46:, and may include activities such as walking to the local shop, cleaning, working, active transport etc. Lack of physical activity is associated with a range of negative health outcomes, whereas increased physical activity can improve physical and mental health, as well as cognitive and cardiovascular health. There are at least eight investments that work to increase population-level physical activity, including whole-of-school programmes, active transport, active urban design, healthcare, public education and mass media, sport for all, workplaces and community-wide programmes. Physical activity increases energy expenditure and is a key regulator in controlling body weight (see
199:
360:
170:. Physical inactivity has been found to cause a wide range of non-communicable diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus and depression. An analysis of the healthcare costs of non-communicable diseases and mental illness attributable to physical inactivity for 2020–30 found that 500 million new cases of disease will occur globally between 2020 and 2030 if physical activity remains at today's levels. This corresponds to more than US$ 300 billion in treatment costs
250:
2116:
20:
2126:
265:
2104:
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physical activity can lead to a decrease in the intensity of short-term physiological reactivity and encourage recovery from short-term physiological stressors (Biddle et al., 2000)). For people with a severe depressive episode and anxiety disorder, long and short walks proved to be the most effective; for people with substance abuse disorders,
71:
298:
1. Adults aged 65 years and above should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
190:
study estimated the annual value of nature-based PA conducted in
England in 2019 in terms of avoided healthcare and societal costs of six non-communicable diseases (ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer and major depressive disorder) at £108.7million.
189:
and frequent psychotic decompensation, "strenuous" gymnastics and riding proved to be the most effective. Reducing workplace-base sitting has been shown to address sedentary behaviour in workplace. However, there are few interventions that are cost-effective in reducing occupational sitting time. A
66:
concept as exercise. Exercise is defined as a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective. Conversely, physical activity includes exercise but
367:
Physical activity, qualified in the form of a physical activity vital sign (PAVS) metric, has been proposed as a screening tool in primary care diagnostics. It has been suggested to correspond with BMI and chronic disease, when coupled with demographic information as well as a tool for identifying
342:
The amount of physical activity conducted by a population—and by extension the proportion of that population reaching guidelines or other specified thresholds—is dictated by a number of factors including demographics (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity), population health status, cultural aspects, and the
184:
Physical activity has been shown to reduce anxiety as a condition (individual physical exercise, without continuity), anxiety as a personality trait (continuous performance, "exercise" of certain physical activities), psycho-physiological signs of anxiety - blood pressure and heart rate (moderate
434:
Garland, Jr., T.; Schutz, H.; Chappell, M.A.; Keeney, B.K.; Meek, T.H.; Copes, L.E.; Acosta, W.; Drenowatz, C.; Maciel, R.C.; van Dijk, G.; Kotz, C.M.; Eisenmann, J.C. (2011). "The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to
346:
Studies have shown that as availability of natural environments (e.g., parks, woodlands, inland waters, coasts) increases, more leisure-time physical activity such as walking and cycling are reported. Meteorological conditions have been found to predict physical activity differently in different
210:
These separate forms of meaningfulness consist of (i) competition and championship, (ii) nature encounters, (iii) aesthetic-expressive, (iv) fitness gymnastics and play, (v) everyday exercise and (vi) five different basic forms of physical training (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, flexibility and
286:
3. For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
279:
1. Adults aged 18–64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
305:
3. For additional health benefits, adults aged 65 years and above should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and
62:" and "physical activity" are frequently used interchangeably and generally refer to physical activity performed during leisure time with the primary purpose of improving or maintaining physical fitness, physical performance, or health. However, physical activity is not exactly the
943:
Costantino A, Pessarelli T, Vecchiato M, Vecchi M, Basilisco G, Ermolao A. A practical guide to the proper prescription of physical activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis. 2022 Nov;54(11):1600-1604. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.08.034. Epub 2022 Sep 21. PMID
86:
Physical activity can be at any intensity, ranging from a little muscle twitch to a full-out sprint. Physical activity can be thought of as a continuum in practice, ranging from inactive lifestyles to high-intensity exercises. Intensities are broadly categorized according to
350:
Globally, in 2016, according to a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys, around 81% of students aged 11–17 years were insufficiently physically active. The region with the highest prevalence of insufficient activity in 2016 was high-income Asia
Pacific.
687:
Lightfoot, T.J.; De Geus, E.J.C.; Booth, F.W.; Bray, M.S.; den Hoed, M.; Kaprio, J.A.; Kelly, S.A.; Pomp, D.; Saul, M.C.; Thomis, M.A.; Garland, Jr., T.; Bouchard, C. (2018). "Biological/genetic regulation of physical activity level: consensus from GenBioPAC".
214:
How these different clusters have been treated over time from 1813 to today in a context of teacher training for physical education in the
Swedish school system has been described by the Swedish professors in human movement science Suzanne Lundvall &
933:
Johannesson E, Simrén M, Strid H, Bajor A, Sadik R. Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 May;106(5):915-22. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.480. Epub 2011 Jan 4. PMID
206:
Different forms of physical activity in leisure time can be divided into different clusters of activities that have a common denominator in the form of type of meaningfulness, se model to the right (Lundvall & Schantz 2013).
103:
The following table documents some examples of physical activities at each intensity level. Depending on the individual and the activity involved, activities may overlap intensity categories or change categories completely.
1195:
343:
state of the environment itself (e.g. infrastructure that affords physical activity). Demographic groups can also intersect, increasing risk to individuals who are both female and socially disadvantaged for example.
578:
Milton, Karen; Cavill, Nick; Chalkley, Anna; Foster, Charlie; Gomersall, Sjaan; Hagstromer, Maria; Kelly, Paul; Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy; Mair, Jacqueline; McLaughlin, Matthew; Nobles, James (2021-05-12).
417:
Pedišić, Ž. (2014). Measurement issues and poor adjustments for physical activity and sleep undermine sedentary behaviour research—the focus should shiftep, sedentary behaviour, standing and activity.
315:
6. When adults of this age group cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.
1271:
347:
types of environment. For example, in a large population-based study in
England, higher air temperatures and lower wind speeds were associated with increased physical activity.
484:
Ione Avila-Palencia (2018). "The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study".
924:
Wareham NJ, van Sluijs EM, Ekelund U. Physical activity and obesity prevention: a review of the current evidence. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005 May;64(2):229-47. doi: 10.1079/pns200542
42:
and incidental activity integrated into the daily routine. This integrated activity may not be planned, structured, repetitive or purposeful for the improvement of physical
38:
that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity encompasses all activities, at any intensity, performed during any time of day or night. It includes both voluntary
1011:
Grellier, J., White, M. P., De Bell, S., Brousse, O., Elliott, L. R., Fleming, L. E., Heaviside, C., Simpson, C., Taylor, T., Wheeler, B. W., Lovell, R. (May 2024).
915:
Chin SH, Kahathuduwa CN, Binks M. Physical activity and obesity: what we know and what we need to know. Obes Rev. 2016 Dec;17(12):1226-1244. doi: 10.1111/obr.12460.
1373:"Implementation of a Physical Activity Vital Sign in Primary Care: Associations Between Physical Activity, Demographic Characteristics, and Chronic Disease Burden"
749:"Effectiveness of interventions to maintain physical activity behavior (device-measured): Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
202:
Model over the field of physical activity in terms of clusters of movement cultures with different forms of meaningfulness. From: Lundvall & Schantz 2013.
580:
796:"Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction"
334:
Australia, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States are among the countries that have issued physical activity recommendations.
1311:"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants"
733:
470:
309:
4. Adults of this age group, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week.
1270:
Elliott, Lewis; White, Mathew; Sarran, Christopher; Grellier, James; Garrett, Jo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Smalley, Alexander; Fleming, Lora (2019).
405:
Global
Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, 2009. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Accessed 13/07/2018. Available at:
1430:
Greenwood, J.L.J.; Joy, E.A.; Stanford, J.B. (2010). "The
Physical Activity Vital Sign: A Primary Care Tool to Guide Counseling for Obesity".
1074:
176:
Many studies have demonstrated the potential beneficial effects of physical activity on the prevention and therapy of many disorders as
1784:
956:"Evidence base of economic evaluations of workplace-based interventions reducing occupational sitting time: an integrative review"
323:
1. Children and youth aged 5–17 should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.
78:
A 2021 study shows that people who start successful physical activity programmes maintain much of it for at least three months.
50:
for more). In human beings, differences among individuals in the amount of physical activity have a substantial genetic basis.
1197:
The 'double jeopardy' of practice: Changing relationships between physical activity and young women from disadvantaged areas
1928:
794:
Peters, Ruth; EE, Nicole; Peters, Jean; Beckett, Nigel; Booth, Andrew; Rockwood, Kenneth; Anstey, Kaarin J (2019-10-01).
845:"The cost of inaction on physical inactivity to public health-care systems: a population-attributable fraction analysis"
1470:"Concurrent Validity of a Self-Reported Physical Activity "Vital Sign" Questionnaire With Adult Primary Care Patients"
1098:
2026:
1547:
1272:"The effects of meteorological conditions and daylight on nature-based recreational physical activity in England"
372:, which can significantly affect the validity and applicability of a PAVS in clinical treatment determination.
95:(METs). The broad categories are sedentary behavior, light activity, moderate activity, and vigorous activity.
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1122:
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5. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups, on 2 or more days a week.
290:
4. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week.
173:
As of 2024, 31% of adults and 80% of adolescents do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity.
27:. It includes other activities that involve movement; for example cleaning, working, active transport etc.
368:
patients who do not meet certain physical activity guidelines. Generally, this metric is evaluated by a
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710:
193:
67:
may also be unplanned, unstructured, random and non-purposeful carried out for a multitude of reasons.
74:
Intensity of physical activities on a continuum from sedentary behavior to vigorous physical activity.
2150:
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892:
607:
233:
369:
1950:
1877:
1600:
1170:
843:
Costa Santos, Andreia; Willumsen, Juana; Meheus, Filip; Ilbawi, Andre; Bull, Fiona C (2022-12-05).
181:
167:
2077:
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222:
2087:
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727:
464:
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2. Amounts of physical activity greater than 60 minutes provide additional health benefits.
1903:
1898:
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406:
92:
198:
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Any voluntarily bodily motion produced by skeletal muscles and requires energy expenditure
8:
2041:
2018:
1945:
1842:
1670:
1643:
1628:
1595:
1540:
381:
1399:
2062:
2031:
1998:
1965:
1918:
1731:
1714:
1494:
1469:
1412:
1343:
1310:
1013:"Valuing the health benefits of nature-based recreational physical activity in England"
988:
955:
869:
844:
820:
776:
669:
560:
519:
88:
47:
1326:
1309:
Guthold, Regina; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Riley, Leanne M.; Bull, Fiona C. (2019-11-21).
954:
Akhavan Rad, Sanaz; Kiwanuka, Frank; Korpelainen, Raija; Torkki, Paulus (2022-06-30).
860:
2129:
1855:
1665:
1648:
1590:
1499:
1447:
1416:
1404:
1371:
Lin, C.Y.; Gentile, N.L.; Bale, L.; Rice, M.; Lee, S.; Ray, L.S.; Ciol, M.A. (2022).
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43:
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523:
433:
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Physical activities during leisure and clusters of different forms of meaningfulness
2082:
1993:
1975:
1913:
1822:
1812:
1794:
1692:
1685:
1570:
1489:
1481:
1439:
1394:
1384:
1338:
1322:
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1201:
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1024:
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686:
651:
602:
592:
550:
501:
493:
444:
186:
70:
1372:
555:
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2. Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
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2. Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
2119:
2072:
2057:
1983:
1935:
1860:
1850:
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1655:
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1029:
1012:
701:
497:
359:
270:
35:
971:
2067:
2036:
1893:
1865:
1832:
1817:
1709:
1680:
1615:
1605:
1533:
1291:
539:"Longitudinal effects of evidence-based physical education in Maltese children"
1010:
223:
Recommendations for physical activity (including sleep and sedentary behavior)
2144:
2108:
1960:
1923:
1774:
1757:
1675:
1334:
1221:"Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments"
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979:
811:
616:
216:
1908:
1870:
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1451:
1408:
1352:
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997:
878:
829:
772:
719:
665:
624:
597:
515:
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456:
249:
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Fenech, Amanda; Chockalingam, N.; Formosa, C.; Gatt, A. (1 January 2021).
1779:
1747:
1485:
1443:
1389:
1219:
Elliott, Lewis; White, Mathew; Taylor, Adrian; Herbert, Stephen (2015).
1039:
656:
639:
2008:
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Physical activity is a cornerstone of public health and prevention of
19:
953:
1940:
1767:
1623:
59:
39:
24:
1075:"Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines"
264:
2003:
842:
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1955:
422:
161:
1556:
1146:
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1988:
1269:
577:
1218:
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1525:
1171:"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd Edition"
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http://www.who.int/ncds/prevention/physical-activity/en/
34:
is defined as any voluntary bodily movement produced by
1308:
147:
Brisk walking, jogging, light swimming, stair climbing
98:
1468:
Ball, T.J.; Joy, E.A.; Gren, L.H.; Shaw, J.M. (2016).
793:
318:
1429:
640:"PGC-1α and Exercise in the Control of Body Weight"
581:"Eight Investments That Work for Physical Activity"
483:
1370:
1200:(thesis thesis). Cardiff Metropolitan University.
363:Insufficient physical activity among adults (2016)
1175:Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
2142:
329:
1467:
638:S, Summermatter; C, Handschin (November 2012).
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732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
469:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
53:
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1461:
711:1871.1/1e989997-ac6e-4dfe-845f-625b67a4a8df
690:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
162:Physical activity as prevention and therapy
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608:1983/8805dde9-3053-4103-aa70-314da5fd30cc
606:
596:
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505:
435:obesity: human and rodent perspectives".
227:
139:Slow walking, shuffling around the house
1458:
1315:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
358:
354:
197:
69:
18:
1432:Journal of Physical Activity and Health
1359:
1193:
800:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease
746:
585:Journal of Physical Activity and Health
91:using a standard measure of intensity,
2143:
338:Predictors of physical activity levels
155:Fast running, fast cycling, sprinting
1529:
1304:
1302:
401:
399:
397:
239:
99:Example activities at each intensity
1521:WHO fact sheet on physical activity
1279:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
370:self-reported medical questionnaire
13:
1299:
1079:The Department of Health Australia
637:
319:Children and Adolescents aged 5–17
293:
14:
2162:
1514:
1123:"UK physical activity guidelines"
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152:Vigorous Physical Activity (VPA)
144:Moderate Physical Activity (MPA)
2124:
2115:
2114:
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644:International Journal of Obesity
263:
248:
2125:
1263:
1238:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.038
1212:
1206:10.25401/cardiffmet.24534943.v1
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437:Journal of Experimental Biology
1194:Hopkins, Ellyse (2023-11-10).
740:
680:
631:
571:
530:
477:
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136:Light Physical Activity (LPA)
23:Physical activity is not just
1:
1327:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
861:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00464-8
747:Madigan, Claire (June 2021).
556:10.1080/2574254X.2021.1915041
421:(1), 135-146. Retrieved from
387:
330:Country-level recommendations
306:vigorous-intensity activity.
1030:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108667
702:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001499
543:Child and Adolescent Obesity
498:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002
423:https://hrcak.srce.hr/123743
81:
7:
1225:Social Science and Medicine
972:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060139
375:
10:
2167:
1474:Preventing Chronic Disease
1377:Preventing Chronic Disease
1292:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.005
2096:
2050:
2017:
1974:
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1841:
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1614:
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1017:Environment International
486:Environment International
236:recommend the following:
234:World Health Organization
54:Terminology misconception
1698:Bodybuilding supplements
849:The Lancet Global Health
812:10.1177/2040622319880392
211:coordination training).
182:Irritable bowel syndrome
168:non-communicable disease
598:10.1123/jpah.2021-0112
364:
228:Global recommendations
203:
75:
28:
362:
355:As a health indicator
201:
93:metabolic equivalents
73:
22:
1486:10.5888/pcd13.150228
1444:10.1123/jpah.7.5.571
1390:10.5888/pcd19.210457
1099:"Physical Activity"
893:"Physical activity"
657:10.1038/ijo.2012.12
382:Physical inactivity
120:Sedentary Behavior
115:Example Activities
108:
1715:Physical education
1103:Ministry of Health
449:10.1242/jeb.048397
365:
204:
107:
89:energy expenditure
76:
48:Summermatter cycle
29:
2138:
2137:
2109:Sports portal
1720:Physical activity
1666:Athletic training
1649:Strength training
1601:Semi-professional
1151:csepguidelines.ca
765:10.1111/obr.13304
240:Adults aged 18–64
159:
158:
32:Physical activity
2158:
2151:Physical fitness
2128:
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2118:
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1851:General managers
1753:Governing bodies
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737:
731:
723:
713:
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678:
677:
659:
635:
629:
628:
610:
600:
591:(aop): 625–630.
575:
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534:
528:
527:
509:
481:
475:
474:
468:
460:
431:
425:
415:
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267:
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187:bipolar disorder
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2134:
2103:
2101:
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2051:Sport by region
2046:
2013:
1984:Artificial turf
1970:
1941:Olympic culture
1882:
1837:
1789:
1736:
1610:
1581:Military sports
1559:
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1517:
1512:
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1307:
1300:
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1005:
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942:
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923:
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910:
901:
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891:
890:
886:
841:
837:
792:
788:
753:Obesity Reviews
745:
741:
725:
724:
685:
681:
650:(11): 1428–35.
636:
632:
576:
572:
535:
531:
482:
478:
462:
461:
432:
428:
419:Kinesiology, 46
416:
412:
404:
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378:
357:
340:
332:
321:
296:
294:Adults aged 65+
277:
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271:Weight training
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131:Standing still
123:Sitting, lying
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5:
2164:
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2153:
2136:
2135:
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1808:Broadcasting
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1629:Biomechanics
1596:Professional
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2004:Flying disc
1919:Memorabilia
1828:Sponsorship
1248:10871/19949
897:www.who.int
696:: 863–873.
492:: 199–206.
443:: 206–229.
2042:Regulation
2032:Ministries
2027:Sports law
2009:Sportswear
1946:Philosophy
1856:Journalism
1768:Postseason
1686:Psychology
1681:Physicians
1644:Physiology
1586:Parasports
1571:Individual
1180:2020-12-04
1156:2021-09-19
1132:2018-07-13
1108:2018-07-13
1084:2018-07-13
1023:: 108667.
902:2024-08-14
388:References
112:Intensity
2063:Australia
1976:Equipment
1951:Rivalries
1936:Numbering
1929:Nicknames
1878:Promoters
1861:Magazines
1823:Marketing
1813:Economics
1732:Sociology
1693:Nutrition
1417:249965817
1335:2352-4642
1285:: 39–50.
1231:: 53–60.
1049:0160-4120
980:2044-6055
944:36153192.
934:21206488.
781:235437649
617:1543-5474
565:237846270
128:Standing
82:Intensity
2145:Category
2120:Category
2019:Politics
1999:Exercise
1966:Violence
1866:Podcasts
1818:Industry
1795:Business
1710:Pedagogy
1661:Medicine
1634:Practice
1624:Exercise
1504:26851335
1452:20864751
1409:35749145
1400:11272163
1353:31761562
1257:26151390
998:35772822
960:BMJ Open
879:36480931
830:31662837
806:: 1–14.
773:34129276
720:29166322
674:26821676
666:22290535
625:33984836
524:51965322
516:30098553
457:21177942
376:See also
258:in water
219:(2013).
60:Exercise
40:exercise
25:exercise
2130:Outline
2083:Oceania
1914:History
1894:Betting
1887:Culture
1758:Leagues
1616:Science
1606:Amateur
1495:4747440
1480:: E16.
1344:6919336
989:9247688
870:9748301
821:6794648
256:Running
178:Obesity
44:fitness
2073:Europe
2058:Africa
1994:Caving
1924:Naming
1803:Agents
1775:School
1763:Season
1676:Injury
1656:Doping
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1989:Balls
1871:Radio
1833:Trade
1780:Teams
1748:Clubs
1591:Women
1564:Types
1557:Sport
1413:S2CID
1275:(PDF)
777:S2CID
670:S2CID
561:S2CID
520:S2CID
2068:Asia
1576:Team
1500:PMID
1448:PMID
1405:PMID
1349:PMID
1331:ISSN
1253:PMID
1045:ISSN
994:PMID
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875:PMID
826:PMID
769:PMID
734:link
716:PMID
662:PMID
621:PMID
613:ISSN
512:PMID
471:link
453:PMID
232:The
180:and
64:same
1909:Fan
1490:PMC
1482:doi
1440:doi
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1287:doi
1243:hdl
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761:doi
706:hdl
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