 794: 427: 337:. Acute toxicity has been reportedly associated with homicide, paranoia, aggressive behavior, motor dysfunction, and 4980:

van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (7 February 2019).

16494: 16399: 16314: 16259: 16068: 15900: 15888: 11845: 8870: 8611: 2686:

Costa VM, Grando LG, Milandri E, Nardi J, Teixeira P, Mladěnka P, Remião F, et al. (OEMONOM) (November 2022).

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as its principal active constituents. The same may be true of other herbal products containing extracts from other

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during a year was 0.4%. For the category "amphetamines and prescription stimulants" (with "amphetamines" including

198: 10362: 8919:

Talhouth R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam G C J (October 2007). "Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction".

635:. Tolerance to the effects of stimulants has been studied and characterized both in animals and humans. Stimulant 16733: 16657: 16559: 16254: 16218: 16053: 15960: 15321: 13837: 13293: 12245: 11939: 11850: 9495: 7888: 4787:"Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis" 1401: 532: 455: 4839:

Barr AM, Markou A (2005). "Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression".

1884:, resulting in multiple downstream effects such as increase in activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain 16779: 16534: 16519: 16499: 16474: 16459: 16419: 16359: 16309: 15945: 12534: 12504: 11830: 11825: 11525: 11441: 8053: 7616:

Never shower in a thunderstorm: surprising facts and misleading myths about our health and the world we live in

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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M (June 2008). "Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself".

1983:. Its effects typically last around 14 hours. Lisdexamfetamine is inactive on its own and is metabolized into 896:. Due to their availability and fast-acting effects, substituted amphetamines are prime candidates for abuse. 16713: 16662: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16279: 15990: 14835: 12524: 12509: 11909: 11820: 11815: 11356: 10414: 10384: 8292: 6504: 6468: 6063: 1391: 982: 8962:

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".

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van Dam RM (2008). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer".

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Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950".

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and increase alertness, concentration, and energy in fatigued individuals. At higher doses, it can induce

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Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2012).

2024: 2319: 1542:. In September 2011, the USA temporarily classified mephedrone as illegal, in effect from October 2011. 166:. By increasing their availability, stimulants can produce a range of effects, from mild stimulation to 16743: 16718: 16444: 16404: 16374: 16319: 14733: 13797: 13286: 12604: 12022: 11944: 11318: 2617: 2009: 1960:

In the United States, PPA is no longer sold without a prescription due to a possible increased risk of

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seizures worldwide, illicit amphetamine production and trafficking is much less prevalent than that of

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and generally include drugs that follow the general definition of a stimulant, but other drugs such as

281: 11495: 6853: 1134: 16748: 15995: 15729: 15674: 14807: 14418: 12657: 11421: 10836: 10172:"Predicting abuse potential of stimulants and other dopaminergic drugs: Overview and recommendations" 9711: 6656: 5674:"VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse" 4515:

Orr K, Taylor D (2007). "Psychostimulants in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence".

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Tashkin DP (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents".

3142:"Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review" 2335: 2192: 2131: 1681: 1222:

is possible, but the evidence is inconclusive. Moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of

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in the central nervous system (and to a lesser extent, the peripheral nervous system) by inhibiting

623:. Although the efficacy for depression with continuous administration is modest, it may still reach 15366: 12092: 11929: 10981: 10576: 10441: 9156: 7721: 1701: 1227: 1207: 722: 717: 705: 624: 9101:

Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

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D'Souza MS, Markou A (2010). "Neural substrates of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia".

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at the end of their effects. In the US, the most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were

16048: 16015: 16005: 15955: 15950: 15575: 14894: 14889: 13852: 13530: 13381: 12391: 12386: 12077: 11510: 11451: 11401: 11396: 11346: 10946: 6134: • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40 2196: 2013: 1704:, a withdrawal syndrome that can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period. Unlike 1602: 1599: 1503: 1251: 905: 690: 656: 240:. The misuse and abuse of stimulants can lead to serious health and social consequences, such as 233: 139: 29: 16038: 2253:

that also belongs to the class of CNS stimulants. Pitolisant is also considered a medication of

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Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons.

2548: 2401: 2397: 2331: 1725: 1223: 1219: 1040: 990: 734: 480:(Adderall). It was estimated in 2015 that the percentage of the world population that had used 435: 273: 15457: 9271: 7614: 5039:"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy" 4371: 3036: 16010: 15965: 15925: 15381: 14623: 14459: 14345: 13574: 13510: 13355: 12830: 12466: 12190: 12012: 10846: 10831: 10823: 8154:

Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pacifici R, di Luca A, Busardò FP, Marinelli E (2017).

8075: 7165:"Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry" 6303: 5856:

Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations

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are not clearly established. Unlike other stimulants, modafinil does not induce a subjective

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Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse, etc.) is an amphetamine-type medication, sold for use in treating

1939: 1670: 1507: 1072: 998: 738: 675: 664: 459: 447: 12928: 10086:

Sarfraz N, Okuampa D, Hansen H, Alvarez M, Cornett EM, Kakazu J, et al. (30 May 2022).

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Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide

6750:"3.1 Interim decision in relation to caffeine | Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)" 6682: 5778:

Efforts of the National Institute on Drug Abuse to Prevent and Treat Prescription Drug Abuse

16738: 16630: 16043: 16000: 15940: 15868: 15841: 15361: 15336: 15306: 15301: 15127: 14928: 13649: 13629: 13498: 13164: 12675: 12072: 11979: 11949: 11756: 11593: 11371: 10841: 10521: 10511: 9319: 5777: 5685: 5463: 2139: 1950: 1877: 1759: 1697: 1649:, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight. 1328: 1291: 1235: 1110: 1056: 277: 245: 205:, by various groups of people, such as students, athletes, artists, workers, and soldiers. 12923: 8018: 6552: 4048:. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3122:

Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders.Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders

170:, depending on the specific drug, dose, route of administration, and individual factors. 8: 16830: 16708: 16645: 16213: 16149: 15883: 15585: 15507: 14954: 14938: 14884: 14768: 14258: 13994: 13780: 13559: 13386: 12680: 12250: 12062: 11893: 11771: 11662: 11598: 11391: 11376: 11336: 10722: 10609: 10434: 10232:"Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules" 9872:

Lamb YN (February 2020). "Pitolisant: A Review in Narcolepsy with or without Cataplexy".

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Sulzer D, Zecca L (February 2000). "Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review".

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2648: 2433: 2069:). It is also used as a precursor chemical in the illegal production of methamphetamine. 1946: 1902: 1689: 1666: 1626: 1276: 1017: 978: 971: 802: 451: 326: 280:

effects. Sympathomimetic effects are those effects that mimic or copy the actions of the

202: 15404: 6893:

Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M (May 2018).

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in effectiveness. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of drugs such as

16652: 16239: 15858: 15714: 15669: 15649: 15608: 14726: 14594: 14546: 14396: 14292: 14157: 14016: 13470: 12440: 12426: 12381: 12366: 10866: 10851: 10503: 10323: 10290: 10266: 10231: 10204: 10171: 10112: 10087: 10025: 9982: 9897: 9835: 9645: 9604: 9579: 9560: 9469: 9444: 9425: 9369: 9247: 9230: 9211: 9048: 9005: 8944: 8840: 8786: 8761: 8706: 8477: 8424: 8415: 8399: 8361: 8336: 8228: 8180: 8155: 8131: 8106: 7918: 7883: 7833: 7777: 7742: 7704: 7560: 7436: 7411: 7275: 7189: 7164: 7078: 7061: 7046:"Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens" 7045: 7021: 6988: 6969: 6921: 6894: 6829: 6802: 6621: 6596: 6450: 6402: 6377: 6209: 6192: 5990: 5973: 5929: 5831: 5798: 5706: 5673: 5649: 5624: 5411: 5202: 5119: 5092: 5063: 5038: 5019: 4962: 4913: 4864: 4811: 4786: 4732: 4647: 4620: 4591: 4564: 4540: 4492: 4446: 4221: 4204: 4180: 4147: 4100: 4067: 4012: 3938: 3806: 3756: 3706: 3658: 3633: 3614: 3530: 3397: 3299: 3248: 3176: 3141: 3012: 2987: 2968: 2919: 2886: 2857: 2824: 2793: 2714: 2687: 2425: 2127: 1539: 1417: 1211: 963: 848:

medications, but evidence supporting this use is poor/mixed. Notably, two recent large

834: 194: 10044: 9357: 8985: 8352: 8171: 8122: 7813: 7427: 7114: 5313: 5233: 3744: 3566: 3549: 3096: 3063: 2956: 2744:"In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers" 16723: 16703: 16294: 16099: 15970: 15831: 15628: 15595: 15570: 15082: 14815: 14488: 14322: 14298: 14253: 14036: 14026: 13929: 13759: 13715: 13699: 13503: 13493: 13436: 13426: 13214: 12599: 12451: 12102: 11470: 11197: 10961: 10901: 10856: 10408: 10378: 10328: 10310: 10271: 10253: 10209: 10191: 10187: 10152: 10117: 10056: 10029: 10017: 9986: 9974: 9936: 9901: 9889: 9775: 9774:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 22 January 2012. 9738: 9737:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 24 January 2012. 9703: 9680: 9649: 9609: 9564: 9552: 9474: 9429: 9417: 9361: 9252: 9203: 9126: 9040: 8997: 8989: 8936: 8832: 8812:"Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode" 8791: 8742: 8698: 8693: 8676: 8540: 8508: 8469: 8429: 8366: 8256: 8232: 8220: 8185: 8136: 7923: 7905: 7901: 7825: 7817: 7782: 7764: 7696: 7661: 7620: 7595: 7552: 7517: 7476: 7441: 7392: 7351: 7316: 7267: 7229: 7194: 7118: 7083: 7065: 7026: 7008: 6961: 6957: 6926: 6834: 6626: 6560: 6442: 6407: 6249: 6214: 6164: 6119: 6040: 6030: 5995: 5952: 5933: 5921: 5836: 5818: 5760: 5752: 5711: 5697: 5654: 5640: 5600: 5596: 5547: 5479: 5415: 5403: 5395: 5363: 5327: 5317: 5282: 5272: 5237: 5194: 5159: 5155: 5124: 5068: 5011: 5003: 4954: 4905: 4856: 4816: 4767: 4724: 4688: 4652: 4596: 4532: 4528: 4484: 4450: 4438: 4387: 4377: 4345: 4269: 4261: 4226: 4185: 4167: 4124: 4105: 4087: 4024: 4016: 3981: 3973: 3930: 3922: 3841: 3798: 3748: 3725: 3698: 3663: 3606: 3571: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3479: 3438: 3433: 3416: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3346: 3338: 3291: 3283: 3240: 3232: 3181: 3163: 3101: 3083: 3042: 3017: 2972: 2960: 2924: 2906: 2862: 2844: 2763: 2719: 2367: 2105: 1984: 1935: 1912: 1889: 1865: 1652:

Methamphetamine may be sold illicitly, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an

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Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (1 August 2002).

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for neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters regulate various functions, such as

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O'Brien CP, Dackis CA, Kampman K (June 2006). "Does modafinil produce euphoria?".

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Nkondjock A (May 2009). "Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview".

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Lazarus M, Chen JF, Huang ZL, Urade Y, Fredholm BB (2019). "Adenosine and Sleep".

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Pitolisant has been shown to be effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of

950:

transmission. Some stimulants, such as some amphetamine derivatives and, notably,

16728: 16677: 16615: 16114: 16089: 15935: 15719: 15633: 15555: 15545: 15316: 15311: 15194: 15132: 15109: 14753: 14743: 14303: 14248: 14117: 14112: 13951: 13884: 13879: 13765: 13711: 13552: 13443: 13396: 13159: 12652: 12461: 12436: 12396: 12235: 12152: 12107: 11974: 11969: 11889: 11885: 11701: 11474: 11456: 10926: 10624: 10363:"Long Island Council on Alcohol & Drug Dependence – About Drugs – Stimulants" 9595: 9413: 9199: 7728: 7591: 7225: 7146: 6245: 5874: 5784: 4720: 2589: 2429: 2421: 2325: 2238: 2220: 2200: 2097: 2002: 1996: 1908: 1861: 1741: 1693: 1554: 1357: 1315: 1280: 1269: 1243: 1080: 750: 636: 620: 604:

Stimulants were one of the first classes of drugs to be used in the treatment of

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Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS".

5917: 5854: 2988:"A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care" 16625: 16591: 16566: 16156: 15873: 15699: 15689: 15603: 15512: 15452: 15396: 15149: 15104: 15004: 14391: 14381: 14282: 14182: 14177: 14031: 14021: 13971: 13956: 13946: 13847: 13842: 13832: 13770: 13742: 13694: 13689: 13421: 13376: 13372: 13154: 13149: 12954: 12416: 12121: 11959: 11667: 10735: 10629: 10584: 10546: 9885: 9769: 9732: 9717: 8465: 7004: 5523:(b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines. 3474: 3457: 3120: 2666: 2569: 2522: 2417: 2375: 2204: 2143: 2101: 2016: 1923: 1916: 1869: 1799:

shrub, which grows in the mountain regions of South American countries such as

1685: 1595: 1515: 1484:

Incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to MDPV use.

1348: 1324: 1310: 1215: 1130: 1076: 810: 726: 632: 609: 508: 423: 366: 358: 289: 213: 115: 9641: 9460: 8828: 8638: 7652:

Gilmore B, Michael M (February 2011). "Treatment of acute migraine headache".

7548: 7263: 6819: 6115: 5799:"Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)" 5747: 5730: 5054: 4882:

Folgering JH, Choi M, Schlumbohm C, van Gaalen MM, Stratford RE (April 2019).

4802: 4763: 4684: 4637: 4391: 4257: 3969: 3918: 3694: 2759: 1888:, and acetaldehyde one of the tobacco constituent decreased the expression of 615:

Stimulants produce a fast-acting and pronounced but transient and short-lived

276:

and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have

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The active ingredient in some OTC inhalers in the United States is listed as

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Phenylpropanolamine (PPA; Accutrim; β-hydroxyamphetamine), also known as the

1885: 1816: 1812: 1646: 1466: 1429: 1396:

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, or molly) is a euphoriant,

1242:

but does not appear to affect normal individuals. It may protect people from

927: 817:. An additional mechanism of some substituted amphetamines is the release of 766: 742: 572: 564: 560: 237: 151: 127: 72: 15442: 12730: 12725: 9805: 9036: 8531: 8251:

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pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many

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5814: 5268: 3837: 3649: 3079: 2704: 2503: 2409: 2347: 2219:, an intense feeling of well-being. Euphoria is a potential indicator of 2054: 2046: 2038: 1920: 1729: 1705: 1700:. Recreational use of methamphetamine may result in psychosis or lead to 1638: 1572: 1523: 1320: 1299: 1287: 1064: 1034: 985:, and only indirectly increases catecholamine transmission in the brain. 885: 829:, thereby increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the 782: 762: 746: 730: 576: 485: 477: 431: 407: 285: 14314: 12873: 10103: 9771:

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury

9734:

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury

8529: 6744: 6742: 6026: 3726:"Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" 208:

However, stimulants also have potential risks and side effects, such as

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The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment

3794: 3265: 3227: 2574: 2393: 2371: 2359: 2269: 2232: 2188: 2041:, either as a single ingredient or (more commonly) in combination with 1954: 1713: 1642: 1622: 1614: 1493: 1440: 1409: 1397: 1180: 1151: 1087: 1068: 1052: 986: 939: 778: 584: 552: 544: 419: 174: 64: 21: 8918: 7965: 6138: • Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue 5359: 3602: 3319:"Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review" 2902: 2641:"stimulant – definition of stimulant in English | Oxford Dictionaries" 305:

Stimulants in therapeutic doses, such as those given to patients with

16620: 16576: 16124: 16119: 15694: 15679: 15654: 15502: 15497: 15482: 15477: 15437: 15414: 15351: 15208: 15181: 15065: 14923: 14906: 14879: 14795: 14758: 14748: 14721: 14692: 14653: 14618: 14589: 14386: 14122: 14096: 14071: 14006: 13984: 13812: 13725: 13599: 13254: 13229: 13094: 13064: 13054: 12979: 12845: 12695: 12685: 12619: 12609: 12456: 12446: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 11860: 11766: 11751: 11736: 11687: 11642: 11461: 11265: 11255: 11250: 11230: 11187: 11114: 11034: 11029: 11019: 11004: 10976: 10956: 10951: 10921: 10896: 10886: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10707: 10692: 10687: 10619: 10556: 10536: 10488: 10249: 6739: 4979: 4930: 3860:"Top 100 Drugs for Q4 2013 by Sales – U.S. Pharmaceutical Statistics" 2941: 2584: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2303: 2176: 2171: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2066: 1931: 1853: 1721: 1478: 1263: 1247: 1176: 1060: 1010: 967: 951: 947: 814: 770: 758: 754: 616: 548: 528: 415: 342: 319: 314: 221: 209: 147: 123: 119: 100: 68: 60: 56: 12519: 12514: 7472: 6801:

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of other illegal drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the

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Stimulants have been used in medicine for many conditions including

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Pitolisant is the only non-controlled anti-narcoleptic drug in the

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drugs. Among narcotics, stimulants produce a noticeable crash or

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Coffee consumption is associated with a lower overall risk of

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by which a drug can elicit activating effects. Caffeine is an

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Due to the relative safety of MDMA, some researchers such as

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Most stimulants exert their activating effects by enhancing

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in the body. Consequently, it has a lower abuse potential.

1823:

derivative drugs related to cocaine are also known such as

1808: 1796: 1519: 1511: 1381: 893: 790: 682: 556: 555:. Stimulants are used in impulse control disorders such as 539:

are used in management of sleep disorders characterized by

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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

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Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

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if taken a few hours prior to attaining a high altitude.

1168: 51:) are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the 10421: 9662: 9231:"Pseudoephedrine enhances performance in 1500-m runners" 9089: 6800: 6231: 5949:

Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology

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to be trafficked and sold to users. Based upon drug and

325:

In some cases, psychiatric phenomena may emerge such as

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similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs

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A chart comparing the chemical structures of different

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Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior

1831:

but have not been widely sold or used recreationally.

1206:. This is primarily due to a decrease in the risks of 1117:

and facilitates neurotransmitter efflux by activating

16:

Drug that increases activity of central nervous system

13311:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

10393:"Online – Publications – Drugs of Abuse – Stimulants" 9724: 9119: 9025:

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

3417:"Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review" 2602: 914:. Various modifications include substitutions on the 591:

are now preferred due to less systemic side effects.

450:

as well as without a prescription (either legally or

9698:

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United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances

1428:(enhanced wakefulness/inability to sleep), improved 844:, where subjects do not respond well to traditional 426:, while inhalation may be associated with increased 10042: 9059: 8899: 8250: 7103:

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

6845: 6375: 6158: 4065: 2633: 587:orally have been used to treat asthma, but inhaled 446:Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as 138:. Stimulants sometimes also work by binding to the 106:Stimulants work by affecting the levels of certain 9836:"List of CNS stimulants + Uses & Side Effects" 8810: 8753: 8717: 8337:"Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death" 7934: 6768: 6555:. In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). 6376:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). 6051: 5219: 5176: 3363: 3034: 1412:properties. The stimulant effects of MDMA include 1159:Caffeine is a stimulant compound belonging to the 1155:Roasted coffee beans, a common source of caffeine. 639:is remarkably similar in its symptoms to those of 272:including those that increase the activity of the 11332:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 10395:. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006 9343: 9163:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 8668: 8530:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007). 7875: 7606: 5881:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 5771: 5254: 5141: 5036: 4749: 4618: 4562: 1323:). It works mainly by increasing the activity of 16817: 10225: 10223: 9952: 9950: 9913: 9911: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9127:"Lisdexamfetamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 8961: 8871:"Efectos psicológicos del consumo de la cocaína" 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 6943: 6854:"Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse" 6637: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4145: 4116: 3458:"Arterial Consequences of Recreational Drug Use" 3455: 2985: 12362:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 9702:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 9697: 8674: 7989: 7951:"Abuse Of Fake 'Bath Salts' Sends Dozens To ER" 7853:"Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'" 7129: 6335: 6154: 6152: 6150: 5509:)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, ( 5086: 5084: 5082: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4462: 4460: 4420: 4316: 4314: 3823: 3631: 1013:neurons, enhancing histaminergic transmission. 15357:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 9806:"Pitolisant Uses, Side Effects & Warnings" 9534: 7943: 7651: 7612: 7139:Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans 6986: 6597:"Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review)" 6594: 6331: 6329: 5971: 5582: 5259:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 4973: 4146:Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (1 December 1999). 3061: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2279:. It has shown minimal abuse risk in studies. 1852:, which is available in many forms, including 1313:skeleton found in various plants in the genus 575:, focus and elevate mood. Stimulants such as 16826:Drug classes defined by psychological effects 14330: 13294: 10442: 10282: 10220: 10163: 10079: 9993: 9947: 9908: 9858: 9761: 9691: 9656: 9571: 9528: 9436: 9393: 9222: 9016: 8955: 8912: 8585:. United Nations. August 2003. Archived from 8515:. National Geographic Channel. Archived from 8447: 8445: 8443: 8393: 8391: 8334: 8321: 8196: 8147: 8098: 7793: 7734: 7672: 7645: 7571: 7534: 7528: 7487: 7461:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 7362: 7327: 7286: 7205: 7156: 7094: 7037: 6980: 6886: 6533: 6266: 6190: 6097: 6095: 4356: 4289: 3817: 3774: 3550:"Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease" 2665:Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1999). 1637:. Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to 14357: 13309:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the 10237:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 10128: 10036: 9276:Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Volume 14 9179: 8808: 8802: 8016: 7245: 7243: 6937: 6794: 6714: 6708: 6371: 6369: 6147: 6101: 6006: 5965: 5897: 5790: 5374: 5338: 5293: 5248: 5213: 5170: 5079: 5030: 4924: 4875: 4827: 4778: 4743: 4699: 4663: 4607: 4551: 4503: 4457: 4414: 4369: 4311: 4237: 4196: 4139: 4059: 3992: 3949: 3898: 3674: 3582: 3490: 3449: 3357: 3259: 3192: 3139: 3133: 3055: 2884: 1009:, pitolisant decreases negative feedback to 970:, act by directly binding to and activating 737:compounds which are formed by replacing, or 10365:. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 10295:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9768:"Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants". 9620: 9318:. World Health Organization. Archived from 9235:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 9022: 8493: 8491: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8202: 7577: 7368: 7211: 6674: 6590: 6588: 6497: 6461: 6424: 6326: 5903: 5729:Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015). 5576: 5135: 4244:Chu EK, Drazen JM (1 June 2005). "Asthma". 3904: 3780: 3625: 3547: 3541: 3028: 2979: 2935: 2873: 2816: 2786: 2730: 2679: 2443:Dependence potentials of common stimulants 2404:to some CNS stimulants can quickly lead to 2390:", and may provoke reuse of the stimulant. 1676:In low doses, methamphetamine can cause an 16085:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 14337: 14323: 13301: 13287: 10449: 10435: 10339: 10134: 9507:United States Food and Drug Administration 9313: 9149: 8616:United States Food and Drug Administration 8440: 8388: 8300:United States Food and Drug Administration 7678: 7458: 7135: 6851: 6512:United States Food and Drug Administration 6476:United States Food and Drug Administration 6418: 6296: 6225: 6092: 6071:United States Food and Drug Administration 5940: 5671: 5537: 4838: 4280: 2660: 2658: 1911:norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a 1752:norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor 1631:United States Food and Drug Administration 1463:norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor 1218:. A protective effect of caffeine against 1055:. Amphetamine is also used off-label as a 892:) in controlling symptoms associated with 527:. Drugs used to treat obesity are called 414:and potential medical emergencies such as 14344: 10322: 10265: 10203: 10137:Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 10111: 9603: 9468: 9246: 9067:"Advisories, Warnings and Recalls – 2001" 8975: 8785: 8692: 8423: 8360: 8179: 8130: 7917: 7776: 7758: 7511: 7435: 7403: 7386: 7310: 7240: 7188: 7077: 7020: 6987:Bjorness TE, Greene RW (8 January 2017). 6920: 6910: 6828: 6818: 6620: 6401: 6366: 6208: 6186: 6184: 5989: 5830: 5746: 5705: 5648: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5118: 5108: 5062: 5037:Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G (May 2016). 4997: 4948: 4899: 4810: 4646: 4636: 4590: 4580: 4514: 4320: 4243: 4220: 4179: 4099: 3958:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 3657: 3565: 3473: 3432: 3226: 3216: 3175: 3157: 3095: 3062:Morton WA, Stockton GG (8 January 2017). 3011: 2918: 2856: 2713: 2703: 1795:. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the 1461:with stimulant properties that acts as a 1226:, and it may somewhat reduce the risk of 1086:The first pharmaceutical amphetamine was 79:. Some of the most common stimulants are 16059:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 15756: 9339: 9337: 9309: 9307: 8488: 8272: 8239: 8068: 8037: 6680: 6585: 6559:(12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 6553:"Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists" 6345:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 6140: • Increased acceleration 6136: • Improved reaction time 5796: 5544:Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry 5304:. International Review of Neurobiology. 4122: 4035: 3041:. 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Caffeine may lessen the severity of 1107:norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent 921: 745:in the amphetamine core structure with 711: 16818: 15986:Office of National Drug Control Policy 15774:International drug control conventions 14288:Pharmacological classification systems 13655:Selective estrogen receptor modulators 10229: 9442: 9402:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 9380: 9263: 8622:from the original on 18 September 2015 8107:"Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms")" 8025:from the original on 28 September 2011 7998:from the original on 28 September 2011 7731:Last full review/revision January 2010 7715: 7452: 7249: 7169:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 7162: 6946:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 6485:from the original on 26 September 2013 6234:J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. 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It is most usually marketed as the 1023: 9965:(11): 1060–1061. 21 September 2021. 9871: 9816:from the original on 19 January 2024 9786:from the original on 29 January 2023 9386:Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic, 8881:from the original on 3 December 2020 8556:from the original on 16 October 2013 7850: 6782:from the original on 24 January 2024 6756:from the original on 24 January 2024 6727:from the original on 24 January 2024 6693:from the original on 24 October 2007 5947:Stahl SM (March 2017). 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Ophthalmol 6874:from the original on 6 October 2008 6653:American College Health Association 6521:from the original on 6 October 2014 6130:Physiologic and performance effects 6080:from the original on 6 October 2014 4398:from the original on 29 August 2022 2207:. The similarities in effects with 1968: 1432:, increased arousal, and increased 13: 15879:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 9665:The American Journal of Psychiatry 9282:from the original on 25 March 2024 9248:10.1249/01.mss.0000183201.79330.9c 9137:from the original on 7 August 2023 8416:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995 8335:Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). 8076:"Drugs crackdown hailed a success" 7957:. 23 December 2010. 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It enters neurons through 899: 14: 16847: 15896:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 10355: 10002:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8353:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002 8293:"Desoxyn Prescribing Information" 8172:10.2174/1570159X14666161130130718 8123:10.2174/1570159X13666141210225009 7428:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925 6715:Commissioner Oo (24 March 2020). 6551:Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). 2957:10.2174/1874467215666220901122824 2547:Psychosocial treatments, such as 1882:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 1559:Methamphetamine (contracted from 833:, or intracellular fluid, of the 799:trace amine-associated receptor 1 547:, and include stimulants such as 428:lower respiratory tract infection 41:central nervous system stimulants 15901:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 15795:Other treaties addressing drugs 15275: 14297: 14277: 14276: 11327:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 10188:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.009 9293: 9167:from the original on 8 June 2019 9073:. 7 January 2009. Archived from 8921:European Neuropsychopharmacology 8851:from the original on 3 June 2020 8694:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x 7902:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x 6354:from the original on 30 May 2013 6278:United Nations Treaty Collection 5698:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x 5641:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x 5396:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109827 5156:10.1097/00004714-199602000-00012 4619:Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (2022). 4529:10.2165/00023210-200721030-00004 4055:from the original on 5 May 2017. 3638:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 3511:10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001 3434:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041 3378:10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002 3205:European Neuropsychopharmacology 3038:Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement 2986:Hashemian SM, Farhadi T (2020). 1613:. Methamphetamine exists as two 1183:, as well as a larger amount in 1133:. Very high doses can result in 700:Major stimulant classes include 533:cannabinoid receptor antagonists 199:performance-enhancing substances 16734:Regulation of therapeutic goods 16658:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 16219:Opium production in Afghanistan 13685:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones 12246:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine 11940:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine 9509:. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. 8933:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013 8739:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277 8046:"Mephedrone: Chemistry lessons" 8017:Kelsey Scram (6 January 2011). 7889:British Journal of Pharmacology 7851:Hope C, ed. 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It is commonly used in 1356:(TCM), contains ephedrine and 1283:, as well as to the important 1028: 805:and effluxion, or release, of 801:(TAAR1); in turn, this causes 492:) the value was 0.7%, and for 193:. They have also been used as 1: 16714:Needle and syringe programmes 16663:Long-term effects of cannabis 16064:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 15991:School district drug policies 13437:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics 10014:10.1080/14656566.2020.1817387 9388:Journal of psychoactive drugs 9358:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 9314:Al-Mugahed L (October 2008). 9188:Journal of Applied Physiology 8986:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 8809:Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). 8019:"Bath Salts Used to Get High" 7814:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 7741:Meyer JS (21 November 2013). 7115:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00991-4 5476:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004 5314:10.1016/S0074-7742(04)65005-7 5234:10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02086-2 4164:10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz 4072:Journal of Psychopharmacology 3745:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6 3567:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80112-7 3280:10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620 3268:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 3004:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209 2645:Oxford Dictionaries | English 2627: 2226: 2213:feeling of pleasure or reward 1926:that is used as a stimulant, 1633:(USFDA) under the trade name 1487: 983:adenosine receptor antagonist 977:There are also more indirect 599: 292:) and cause similar effects. 259: 15784:1971 Psychotropic Substances 14148:Wakefulness-promoting agents 10230:Stoops WW (7 January 2017). 9596:10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007 9414:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001085 9200:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2611 8539:. New York: United Nations. 8499:"San Francisco Meth Zombies" 7592:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003 7226:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.022 6958:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b 6246:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1 5597:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s 4721:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000723 4123:Research Cf (26 June 2019). 3146:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2400:(CNS) stimulants is common. 2249:. As such, pitolisant is an 2185:excessive daytime sleepiness 2165: 1354:traditional Chinese medicine 1305:In chemical terms, it is an 1302:associated with anesthesia. 1257: 661:Substituted phenylmorpholine 646: 541:excessive daytime sleepiness 523:and, in case of cocaine, as 7: 16572:Pharmaceutical distribution 16209:Coca production in Colombia 15660:Counterculture of the 1960s 12950:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine 12490:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 12377:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 12372:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 9933:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002 9677:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1109 9272:"The Orsons of East Africa" 8044:Cumming E (22 April 2010). 7369:Arendash GW, Cao C (2010). 6514:. June 2013. pp. 4–8. 6191:Montgomery KA (June 2008). 5918:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001 4376:. Springer. pp. 121–. 3421:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2563: 2272:with or without cataplexy. 2057:(acetaminophen) or another 2025:wakefulness-promoting agent 1943:cough and cold preparations 1834: 1171:, and (to a lesser degree) 1140: 1115:norepinephrine transporters 1063:, and recreationally as an 958:by antagonizing regulatory 823:monoamine neurotransmitters 733:structure; it includes all 535:also belong to this group. 10: 16852: 16744:Substance abuse prevention 16719:Opioid replacement therapy 13798:Intravenous immunoglobulin 11945:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine 10092:Health Psychology Research 9886:10.1007/s40263-020-00703-x 9443:Mignot EJ (October 2012). 8466:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013 7005:10.2174/157015909789152182 6683:"Coffee: The demon drink?" 5623:Miller GM (January 2011). 3548:Trozak D, Gould W (1984). 3475:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.003 2992:Journal of Drug Assessment 2554: 2336:peripheral nervous systems 2323: 2317: 2230: 2169: 2079: 2023:, as a stimulant, or as a 1994: 1972: 1900: 1838: 1784: 1768: 1756:norepinephrine transporter 1750:Methylphenidate acts as a 1739: 1552: 1491: 1450: 1385: 1379: 1261: 1144: 1032: 995:)-receptor inverse agonist 903: 715: 695:substituted phenethylamine 653:Substituted phenethylamine 650: 376: 295: 282:sympathetic nervous system 16757: 16749:Supervised injection site 16691: 16606: 16232: 16199: 16188: 16184: 16178: 16173: 16077: 16039:Anabolic steroid legality 16026: 15911: 15819: 15804:Convention Against Doping 15799:Law of the Sea Convention 15766: 15762: 15751: 15730:Urban legends about drugs 15642: 15594: 15531: 15428: 15395: 15287: 15283: 15270: 15207: 15180: 15118: 15064: 14965: 14870: 14861: 14806: 14639: 14502: 14367: 14363: 14352: 14272: 14228: 14200: 14156: 13965: 13900: 13863: 13811: 13724: 13668: 13628: 13585: 13469: 13405: 13317: 13263: 12937: 12864: 12666: 12658:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide 12638: 12480: 12352: 12264: 12181: 11317: 11264: 11221: 11163: 10990: 10822: 10789: 10721: 10638: 10575: 10517:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 10502: 10464: 10413:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9642:10.1017/S0924933800002923 9461:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9 8902:American Family Physician 8829:10.1017/S003329170005145X 8105:Karch SB (January 2015). 7549:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1 7264:10.1080/01635580903407122 6993:Current Neuropharmacology 6861:Orthomolecular Psychiatry 6852:Bolton S, Null G (1981). 6820:10.1186/s10194-017-0806-2 6478:. 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It is included in many 870:major depressive disorder 704:and their daughter class 641:major depressive disorder 569:major depressive disorder 513:impulse control disorders 16545:Turks and Caicos Islands 16054:Methamphetamine legality 15367:Marijuana Policy Project 14358:Major recreational drugs 13853:Topoisomerase inhibitors 13537:renin–angiotensin system 13531:Calcium channel blockers 10982:Phthalimidopropiophenone 9989:– via Silverchair. 9549:10.1177/1060028020983607 8052:. London. Archived from 6427:J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci 6394:10.1177/0269881113482532 6338:"World Drug Report 2006" 5735:Biochemical Pharmacology 5110:10.3389/fphar.2017.00617 4582:10.3390/brainsci12081052 4481:10.1177/0004867416634208 4084:10.1177/0269881113482532 3882:"World Drug Report 2015" 3335:10.1542/peds.2024-065787 2841:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557 2595: 2457:Psychological dependence 2251:antihistamine medication 2140:psychological dependence 2021:nasal/sinus decongestant 1949:, it is used to control 1754:(NDRI), by blocking the 1702:post-withdrawal syndrome 1424:, social disinhibition, 1039:Amphetamine is a potent 723:Substituted amphetamines 718:Substituted amphetamines 706:substituted amphetamines 625:statistical significance 300: 15322:Cannabis rights leaders 12392:4-Methylmethylphenidate 12387:4-Fluoromethylphenidate 11496:β-Phenylmethamphetamine 11452:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 11387:4-Fluoromethamphetamine 11342:2-Fluoromethamphetamine 10947:Methylenedioxycathinone 9943:– via Europe PMC. 9432:– via Europe PMC. 9097:"Drugs Banned in India" 9037:10.1124/jpet.104.076653 7722:Merck Manuals EPHEDrine 7513:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044 7388:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249 7348:10.3233/JAD-2011-110032 7312:10.3233/JAD-2010-091387 7050:Journal of Neuroscience 6704:(subscription required) 6304:"Methamphetamine facts" 5257:Curr Top Behav Neurosci 4999:10.1124/jpet.118.254508 4950:10.1124/jpet.118.254508 3159:10.1186/1471-2261-12-41 2798:www.merriam-webster.com 2620:of levomethamphetamine. 2298:autoreceptors regulate 2197:obstructive sleep apnea 1446: 1376:Tablets containing MDMA 1367: 1252:acute mountain sickness 1092:mixed amphetamine salts 1043:(CNS) stimulant of the 906:List of cocaine analogs 691:substituted amphetamine 685:can be classified as a 676:amphetamine derivatives 657:Substituted amphetamine 234:cardiovascular problems 16130:Politics of drug abuse 15098:Mandragora officinarum 13645:Hormonal contraception 13575:Bile acid sequestrants 13356:Proton-pump inhibitors 13319:gastrointestinal tract 12716:Dichloropane (RTI-111) 11521:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine 11491:β-Methylphenethylamine 11367:3-Fluoroethamphetamine 11352:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 10049:Molecular Pharmacology 9971:10.1001/jama.2021.1349 8817:Psychological Medicine 7136:Fishchman N, Mello N. 5144:J Clin Psychopharmacol 4709:J Clin Psychopharmacol 2549:contingency management 2398:central nervous system 2300:histaminergic activity 2142:(less than tobacco or 2093: 2019:. It may be used as a 1782: 1726:central nervous system 1673:in the United States. 1665:treaty. In contrast, 1639:increase sexual desire 1605:that is used to treat 1502:stimulant drug of the 1469:. Products labeled as 1377: 1224:cardiovascular disease 1156: 1041:central nervous system 678: 448:prescription medicines 274:central nervous system 33: 16490:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15789:1988 Drug Trafficking 15382:Cannabis and religion 14346:Recreational drug use 12831:Salicylmethylecgonine 12467:Serdexmethylphenidate 12191:3-Fluorophenmetrazine 11890:Dextromethamphetamine 11836:MDMA (midomafetamine) 11422:a-Ethylphenethylamine 10832:3-Fluoromethcathinone 10504:Adenosine antagonists 10149:10.1300/J251v09n01_02 8646:"Levomethamphetamine" 8454:Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 7727:24 March 2011 at the 7693:10.1089/ham.2009.1077 7305:(Suppl 1): S187–204. 6989:"Adenosine and Sleep" 5191:10.1007/s002130100727 4841:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4469:Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2748:Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2089: 2001:Pseudoephedrine is a 1878:electronic cigarettes 1781:, a popular stimulant 1776: 1712:, methamphetamine is 1671:over-the-counter drug 1375: 1154: 946:effects, also affect 673: 665:Substituted cathinone 456:performance-enhancing 47:, or colloquially as 24: 16739:Responsible drug use 16550:United Arab Emirates 15869:Drug Policy Alliance 15757:Legality of drug use 15362:Legality of cannabis 15337:Cannabis Social Club 15307:Cannabis cultivation 15302:Cannabis consumption 15133:Cannabis (Marijuana) 14955:Psilocybin mushrooms 14254:Radiopharmaceuticals 14042:Antiparkinson agents 13165:Naphthylaminopropane 12676:4-fluorotropacocaine 11762:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane 11757:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 11594:Dimethoxyamphetamine 11372:3-Methoxyamphetamine 10723:Arylcyclohexylamines 10522:8-Phenyltheophylline 10512:8-Chlorotheophylline 8877:(in Spanish). 2020. 8778:10.4088/JCP.12r08287 7381:(Suppl 1): S117–26. 7252:Nutrition and Cancer 7152:on 22 December 2016. 6439:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 6347:. pp. 128–135. 5815:10.1038/bjp.2008.124 5678:Ann. 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Sci 5269:10.1007/7854_2009_20 5222:Trends Pharmacol Sci 4937:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 4625:Front Behav Neurosci 4001:Cardiology in Review 3650:10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10 3080:10.4088/PCC.v02n0502 2835:(Suppl 1): i16–i20. 2705:10.3390/biom12121793 2651:on 26 February 2017. 2543:Treatment for misuse 2460:Physical dependence 2241:(antagonist) of the 1957:Propalin and Proin. 1951:urinary incontinence 1760:dopamine transporter 1329:adrenergic receptors 1292:appetite suppressant 1236:intraocular pressure 1045:phenethylamine class 979:mechanisms of action 972:adrenergic receptors 966:, such as, in part, 936:stimulate the efflux 922:Mechanisms of action 868:in the treatment of 712:Amphetamines (class) 693:and consequently, a 77:physical performance 16797:Tobacco consumption 16767:Alcohol consumption 16709:Drug rehabilitation 16646:Effects of cannabis 16370:Indian Ocean region 16150:Philippine drug war 15779:1961 Narcotic Drugs 14460:nail polish remover 14037:Antimigraine agents 14027:Antidementia agents 13930:Anti-inflammatories 13620:Medicated dressings 13560:Antihyperlipidemics 13387:Diabetes medication 12251:Pseudophenmetrazine 12063:Phenylpropanolamine 11983:-Norpseudoephedrine 11950:Naphthylamphetamine 11894:Levomethamphetamine 11821:MDA (tenamfetamine) 11663:Ethylnorepinephrine 11599:Dimethylamphetamine 11382:4-Fluoroamphetamine 11377:3-Methylamphetamine 11362:3-Fluoroamphetamine 11337:2-Fluoroamphetamine 10610:Levopropylhexedrine 10104:10.52965/001c.34222 9794:– via PubMed. 9757:– via PubMed. 9630:European Psychiatry 9270:Dickens C (1856) . 8970:(9752): 1558–1565. 8766:J. 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The H 1947:veterinary medicine 1903:Phenylpropanolamine 1897:Phenylpropanolamine 1893:decision analysis. 1690:cerebral hemorrhage 1667:levomethamphetamine 1627:levomethamphetamine 1327:(noradrenaline) on 1277:phenylpropanolamine 1220:Alzheimer's disease 1018:mechanism of action 964:Adrenergic agonists 803:reuptake inhibition 436:Parkinson's disease 327:stimulant psychosis 203:cognitive enhancers 16836:Psychopharmacology 16653:Drug-related crime 16330:Dominican Republic 16240:Illegal drug trade 15715:Religion and drugs 15670:Drug paraphernalia 15650:Chasing the dragon 15609:Fashion cigarettes 15190:Calea zacatechichi 14885:Psychoactive toads 14595:Mitragyna speciosa 14547:Dextropropoxyphene 14489:Nonbenzodiazepines 14397:Alcoholic beverage 13890:Immunosuppressants 13760:Antimycobacterials 13716:Antithyroid agents 13700:Mineralocorticoids 13504:Cardiac stimulants 13494:Cardiac glycosides 13486:cardiac therapy / 13382:Anti-obesity drugs 12441:Dexmethylphenidate 12427:Isopropylphenidate 12382:4-Benzylpiperidine 12367:2-Benzylpiperidine 11772:Indanylamphetamine 10867:4-Methylpentedrone 10852:4-Methylbuphedrone 9107:on 13 October 2013 8592:on 5 December 2005 7760:10.2147/SAR.S37258 7163:Temple JL (2009). 6912:10.3390/nu10050611 6662:on 3 November 2013 6382:J. 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December 2013. 8262:978-0-07-148127-4 8056:on 7 January 2014 7979:on 10 March 2011. 7626:978-0-8050-8312-5 7500:Am. J. Clin. Nutr 7375:J. Alzheimers Dis 7336:J. Alzheimers Dis 7299:J. Alzheimers Dis 7056:(15): 6321–6324. 6566:978-0-07-162442-8 6170:978-0-07-148127-4 6036:978-3-030-11270-7 5958:978-1-108-22874-9 5585:Forensic Sci. Int 5553:978-1-60913-345-0 5384:Neuropharmacology 5360:10.1021/jm0493109 5323:978-0-12-366866-0 5302:Int Rev Neurobiol 5278:978-3-642-03000-0 4383:978-0-230-58944-5 4252:(11): 1202–1208. 3826:Acta Med. Okayama 3603:10.1159/000045328 3048:978-0-19-872739-2 2903:10.1111/add.12460 2540: 2539: 2237:Pitolisant is an 2106:Arabian Peninsula 1985:dextroamphetamine 1913:psychoactive drug 1890:monoamine oxidase 1866:smoking cessation 1459:psychoactive drug 1420:(appetite loss), 1404:listed MDMA as a 1127:cognitive control 1105:Amphetamine is a 1096:dextroamphetamine 956:negative feedback 890:dextroamphetamine 525:local anesthetics 335:suicidal ideation 311:Yerkes-Dodson Law 108:neurotransmitters 30:sustained-release 16843: 16641:Drug harmfulness 16636:Driving impaired 16455:Papua New Guinea 16224:Rolling meth lab 16197: 16196: 16186: 16185: 16175: 16174: 16140:Mexican drug war 16049:Cocaine legality 16034:Alcohol legality 15864:Demand reduction 15852:Supply reduction 15764: 15763: 15753: 15752: 15430:Drinking culture 15372:Medical cannabis 15332:Cannabis smoking 15289:Cannabis culture 15285: 15284: 15272: 15271: 15248:recreational use 15093:Hyoscyamus niger 15054:Salvia divinorum 15037:Amanita muscaria 14999:recreational use 14979:recreational use 14868: 14867: 14436:recreational use 14365: 14364: 14354: 14353: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14316: 14315: 14301: 14280: 14279: 14264:Senotherapeutics 14118:Neuroprotectives 14113:Mood stabilizers 14012:Anti-ADHD agents 13952:Muscle relaxants 13885:Immunostimulants 13880:Immunomodulators 13712:Thyroid hormones 13650:Fertility agents 13553:Renin inhibitors 13444:Antihemorrhagics 13411:forming organs ( 13397:Dietary minerals 13303: 13296: 13289: 13280: 13279: 12696:CFT (WIN 35,428) 12681:4'-Fluorococaine 12545:Diphenylprolinol 12412:Ethylnaphthidate 12407:Diphenylpyraline 12043:Phenpromethamine 11980: 11915:Methoxyphenamine 11905:Methoxyphenamine 11806:Lisdexamfetamine 11792: 11706:Levofenfluramine 11581: 11541:Chlorphentermine 11274:4-Methylaminorex 10967:N-Ethylhexedrone 10451: 10444: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10418: 10412: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10388: 10382: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10350: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10326: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10269: 10250:10.1037/a0013657 10227: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10115: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10040: 10034: 10033: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9954: 9945: 9944: 9915: 9906: 9905: 9869: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9607: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9537:Ann Pharmacother 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9515: 9500: 9492: 9483: 9482: 9472: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9397: 9391: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9250: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9194:(6): 2611–2617. 9183: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8979: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8814: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8696: 8687:(7): 1085–1099. 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8629: 8627: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8580: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8555: 8538: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8449: 8438: 8437: 8427: 8410:(2): 1308–1317. 8395: 8386: 8385: 8364: 8332: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8308: 8297: 8289: 8270: 8269: 8248: 8237: 8236: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8134: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8082:. 8 March 2010. 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7975:. Archived from 7969: 7963: 7962: 7961:on 13 July 2011. 7947: 7941: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7780: 7762: 7738: 7732: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7654:Am Fam Physician 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7515: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7467:(6): 1269–1283. 7456: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7390: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7247: 7238: 7237: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7192: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7144: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7081: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7024: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6914: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6650: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6548: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6520: 6509: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6484: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6373: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6156: 6145: 6144: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6068: 6060: 6049: 6048: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5794: 5788: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5750: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5620: 5609: 5608: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5456:Trends Plant Sci 5451: 5420: 5419: 5402: 10842458. 5378: 5372: 5371: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5112: 5088: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5001: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4952: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4903: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4847:(4–5): 675–706. 4836: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4640: 4616: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4584: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4512: 4501: 4500: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4367: 4354: 4353: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3689:(8): 1167–1231. 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3569: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3366:Paediatric Drugs 3361: 3355: 3354: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3230: 3220: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3161: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2922: 2882: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2647:. Archived from 2637: 2621: 2610:levmetamfetamine 2606: 2590:Psychoanaleptics 2440: 2439: 2124:loss of appetite 2111:Khat contains a 2051:dextromethorphan 2036:over-the-counter 2017:chemical classes 1975:Lisdexamfetamine 1969:Lisdexamfetamine 1940:over-the-counter 1924:chemical classes 1870:nicotine patches 1593: 1498:Mephedrone is a 1388:Its parent class 1285:neurotransmitter 1131:muscle breakdown 1100:lisdexamfetamine 1073:clandestine labs 854:lisdexamfetamine 842:major depression 819:vesicular stores 775:methoxyphenamine 589:adrenergic drugs 521:nasal congestion 470:lisdexamfetamine 45:psychostimulants 16851: 16850: 16846: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16801: 16759: 16753: 16729:Reagent testing 16687: 16678:Passive smoking 16608: 16598: 16228: 16214:Drug precursors 16201: 16192: 16190: 16180: 16161: 16115:Drug possession 16090:Cannabis rights 16073: 16069:Salvia legality 16022: 15913: 15907: 15815: 15758: 15739: 15720:Self-medication 15638: 15634:Tobacco smoking 15596:Smoking culture 15590: 15527: 15424: 15391: 15347:Cannabis vaping 15317:Cannabis rights 15312:Cannabis edible 15279: 15258: 15199: 15195:Silene capensis 15176: 15114: 15110:Diphenhydramine 15060: 14961: 14857: 14802: 14754:Methylphenidate 14744:Methamphetamine 14635: 14498: 14382:Benzodiazepines 14359: 14348: 14343: 14313: 14308: 14304:Medicine portal 14268: 14224: 14196: 14191: 14183:Cough medicines 14178:Bronchodilators 14159: 14152: 14032:Antidepressants 14022:Anticonvulsants 13970: 13961: 13957:Bisphosphonates 13947:Corticosteroids 13909: 13896: 13868: 13859: 13843:Spindle poisons 13833:Antimetabolites 13816: 13807: 13729: 13720: 13695:Glucocorticoids 13690:Corticosteroids 13671: 13664: 13631: 13624: 13581: 13499:Antiarrhythmics 13472: 13465: 13422:Antithrombotics 13410: 13401: 13377:Antipropulsives 13373:Antidiarrhoeals 13350: 13321: 13313: 13307: 13277: 13272: 13259: 13160:Methiopropamine 12933: 12860: 12786:RTI-121 (IPCIT) 12662: 12653:Phenylpiracetam 12634: 12476: 12462:Propylphenidate 12437:Methylphenidate 12397:Desoxypipradrol 12348: 12260: 12236:Phendimetrazine 12177: 12153:Tranylcypromine 12108:Pseudoephedrine 11975:Normetanephrine 11970:Norfenfluramine 11886:Methamphetamine 11702:Dexfenfluramine 11475:Levoamphetamine 11457:2-Aminotetralin 11319:Phenethylamines 11313: 11260: 11217: 11159: 10986: 10927:Isoethcathinone 10818: 10785: 10717: 10634: 10625:Propylhexedrine 10571: 10498: 10460: 10455: 10406: 10405: 10398: 10396: 10391: 10376: 10375: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10358: 10353: 10344: 10340: 10301:(9): CD011866. 10287: 10283: 10228: 10221: 10168: 10164: 10133: 10129: 10084: 10080: 10070: 10068: 10041: 10037: 9998: 9994: 9956: 9955: 9948: 9916: 9909: 9870: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9752: 9750: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9714: 9696: 9692: 9661: 9657: 9625: 9621: 9576: 9572: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9486: 9441: 9437: 9398: 9394: 9385: 9381: 9342: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9312: 9305: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9283: 9268: 9264: 9227: 9223: 9184: 9180: 9170: 9168: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9131:medlineplus.gov 9125: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9021: 9017: 8977:10.1.1.690.1283 8960: 8956: 8927:(10): 627–636. 8917: 8913: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8807: 8803: 8758: 8754: 8727:JAMA Psychiatry 8722: 8718: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8625: 8623: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8519:on 8 July 2016. 8497: 8496: 8489: 8450: 8441: 8396: 8389: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8333: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8273: 8263: 8249: 8240: 8201: 8197: 8152: 8148: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8021:. 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NBC 33 News. 7988: 7984: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7857:Telegraph.co.uk 7849: 7845: 7798: 7794: 7739: 7735: 7729:Wayback Machine 7720: 7716: 7677: 7673: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7576: 7572: 7533: 7529: 7492: 7488: 7473:10.1139/H08-120 7457: 7453: 7408: 7404: 7367: 7363: 7332: 7328: 7291: 7287: 7248: 7241: 7210: 7206: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7099: 7095: 7042: 7038: 6985: 6981: 6942: 6938: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6807:J Headache Pain 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6607:(1): CD003026. 6593: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6567: 6549: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6423: 6419: 6374: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6230: 6226: 6189: 6182: 6171: 6157: 6148: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6100: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6037: 6011: 6007: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5945: 5941: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5795: 5791: 5785:Wayback Machine 5776: 5772: 5727: 5723: 5670: 5666: 5621: 5612: 5581: 5577: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5452: 5423: 5379: 5375: 5343: 5339: 5324: 5298: 5294: 5279: 5253: 5249: 5218: 5214: 5175: 5171: 5140: 5136: 5097:Front Pharmacol 5089: 5080: 5035: 5031: 4978: 4974: 4929: 4925: 4880: 4876: 4837: 4828: 4791:J Affect Disord 4783: 4779: 4752:J Affect Disord 4748: 4744: 4704: 4700: 4673:J Affect Disord 4668: 4664: 4617: 4608: 4561: 4552: 4513: 4504: 4465: 4458: 4419: 4415: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4368: 4357: 4336:(11): 2346–55. 4325: 4319: 4312: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4242: 4238: 4201: 4197: 4144: 4140: 4121: 4117: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4036: 3997: 3993: 3954: 3950: 3913:(10): 808–811. 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887:. p. 149. 3884: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3822: 3818: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3679: 3675: 3630: 3626: 3587: 3583: 3546: 3542: 3495: 3491: 3454: 3450: 3413: 3409: 3372:(12): 787–794. 3362: 3358: 3315: 3311: 3264: 3260: 3197: 3193: 3138: 3134: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 2984: 2980: 2940: 2936: 2883: 2874: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2740: 2731: 2684: 2680: 2663: 2656: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2570:Antidepressants 2566: 2557: 2545: 2416:deterioration. 2328: 2326:Substance abuse 2322: 2316: 2309: 2297: 2287: 2262: 2246: 2239:inverse agonist 2235: 2229: 2174: 2168: 2130:. In 1980, the 2098:flowering plant 2084: 2078: 2003:sympathomimetic 1999: 1997:Pseudoephedrine 1993: 1991:Pseudoephedrine 1977: 1971: 1905: 1899: 1862:chewing tobacco 1843: 1837: 1789: 1771: 1744: 1742:Methylphenidate 1738: 1736:Methylphenidate 1724:neurons in the 1645:, and increase 1560: 1557: 1555:Methamphetamine 1551: 1549:Methamphetamine 1496: 1490: 1455: 1449: 1394: 1384: 1370: 1358:pseudoephedrine 1298:, and to treat 1281:methamphetamine 1270:sympathomimetic 1268:Ephedrine is a 1266: 1260: 1244:liver cirrhosis 1228:type 2 diabetes 1149: 1143: 1121:and inhibiting 1081:methamphetamine 1037: 1031: 1026: 1002: 994: 954:, can decrease 924: 908: 902: 900:Cocaine analogs 793:(ecstasy), and 751:methamphetamine 729:based upon the 720: 714: 702:phenethylamines 668: 649: 610:antidepressants 602: 593:Pseudoephedrine 505:sleep disorders 490:methamphetamine 476:(Ritalin), and 474:methylphenidate 444: 379: 303: 298: 278:sympathomimetic 262: 97:methylphenidate 39:(also known as 17: 12: 11: 5: 16849: 16839: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16811: 16810: 16807: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16788: 16787: 16782: 16774: 16769: 16763: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16695: 16693: 16692:Harm reduction 16689: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16626:Date rape drug 16623: 16618: 16612: 16610: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16594: 16592:Liquor license 16589: 16584: 16579: 16569: 16567:Darknet market 16564: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16205: 16203: 16194: 16182: 16181: 16171: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16159: 16157:Zero tolerance 16154: 16153: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15931:Czech Republic 15928: 15923: 15917: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15884:Liberalization 15881: 15876: 15874:Harm reduction 15871: 15866: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15823: 15821: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15812: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15770: 15768: 15760: 15759: 15749: 15748: 15745: 15744: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15700:Party and play 15697: 15692: 15690:Needle sharing 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15604:Cigarette card 15600: 15598: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15537: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15513:Tailgate party 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15463:Drinking games 15460: 15455: 15453:Binge drinking 15450: 15445: 15440: 15434: 15432: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15401: 15399: 15397:Coffee culture 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15293: 15291: 15281: 15280: 15268: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15256: 15251: 15241: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15224: 15219: 15213: 15211: 15205: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15147: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15124: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15105:Dimenhydrinate 15102: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15070: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15046: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15018: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15005:alkyl nitrites 15002: 14987: 14982: 14971: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14943: 14942: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14929:Peruvian torch 14921: 14916: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14876: 14874: 14865: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14818: 14812: 14810: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14793: 14783: 14782: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14719: 14718: 14717: 14712: 14702: 14701: 14700: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14651: 14645: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14592: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14577: 14572: 14571: 14570: 14562: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14552: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14508: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14494:Quinazolinones 14491: 14486: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14421: 14416: 14414:Gabapentinoids 14411: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14373: 14371: 14361: 14360: 14350: 14349: 14342: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14319: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14306: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14249:Contrast media 14246: 14240: 14238: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14202:sensory organs 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14169: 14167: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14047:Antipsychotics 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14017:Antiaddictives 14014: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13997: 13987: 13981: 13979: 13972:nervous system 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13942:Antirheumatics 13939: 13938: 13937: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13876: 13874: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13848:Antineoplastic 13845: 13840: 13835: 13824: 13822: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13781:Antiprotozoals 13776:Antiparasitics 13773: 13768: 13763: 13756:Antibacterials 13752:Antimicrobials 13748: 13746: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13697: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13641: 13639: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13615:Antipsoriatics 13612: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13543:ACE inhibitors 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13482: 13480: 13471:cardiovascular 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13432:Anticoagulants 13429: 13418: 13416: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13344: 13333: 13331: 13315: 13314: 13306: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13155:Methastyridone 13152: 13150:Methamnetamine 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12955:Amfonelic acid 12952: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12870: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12701:β-CIT (RTI-55) 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12644: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12417:Ethylphenidate 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12358: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12270: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12122:Levosalbutamol 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11960:Norepinephrine 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11668:Etilamfetamine 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10795: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10736:Dieticyclidine 10733: 10727: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10630:Tuaminoheptane 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10585:Cyclopentamine 10581: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10547:Istradefylline 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10389: 10357: 10356:External links 10354: 10352: 10351: 10338: 10281: 10244:(6): 503–512. 10219: 10162: 10127: 10078: 10055:(5): 610–613. 10035: 10008:(2): 155–162. 9992: 9946: 9921:Sleep Medicine 9907: 9880:(2): 207–218. 9857: 9827: 9797: 9760: 9731:"Pitolisant". 9723: 9690: 9655: 9636:(4): 201–208. 9619: 9578:Kim D (2012). 9570: 9527: 9484: 9455:(4): 739–752. 9435: 9408:(5): 455–461. 9392: 9379: 9333: 9303: 9262: 9221: 9178: 9148: 9118: 9088: 9058: 9015: 8954: 8911: 8892: 8862: 8823:(4): 751–761. 8801: 8772:(9): 902–917. 8752: 8733:(2): 185–198. 8716: 8667: 8637: 8618:. April 2015. 8603: 8567: 8545: 8522: 8487: 8460:(4): 403–420. 8439: 8387: 8347:(2): 379–407. 8341:Brain Res. Rev 8320: 8271: 8261: 8238: 8195: 8166:(5): 738–749. 8146: 8097: 8067: 8036: 8009: 7982: 7964: 7942: 7933: 7896:(2): 458–470. 7874: 7843: 7792: 7733: 7714: 7671: 7644: 7625: 7605: 7586:(5): 297–305. 7570: 7527: 7486: 7451: 7402: 7361: 7326: 7285: 7239: 7204: 7175:(6): 793–806. 7155: 7128: 7093: 7036: 6999:(3): 238–245. 6979: 6952:(2): 139–170. 6936: 6885: 6867:(3): 202–211. 6844: 6793: 6767: 6738: 6707: 6673: 6636: 6584: 6565: 6532: 6496: 6460: 6433:(3): 288–323. 6417: 6388:(6): 479–496. 6365: 6325: 6308:DrugPolicy.org 6295: 6265: 6224: 6180: 6169: 6146: 6110:(2): 487–505. 6091: 6050: 6035: 6005: 5984:(3): 349–364. 5964: 5957: 5939: 5906:Sleep Medicine 5896: 5866: 5846: 5809:(3): 606–622. 5789: 5770: 5721: 5664: 5635:(2): 164–176. 5610: 5591:(2): 205–213. 5575: 5552: 5527: 5462:(7): 404–412. 5421: 5373: 5354:(7): 2407–19. 5337: 5322: 5292: 5277: 5247: 5228:(10): 475–82. 5212: 5185:(4): 397–404. 5169: 5134: 5078: 5029: 4972: 4943:(1): 107–120. 4923: 4874: 4826: 4777: 4742: 4715:(4): 412–418. 4698: 4662: 4606: 4550: 4502: 4456: 4413: 4382: 4355: 4310: 4288: 4279: 4236: 4195: 4158:(3): 165–174. 4138: 4115: 4078:(6): 479–496. 4058: 4034: 4007:(5): 238–258. 3991: 3948: 3897: 3873: 3851: 3832:(3): 141–150. 3816: 3789:(3): 181–195. 3773: 3739:(6): 966–977. 3716: 3673: 3624: 3597:(4): 434–438. 3581: 3540: 3489: 3468:(4): 389–396. 3448: 3407: 3356: 3309: 3274:(4): 543–551. 3258: 3211:(6): 508–527. 3191: 3132: 3111: 3074:(5): 159–164. 3054: 3047: 3027: 2978: 2951:(4): 507–516. 2934: 2897:(4): 547–557. 2872: 2815: 2785: 2754:(3): 150–159. 2729: 2678: 2654: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2418:Drug tolerance 2376:blood pressure 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2295: 2288:) autoreceptor 2285: 2284:histamine 3 (H 2260: 2247:) autoreceptor 2244: 2243:histamine 3 (H 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2102:Horn of Africa 2100:native to the 2080:Main article: 2077: 2071: 2043:antihistamines 2010:phenethylamine 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1953:in dogs under 1917:phenethylamine 1901:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1839:Main article: 1836: 1833: 1791:Cocaine is an 1785:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1758:(NET) and the 1740:Main article: 1737: 1734: 1686:rhabdomyolysis 1596:phenethylamine 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1516:eastern Africa 1492:Main article: 1489: 1486: 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1380:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1349:Ephedra sinica 1325:norepinephrine 1311:phenethylamine 1262:Main article: 1259: 1256: 1238:in those with 1216:bladder cancer 1208:hepatocellular 1145:Main article: 1142: 1139: 1077:drug precursor 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1005:mainly act as 1000: 999:histamine 3 (H 992: 991:histamine 3 (H 944:hallucinogenic 923: 920: 904:Main article: 901: 898: 880:(a mixture of 811:norepinephrine 743:hydrogen atoms 741:, one or more 716:Main article: 713: 710: 648: 645: 601: 598: 565:mood disorders 509:mood disorders 443: 440: 424:pseudoaneurysm 378: 375: 367:cardiac arrest 359:rhabdomyolysis 302: 299: 297: 294: 290:norepinephrine 261: 258: 116:norepinephrine 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16848: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16821: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16758:Countries by 16756: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16699:Drug checking 16697: 16696: 16694: 16690: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16668:Neurotoxicity 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16605: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16582:Cannabis shop 16580: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16555:United States 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16410:Latin America 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16198: 16195: 16187: 16183: 16176: 16172: 16158: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16145:Plan Colombia 16143: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16105:Designer drug 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16076: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16027:Drug legality 16025: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15976:United States 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15910: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15890: 15889:Latin America 15887: 15886: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15859:Policy reform 15857: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15767:International 15765: 15761: 15754: 15750: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15725:Sex and drugs 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15705:Poly drug use 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15614:Cloud-chasing 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15593: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15541:Psychonautics 15539: 15538: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15468:Drinking song 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15458:Diethyl ether 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15448:Beer festival 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15431: 15427: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15273: 15269: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15244:Nitrous oxide 15242: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15206: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15000: 14996: 14995:Nitrous oxide 14993: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14967:Dissociatives 14964: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14947: 14944: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14863:Hallucinogens 14860: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14784: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14681:Energy drinks 14679: 14677: 14674: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14580:Hydromorphone 14578: 14576: 14573: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14553: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14523: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14512:Buprenorphine 14510: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14465:Paint thinner 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14437: 14433: 14432:Nitrous oxide 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14333: 14328: 14326: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14305: 14300: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14275: 14274: 14271: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14173:Decongestants 14171: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14092:Dissociatives 14090: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14082:Hallucinogens 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13866: 13862: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13786:Anthelmintics 13784: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13732: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13633: 13630:genitourinary 13627: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13610:Antipruritics 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13558: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13526:Beta blockers 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13468: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13442: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13427:Antiplatelets 13425: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13325: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13304: 13299: 13297: 13292: 13290: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13271: 13267: 13262: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13235:Thiopropamine 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13135:Meclofenoxate 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13085:Hexacyclonate 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000:Centanafadine 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12736:Ioflupane (I) 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12452:Phacetoperane 12450: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12351: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Phenmetrazine 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12168:Xylopropamine 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:Theodrenaline 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12058:Phenylephrine 12056: 12054: 12053:Phenylalanine 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11993:Orciprenaline 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11866:Mephentermine 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Benzphetamine 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11447:2-Aminoindane 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10937:Methcathinone 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10776:Tenocyclidine 10774: 10772: 10771:Rolicyclidine 10769: 10767: 10766:Phencyclidine 10764: 10762: 10761:Phencyclamine 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10731:Benocyclidine 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10605:Isometheptene 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:Aminophylline 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10447: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10348: 10345:AJ Giannini. 10342: 10334: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10224: 10215: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10143:(1–2): 9–26. 10142: 10138: 10131: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9951: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9912: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9764: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9727: 9719: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9480: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9338: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9308: 9296: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9241:(2): 329–33. 9240: 9236: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9077:on 3 May 2010 9076: 9072: 9071:Health Canada 9068: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8634: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8571: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8535: 8534: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8392: 8384: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7660:(3): 271–80. 7659: 7655: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7543:(3): 435–42. 7542: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7506:(6): 1212–9. 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7422:(6): 643–59. 7421: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7342:(2): 161–71. 7341: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258:(3): 271–83. 7257: 7253: 7246: 7244: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7148: 7141: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6692: 6688: 6687:New Scientist 6684: 6677: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6644:Greydanus D. 6640: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6096: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049:(5): 341–56. 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523:(3): 239–57. 4522: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4301:PubMed Health 4298: 4292: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964:(1): 91–104. 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3864:www.drugs.com 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:Neurotox. Res 3777: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733:Pharmacol Rep 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683:Arch. Toxicol 3677: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2580:Hallucinogens 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428:as well as a 2427: 2426:sensitization 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2282:Blocking the 2280: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:drug of abuse 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:stereoisomers 1904: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886:reward system 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868:aids such as 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:ophthalmology 1814: 1813:Aymara people 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:elevated mood 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1643:lift the mood 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:designer drug 1464: 1460: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333:hydrochloride 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1185:energy drinks 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1153: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1011:histaminergic 1008: 1007:autoreceptors 1004: 996: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:autoreceptors 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:catecholamine 919: 917: 913: 907: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:mephentermine 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 709: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 677: 672: 666: 662: 658: 654: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 597: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 395: 392: 388: 387:heart attacks 385: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 316: 312: 308: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:neurotoxicity 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:reward system 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128:acetylcholine 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 31: 27: 23: 19: 16785:Lifetime use 16587:Liquor store 16505:South Africa 16135:War on drugs 15961:Soviet Union 15837:Legalization 15675:Drug tourism 15523:Wine tasting 15443:Beer culture 15405:Coffee break 15342:Cannabis tea 15277:Drug culture 15120:Cannabinoids 15049:Salvinorin A 15015:amyl nitrite 14872:Psychedelics 14640: 14624:/paracetamol 14537:Desomorphine 14377:Barbiturates 14142: 14087:Psychedelics 14057:Aphrodisiacs 13731:infestations 13707:Sex hormones 13660:Sex hormones 13605:Cicatrizants 13535: 13521:Vasodilators 13488:antianginals 13485: 13337:stomach acid 13336: 13190:Oxaprotiline 13140:Medifoxamine 13060:Fenpentadiol 13040:Dimethocaine 13035:Diclofensine 13015:Cropropamide 13010:Clofenciclan 12965:Amiphenazole 12919:7-Methyl-αET 12914:6-Fluoro-αMT 12894:5-Fluoro-αMT 12889:5-Chloro-αMT 12884:4-Methyl-αMT 12879:4-Methyl-αET 12721:Difluoropine 12706:Cocaethylene 12691:Brasofensine 12630:Pyrovalerone 12482:Pyrrolidines 12201:Fenmetramide 12196:Fenbutrazate 12173:Zylofuramine 12133:Solriamfetol 11965:Norfenefrine 11871:Metanephrine 11797:(Selegiline) 11787:Isoprenaline 11717:Feprosidnine 11698:Fenfluramine 11693:Fenethylline 11678:Famprofazone 11551:Cinnamedrine 11481:Amphetaminil 11432:Amfepentorex 11110:Sazetidine A 11075:Ispronicline 11040:Bradanicline 10992:Cholinergics 10907:Ethcathinone 10791:Benzazepines 10746:Eticyclidine 10567:Theophylline 10552:Paraxanthine 10457: 10397:. 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Retrieved 2751: 2747: 2698:(12): 1793. 2695: 2692:Biomolecules 2691: 2681: 2667: 2649:the original 2644: 2635: 2609: 2604: 2558: 2546: 2414:psychosocial 2392: 2356:productivity 2329: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2263:autoreceptor 2236: 2175: 2158:, Kenya and 2110: 2095: 2091:Catha edulis 2090: 2074:Catha edulis 2073: 2039:preparations 2029: 2000: 1978: 1959: 1936:prescription 1928:decongestant 1906: 1874:nicotine gum 1844: 1790: 1764: 1749: 1745: 1675: 1651: 1634: 1619:dextrorotary 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1544: 1532: 1524:amphetamines 1497: 1483: 1481:as incense. 1456: 1438: 1434:perspiration 1414:hypertension 1410:entactogenic 1395: 1361: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1314: 1304: 1296:decongestant 1267: 1232:hypertension 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1158: 1104: 1085: 1038: 1016:The precise 1015: 976: 948:serotonergic 940:empathogenic 925: 916:benzene ring 909: 839: 787:pyrovalerone 747:substituents 739:substituting 721: 699: 680: 614: 603: 581:theophylline 571:to increase 498: 463: 460:recreational 445: 442:Medical uses 396: 380: 355:hyperthermia 351:hypertension 324: 304: 265: 263: 207: 172: 105: 89:amphetamines 48: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32:(SR) tablets 18: 16792:Opiates use 16772:Cocaine use 16607:Issues with 16525:Switzerland 16510:South Korea 16480:Puerto Rico 16465:Philippines 16335:El Salvador 16245:Afghanistan 15981:Just Say No 15971:Switzerland 15946:Netherlands 15912:Drug policy 15842:Prohibition 15827:Drug policy 15820:State level 15665:Dance party 15576:Microdosing 15533:Psychedelia 15488:Oktoberfest 15410:Coffeehouse 15387:Stoner film 15078:Scopolamine 14808:Entactogens 14786:Theobromine 14649:Amphetamine 14575:Hydrocodone 14565:Diamorphine 14369:Depressants 14220:Otologicals 14192:antagonists 14158:respiratory 14133:Orexigenics 14128:Neurotoxins 14077:Euphoriants 14067:Entactogens 14062:Depressants 14052:Anxiolytics 13990:Anesthetics 13766:Antifungals 13363:Antiemetics 13351:antagonists 13240:Thiothinone 13225:Tametraline 13210:Rauwolscine 13180:Nomifensine 13175:Nikethamide 13120:Lomevactone 13105:JNJ-7925476 13100:Indatraline 13075:GSK1360707F 13030:Desipramine 13020:Crotetamide 13005:Ciclazindol 12985:Benzydamine 12975:Atomoxetine 12970:Atipamezole 12866:Tryptamines 12836:Tesofensine 12402:Difemetorex 12354:Piperidines 12266:Piperazines 12128:Sibutramine 12098:Prenylamine 12048:Phentermine 12003:Oxifentorex 11900:Methoxamine 11876:Metaraminol 11712:Fenproporex 11683:Fencamfamin 11648:Epinephrine 11571:Clortermine 11561:Clobenzorex 11556:Clenbuterol 11531:Camfetamine 11467:Amphetamine 11437:Amidephrine 11309:Thozalinone 11289:Cyclazodone 11236:Armodafinil 11198:Pentetrazol 11178:Bicuculline 11165:Convulsants 11155:WAY-317,538 11150:Varenicline 11140:Tebanicline 11120:SSR-180,711 11105:Rivanicline 11100:Pozanicline 11095:PNU-282,987 11090:PNU-120,596 11085:PHA-543,613 11065:Epiboxidine 11060:Epibatidine 11025:Altinicline 10917:Flephedrone 10872:Amfepramone 10751:Gacyclidine 10595:Cyprodenate 10577:Alkylamines 10562:Theobromine 10494:Rimantadine 10466:Adamantanes 9927:: 125–129. 9671:(6): 1109. 8596:19 November 8560:11 November 8404:J. Neurosci 8117:(1): 21–5. 7687:(1): 13–7. 7580:Fitoterapia 7416:Circulation 7214:Cancer Lett 6577:18 December 6021:: 359–381. 5150:(1): 72–6. 4797:: 385–400. 4758:: 416–423. 4679:: 294–300. 4575:(8): 1052. 4330:Soc Sci Med 4215:(2): 54–5. 4129:www.fda.gov 3228:10852/40257 2575:Depressants 2504:Amphetamine 2410:psychiatric 2348:wakefulness 2055:paracetamol 2047:guaifenesin 2014:amphetamine 1955:trade names 1921:amphetamine 1730:gray matter 1706:amphetamine 1658:schedule II 1654:equal parts 1615:enantiomers 1609:(ADHD) and 1600:amphetamine 1504:amphetamine 1352:), used in 1321:Ephedraceae 1300:hypotension 1288:epinephrine 1181:soft drinks 1065:aphrodisiac 1057:performance 1051:(ADHD) and 1035:Amphetamine 1029:Amphetamine 1003:) receptors 886:amphetamine 852:studies of 783:amfepramone 763:phentermine 731:amphetamine 577:epinephrine 486:amphetamine 478:amphetamine 472:(Vyvanse), 432:lung cancer 408:Hepatitis C 286:epinephrine 16831:Stimulants 16820:Categories 16780:Annual use 16631:Dependence 16495:Seychelles 16400:Kyrgyzstan 16315:Costa Rica 16260:Bangladesh 16233:Drug trade 16202:production 16191:production 16110:Drug court 15996:California 15914:by country 15847:Regulation 15581:Smart shop 15566:Literature 15561:Experience 15508:Sports bar 15473:Happy hour 15438:Bartending 15209:Club drugs 15182:Oneirogens 15066:Deliriants 14946:Psilocybin 14769:Polacrilex 14739:Mephedrone 14641:Stimulants 14443:Hazardous 14387:Carbamates 14143:Stimulants 14123:Nootropics 14097:Deliriants 14072:Entheogens 14007:Anorectics 13985:Analgesics 13838:Alkylating 13771:Antivirals 13726:infections 13600:Emollients 13454:Coagulants 13324:metabolism 13220:Setazindol 13205:Rasagiline 13195:PNU-99,194 13145:Mefexamide 13115:Leptacline 13110:Lazabemide 13080:GYKI-52895 13070:Gilutensin 12995:BTS 74,398 12960:Amineptine 12909:5-MeO-DIPT 12741:Norcocaine 12731:FP-β-CPPIT 12726:FE-β-CPPIT 12648:Oxiracetam 12625:Prolintane 12344:Vanoxerine 12256:Radafaxine 12231:PD-128,907 12226:Oxaflozane 12211:Manifaxine 12138:Synephrine 12118:Salbutamol 12113:Ropinirole 12068:Pholedrine 12008:Oxilofrine 11998:Ortetamine 11988:Octopamine 11955:Nisoxetine 11811:Lophophine 11801:Lefetamine 11782:Isoetarine 11777:Iofetamine 11742:Hexapradol 11732:Furfenorex 11727:Formetorex 11673:Etilefrine 11658:Etafedrine 11628:Dopexamine 11613:Dextrodopa 11604:Dobutamine 11589:Denopamine 11576:Cypenamine 11546:Cilobamine 11501:Benfluorex 11486:Arbutamine 11427:Amfecloral 11417:Alfetamine 11299:Fluminorex 11294:Fenozolone 11284:Clominorex 11266:Oxazolines 11246:CRL-40,941 11241:CRL-40,940 11208:Strychnine 11203:Picrotoxin 11173:Anatoxin-a 11055:Dianicline 10972:Pentedrone 10942:Methedrone 10932:Mephedrone 10882:Buphedrone 10877:Benzedrone 10824:Cathinones 10781:Tiletamine 10741:Esketamine 10683:LY-503,430 10678:LY-404,187 10600:Heptaminol 10590:Cypenamine 10542:Dimethazan 10484:Bromantane 10479:Amantadine 10474:Adapromine 10458:Stimulants 10399:11 January 10347:Drug Abuse 10071:22 January 9850:22 January 9820:22 January 9790:22 January 9753:24 January 9700:StatPearls 9081:10 January 8908:: 207–213. 8885:9 December 8513:B00EHAOBAO 8504:Drugs, Inc 8211:: 146740. 7867:4 December 7637:15 January 6905:(5): 611. 6878:24 January 6813:(1): 107. 6786:24 January 6760:24 January 6731:24 January 6666:2 November 6489:2 November 6197:Psychiatry 6104:Prim. Care 5912:: 97–109. 5564:25 October 5390:: 109827. 5348:J Med Chem 5308:: 117–45. 4631:: 851067. 4429:: 113754. 4423:Exp Neurol 4392:1047624331 3560:(3): 525. 3323:Pediatrics 2808:24 January 2778:2 February 2628:References 2585:Nootropics 2430:withdrawal 2422:dependence 2372:heart rate 2368:locomotion 2360:motivation 2324:See also: 2270:narcolepsy 2233:Pitolisant 2227:Pitolisant 2221:drug abuse 2201:dependence 2189:narcolepsy 2096:Khat is a 1854:cigarettes 1829:lometopane 1714:neurotoxic 1623:levorotary 1494:Mephedrone 1488:Mephedrone 1471:bath salts 1441:David Nutt 1398:empathogen 1386:See also: 1088:Benzedrine 1069:euphoriant 1053:narcolepsy 987:Pitolisant 779:selegiline 735:derivative 637:withdrawal 621:dependence 606:depression 600:Depression 585:salbutamol 553:pitolisant 545:narcolepsy 543:, such as 529:anorectics 420:thrombosis 347:arrhythmia 260:Definition 246:dependence 218:withdrawal 187:depression 175:narcolepsy 110:, such as 65:motivation 37:Stimulants 16776:Cannabis 16621:Addiction 16577:Beer shop 16560:Venezuela 16425:Mauritius 16255:Australia 16193:and trade 16120:Drug test 15921:Australia 15695:Nootropic 15680:Entheogen 15655:Club drug 15503:Sommelier 15498:Pub crawl 15483:Nightclub 15478:Hip flask 15415:Latte art 15352:Head shop 15222:Quaaludes 14990:Inhalants 14939:San Pedro 14924:Mescaline 14907:Ayahuasca 14880:Bufotenin 14825:Benzofury 14816:2C series 14796:Chocolate 14759:Modafinil 14749:Methylone 14722:Ephedrine 14693:Cathinone 14654:Arecoline 14619:Oxycodone 14590:Methadone 14424:Inhalants 14293:ATC codes 14259:Dressings 14244:Antidotes 14108:Sedatives 14104:Hypnotics 13813:malignant 13670:endocrine 13516:Diuretics 13449:Platelets 13409:and blood 13368:Laxatives 13255:Yohimbine 13230:Tandamine 13200:PRC200-SS 13095:Indanorex 13065:Gamfexine 13055:Fenisorex 12980:Bemegride 12904:5-MeO-αMT 12899:5-MeO-αET 12846:Tropoxane 12620:Picilorex 12610:Naphyrone 12457:Pipradrol 12319:GBR-13119 12314:GBR-13098 12309:GBR-13069 12304:GBR-12935 12299:GBR-12783 12038:Phenatine 11861:Mefenorex 11795:-Deprenyl 11767:Ibopamine 11752:Hordenine 11737:Gepefrine 11688:Fencamine 11643:Ephedrine 11633:Droxidopa 11584:-Deprenyl 11462:Acridorex 11256:Modafinil 11251:Fluorenol 11231:Adrafinil 11223:Eugeroics 11188:Flurothyl 11115:SIB-1553A 11035:Arecoline 11030:Anabasine 11020:AR-R17779 11005:A-366,833 10977:Pentylone 10957:Mexedrone 10952:Methylone 10922:Hexedrone 10897:Cathinone 10887:Bupropion 10814:SKF-82958 10809:SKF-81297 10804:SKF-77434 10708:Sunifiram 10693:Org 26576 10688:Nooglutyl 10640:Ampakines 10620:Octodrine 10557:SCH-58261 10537:CGS-15943 10489:Memantine 10315:1469-493X 10258:1064-1297 10196:0028-3908 10182:: 66–80. 10030:221788777 9987:237583921 9902:210949049 9874:CNS Drugs 9840:Drugs.com 9810:Drugs.com 9718:NBK531476 9650:151797528 9565:231593912 9520:16 August 9430:201119084 9326:8 January 9286:7 January 9161:Drugs.com 9111:7 January 8994:1474-547X 8972:CiteSeerX 8681:Addiction 8313:6 January 8233:211199225 8205:Brain Res 7910:0007-1188 7822:1474-547X 7769:1179-8467 7753:: 83–99. 7070:0270-6474 7013:1570-159X 6899:Nutrients 6525:7 October 6358:7 January 6318:7 January 6288:7 January 6084:7 January 5934:203405397 5879:Drugs.com 5823:0007-1188 5757:0006-2952 5416:266558677 5008:0022-3565 4894:: 71–81. 4569:Brain Sci 4517:CNS Drugs 4451:234768496 4402:29 August 4266:1073-449X 4172:1294-8322 4092:0269-8811 4021:1538-4683 3978:0889-8553 3927:1748-5460 3519:1070-5287 3386:1174-5878 3343:0031-4005 3288:1744-764X 3237:1873-7862 3168:1471-2261 3152:(1): 41. 3088:1523-5998 2973:252046371 2911:1360-0443 2891:Addiction 2849:0306-3674 2402:Addiction 2352:endurance 2344:awareness 2340:alertness 2304:histamine 2177:Modafinil 2172:Modafinil 2166:Modafinil 2120:cathinone 2113:monoamine 2067:ibuprofen 2061:(such as 2053:, and/or 1932:anorectic 1777:Lines of 1722:serotonin 1698:addiction 1682:psychosis 1514:plant of 1508:cathinone 1500:synthetic 1364:species. 1342:The herb 1264:Ephedrine 1258:Ephedrine 1248:headaches 1177:chocolate 1135:psychosis 968:ephedrine 952:yohimbine 850:phase III 815:serotonin 771:bupropion 759:cathinone 755:ephedrine 647:Chemistry 633:tolerance 617:mood lift 561:off-label 549:modafinil 537:Eugeroics 452:illicitly 416:infection 343:mydriasis 320:modafinil 315:ergogenic 266:stimulant 222:psychosis 214:tolerance 210:addiction 148:attention 140:receptors 130:, in the 124:histamine 120:serotonin 101:modafinil 69:cognition 61:attention 57:alertness 16760:drug use 16673:Overdose 16609:drug use 16535:Thailand 16520:Suriname 16500:Slovakia 16475:Portugal 16460:Paraguay 16420:Malaysia 16360:Honduras 16310:Colombia 16295:Cambodia 16016:Virginia 16006:Maryland 16001:Colorado 15956:Slovakia 15951:Portugal 15624:Smokeasy 15518:Wine bar 15420:Teahouse 15143:Hash oil 15074:Atropine 15032:Muscimol 15022:Ketamine 14985:Glaucine 14950:Psilocin 14764:Nicotine 14671:Caffeine 14631:Tramadol 14607:Morphine 14584:Dilaudid 14560:Fentanyl 14551:Darvocet 14541:Krokodil 14516:Suboxone 14455:Gasoline 14445:solvents 14428:Medical 14138:Serenics 13803:Vaccines 13570:Fibrates 13392:Vitamins 13342:Antacids 13266:ATC code 13130:Mazindol 13090:Idazoxan 13050:Etamivan 13045:Efaroxan 12874:4-HO-αMT 12668:Tropanes 12640:Racetams 12495:4-Cl-PVP 12472:SCH-5472 12432:JZ-IV-10 12324:JJC8-088 12274:2C-B-BZP 12221:Morforex 12216:Morazone 12163:Tyrosine 12158:Tyramine 12148:Tiflorex 12033:Pentorex 11935:Morforex 11881:Mesocarb 11722:Fludorex 11623:Dopamine 11617:Levodopa 11566:Cloforex 11347:2-OH-PEA 11304:Pemoline 11279:Aminorex 11193:Gabazine 11080:Nicotine 11050:Cytisine 11045:Cotinine 11000:A-84,543 10912:Ethylone 10892:Butylone 10837:3,4-DMMC 10799:6-Br-APB 10756:Ketamine 10713:Unifiram 10532:Caffeine 10409:cite web 10379:cite web 10369:4 August 10333:27684277 10276:19086771 10214:24662599 10122:35774905 10065:Archived 10022:32941089 9979:34546302 9941:28449891 9894:31997137 9844:Archived 9814:Archived 9784:Archived 9780:31644012 9747:Archived 9743:34516055 9708:30285371 9685:16741217 9614:22375280 9557:33435717 9511:Archived 9479:23065655 9422:31433334 9366:17382831 9280:Archived 9257:16531903 9216:15702353 9171:15 April 9165:Archived 9141:7 August 9135:Archived 9053:41470513 9045:15608085 9002:21036393 8949:25866206 8941:17382522 8879:Archived 8849:Archived 8796:24107764 8747:23247506 8711:37079117 8703:19426289 8654:Archived 8620:Archived 8551:Archived 8482:19072636 8474:17015058 8371:19328213 8304:Archived 8225:32087112 8190:27908258 8141:26074741 8090:31 March 8084:Archived 8080:BBC News 8023:Archived 7996:Archived 7955:KMBC.com 7928:22897747 7861:Archived 7830:17382831 7787:24648791 7725:Archived 7701:20367483 7666:21302868 7631:Archived 7600:19825397 7557:20706731 7522:21450934 7481:19088789 7446:24201300 7397:20182037 7356:21427489 7321:20182026 7280:44949233 7272:20358464 7234:18834663 7199:19428492 7123:12804599 7088:12151508 7031:20190965 6974:14277779 6931:29757951 6869:Archived 6839:29067618 6780:Archived 6754:Archived 6725:Archived 6697:3 August 6691:Archived 6689:(2518). 6631:19160215 6571:Archived 6516:Archived 6480:Archived 6455:24974454 6447:16492800 6412:23539642 6349:Archived 6312:Archived 6282:Archived 6254:18174822 6219:19727285 6124:23668655 6075:Archived 6045:28646346 6000:19300566 5926:32032921 5883:Archived 5861:Archived 5841:18500382 5781:Archived 5765:25813654 5716:21272013 5659:21073468 5558:Archived 5484:22502775 5408:38154512 5368:15801832 5332:16140055 5287:21161752 5242:12368072 5207:19103494 5199:11441429 5129:28936175 5073:27021968 5024:73441294 5016:30733244 4967:73441294 4959:30733244 4918:72333922 4910:30768951 4869:23653608 4861:15893821 4821:34986373 4772:34144366 4737:27622964 4729:28590365 4693:29028590 4657:35431828 4601:36009115 4545:35761979 4537:17338594 4497:45341424 4489:26906078 4443:34000249 4396:Archived 4350:18321627 4305:Archived 4274:15778490 4231:18733372 4190:22034135 4133:Archived 4110:23539642 4050:Archived 4029:16924165 3986:15823441 3943:28169472 3935:16848922 3889:Archived 3868:Archived 3846:18596830 3811:21892355 3803:12835101 3765:Archived 3753:20081231 3703:22392347 3619:26921706 3611:10095180 3535:23421796 3527:11224724 3484:16682239 3443:25066468 3427:: 1–13. 3402:68191253 3394:14658920 3351:38523592 3304:39425997 3296:25648243 3253:20400392 3245:22917983 3186:22682429 3127:Archived 3106:15014637 3022:32341841 2965:36056861 2929:24749160 2867:16799095 2802:Archived 2772:Archived 2768:32597132 2724:36551221 2673:Archived 2564:See also 2454:Pleasure 2255:eugeroic 2217:euphoria 2209:caffeine 2181:eugeroic 2152:Ethiopia 2148:Djibouti 2128:euphoria 2116:alkaloid 2104:and the 1846:Nicotine 1841:Nicotine 1835:Nicotine 1825:troparil 1805:Colombia 1718:dopamine 1426:insomnia 1422:euphoria 1418:anorexia 1344:má huáng 1319:(family 1307:alkaloid 1240:glaucoma 1161:xanthine 1147:Caffeine 1141:Caffeine 1111:dopamine 878:Adderall 825:through 807:dopamine 567:such as 465:comedown 412:HIV/AIDS 384:ischemic 371:seizures 331:paranoia 254:violence 242:overdose 230:insomnia 181:(ADHD), 168:euphoria 156:learning 134:between 132:synapses 112:dopamine 85:nicotine 81:caffeine 28:: 20 mg 16435:Nigeria 16430:Moldova 16350:Germany 16345:Finland 16340:Estonia 16280:Bolivia 15936:Germany 15735:Whoonga 15586:Therapy 15254:Poppers 15232:Ecstasy 15217:Cocaine 15165:APINACA 15155:JWH-018 15138:Hashish 15010:poppers 14846:Ecstasy 14779:Tobacco 14727:Ephedra 14705:Cocaine 14525:Codeine 14519:Subutex 14504:Opioids 13995:General 13902:muscles 13871:L03–L04 13867:disease 13819:L01–L02 13815:disease 13565:Statins 13245:Trazium 13170:Nefopam 13125:LR-5182 12826:RTI-386 12821:RTI-371 12816:RTI-354 12811:RTI-336 12806:RTI-229 12801:RTI-177 12796:RTI-150 12791:RTI-126 12781:RTI-120 12776:RTI-113 12771:RTI-112 12711:Cocaine 12500:5-DBFPV 12447:Nocaine 12294:DBL-583 11653:Epinine 11536:Cathine 11412:AL-1095 11357:2,3-MDA 11213:Thujone 11135:TC-2216 11130:TC-1827 11125:TC-1698 11015:ABT-418 11010:ABT-202 10703:S-18986 10673:IDRA-21 10324:6457581 10267:2753469 10205:4171344 10157:1974121 10113:9239364 10061:2172771 9605:3286657 9503:FDA.gov 9470:3480574 9374:5903121 9208:9018513 9010:5667719 8855:23 July 8845:2337423 8837:6320247 8787:3801446 8650:PubChem 8626:7 March 8434:7869099 8425:6577819 8362:2731235 8181:5771050 8132:4462040 7919:3572571 7838:5903121 7778:3931692 7709:8820874 7437:3945962 7190:2699625 7079:6758129 7022:2769007 6966:1356551 6922:5986491 6830:5655397 6622:7004251 6403:3666194 6210:2695750 5991:2654794 5889:24 June 5832:2439527 5707:4183197 5686:Bibcode 5650:3005101 5605:1855720 5464:Bibcode 5164:8834422 5120:5594082 5103:: 617. 5064:4823324 4812:9328668 4648:9011331 4592:9406029 4222:1650334 4181:3181580 4101:3666194 3761:4729728 3711:2873101 3668:9667555 3659:2170162 3591:Nephron 3576:6725666 3177:3405448 3013:7170336 2920:4471173 2858:2657493 2715:9775352 2555:Testing 2523:Ecstasy 2485:Tobacco 2466:Cocaine 2406:medical 2364:arousal 2332:central 2292:neurons 2187:due to 2156:Somalia 2144:alcohol 2118:called 2063:aspirin 2008:of the 1915:of the 1850:tobacco 1821:tropane 1801:Bolivia 1787:Cocaine 1779:cocaine 1769:Cocaine 1710:cocaine 1635:Desoxyn 1611:obesity 1603:classes 1528:cocaine 1362:Ephedra 1337:sulfate 1316:Ephedra 1309:with a 912:tropane 874:placebo 858:prodrug 831:cytosol 683:ecstasy 629:placebo 501:obesity 482:cocaine 377:Chronic 339:punding 296:Effects 226:anxiety 191:fatigue 183:obesity 164:emotion 144:arousal 136:neurons 93:cocaine 26:Ritalin 16540:Turkey 16530:Taiwan 16485:Russia 16470:Poland 16450:Panama 16440:Norway 16415:Latvia 16395:Kosovo 16325:Cyprus 16285:Brazil 16275:Bhutan 16265:Belize 16011:Oregon 15966:Sweden 15926:Canada 15685:Hippie 15619:Loosie 15088:Datura 14934:Peyote 14919:LSD-25 14676:Coffee 14600:Kratom 14569:Heroin 14554:Darvon 14471:Other 14302: 14281: 14229:other 14160:system 13912:joints 13865:immune 13672:system 13632:system 13473:system 13250:UH-232 13185:O-2172 12938:Others 12766:RTI-51 12761:RTI-32 12756:RTI-31 12530:α-PHPP 12520:α-PHiP 12515:α-PCYP 12279:3C-PEP 11841:MDMPEA 11145:UB-165 11070:GTS-21 10862:4-MEAP 10668:CX-717 10663:CX-691 10658:CX-614 10653:CX-546 10648:CX-516 10331: 10321: 10313: 10274: 10264: 10256: 10212: 10202: 10194: 10155: 10120: 10110: 10059: 10028: 10020: 9985: 9977: 9939: 9900: 9892: 9778: 9741: 9715: 9706: 9683: 9648: 9612: 9602: 9563: 9555: 9477: 9467: 9428: 9420: 9372: 9364: 9346:Lancet 9255: 9214: 9206: 9051: 9043: 9008: 9000: 8992: 8974: 8964:Lancet 8947: 8939: 8843: 8835: 8794: 8784: 8745: 8709: 8701: 8543: 8511: 8480: 8472: 8432: 8422: 8369: 8359: 8259: 8231: 8223: 8188: 8178: 8139: 8129: 8029:16 May 8002:16 May 7926: 7916: 7908: 7836: 7828: 7820: 7802:Lancet 7785: 7775: 7767: 7707: 7699: 7664: 7623: 7598: 7565:668498 7563: 7555: 7520: 7479: 7444: 7434: 7395: 7354: 7319: 7278: 7270: 7232: 7197: 7187: 7121: 7086: 7076: 7068: 7029: 7019: 7011: 6972: 6964: 6929: 6919: 6837: 6827: 6629: 6619: 6563: 6453: 6445: 6410: 6400: 6252: 6217: 6207: 6167: 6122: 6043: 6033: 5998: 5988: 5955: 5932: 5924: 5839: 5829: 5821: 5763: 5755: 5714: 5704: 5657: 5647: 5603: 5550: 5482: 5414: 5406: 5366: 5330: 5320: 5285: 5275: 5240: 5205: 5197: 5162: 5127: 5117: 5071: 5061: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4965: 4957: 4916: 4908: 4867: 4859: 4819: 4809: 4770: 4735: 4727: 4691: 4655: 4645: 4599: 4589: 4543: 4535: 4495: 4487: 4449: 4441: 4409:1944). 4390: 4380: 4348: 4272: 4264: 4229: 4219: 4188: 4178: 4170: 4108: 4098: 4090: 4027: 4019: 3984: 3976: 3941: 3933: 3925: 3844: 3809: 3801: 3759: 3751: 3709: 3701: 3666: 3656: 3617: 3609: 3574: 3533: 3525: 3517: 3482: 3441: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3349: 3341: 3302: 3294: 3286: 3251: 3243: 3235: 3184: 3174: 3166: 3104: 3097:181133 3094: 3086: 3045: 3020: 3010: 2971: 2963: 2927: 2917: 2909: 2865: 2855: 2847: 2766: 2722: 2712: 2612:, the 2424:, and 2412:, and 2374:, and 2358:, and 2179:is an 2126:, and 2076:(Khat) 1962:stroke 1930:, and 1876:, and 1864:, and 1858:cigars 1807:, and 1688:, and 1669:is an 1647:energy 1536:analog 1526:, and 1430:energy 1339:salt. 1204:cancer 1165:coffee 1098:, and 989:is an 813:, and 725:are a 663:, and 573:energy 517:asthma 496:0.4%. 404:sepsis 402:, and 400:stroke 363:stroke 353:, and 333:, and 252:, and 236:, and 201:, and 189:, and 162:, and 160:memory 150:, the 99:, and 75:, and 49:uppers 16616:Abuse 16515:Spain 16390:Kenya 16385:Japan 16380:Italy 16365:India 16355:Haiti 16305:China 16300:Chile 16290:Burma 16270:Benin 16250:Aruba 16179:Other 16078:Other 15941:India 15643:Other 15571:Music 15377:NORML 15237:Molly 15170:Spice 15160:APICA 14890:Vilca 14851:Molly 14821:6-APB 14791:Cocoa 14715:Crack 14666:Betel 14659:Areca 14612:Opium 14475:Freon 14283:Drugs 14000:Local 13967:brain 13906:bones 13407:blood 13025:D-161 12945:2-MDP 12856:WF-33 12851:WF-23 12595:MOPPP 12590:MOPVP 12570:MDPBP 12565:MDPPP 12550:DMPVP 12540:α-PVT 12535:α-PVP 12525:α-PHP 12510:α-PBP 12505:α-PPP 12329:MeOPP 12289:CM156 12206:G-130 11925:MMDMA 11856:MDPEA 11407:6-FNE 11402:4-MTA 11397:4-MMA 10847:4-CMC 10842:4-BMC 10026:S2CID 9983:S2CID 9898:S2CID 9646:S2CID 9561:S2CID 9514:(PDF) 9499:(PDF) 9426:S2CID 9370:S2CID 9212:S2CID 9049:S2CID 9006:S2CID 8945:S2CID 8841:S2CID 8707:S2CID 8590:(PDF) 8579:(PDF) 8554:(PDF) 8537:(PDF) 8478:S2CID 8307:(PDF) 8296:(PDF) 8229:S2CID 7834:S2CID 7705:S2CID 7561:S2CID 7276:S2CID 7150:(PDF) 7143:(PDF) 6970:S2CID 6872:(PDF) 6857:(PDF) 6660:(PDF) 6649:(PDF) 6519:(PDF) 6508:(PDF) 6483:(PDF) 6472:(PDF) 6451:S2CID 6352:(PDF) 6341:(PDF) 6078:(PDF) 6067:(PDF) 5930:S2CID 5571:(39). 5412:S2CID 5203:S2CID 5020:S2CID 4963:S2CID 4914:S2CID 4865:S2CID 4733:S2CID 4541:S2CID 4493:S2CID 4447:S2CID 4326:(PDF) 4053:(PDF) 4046:(PDF) 3939:S2CID 3892:(PDF) 3885:(PDF) 3807:S2CID 3768:(PDF) 3757:S2CID 3729:(PDF) 3707:S2CID 3615:S2CID 3531:S2CID 3398:S2CID 3329:(4). 3300:S2CID 3249:S2CID 2969:S2CID 2596:Notes 2394:Abuse 2388:crash 2384:sleep 2195:, or 2160:Yemen 2059:NSAID 2032:salts 1945:. In 1793:SNDRI 1694:abuse 1590:amine 1580:ethyl 1576:lpha- 1475:Spice 1273:amine 1173:cocoa 1123:VMAT2 1119:TAAR1 997:. As 882:salts 827:VMAT2 627:over 454:) as 369:, or 301:Acute 270:drugs 250:crime 53:brain 43:, or 16445:Oman 16405:Laos 16375:Iran 16320:Cuba 16200:Drug 16189:Drug 16125:Narc 15710:Rave 15551:Drug 15227:MDMA 15076:and 14895:Yopo 14841:MDMA 14774:Salt 14734:MDPV 14710:Coca 14698:Khat 14530:Lean 14484:Kava 14407:Wine 14402:Beer 13910:and 13587:skin 13270:N06B 12605:MDPV 12585:MPPP 12580:MPHP 12575:MPBP 12560:FPVP 12555:FPOP 12339:oMPP 12334:MBZP 12093:PPAP 12088:PMMA 12083:PMEA 12023:PCMA 11930:MMMA 11920:MMDA 11851:MDPR 11846:MDOH 11831:MDEA 11826:MDBU 11816:MBDB 11747:HMMA 11638:EBDB 11609:DOPA 11526:BPAP 11392:4-MA 11183:DMCM 10698:PEPA 10415:link 10401:2008 10385:link 10371:2007 10329:PMID 10311:ISSN 10299:2016 10272:PMID 10254:ISSN 10210:PMID 10192:ISSN 10153:PMID 10118:PMID 10073:2024 10057:PMID 10018:PMID 9975:PMID 9959:JAMA 9937:PMID 9890:PMID 9852:2024 9822:2024 9792:2024 9776:PMID 9755:2024 9739:PMID 9712:NCBI 9704:PMID 9681:PMID 9610:PMID 9553:PMID 9522:2015 9475:PMID 9418:PMID 9362:PMID 9328:2014 9288:2014 9253:PMID 9204:PMID 9173:2019 9143:2023 9113:2014 9083:2011 9041:PMID 8998:PMID 8990:ISSN 8937:PMID 8887:2020 8857:2021 8833:PMID 8792:PMID 8743:PMID 8699:PMID 8662:2017 8628:2016 8598:2005 8562:2013 8541:ISBN 8509:ASIN 8470:PMID 8430:PMID 8367:PMID 8315:2014 8257:ISBN 8221:PMID 8209:1735 8186:PMID 8137:PMID 8092:2010 8062:2010 8031:2011 8004:2011 7924:PMID 7906:ISSN 7869:2015 7826:PMID 7818:ISSN 7783:PMID 7765:ISSN 7697:PMID 7662:PMID 7639:2014 7621:ISBN 7596:PMID 7553:PMID 7518:PMID 7477:PMID 7442:PMID 7393:PMID 7352:PMID 7317:PMID 7268:PMID 7230:PMID 7195:PMID 7119:PMID 7084:PMID 7066:ISSN 7027:PMID 7009:ISSN 6962:PMID 6927:PMID 6880:2024 6835:PMID 6788:2024 6762:2024 6733:2024 6699:2009 6668:2013 6627:PMID 6605:2009 6579:2013 6561:ISBN 6527:2013 6491:2013 6443:PMID 6408:PMID 6360:2014 6320:2014 6290:2014 6250:PMID 6215:PMID 6165:ISBN 6120:PMID 6086:2014 6041:PMID 6031:ISBN 5996:PMID 5953:ISBN 5922:PMID 5891:2018 5837:PMID 5819:ISSN 5761:PMID 5753:ISSN 5712:PMID 5682:1216 5655:PMID 5601:PMID 5566:2020 5548:ISBN 5480:PMID 5404:PMID 5364:PMID 5328:PMID 5318:ISBN 5283:PMID 5273:ISBN 5238:PMID 5195:PMID 5160:PMID 5125:PMID 5069:PMID 5012:PMID 5004:ISSN 4955:PMID 4906:PMID 4857:PMID 4817:PMID 4768:PMID 4725:PMID 4689:PMID 4653:PMID 4597:PMID 4533:PMID 4485:PMID 4439:PMID 4404:2022 4388:OCLC 4378:ISBN 4346:PMID 4270:PMID 4262:ISSN 4227:PMID 4186:PMID 4168:ISSN 4106:PMID 4088:ISSN 4025:PMID 4017:ISSN 3982:PMID 3974:ISSN 3931:PMID 3923:ISSN 3842:PMID 3799:PMID 3749:PMID 3699:PMID 3664:PMID 3607:PMID 3572:PMID 3523:PMID 3515:ISSN 3480:PMID 3439:PMID 3390:PMID 3382:ISSN 3347:PMID 3339:ISSN 3292:PMID 3284:ISSN 3241:PMID 3233:ISSN 3182:PMID 3164:ISSN 3102:PMID 3084:ISSN 3043:ISBN 3018:PMID 2961:PMID 2925:PMID 2907:ISSN 2863:PMID 2845:ISSN 2810:2024 2780:2024 2764:PMID 2720:PMID 2618:USAN 2616:and 2536:0.7 2527:1.13 2517:1.1 2508:1.67 2498:1.8 2489:2.21 2479:1.3 2470:2.39 2451:Mean 2448:Drug 2382:and 2380:food 2334:and 2082:Khat 2030:The 2012:and 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