343:
212:
1136:, where deficiencies have been shown to lead to aggressive behavior and abnormal sleep-wake cycles in mice. Since brain histamine as a neurotransmitter regulates a number of neurophysiological functions, emphasis has been placed on the development of drugs to target histamine regulation. Yoshikawa et al. explores how the C314T, A939G, G179A, and T632C polymorphisms all impact HNMT enzymatic activity and the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. These mutations can have either a positive or negative impact. Some patients with
4064:
905:
792:
979:
43:
4023:"Guideline on management of suspected adverse reactions to ingested histamine: Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA) as well as the Swiss Society for Allergology and Immunology (SGAI) and the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (ĂGAI)"
1898:
34:
586:
2058:
substances are potent vasodilators, and have been demonstrated to mutually stimulate each other's release within the trigeminovascular system, a mechanism that could potentially instigate the onset of migraines. In patients with a deficiency in histamine degradation due to variants in the AOC1 gene that encodes
2090:
The urine test involves collecting all urine produced in a 24-hour period, which is then analyzed for the presence of 1,4-methyl-imidazolacetic acid. This comprehensive approach ensures a more accurate reflection of histamine metabolism over an extended period; as such, the 1,4-methyl-imidazolacetic
2062:
enzyme, a diet high in histamine has been observed to trigger migraines, that suggests a potential functional relationship between exogenous histamine and CGRP, which could be instrumental in understanding the genesis of diet-induced migraines, so that the role of histamine, particularly in relation
2078:
As a solution for the rapid metabolism of histamine, the measurement of histamine and its metabolites, particularly the 1,4-methyl-imidazolacetic acid, in a 24-hour urine sample, provides an efficient alternative to histamine measurement because the values of these metabolites remain elevated for a
2053:
is a presumed set of adverse reactions (such as flush, itching, rhinitis, etc.) to ingested histamine in food. The mainstream theory accepts that there may exist adverse reactions to ingested histamine, but does not recognize histamine intolerance as a separate condition that can be diagnosed.
1851:
receptors. This triggers carbon dioxide and water uptake from the blood, converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. The acid dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions within the parietal cell. Bicarbonate returns to the bloodstream, while hydrogen is pumped into the stomach lumen.
1641:
It has been known for more than one hundred years that an intravenous injection of histamine causes a fall in the blood pressure. The underlying mechanism concerns both vascular hyperpermeability and vasodilation. Histamine binding to endothelial cells causes them to contract, thus increasing
1632:
Although histamine is small compared to other biological molecules (containing only 17 atoms), it plays an important role in the body. It is known to be involved in 23 different physiological functions. Histamine is known to be involved in many physiological functions because of its chemical
2057:
The role of histamine in health and disease is an area of ongoing research. For example, histamine is researched in its potential link with migraine episodes, when there is a noted elevation in the plasma concentrations of both histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These two
779:
forms, identified by which of the two nitrogen atoms is protonated. The nitrogen farther away from the side chain is the 'tele' nitrogen and is denoted by a lowercase tau sign and the nitrogen closer to the side chain is the 'pros' nitrogen and is denoted by the pi sign. The tele tautomer,
1144:
placebo-controlled crossover trial, children with ADHD who responded with aggravated symptoms after consuming a challenge beverage were more likely to have HNMT polymorphisms at T939C and Thr105Ile. Histamine's role in neuroinflammation and cognition has made it a target of study for many
2024:
receptors are thought to be helpful when treating MS patients. Histamine has been shown to help with T-cell differentiation. This is important because in MS, the body's immune system attacks its own myelin sheaths on nerve cells (which causes loss of signaling function and eventual nerve
1179:. In such cases, the body may not be able to produce sufficient degradative enzymes to properly eliminate the excess histamine. Since MCAS is symptomatically characterized as such a broad disorder, it is difficult to diagnose and can be mislabeled as a variety of diseases, including
2086:
for 1,4-methyl-imidazolacetic acid, the metabolite of histamine. This test is a valuable tool in assessing the metabolism of histamine in the body, as direct measurement of histamine in the serum has low diagnostic value due to the specificities of histamine metabolism.
1124:
increased the risk for reduced DAO activity. People with genotypes for reduced DAO activity can avoid foods high in histamine, such as alcohol, fermented foods, and aged foods, to attenuate any allergic reactions. Additionally, they should be aware whether any
2091:
acid urine test offered by commercial labs is currently the most reliable method to determine the rate of histamine metabolism, which may be helpful for the health care practitioners to assess individualâs health status, such as to diagnose
1757:, other hypothalamic nuclei, medial septum, the nucleus of the diagonal band, ventral tegmental area, amygdala, striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, thalamus and elsewhere. The histamine neurons in the TMN are involved in regulating the
1198:, airway obstruction, and production of excess mucus. Mutations in histamine degradation are more common in patients with a combination of asthma and allergen hypersensitivity than in those with just asthma. The HNMT-464 TT and HNMT-1639 TT
1172:, and cannot be properly degraded. The abnormal release of histamine can be caused by either dysfunctional internal signals from defective mast cells or by the development of clonal mast cell populations through mutations occurring in the
2980:
Stevenson J, Sonuga-Barke E, McCann D, Grimshaw K, Parker KM, Rose-Zerilli MJ, et al. (September 2010). "The role of histamine degradation gene polymorphisms in moderating the effects of food additives on children's ADHD symptoms".
2063:
to CGRP, is a promising area of research for elucidating the mechanisms underlying migraine development and aggravation, especially relevant in the context of dietary triggers and genetic predispositions related to histamine metabolism.
962:, is due to histamine production by bacteria in spoiled food, particularly fish. Fermented foods and beverages naturally contain small quantities of histamine due to a similar conversion performed by fermenting bacteria or yeasts.
2784:
GriauzdaitÄ K, Maselis K, ĆœvirblienÄ A, Vaitkus A, JanÄiauskas D, BanaitytÄ-BaleiĆĄienÄ I, et al. (September 2020). "Associations between migraine, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and activity of diamine oxidase".
2134:"H substance" or "substance H" are occasionally used in medical literature for histamine or a hypothetical histamine-like diffusible substance released in allergic reactions of skin and in the responses of tissue to inflammation.
1063:
Histamine release occurs when allergens bind to mast-cell-bound IgE antibodies. Reduction of IgE overproduction may lower the likelihood of allergens finding sufficient free IgE to trigger a mast-cell-release of histamine.
1819:
do not readily permeate the bloodâbrain barrier and thus are less likely to cause sedation, although individual reactions, concomitant medications and dosage may increase the likelihood of a sedating effect. In contrast,
2015:
receptors are thought to increase permeability in the blood-brain barrier, thus increasing infiltration of unwanted cells in the central nervous system. This can cause inflammation, and MS symptom worsening. The
1115:
were positively correlated with having lower DAO serum levels. Low DAO activity can have more severe consequences as mutations in the ABP1 alleles of the AOC1 gene have been associated with ulcerative colitis.
994:. Mast cells are especially numerous at sites of potential injury â the nose, mouth, and feet, internal body surfaces, and blood vessels. Non-mast cell histamine is found in several tissues, including the
2223:
Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J (March 2011). "Systematic evaluation of solid-phase microextraction coatings for untargeted metabolomic profiling of biological fluids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry".
1662:
Increased vascular permeability causes fluid to escape from capillaries into the tissues, which leads to the classic symptoms of an allergic reaction: a runny nose and watery eyes. Allergens can bind to
6542:
1572:, itch perception, cytokine production and secretion, and visceral hypersensitivity. Other putative functions (e.g., inflammation, allergy, cognition, etc.) have not been fully characterized.
1103:
of the small intestine mucosa. Reduced DAO activity is associated with gastrointestinal disorders and widespread food intolerances. This is due to an increase in histamine absorption through
1769:
with an individual's state of arousal. These neurons fire rapidly during periods of wakefulness, fire more slowly during periods of relaxation/tiredness, and stop firing altogether during
2510:
852:
is slightly basic (with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45) therefore the predominant form of histamine present in human blood is monoprotic at the aliphatic nitrogen. Histamine is a
4021:
Reese I, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Dölle-Bierke S, Kleine-Tebbe J, Klimek L, LÀmmel S, Lepp U, Saloga J, SchÀfer C, Szepfalusi Z, Treudler R, Werfel T, Zuberbier T, Worm M (2021).
4272:
1633:
properties that allow it to be versatile in binding. It is
Coulombic (able to carry a charge), conformational, and flexible. This allows it to interact and bind more easily.
3986:
Valent P, Horny HP, Escribano L, Longley BJ, Li CY, Schwartz LB, et al. (July 2001). "Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis: a consensus proposal".
2083:
3687:
Yanai K, Tashiro M (January 2007). "The physiological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal histamine: an insight from human positron emission tomography studies".
4084:"Is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) the missing link in food histamine-induced migraine? A review of functional gut-to-trigeminovascular system connections"
1160:. They act as an alarm to trigger inflammatory responses by the immune system. Their presence in the digestive system enables them to serve as an early barrier to
4568:
545:
2496:
3396:
599:
2591:
1836:
can occur from the inhibition of histamine biosynthesis or the loss (i.e., degeneration or destruction) of histamine-releasing neurons in the TMN.
2025:
degeneration). By helping T cells to differentiate, the T cells will be less likely to attack the body's own cells, and instead, attack invaders.
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5504:
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5123:
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1884:, ischemic lesions and stress. It has also been suggested that histamine controls the mechanisms by which memories and learning are forgotten.
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5198:
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1987:
medications have the effect of increasing histamine production, because histamine levels seem to be imbalanced in people with that disorder.
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5268:
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5038:
2531:
392:
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A (September 2010). "Histamine and histamine receptors in pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis".
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neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). De novo deletions in the HNMT gene have also been associated with ASD.
2830:"Severity of ulcerative colitis is associated with a polymorphism at diamine oxidase gene but not at histamine N-methyltransferase gene"
1202:
are significantly more common among children with allergic asthma, the latter of which is overrepresented in
African-American children.
1140:
have been shown to exhibit exacerbated symptoms in response to food additives and preservatives, due in part to histamine release. In a
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5489:
1999:
is currently being studied. The different H receptors have been known to have different effects on the treatment of this disease. The H
1647:
4264:
5871:
5866:
1190:
Histamine is often explored as a potential cause for diseases related to hyper-responsiveness of the immune system. In patients with
6087:
1137:
3021:"Systemic mast cell activation disease: the role of molecular genetic alterations in pathogenesis, heritability and diagnostics"
1876:
While histamine has stimulatory effects upon neurons, it also has suppressive ones that protect against the susceptibility to
7432:
6851:
6092:
4554:
4367:
4203:
4152:
3821:
CarĂĄ AM, Lopes-Martins RA, Antunes E, Nahoum CR, De Nucci G (February 1995). "The role of histamine in human penile erection".
3430:
Noszal B, Kraszni M, Racz A (2004). "Histamine: fundamentals of biological chemistry". In Falus A, Grosman N, Darvas Z (eds.).
2206:
2071:
Histamine, a biogenic amine, involves many physiological functions, including the immune response, gastric acid secretion, and
4340:"New approach for the diagnosis of histamine intolerance based on the determination of histamine and methylhistamine in urine"
4125:"New approach for the diagnosis of histamine intolerance based on the determination of histamine and methylhistamine in urine"
3280:"Histamine modulation of urinary bladder urothelium, lamina propria and detrusor contractile activity via H1 and H2 receptors"
6860:
4314:
3579:
3513:
1713:
230:
6243:
2555:
Paiva TB, Tominaga M, Paiva AC (July 1970). "Ionization of histamine, N-acetylhistamine, and their iodinated derivatives".
2402:
2333:
Keppel
Hesselink JM (December 2015). "The terms 'autacoid', 'hormone' and 'chalone' and how they have shifted with time".
5581:
4621:
4227:"Development of a HILIC-MS/MS method for the quantification of histamine and its main metabolites in human urine samples"
2103:
The properties of histamine, then called ÎČ-imidazolylethylamine, were first described in 1910 by the
British scientists
1650:
and other compounds, resulting in blood vessel dilation. These two mechanisms play a key role in the pathophysiology of
1967:
antagonists may cause sexual dysfunction by reducing the functional binding of testosterone to its androgen receptors.
1225:. As of 2015, histamine is believed to activate ligand-gated chloride channels in the brain and intestinal epithelium.
2443:
2276:
1611:
594:
357:
7036:
7031:
4532:
3531:"Appraisal of the validity of histamine-induced wheal and flare to predict the clinical efficacy of antihistamines"
2592:"Analysis of neuroactive amines in fermented beverages using a portable microchip capillary electrophoresis system"
1963:
in males with psychogenic impotence produces full or partial erections in 74% of them. It has been suggested that H
2881:"Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diamine oxidase gene with diamine oxidase serum activities"
1642:
vascular leak. It also stimulates synthesis and release of various vascular smooth muscle cell relaxants, such as
1129:
they are taking contain any histamine-producing strains and consult with their doctor to receive proper support .
1092:(ASD). Histamine degradation is crucial to the prevention of allergic reactions to otherwise harmless substances.
606:
6118:
2488:
3439:
2525:
1081:
4293:
BĂ€hre H, Kaever V (2017). "Analytical
Methods for the Quantification of Histamine and Histamine Metabolites".
7088:
6212:
2153:
1165:
1112:
1077:
924:
3408:
2292:
Nieto-Alamilla G, MĂĄrquez-GĂłmez R, GarcĂa-GĂĄlvez AM, Morales-Figueroa GE, Arias-Montaño JA (November 2016).
1002:, where it functions as a neurotransmitter. Another important site of histamine storage and release is the
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6082:
1881:
1425:
300:
207:
2622:
1072:
Histamine is released by mast cells as an immune response and is later degraded primarily by two enzymes:
943:-methyltransferase, while in other tissues both enzymes may play a role. Several other enzymes, including
321:
2642:
Wright C, Shin JH, Rajpurohit A, Deep-Soboslay A, Collado-Torres L, Brandon NJ, et al. (May 2017).
267:
7422:
7041:
6898:
6844:
6111:
5362:
2828:
GarcĂa-Martin E, Mendoza JL, MartĂnez C, Taxonera C, Urcelay E, Ladero JM, et al. (January 2006).
1844:
1235:
1211:
1003:
853:
512:
2075:. However, its rapid metabolism makes it challenging to measure histamine levels directly in plasma.
7417:
6630:
6317:
6248:
1910:
1494:
1352:
883:
149:
20:
7113:
109:
7392:
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5392:
4863:
3640:"Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse"
3070:"Genetic Variation along the Histamine Pathway in Children with Allergic versus Nonallergic Asthma"
2173:
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1738:
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entering the body. People who suffer from widespread sensitivities and allergic reactions may have
338:
261:
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7138:
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2047:
is a rare disease in which there is a proliferation of mast cells that produce excess histamine.
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1800:
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or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see
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7103:
7098:
6945:
6685:
6552:
6532:
6497:
6397:
5283:
3778:
White JM, Rumbold GR (1988). "Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review".
2034:
1821:
1812:
1490:
1199:
1133:
749:
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634:
494:
Easily soluble in methanol. Very slightly soluble in diethyl ether. Easily soluble in ethanol.
4537:
3229:"Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center or distinct subpopulations?"
2467:
2268:
2007:
receptors, in one study, have been shown to be counterproductive in the treatment of MS. The H
7412:
6863:
6837:
6675:
6592:
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The most important pathophysiologic mechanism of mast cell and basophil histamine release is
824:
673:
499:
55:
2435:
2427:
7073:
6602:
6577:
6197:
6192:
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3291:
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Thompson JS (1990). "Significance of the intestinal gradient of diamine oxidase activity".
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1940:
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309:
4338:
Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla M, Bernacchia R, Veciana-Nogués M, Vidal-Carou M (2017).
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Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla M, Bernacchia R, Veciana-Nogués M, Vidal-Carou M (2017).
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enzymes unrelated to those found in animals. A non-infectious form of foodborne disease,
844:â 5.8) will not be protonated. Thus, histamine is normally protonated to a singly charged
8:
7402:
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4067: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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receptor and prevent histamine from binding, causing decreased hydrogen ion secretion.
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Maintz L, Yu CF, RodrĂguez E, Baurecht H, Bieber T, Illig T, et al. (July 2011).
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3132:"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVIII. Histamine Receptors"
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951:, further process the immediate metabolites of histamine for excretion or recycling.
705:
693:
4337:
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3624:
3130:
Panula P, Chazot PL, Cowart M, Gutzmer R, Leurs R, Liu WL, et al. (July 2015).
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in sufficient concentrations to allow for neuropsychological and behavioral testing)
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1107:, which increases histamine concentration in the bloodstream. One study found that
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3595:
Brown RE, Stevens DR, Haas HL (April 2001). "The physiology of brain histamine".
3572:
Basic
Neurochemistry - Principles of Molecular, Cellular and Medical Neurobiology
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1975:
Metabolites of histamine are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with
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3340:"Histamine mediated autocrine signalling in mesenteric perilymphatic mast cells"
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Ito C (2004). "The role of the central histaminergic system on schizophrenia".
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Once formed, histamine is either stored or rapidly inactivated by its primary
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4908:
4903:
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4339:
4124:
3245:
3085:
2644:"Altered expression of histamine signaling genes in autism spectrum disorder"
2168:
1984:
1976:
1781:
1733:. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in a portion of the posterior
1512:
1344:
1293:
1029:
1025:
1014:
768:
626:
466:
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200:
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secretion. Urinary bladder relaxation. Modulates gastrointestinal function.
1148:
Mast cells serve an important immunological role by defending the body from
1084:(SNPs) at these genes are associated with a wide variety of disorders, from
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2865:
2846:
2806:
2770:
2677:
2618:
2398:
2354:
2319:
2310:
2293:
2245:
2043:
1734:
1730:
1694:
1672:
1643:
1500:
1467:
1348:
1195:
1184:
995:
561:
551:
6269:
4467:
4414:
4199:
3842:
3799:
3556:
3147:
2712:
2576:
2389:
1828:
increase wakefulness. Similar to the sedative effect of first-generation H
1120:
recessive genotypes at the rs2052129, rs2268999, rs10156191 and rs1049742
904:
7193:
7151:
7133:
7026:
6930:
6913:
6889:
6607:
6279:
6182:
6037:
6008:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5916:
5881:
5822:
5797:
5760:
5670:
5591:
5586:
5478:
5428:
5408:
5382:
5374:
5327:
5323:
5307:
5263:
5228:
5208:
5188:
5183:
5068:
5033:
4993:
4958:
4948:
4933:
4898:
4888:
4868:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4803:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4683:
4658:
4626:
4611:
3338:
Pal S, Gasheva OY, Zawieja DC, Meininger CM, Gashev AA J (January 2020).
2751:
2143:
1956:
1546:
1429:
1322:
1297:
1194:, abnormal histamine receptor activation in the lungs is associated with
1153:
892:
753:
733:
701:
646:
4443:"Increased Urine Histamine and Methylhistamine in Interstitial Cystitis"
4306:
4225:
Nelis M, Decraecker L, Boeckxstaens G, Augustijns P, Cabooter D (2020).
3939:"The role of histamine H4 receptor in immune and inflammatory disorders"
3407:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from
2568:
752:, melts at 83â84 °C. Hydrochloride and phosphorus salts form white
189:
7161:
7063:
7053:
6992:
6987:
6649:
6557:
6438:
6433:
6415:
6361:
6142:
6057:
5946:
5911:
5891:
5886:
5830:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5705:
5695:
5675:
5660:
5650:
5640:
5625:
5620:
5420:
5348:
5319:
5311:
5238:
5173:
5133:
5128:
5093:
5088:
5048:
5043:
4968:
4893:
4818:
4783:
4773:
4743:
4723:
4703:
4663:
3791:
3744:
2659:
2033:
As an integral part of the immune system, histamine may be involved in
1952:
1948:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1804:
1701:
1569:
1433:
1412:
1301:
1176:
1104:
1096:
1053:
987:
895:
869:
834:
784:-histamine, is preferred in solution as compared to the pros tautomer,
737:
725:
668:; however, in recent years, histamine has been recognized as a central
630:
488:
443:
220:
160:
6597:
4038:
3333:
3331:
2931:"Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation"
2704:
2637:
2635:
2610:
2346:
2237:
978:
823:. Under physiological conditions, the aliphatic amino group (having a
791:
7171:
7156:
7068:
6923:
6666:
6376:
6289:
6042:
5951:
5901:
5680:
5561:
5424:
5412:
5378:
5366:
5352:
5303:
5291:
5253:
5243:
5193:
5148:
5098:
5073:
4988:
4963:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4883:
4823:
4763:
4698:
4688:
4668:
4224:
2038:
1833:
1698:
1687:
1668:
1520:
1360:
1169:
1126:
1057:
1052:
alkaloids, can displace histamine in granules and cause its release.
991:
909:
872:
812:
721:
717:
689:
681:
662:
525:
6103:
2827:
2370:"Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch"
576:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
42:
6903:
6587:
6451:
6356:
6167:
6062:
6021:
5961:
5856:
5851:
5835:
5571:
5566:
5462:
5370:
5331:
5118:
4673:
4020:
3328:
2979:
2783:
2632:
1607:
Putatively: CNS (hypothalamus, thalamus) and intestinal epithelium
1542:
1330:
1271:
1161:
1117:
1108:
1045:
1041:
1021:
876:
820:
816:
776:
713:
685:
658:
622:
250:
180:
7336:
References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at
2724:
2722:
2590:
Jayarajah CN, Skelley AM, Fortner AD, Mathies RA (November 2007).
2294:"The Histamine H3 Receptor: Structure, Pharmacology, and Function"
1847:
in the stomach release histamine, stimulating parietal cells via H
1523:. Modulates nociception, gastric acid secretion, and food intake.
1168:(MCAS), in which excessive amounts of histamine are released from
108:
6880:
6859:
6787:
6703:
6299:
6284:
6274:
6264:
6217:
6187:
5861:
5812:
5599:
5416:
4634:
4439:
2641:
1396:
1149:
1033:
1007:
936:
764:
756:
709:
677:
654:
276:
4391:"Stimulated Release of Urine Histamine in Interstitial Cystitis"
4389:
Yun SK, Laub DJ, Weese DL, Lad PM, Leach GE, Zimmern PE (1992).
4176:"Gas chromatographic analysis of histamine metabolites in urine"
3882:
Many atypical antipsychotics also increased histamine turnovers.
1897:
1210:
In humans, histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to
799:-histamine), on the left is more stable than the pros tautomer (
6294:
6222:
6016:
5807:
2719:
2367:
1727:
1723:
1683:
sneezing due to histamine-associated sensory neural stimulation
1558:
1550:
1441:
1191:
1121:
1049:
880:
845:
650:
140:
3820:
2589:
1811:
receptors in the tuberomammillary nucleus. The newer class of
7348:
7262:
7225:
7211:
6871:
6516:
6322:
3722:
Alvarez EO (May 2009). "The role of histamine on cognition".
3226:
2929:
Branco AC, Yoshikawa FS, Pietrobon AJ, Sato MN (2018-08-27).
2368:
Andersen HH, Elberling J, Arendt-Nielsen L (September 2015).
2127:
1750:
1693:
nasal congestion due to vascular engorgement associated with
1437:
1037:
999:
948:
944:
935:. In the central nervous system, histamine released into the
898:
849:
665:
642:
120:
98:
3277:
2928:
653:. Discovered in 1910, histamine has been considered a local
326:
33:
7093:
3985:
1793:
1774:
1615:
Intestinal epithelium: chloride secretion (associated with
1356:
967:
963:
661:) because it's produced without involvement of the classic
241:
3337:
3074:
American
Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
1745:, which projects widely throughout the brain and includes
1636:
3129:
2878:
1741:(TMN). The histamine neurons in this region comprise the
1664:
1018:
7347:
References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at
4440:
El-Mansoury M, Boucher W, Sant G, Theoharides T (1994).
3893:
3068:
Anvari S, Vyhlidal CA, Dai H, Jones BL (December 2015).
3018:
1466:: Primarily involved in vasodilation and stimulation of
366:
InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)
4483:"The physiological action of beta-iminazolylethylamine"
3457:"The physiological action of beta-iminazolylethylamine"
986:
Most histamine in the body is generated in granules in
954:
Bacteria also are capable of producing histamine using
376:
InChI=1/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3067:
3019:
Haenisch B, Nöthen MM, Molderings GJ (November 2012).
2728:
837:, whereas the second nitrogen of the imidazole ring (p
3278:
Stromberga Z, Chess-Williams R, Moro C (March 2019).
3227:
Blandina P, Munari L, Provensi G, Passani MB (2012).
3185:
3423:
3188:"The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders"
3110:
1983:receptor binding sites is decreased. Many atypical
1657:
819:atom of the imidazole ring does not already have a
229:
4441:
3528:
2729:Yoshikawa T, Nakamura T, Yanai K (February 2019).
2554:
2260:
1852:Histamine release ceases as stomach pH decreases.
1229:Biological targets of histamine in the human body
6721:
4576:
4344:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
4129:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
4081:
3637:
3529:Monroe EW, Daly AF, Shalhoub RF (February 1997).
3429:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
2425:
2222:
966:contains histamine in the 20â40 mg/L range;
7379:
3594:
3394:
3186:Wouters MM, Vicario M, Santos J (January 2016).
2332:
2205:(Technical report). sciencelab.com. 2013-05-21.
2195:
2193:
1080:(HNMT), coded by the HNMT gene. The presence of
775:, the imidazole ring of histamine exists in two
288:
6741:
6665:
6525:
4388:
3936:
3271:
1887:
1060:are also found to stimulate histamine release.
84:
3535:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3172:
2079:much longer period than the histamine itself.
6845:
6119:
4562:
3638:Takahashi K, Lin JS, Sakai K (October 2006).
3395:Maguire JJ, Davenport AP (29 November 2016).
2267:. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp.
2190:
1679:. This can lead to three clinical responses:
990:and in white blood cells (leukocytes) called
16:Organic compound involved in immune responses
4286:
4075:
4014:
3777:
3686:
2583:
1765:of histamine neurons in the TMN is strongly
471:209.5 °C (409.1 °F; 482.6 K)
19:For the use as an immunostimulant drug, see
4480:
4292:
3454:
3388:
2739:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2326:
1943:can occur during treatment with histamine H
1648:endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors
1347:contraction, urinary bladder contractions,
1274:of the output neurons of the histaminergic
859:
680:. As part of an immune response to foreign
461:83.5 °C (182.3 °F; 356.6 K)
6852:
6838:
6658:
6126:
6112:
4569:
4555:
4265:"2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)acetic acid"
2548:
2218:
2216:
748:Histamine base, obtained as a mineral oil
341:
210:
168:
6775:
4506:
4099:
4046:
3962:
3743:
3663:
3546:
3480:
3363:
3311:
3254:
3244:
3203:
3155:
3093:
3044:
2956:
2946:
2855:
2845:
2760:
2750:
2667:
2388:
2309:
1832:antihistamines, an inability to maintain
1456:receptor ligands are unable to cross the
308:
3773:
3771:
2690:
1761:and promote arousal when activated. The
1707:
977:
970:contain it in the 2â10 mg/L range.
903:
790:
676:and has a central role as a mediator of
483:Easily soluble in cold water, hot water
3721:
3574:. Waltham, USA: Elsevier. p. 337.
3434:. Budapest: SpringMed. pp. 15â28.
2361:
2213:
1839:
1637:Vasodilation and fall in blood pressure
337:
266:
188:
7380:
3432:Histamine: Biology and Medical Aspects
3344:Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
2258:
1959:. The injection of histamine into the
1205:
973:
939:is primarily broken down by histamine-
201:
6861:Human trace amine-associated receptor
6833:
6133:
6107:
4550:
4481:Dale HH, Laidlaw PP (December 1910).
4295:Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
4271:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3768:
3569:
3503:
3455:Dale HH, Laidlaw PP (December 1910).
3014:
3012:
2335:Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology
1990:
1871:
1714:Ascending reticular activating system
1452:: Not established (note: most known H
369:Key: NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
148:
128:
4173:
2202:Histamine Material Safety Data Sheet
1891:
1722:that is released from histaminergic
1627:
565:
555:
4421:from the original on 18 August 2024
4370:from the original on 18 August 2024
4275:from the original on 18 August 2024
4206:from the original on 18 August 2024
4155:from the original on 18 August 2024
3855:
2434:. Toronto: Thomson Canada. p.
1995:Histamine therapy for treatment of
379:Key: NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYAP
279:
249:
13:
4834:Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)
3937:Zampeli E, Tiligada E (May 2009).
3835:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07315.x
3009:
2983:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2082:Commercial laboratories provide a
1612:inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
14:
7444:
7152:Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450)
4526:
3506:Cellular and molecular immunology
3233:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
2834:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2489:"Histamine dihydrochloride H7250"
1658:Effects on nasal mucous membrane
1017:. These cells, if sensitized by
4082:De Mora F, Messlinger K (2024).
4062:
3955:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00151.x
3908:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.05.005
3701:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.06.008
3405:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology
3037:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03627.x
2900:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02548.x
2735:-Methyltransferase in the Brain"
2499:from the original on 2015-08-09.
2426:Di Giuseppe M, Fraser D (2003).
2209:from the original on 2012-03-24.
1970:
1896:
1076:(DAO), coded by AOC1 genes, and
1032:when exposed to the appropriate
1004:enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell
584:
433:
427:
41:
32:
6088:Monoamine metabolism modulators
4474:
4433:
4382:
4331:
4257:
4218:
4167:
4116:
3979:
3943:British Journal of Pharmacology
3930:
3887:
3849:
3814:
3715:
3689:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3680:
3631:
3588:
3563:
3522:
3448:
3220:
3061:
2973:
2922:
2872:
2821:
2777:
2684:
2503:
2408:from the original on 2019-03-30
1082:single nucleotide polymorphisms
672:. Histamine is involved in the
580:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
6919:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
6372:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
4499:10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001406
3656:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006
3473:10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001406
2995:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101529
2557:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2481:
2452:
2419:
2285:
2263:Human anatomy & physiology
2252:
2066:
1799:) are capable of crossing the
1549:. It is also expressed in the
1095:DAO is typically expressed in
1067:
864:Histamine is derived from the
627:immune responses communication
421:
1:
7433:Carbonic anhydrase activators
7367:Receptor/signaling modulators
6093:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
6083:Receptor/signaling modulators
4460:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)32737-4
4407:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36844-1
4243:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121328
4192:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)98675-3
4000:10.1016/S0145-2126(01)00038-8
3609:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00039-3
3548:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70128-3
2184:
2169:Histamine receptor antagonist
2159:Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
2154:Histamine N-methyltransferase
1947:receptor antagonists such as
1911:sexual dysfunction in females
1436:, as well as on cells in the
1351:, promotes hypernociception (
1166:mast cell activation syndrome
1078:histamine-N-methyltransferase
743:
4101:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103941
3870:10.1358/dnp.2004.17.6.829029
3858:Drug News & Perspectives
2028:
1888:Erection and sexual function
1882:denervation supersensitivity
1426:vascular smooth muscle cells
1286:, and additional structures.
759:and are easily dissolved in
7:
6899:monoamine neurotransmitters
5716:Quisultazine (quisultidine)
5363:Tetracyclic antidepressants
4538:Histamine bound to proteins
4180:Journal of Chromatography A
3644:The Journal of Neuroscience
2137:
2131:, yielding "tissue amine".
1979:, while the efficiency of H
1845:Enterochromaffin-like cells
1807:by antagonizing histamine H
720:tissues. It consists of an
696:. Histamine increases the
684:, histamine is produced by
625:compound involved in local
10:
7449:
4679:Benzatropine (benztropine)
4356:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.029
4141:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.029
3823:British Journal of Urology
3724:Behavioural Brain Research
3356:10.1152/ajpregu.00255.2019
3304:10.1038/s41598-019-40384-1
3205:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309151
2799:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109738
2377:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
2098:
1711:
1568:Plays a role in mast cell
1236:G-protein coupled receptor
1118:Heterozygous or homozygous
1044:, including such drugs as
854:monoamine neurotransmitter
815:amino group and whichever
712:, to allow them to engage
18:
7332:
7312:
7298:
7270:
7261:
7243:
7233:
7224:
7202:
7184:
7019:
6888:
6879:
6870:
6714:
6702:
6648:
6625:
6616:
6515:
6492:
6483:
6463:
6385:
6344:
6335:
6308:
6257:
6231:
6178:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
6173:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
6160:
6151:
6141:
6075:
6030:
5986:
5974:
5844:
5785:
5773:
5608:
5554:
5542:
5393:Tricyclic antidepressants
5249:Sequifenadine (bicarphen)
4643:
4599:
4587:
4487:The Journal of Physiology
3736:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.010
3508:. Elsevier. p. 447.
3461:The Journal of Physiology
2935:Mediators of Inflammation
2084:24-hour urine sample test
1726:which project out of the
1578:
1495:peripheral nervous system
1353:visceral hypersensitivity
1132:HNMT is expressed in the
803:-histamine) on the right.
574:
538:
408:
388:
353:
68:
63:-Imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine
54:
49:
40:
31:
21:Histamine dihydrochloride
6914:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
6362:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
5031:Second/third-generation:
4864:Hydroxyethylpromethazine
3597:Progress in Neurobiology
3246:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00033
3086:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0493OC
2648:Translational Psychiatry
2174:Scombroid food poisoning
1743:brain's histamine system
1739:tuberomammillary nucleus
1580:Ligand-gated ion channel
1317:(promotes wakefulness),
1278:, which projects to the
1276:tuberomammillary nucleus
1181:irritable bowel syndrome
1090:autism spectrum disorder
889:-histidine decarboxylase
860:Synthesis and metabolism
730:physiological conditions
629:, as well as regulating
7049:-Dimethylphenethylamine
5671:Lavoltidine (loxtidine)
5284:Atypical antipsychotics
5229:Quifenadine (phencarol)
4894:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
4654:4-Methyldiphenhydramine
3136:Pharmacological Reviews
2035:immune system disorders
1755:medial forebrain bundle
1493:and to a lesser extent
1333:, involved in cognition
956:histidine decarboxylase
914:histidine decarboxylase
631:physiological functions
7172:Ulotaront (SEP-363856)
7114:ÎČ-Methylphenethylamine
7109:4-Methylphenethylamine
7104:3-Methylphenethylamine
7099:2-Methylphenethylamine
6797:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
6398:N-Methylphenethylamine
5447:Typical antipsychotics
2847:10.3748/wjg.v12.i4.615
2518:European Pharmacopoeia
2311:10.1124/mol.116.104752
2298:Molecular Pharmacology
1907:is missing information
1880:, drug sensitization,
1511:release of histamine,
1491:central nervous system
1134:central nervous system
983:
916:
804:
7094:MDMA (midomafetamine)
7020:Synthetic and natural
6949:-Methylphenethylamine
6538:2-AGE (noladin ether)
5413:dosulepin (dothiepin)
4533:Histamine MS Spectrum
4454:(2 Part 1): 350â353.
3148:10.1124/pr.114.010249
2511:"Histamine phosphate"
2390:10.2340/00015555-2146
2164:Histamine intolerance
2093:interstitial cystitis
2051:Histamine intolerance
1767:positively correlated
1712:Further information:
1708:Sleep-wake regulation
1690:from glandular tissue
1610:Brain: Produces fast
1541:Located primarily on
1507:functions: decreased
1405:hippocampal formation
1327:endocrine homeostasis
981:
907:
794:
736:of the side-chain is
674:inflammatory response
7338:List of trace amines
7074:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
6749:Carbon monoxide (CO)
4088:Drug Discovery Today
2948:10.1155/2018/9524075
2752:10.3390/ijms20030737
2599:Analytical Chemistry
2226:Analytical Chemistry
2179:Photic sneeze reflex
1941:erectile dysfunction
1840:Gastric acid release
1826:receptor antagonists
1794:histamine receptor H
833:around 9.4) will be
811:centres, namely the
724:ring attached to an
7299:Neutral antagonists
7285:-Dimethylethylamine
7244:Neutral antagonists
7186:Neutral antagonists
7089:MDA (tenamfetamine)
7079:Isopropyloctopamine
6754:Hydrogen sulfide (H
6608:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
4794:Dexchlorpheniramine
4607:2-Pyridylethylamine
4307:10.1007/164_2017_22
3650:(40): 10292â10298.
3296:2019NatSR...9.3899S
2569:10.1021/jm00298a025
2111:. By 1913 the name
1856:molecules, such as
1813:second-generation H
1801:bloodâbrain barrier
1458:bloodâbrain barrier
1403:(external layers),
1341:bronchoconstriction
1309: •
1270:: Expressed on the
1230:
1215:histamine receptors
1206:Mechanism of action
974:Storage and release
960:scombroid poisoning
921:degradative enzymes
795:The tele tautomer (
478:Solubility in water
451: g·mol
28:
6983:Phenylethanolamine
6811:Sulfur dioxide (SO
6722:Cholinergic system
6424:Phenylethanolamine
6403:N-Methyltryptamine
6367:NAS (normelatonin)
6154:inhibitory systems
6152:Major excitatory /
4859:Homochlorcyclizine
4789:Dexbrompheniramine
4578:Histamine receptor
4448:Journal of Urology
4395:Journal of Urology
3792:10.1007/bf00212757
3780:Psychopharmacology
3284:Scientific Reports
2787:Medical Hypotheses
2693:Digestive Diseases
2660:10.1038/tp.2017.87
2115:was in use, using
1997:multiple sclerosis
1991:Multiple sclerosis
1872:Protective effects
1763:neural firing rate
1747:axonal projections
1617:secretory diarrhea
1462: •
1448: •
1416: •
1383: •
1335: •
1288: •
1266: •
1228:
1113:gluten sensitivity
1099:at the tip of the
1086:ulcerative colitis
1024:attached to their
984:
929:-methyltransferase
917:
807:Histamine has two
805:
694:connective tissues
607:Infobox references
491:in other solvents
26:
7423:Neurotransmitters
7375:
7374:
7370:
7356:
7340:
7328:
7327:
7320:3-Iodothyronamine
7257:
7256:
7220:
7219:
7212:EPPTB (RO5212773)
7180:
7179:
6941:3-Methoxytyramine
6936:3-Iodothyronamine
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6771:
6770:
6763:Nitric oxide (NO)
6737:
6736:
6710:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6479:
6478:
6393:3-Iodothyronamine
6331:
6330:
6135:Neurotransmitters
6101:
6100:
6071:
6070:
5999:α-Methylhistamine
5994:4-Methylhistamine
5970:
5969:
5793:α-Methylhistamine
5769:
5768:
5538:
5537:
5487:Unknown/unsorted:
5345:hydroxynefazodone
4651:First-generation:
4316:978-3-319-58192-7
4039:10.5414/ALX02269E
3988:Leukemia Research
3896:Neuropharmacology
3581:978-0-12-374947-5
3515:978-0-323-47978-3
2705:10.1159/000171249
2611:10.1021/ac071306s
2430:Nelson Biology 12
2347:10.1111/aap.12037
2259:Marieb E (2001).
2238:10.1021/ac102614v
1961:corpus cavernosum
1934:
1933:
1780:First-generation
1777:(non-REM) sleep.
1628:Roles in the body
1625:
1624:
1592:
1304:, sensory nerves
1249:
1212:G protein-coupled
706:white blood cells
615:Chemical compound
613:
612:
322:CompTox Dashboard
110:Interactive image
7440:
7418:Immunostimulants
7361:
7346:
7335:
7313:Inverse agonists
7268:
7267:
7231:
7230:
7204:Inverse agonists
6886:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6831:
6830:
6802:Nitrous oxide (N
6773:
6772:
6742:Gasotransmitters
6739:
6738:
6719:
6718:
6709:
6663:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6623:
6622:
6558:Anandamide (AEA)
6526:Endocannabinoids
6523:
6522:
6490:
6489:
6377:Serotonin (5-HT)
6342:
6341:
6161:Glutamate system
6158:
6157:
6149:
6148:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6011:
5984:
5983:
5825:
5783:
5782:
5594:
5552:
5551:
5471:prochlorperazine
5338:Phenylpiperazine
4954:Phenyltoloxamine
4814:Diphenylpyraline
4734:Chlorphenoxamine
4629:
4597:
4596:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4401:(4): 1145â1148.
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4079:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4050:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3570:Brady S (2012).
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3504:Abbas A (2018).
3501:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3411:on 21 March 2017
3392:
3386:
3385:
3367:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3127:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2628:on 19 July 2011.
2627:
2621:. Archived from
2596:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2530:. Archived from
2520:(5th ed.).
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2466:. Archived from
2464:webbook.nist.gov
2456:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2197:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1900:
1892:
1759:sleep-wake cycle
1720:neurotransmitter
1677:mucous membranes
1604:
1602:chloride channel
1599:
1590:
1536:
1509:neurotransmitter
1484:
1377:
1319:body temperature
1315:Sleep-wake cycle
1260:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1152:and maintaining
1097:epithelial cells
912:to histamine by
888:
887:
773:aqueous solution
692:found in nearby
670:neurotransmitter
639:neurotransmitter
637:and acting as a
597:
591:
588:
587:
569:
559:
450:
435:
429:
423:
416:Chemical formula
346:
345:
330:
328:
312:
292:
281:
270:
253:
233:
214:
203:
192:
172:
152:
132:
112:
88:
45:
36:
29:
25:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7393:Biogenic amines
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7359:
7357:
7355:for references.
7343:
7341:
7324:
7308:
7294:
7253:
7239:
7216:
7198:
7176:
7147:Propylhexedrine
7129:Norfenfluramine
7119:Methamphetamine
7015:
6957:-Methyltyramine
6866:
6858:
6828:
6819:
6814:
6805:
6791:
6767:
6757:
6733:
6690:
6636:
6612:
6503:
6475:
6459:
6381:
6337:Biogenic amines
6327:
6304:
6253:
6227:
6153:
6137:
6132:
6102:
6097:
6067:
6026:
6009:
5979:
5966:
5840:
5823:
5778:
5765:
5604:
5592:
5547:
5534:
5341:antidepressants
4874:Isopromethazine
4809:Diphenhydramine
4694:Brompheniramine
4639:
4627:
4592:
4583:
4575:
4529:
4524:
4479:
4475:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4336:
4332:
4317:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4174:Tham R (1966).
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4121:
4117:
4080:
4076:
4027:Allergol Select
4019:
4015:
3984:
3980:
3935:
3931:
3892:
3888:
3854:
3850:
3819:
3815:
3776:
3769:
3720:
3716:
3685:
3681:
3636:
3632:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3568:
3564:
3541:(2): S798-806.
3527:
3523:
3516:
3502:
3498:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3336:
3329:
3276:
3272:
3225:
3221:
3184:
3173:
3128:
3111:
3066:
3062:
3017:
3010:
2978:
2974:
2927:
2923:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2826:
2822:
2782:
2778:
2727:
2720:
2689:
2685:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2331:
2327:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2257:
2253:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2149:Diamine oxidase
2140:
2117:combining forms
2101:
2073:neuromodulation
2069:
2060:diamine oxidase
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1901:
1890:
1874:
1867:
1850:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1797:
1785:
1718:Histamine is a
1716:
1710:
1660:
1639:
1630:
1614:
1600:
1598:Histamine-gated
1597:
1555:small intestine
1535:
1531:
1489:Located in the
1483:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1415:
1409:dentate nucleus
1401:cerebral cortex
1393:caudate nucleus
1389:Dorsal striatum
1376:
1372:
1357:itch perception
1355:), involved in
1334:
1287:
1284:locus coeruleus
1259:
1255:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1174:tyrosine kinase
1074:diamine oxidase
1070:
976:
933:diamine oxidase
885:
884:
866:decarboxylation
862:
843:
832:
746:
616:
609:
604:
603:
602: ?)
593:
589:
585:
581:
548:
533:
529:
521:
480:
448:
438:
432:
426:
418:
404:
401:
396:
395:
384:
381:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
349:
331:
324:
315:
295:
282:
256:
236:
223:
195:
175:
155:
135:
115:
102:
91:
78:
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7446:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7428:TAAR1 agonists
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7373:
7372:
7345:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7290:Trimethylamine
7287:
7274:
7272:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7208:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7003:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6978:Phenethylamine
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6894:
6892:
6883:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6777:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6429:Phenethylamine
6426:
6421:
6413:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6258:Glycine system
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6203:Kynurenic acid
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6155:
6146:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5922:Iodophenpropit
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5451:chlorpromazine
5444:
5390:
5360:
5335:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Levocetirizine
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5104:Clobenztropine
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5019:Tripelennamine
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Histapyrrodine
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Dimenhydrinate
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Cyproheptadine
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:Chlorphenamine
4726:
4721:
4719:Chloropyramine
4716:
4714:Chlorcyclizine
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4647:
4645:
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4614:
4609:
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4601:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4535:
4528:
4527:External links
4525:
4523:
4522:
4473:
4432:
4381:
4330:
4315:
4285:
4256:
4217:
4186:(2): 207â216.
4166:
4115:
4074:
4013:
3978:
3929:
3886:
3848:
3813:
3767:
3714:
3679:
3630:
3587:
3580:
3562:
3521:
3514:
3496:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3398:
3387:
3350:(3): 590â604.
3327:
3270:
3219:
3171:
3109:
3060:
3031:(3): 197â205.
3008:
2989:(9): 1108â15.
2972:
2921:
2894:(7): 893â902.
2871:
2820:
2776:
2718:
2683:
2631:
2605:(21): 8162â9.
2582:
2547:
2526:
2502:
2480:
2451:
2444:
2418:
2360:
2325:
2304:(5): 649â673.
2284:
2277:
2251:
2232:(6): 1944â54.
2212:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2100:
2097:
2068:
2065:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1944:
1937:Loss of libido
1932:
1931:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1817:antihistamines
1814:
1808:
1795:
1786:antihistamines
1783:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:and increased
1691:
1684:
1659:
1656:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1517:norepinephrine
1505:heteroreceptor
1498:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1453:
1445:
1422:parietal cells
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1306:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1222:
1218:
1217:, designated H
1207:
1204:
1158:gut microbiome
1111:patients with
1069:
1066:
998:region of the
975:
972:
908:Conversion of
861:
858:
848:. Since human
841:
830:
745:
742:
621:is an organic
614:
611:
610:
605:
583:
582:
578:standard state
575:
572:
571:
570:) (phosphate)
549:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
531:
523:
519:
509:
508:
505:
496:
495:
492:
485:
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481:
476:
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469:
463:
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430:
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419:
414:
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410:
406:
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399:
391:
390:
389:
386:
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383:
382:
378:
375:
374:
372:
368:
365:
364:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
348:
347:
334:
332:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
305:
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
285:
283:
275:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
255:
254:
246:
244:
238:
237:
235:
234:
226:
224:
219:
216:
215:
205:
197:
196:
194:
193:
185:
183:
177:
176:
174:
173:
165:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
145:
143:
137:
136:
134:
133:
125:
123:
117:
116:
114:
113:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
81:
79:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7445:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7408:Immune system
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7339:
7331:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6729:Acetylcholine
6727:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6715:Miscellaneous
6713:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:Neurosteroids
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Neuropeptides
6482:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5772:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5541:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5437:protriptyline
5434:
5433:nortriptyline
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5397:amitriptyline
5394:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5357:triazoledione
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:brilaroxazine
5297:
5296:brexpiprazole
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Levocabastine
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Desloratadine
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Thenyldiamine
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Pyrrobutamine
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Methapyrilene
4907:
4905:
4904:Methafurylene
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Carbinoxamine
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:(5): 318â44.
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:(7): 603â25.
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:(6): 637â72.
3602:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:(5): 318â44.
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3198:(1): 155â68.
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(3): 601â55.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2840:(4): 615â20.
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:(4): 689â92.
2562:
2558:
2551:
2537:on 2015-01-04
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2493:Sigma-Aldrich
2490:
2484:
2470:on 2018-04-27
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2445:0-17-625987-2
2441:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2278:0-8053-4989-8
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:Henry H. Dale
2096:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2026:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1985:antipsychotic
1978:
1977:schizophrenia
1971:Schizophrenia
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1905:This section
1903:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1864:, block the H
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:known as the
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:acetylcholine
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:: Located on
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:smooth muscle
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Smooth muscle
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1200:polymorphisms
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
980:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
922:
915:
911:
906:
902:
900:
897:
894:
890:
882:
878:
875:, a reaction
874:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
840:
836:
829:
828:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
767:, but not in
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
741:
739:
735:
731:
728:chain; under
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
608:
601:
596:
579:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:Pharmacology
537:
527:
524:
518:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
503:
498:
497:
493:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:Boiling point
465:
464:
460:
458:
457:Melting point
455:
454:
447:
445:
442:
441:
420:
417:
413:
412:
407:
398:
397:
394:
387:
373:
363:
362:
359:
352:
344:
340:
339:DTXSID4023125
336:
335:
333:
323:
319:
318:
311:
307:
306:
304:
302:
299:
298:
291:
287:
286:
284:
278:
274:
273:
269:
265:
263:
260:
259:
252:
248:
247:
245:
243:
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
222:
218:
217:
213:
209:
206:
204:
202:ECHA InfoCard
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
184:
182:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
164:
162:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
144:
142:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
124:
122:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
104:
100:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
62:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
22:
7413:Vasodilators
7363:
7362:
7358:
7342:
7282:
7278:
7167:Solriamfetol
7139:
7084:Isoprenaline
7059:Halostachine
7046:
7042:
7006:
6998:
6970:
6962:
6954:
6946:
6931:Trace amines
6908:
6783:Acetaldehyde
6470:
6452:
6444:
6416:
6408:
6386:Trace amines
6053:Thioperamide
6003:
5957:Thioperamide
5897:Clobenpropit
5818:Immethridine
5802:
5721:Ramixotidine
5691:Niperotidine
5656:Isolamtidine
5616:Bisfentidine
5576:
5525:Trelnarizine
5505:Flotrenizine
5486:
5475:thioridazine
5467:perphenazine
5459:fluphenazine
5455:flupenthixol
5441:trimipramine
5405:clomipramine
5401:butriptyline
5387:oxaprotiline
5316:paliperidone
5288:aripiprazole
5280:
5224:Piclopastine
5154:Latrepirdine
5144:Flezelastine
5139:Fexofenadine
5124:Efletirizine
5030:
5024:Triprolidine
5014:Tolpropamine
5009:Thonzylamine
5004:Thiazinamium
4979:Propiomazine
4974:Promethazine
4944:Phenindamine
4924:Orphenadrine
4914:Methdilazine
4879:Isothipendyl
4829:Etodroxizine
4759:Cloperastine
4650:
4616:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4423:. Retrieved
4398:
4394:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4347:
4343:
4333:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4277:. Retrieved
4268:
4259:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4183:
4179:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4132:
4128:
4118:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4061:
4030:
4026:
4016:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3949:(1): 24â33.
3946:
3942:
3932:
3902:(3): 180â9.
3899:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3864:(6): 383â7.
3861:
3857:
3851:
3829:(2): 220â4.
3826:
3822:
3816:
3783:
3779:
3730:(2): 183â9.
3727:
3723:
3717:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3505:
3499:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3404:
3390:
3347:
3343:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3195:
3191:
3139:
3135:
3080:(6): 802â9.
3077:
3073:
3063:
3028:
3024:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2891:
2887:
2874:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2699:(3): 163â8.
2696:
2692:
2686:
2654:(5): e1126.
2651:
2647:
2623:the original
2602:
2598:
2585:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2539:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2517:
2505:
2492:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2463:
2454:
2429:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2383:(7): 771â7.
2380:
2376:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2262:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2201:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2109:P.P. Laidlaw
2102:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2049:
2044:Mastocytosis
2042:
2032:
1994:
1974:
1935:
1925:October 2023
1922:
1906:
1875:
1843:
1803:and produce
1779:
1735:hypothalamus
1731:hypothalamus
1717:
1702:permeability
1695:vasodilation
1673:nasal cavity
1661:
1644:nitric oxide
1640:
1631:
1501:Autoreceptor
1468:gastric acid
1463:
1449:
1447:
1417:
1384:
1382:
1349:vasodilation
1343:, bronchial
1336:
1329:, regulates
1310:
1308:
1289:
1280:dorsal raphe
1267:
1265:
1209:
1196:bronchospasm
1189:
1185:fibromyalgia
1147:
1142:double-blind
1131:
1094:
1071:
1062:
1012:
996:hypothalamus
985:
953:
940:
926:
918:
863:
838:
826:
806:
800:
796:
788:-histamine.
785:
781:
747:
698:permeability
618:
617:
516:
501:
69:Identifiers
60:
7194:RTI-7470-44
7134:Phentermine
7027:Amphetamine
6973:-Octopamine
6965:-Octopamine
6788:Ammonia (NH
6659:Nucleosides
6419:-Octopamine
6411:-Octopamine
6323:T-HCA (GHC)
6280:Hypotaurine
6232:GABA system
6183:Glutathione
6038:JNJ-7777120
6031:Antagonists
5942:PF-03654746
5937:NNC 38-1049
5932:JNJ-5207852
5917:Impentamine
5882:Betahistine
5845:Antagonists
5798:Cipralisant
5761:Zolantidine
5751:Venritidine
5686:Mifentidine
5631:Dalcotidine
5609:Antagonists
5587:Impromidine
5515:Napactadine
5479:thiothixene
5429:lofepramine
5409:desipramine
5383:mirtazapine
5375:maprotiline
5328:ziprasidone
5324:risperidone
5308:iloperidone
5264:Terfenadine
5259:Temelastine
5209:Olopatadine
5199:Noberastine
5189:Mizolastine
5184:Mebhydrolin
5179:Mapinastine
5169:Linetastine
5084:Carebastine
5069:Bepotastine
5054:Bamirastine
5034:Acrivastine
4994:Thenalidine
4959:Pimethixene
4949:Pheniramine
4934:Oxomemazine
4899:Mequitazine
4889:Medrylamine
4869:Hydroxyzine
4849:Flunarizine
4844:Fenethazine
4839:Etymemazine
4804:Dimetindene
4779:Decloxizine
4754:Clocinizine
4749:Clobenzepam
4739:Cinnarizine
4684:Bepotastine
4659:Alimemazine
4644:Antagonists
4612:Betahistine
4350:: 379â385.
4135:: 379â385.
4033:: 305â314.
3786:(1): 1â14.
3745:11336/80375
3695:(1): 1â15.
3290:(1): 3899.
2941:: 9524075.
2731:"Histamine
2460:"Histamine"
2341:(4): 51â8.
2144:Anaphylaxis
2067:Measurement
1957:risperidone
1822:histamine H
1790:antagonists
1652:anaphylaxis
1547:bone marrow
1545:and in the
1532:Histamine H
1480:Histamine H
1430:neutrophils
1373:Histamine H
1323:nociception
1298:endothelium
1256:Histamine H
1154:homeostasis
1105:enterocytes
1068:Degradation
1054:Antibiotics
1036:. Certain
1030:degranulate
1015:immunologic
982:Mast cells.
893:hydrophilic
754:hygroscopic
734:amino group
702:capillaries
647:spinal cord
623:nitrogenous
530:Terminal NH
409:Properties
208:100.000.092
130:CHEBI:18295
7403:Imidazoles
7382:Categories
7162:Selegiline
7064:Higenamine
7054:Guanfacine
6993:Tryptamine
6988:Synephrine
6897:Classical
6890:Endogenous
6776:Candidates
6650:Nucleobase
6439:Tryptamine
6434:Synephrine
6345:Monoamines
6310:GHB system
6143:Amino acid
6058:Toreforant
6048:Seliforant
6012:-Histidine
5947:Pitolisant
5927:Irdabisant
5912:GSK-189254
5892:Ciproxifan
5887:Burimamide
5831:Methimepip
5826:-Histidine
5746:Tuvatidine
5736:Sufotidine
5731:Roxatidine
5726:Ranitidine
5711:Pibutidine
5706:Oxmetidine
5696:Nizatidine
5676:Lupitidine
5661:Lafutidine
5651:Famotidine
5646:Etintidine
5641:Ebrotidine
5636:Donetidine
5626:Cimetidine
5621:Burimamide
5595:-Histidine
5520:Tagorizine
5510:GSK1004723
5500:Elbanizine
5495:Belarizine
5421:imipramine
5349:nefazodone
5320:quetiapine
5312:olanzapine
5269:Vapitadine
5239:Rupatadine
5219:Pibaxizine
5174:Loratadine
5134:Epinastine
5129:Emedastine
5094:Clemastine
5089:Cetirizine
5079:Cabastinen
5064:Bepiastine
5059:Barmastine
5049:Azelastine
5044:Astemizole
5039:Alinastine
4969:Pipoxizine
4819:Doxylamine
4784:Deptropine
4774:Dacemazine
4744:Clemastine
4724:Chlorothen
4704:Captodiame
4664:Antazoline
4630:-Histidine
4581:modulators
4279:2024-08-18
3441:380557715X
3025:Immunology
2793:: 109738.
2745:(3): 737.
2541:2015-01-04
2527:9287152810
2474:2015-01-04
2412:2024-02-20
2185:References
1953:ranitidine
1949:cimetidine
1878:convulsion
1862:famotidine
1858:ranitidine
1854:Antagonist
1805:drowsiness
1669:mast cells
1570:chemotaxis
1434:mast cells
1413:cerebellum
1302:mast cells
1170:mast cells
1127:probiotics
1022:antibodies
988:mast cells
925:histamine-
896:vasoactive
891:. It is a
870:amino acid
835:protonated
777:tautomeric
744:Properties
738:protonated
726:ethylamine
690:mast cells
489:Solubility
444:Molar mass
310:820484N8I3
221:IUPHAR/BPS
161:ChemSpider
97:3D model (
76:CAS Number
56:IUPAC name
27:Histamine
7388:Histamine
7364:See also:
7157:RO5166017
7069:Hordenine
7009:-Tyramine
7001:-Tyramine
6924:Serotonin
6909:Histamine
6667:Adenosine
6471:Histamine
6455:-Tyramine
6447:-Tyramine
6290:Sarcosine
6270:ÎČ-Alanine
6265:α-Alanine
6043:Mianserin
6004:Histamine
5952:SCH-79687
5907:Enerisant
5902:Conessine
5803:Histamine
5756:Xaltidine
5741:Tiotidine
5701:Osutidine
5681:Metiamide
5666:Lamtidine
5577:Histamine
5562:Amthamine
5530:Trenizine
5425:iprindole
5379:mianserin
5367:amoxapine
5353:trazodone
5304:clozapine
5292:asenapine
5274:Zepastine
5254:Talastine
5244:Setastine
5234:Rocastine
5214:Perastine
5204:Octastine
5194:Moxastine
5149:Ketotifen
5114:Dorastine
5099:Clemizole
5074:Bilastine
4989:Talastine
4964:Piperoxan
4939:Perlapine
4929:Oxatomide
4919:Moxastine
4884:Meclozine
4824:Embramine
4764:Cyclizine
4699:Buclizine
4689:Bromazine
4669:Azatadine
4617:Histamine
4425:18 August
4374:18 August
4210:18 August
4159:18 August
4069:CC BY 4.0
3762:205879131
3401:receptor"
3382:210119438
2916:205405463
2815:216303896
2113:histamine
2039:allergies
2029:Disorders
1917:talk page
1834:vigilance
1728:mammalian
1699:capillary
1688:secretion
1543:basophils
1521:serotonin
1464:Periphery
1418:Periphery
1361:urticaria
1339:: Causes
1337:Periphery
1290:Periphery
1272:dendrites
1221:through H
1162:pathogens
1058:polymyxin
1042:alkaloids
1026:membranes
992:basophils
910:histidine
877:catalyzed
873:histidine
813:aliphatic
722:imidazole
714:pathogens
708:and some
686:basophils
682:pathogens
663:endocrine
619:Histamine
526:Imidazole
400:NCCc1ccn1
268:Histamine
7271:Agonists
7234:Agonists
6904:Dopamine
6881:Agonists
6706:-derived
6652:-derived
6633:instead.
6588:Oleamide
6519:-derived
6500:instead.
6357:Dopamine
6168:Agmatine
6145:-derived
6079:See also
6063:VUF-6002
6022:VUF-8430
5987:Agonists
5962:VUF-5681
5877:Bavisant
5857:A-423579
5852:A-349821
5836:Proxyfan
5786:Agonists
5572:Dimaprit
5567:Betazole
5555:Agonists
5490:Azanator
5463:loxapine
5371:loxapine
5332:zotepine
5119:Ebastine
4674:Bamipine
4600:Agonists
4517:16993030
4419:Archived
4368:Archived
4364:28715791
4325:28321587
4301:: 3â19.
4273:Archived
4251:32928382
4204:Archived
4153:Archived
4149:28715791
4110:38447930
4071:license.
4057:34651098
4008:11377686
3973:19309354
3916:20493888
3878:15334189
3808:23148946
3754:19126417
3709:16890992
3674:17021184
3625:10170830
3617:11164999
3491:16993030
3415:20 March
3374:31913658
3322:30846750
3265:22586376
3214:26194403
3166:26084539
3104:25909280
3055:22957768
3003:20551163
2967:30224900
2908:21488903
2866:16489678
2807:32416409
2771:30744146
2678:28485729
2619:17892274
2497:Archived
2403:Archived
2399:26015312
2355:27028114
2320:27563055
2246:21332182
2207:Archived
2138:See also
1667:-loaded
1587:Function
1584:Location
1537:receptor
1485:receptor
1378:receptor
1331:appetite
1261:receptor
1244:Function
1241:Location
1150:antigens
1109:migraine
1046:morphine
937:synapses
817:nitrogen
757:crystals
718:infected
710:proteins
659:autocoid
641:for the
546:ATC code
181:DrugBank
150:ChEMBL90
6864:ligands
6704:Vitamin
6598:RVD-Hpα
6553:AA-5-HT
6300:Taurine
6285:Proline
6275:Glycine
6218:Proline
6188:Glycine
5872:AZD5213
5867:ABT-652
5862:ABT-239
5813:Immepip
5600:UR-AK49
5449:(e.g.,
5417:doxepin
5395:(e.g.,
5365:(e.g.,
5343:(e.g.,
5286:(e.g.,
5281:Others:
4635:UR-AK49
4540:in the
4508:1512903
4468:8015069
4415:1404625
4269:PubChem
4231:Talanta
4200:4165374
4048:8511827
3964:2697784
3924:7852375
3843:7850330
3800:3133686
3665:6674640
3557:9042073
3482:1512903
3365:7099465
3313:6405771
3292:Bibcode
3256:3343474
3157:4485016
3095:4742940
3046:3482677
2958:6129797
2888:Allergy
2857:4066097
2762:6386932
2713:2110876
2669:5534955
2577:5452432
2099:History
1788:(i.e.,
1749:to the
1724:neurons
1671:in the
1591:Sources
1497:tissue
1411:of the
1397:putamen
1248:Sources
1156:in the
1122:alleles
1034:antigen
1008:stomach
1006:of the
879:by the
868:of the
765:ethanol
716:in the
700:of the
688:and by
678:itching
655:hormone
633:in the
600:what is
598: (
564: (
562:V04CG03
560:)
554: (
552:L03AX14
534:: 9.75
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513:Acidity
449:111.148
277:PubChem
190:DB05381
86:51-45-6
7398:Amines
7305:
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6669:system
6543:2-ALPI
6464:Others
6295:Serine
6223:Serine
6017:OUP-16
5808:Imetit
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2122:histo-
1955:, and
1909:about
1751:cortex
1686:hyper-
1561:, and
1559:spleen
1551:thymus
1442:uterus
1192:asthma
1101:villus
1050:curare
1048:, and
1038:amines
881:enzyme
846:cation
821:proton
732:, the
666:glands
651:uterus
649:, and
595:verify
592:
393:SMILES
251:D08040
141:ChEMBL
50:Names
7349:TAAR1
7263:TAAR5
7226:TAAR2
7124:3-MMA
6872:TAAR1
6578:NAGly
6517:Lipid
6352:6-OHM
6244:GABOB
4094:(4).
3920:S2CID
3804:S2CID
3758:S2CID
3621:S2CID
3378:S2CID
2912:S2CID
2884:(PDF)
2811:S2CID
2626:(PDF)
2595:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2128:amine
2020:and H
2011:and H
2003:and H
1563:colon
1438:heart
1056:like
1000:brain
968:wines
949:ALDH2
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850:blood
809:basic
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761:water
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6631:here
6629:See
6573:NADA
6548:2-OG
6533:2-AG
6498:here
6496:See
6239:GABA
6213:NAAG
6198:GSSG
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4513:PMID
4464:PMID
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4376:2024
4360:PMID
4321:PMID
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4247:PMID
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3162:PMID
3100:PMID
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2999:PMID
2963:PMID
2939:2018
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1939:and
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1138:ADHD
1040:and
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750:mull
500:log
301:UNII
262:MeSH
242:KEGG
231:1204
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6686:ATP
6681:AMP
6676:ADP
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6593:PEA
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