366:
1535:. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout and overstress in athletes. It is suggested that there are different variations of overtraining, firstly monotonous program over training suggest that repetition of the same movement such as certain weight lifting and baseball batting can cause performance plateau due to an adaption of the central nervous system which results from a lack of stimulation. A second example of overtraining is described as chronic overwork type training where the subject may be training with too high intensity or high volume and not allowing sufficient recovery time for the body. Up to 10% of elite endurance athletes and 10% of American college swimmers are affected by overtraining syndrome (unexplained underperformance for approximately 2 weeks even after having adequate resting time).
1378:
1366:
281:
436:(URTI), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of infection occurrence. However, another study did not find the effect. Immune cell functions are impaired following acute sessions of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at a higher risk for infections. Studies have shown that strenuous stress for long durations, such as training for a marathon, can suppress the immune system by decreasing the concentration of lymphocytes. The immune systems of athletes and nonathletes are generally similar. Athletes may have a slightly elevated
1599:
1335:
470:
cancer–specific mortality. There is currently insufficient evidence regarding the association between physical activity and mortality for survivors of other cancers." Evidence suggests that exercise may positively affect the quality of life in cancer survivors, including factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and emotional well-being. For people with cancer undergoing active treatment, exercise may also have positive effects on health-related quality of life, such as fatigue and physical functioning. This is likely to be more pronounced with higher intensity exercise.
1397:
963:
33:
1351:
461:, which are associated with chronic diseases, are reduced in active individuals relative to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In individuals with heart disease, exercise interventions lower blood levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, an important cardiovascular risk marker. The depression in the immune system following acute bouts of exercise may be one of the mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory effect.
510:
9794:
9191:
1773:
9804:
293:
exercise may increase life expectancy and the overall quality of life. People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active. Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential. The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500
9782:
1787:
1550:
1759:
1252:
programmes for older adults, such as those involving gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks, can improve balance. Following progressive resistance training, older adults also respond with improved physical function. Brief interventions promoting physical activity may be cost-effective, however this evidence is weak and there are variations between studies.
1659:. Morris noted that men of similar social class and occupation (bus conductors versus bus drivers) had markedly different rates of heart attacks, depending on the level of exercise they got: bus drivers had a sedentary occupation and a higher incidence of heart disease, while bus conductors were forced to move continually and had a lower incidence of heart disease.
41:
1133:
738:(i.e., treatments that are used together) with antidepressant medication; the other two indicated that physical exercise has marked antidepressant effects and recommended the inclusion of physical activity as an adjunct treatment for mild–moderate depression and mental illness in general. One systematic review noted that
3183:
Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, et al. (August 1996). "Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all
Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the
1742:
accelerated their growth rates and altered muscle morphology favorable for sustained swimming. Crocodiles, alligators, and ducks showed elevated aerobic capacity following exercise training. No effect of endurance training was found in most studies of lizards, although one study did report a training
733:
review on physical exercise for depression noted that, based upon limited evidence, it is more effective than a control intervention and comparable to psychological or antidepressant drug therapies. Three subsequent 2014 systematic reviews that included the
Cochrane review in their analysis concluded
339:
Early motor skills and development is also related to physical activity and performance later in life. Children who are more proficient with motor skills early on are more inclined to be physically active, and thus tend to perform well in sports and have better fitness levels. Early motor proficiency
469:
A systematic review evaluated 45 studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and cancer survival rates. According to the review, " was consistent evidence from 27 observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced all-cause, breast cancer–specific, and colon
1426:
In
Colombia, for example, citizens value and celebrate the outdoor environments of their country. In many instances, they use outdoor activities as social gatherings to enjoy nature and their communities. In Bogotá, Colombia, a 70-mile stretch of road known as the Ciclovía is shut down each Sunday
1290:
program, as research showed that too many
Europeans are not physically active enough. Financing is available for increased collaboration between players active in this field across the EU and around the world, the promotion of HEPA in the EU and its partner countries, and the European Sports Week.
96:
In terms of health benefits, usually, 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. Only doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise could
1477:
from the blood more quickly than inactive recovery. Removing lactate from circulation allows for an easy decline in body temperature, which can also benefit the immune system, as an individual may be vulnerable to minor illnesses if the body temperature drops too abruptly after physical exercise.
400:
The most beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality can be attained through moderate-intensity activity (40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, depending on age). After a myocardial infarction, survivors who changed their lifestyle to include regular exercise had higher
381:
Children who participate in physical exercise experience greater loss of body fat and increased cardiovascular fitness. Studies have shown that academic stress in youth increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in later years; however, these risks can be greatly decreased with regular physical
1526:
occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous exercise. Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds
1453:
These sociocultural variations in physical exercise show how people in different geographic locations and social climates have varying motivations and methods of exercising. Physical exercise can improve health and well-being, as well as enhance community ties and appreciation of natural beauty.
1251:
Community-wide and school campaigns are often used in an attempt to increase a population's level of physical activity. Studies to determine the effectiveness of these types of programs need to be interpreted cautiously as the results vary. There is some evidence that certain types of exercise
292:
and can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating the digestive system, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Some studies indicate that
1119:
Resistance training stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) for a period of up to 48 hours following exercise (shown by dotted line). Ingestion of a protein-rich meal at any point during this period will augment the exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis (shown by solid
331:
levels. Increases in muscle size from resistance training are primarily determined by diet and testosterone. This genetic variation in improvement from training is one of the key physiological differences between elite athletes and the larger population. There is evidence that exercising in
1274:
Parents can promote physical activity by modelling healthy levels of physical activity or by encouraging physical activity. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, children and adolescents should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day.
1442:. These gyms are free to the public and are often placed in beautiful, picturesque environments. People will swim in rivers, use boats, and run through forests to stay healthy and enjoy the natural world around them. This works particularly well in Sweden due to its geographical location.
594:
In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after a single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following consistent exercise over the course of several months. People who regularly perform an aerobic exercise (e.g., running,
8483:
Gallaugher PE, Thorarensen H, Kiessling A, Farrell AP (August 2001). "Effects of high intensity exercise training on cardiovascular function, oxygen uptake, internal oxygen transport and osmotic balance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during critical speed swimming".
1201:
max), but it is unknown whether this has any effects on overall morbidity and/or mortality. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise work to increase the mechanical efficiency of the heart by increasing cardiac volume (aerobic exercise), or myocardial thickness (strength training).
1114:
1449:
are held in public parks; these gatherings may include Latin dancing, ballroom dancing, tango, or even the jitterbug. Dancing in public allows people to interact with those with whom they would not normally interact, allowing for both health and social benefits.
297:(MET) minutes per week, with diminishing returns at higher levels of activity. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for transportation 25 minutes on a daily basis would
1647:
in 1860 and made sport an important part of military life. Several mass exercise movements were started in the early twentieth century as well. The first and most significant of these in the UK was the Women's League of Health and Beauty, founded in 1930 by
1434:
tend to exercise socially outside. In this country, public gyms have become quite popular. People will congregate at these outdoor gyms not only to use the public facilities, but also to organize aerobics and dance sessions, which are open to the public.
1423:. People may exercise for personal enjoyment, health and well-being, social interactions, competition or training, etc. These differences could potentially be attributed to a variety of reasons including geographic location and social tendencies.
373:
The beneficial effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system is well documented. There is a direct correlation between physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for the development of
8404:
Rhodes JS, van Praag H, Jeffrey S, Girard I, Mitchell GS, Garland T, Gage FH (October 2003). "Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running".
825:, but there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep. A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that exercise can improve sleep quality in people with insomnia.
393:
of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged and elderly men. The greatest potential for reduced mortality is seen in sedentary individuals who become moderately active.
8570:
Magnoni LJ, Crespo D, Ibarz A, Blasco J, Fernández-Borràs J, Planas JV (November 2013). "Effects of sustained swimming on the red and white muscle transcriptome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a carbohydrate-rich diet".
305:
causes approximately 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer, and 10% of colon cancer worldwide. Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide.
1309:
Worldwide there has been a large shift toward less physically demanding work. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home, and fewer active
4125:
Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H (August 2016). "Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review".
2559:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
492:. Aerobic physical exercise may result in little to no difference in the mortality, quality of life, or physical functioning. These exercises may result in a slight reduction in depression and reduction in fatigue.
1172:
Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as
816:
Preliminary evidence from a 2012 review indicated that physical training for up to four months may increase sleep quality in adults over 40 years of age. A 2010 review suggested that exercise generally improved
6472:
Crewther BT, Heke TL, Keogh JW (February 2013). "The effects of a resistance-training program on strength, body composition and baseline hormones in male athletes training concurrently for rugby union 7's".
5710:
Laeremans M, Dons E, Avila-Palencia I, Carrasco-Turigas G, Orjuela-Mendoza JP, Anaya-Boig E, et al. (September 2018). "Black Carbon
Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function".
3085:
915:. Similarly, increased muscle protein synthesis (via activation of mTORC1) and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (via insulin-independent mechanisms) has also been shown to occur following ingestion of
646:. Aerobic exercise may affect both self-esteem and overall well-being (including sleep patterns) with consistent, long term participation. Regular aerobic exercise may improve symptoms associated with
1683:, which are closely related to humans, without ill effect engage in considerably less physical activity than is required for human health, raising the question of how this is biochemically possible.
1177:
which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. Exercise reduces levels of
408:
Some have suggested that increases in physical exercise might decrease healthcare costs, increase the rate of job attendance, as well as increase the amount of effort women put into their jobs.
6705:
Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P (1989). "Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps".
8440:
Garland T, Morgan MT, Swallow JG, Rhodes JS, Girard I, Belter JG, Carter PA (June 2002). "Evolution of a small-muscle polymorphism in lines of house mice selected for high activity levels".
4639:"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment – Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
3379:
Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Cornish S, Mazereeuw G, Marzolini S, Sham L, Lanctôt KL (April 2012). "Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".
1616:, Roman politician and lawyer, who stated: "It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor." Exercise was also seen to be valued later in history during the
934:
of skeletal muscle, which is one mechanism by which aerobic exercise enhances submaximal endurance performance. These effects occur via an exercise-induced increase in the intracellular
6549:
Dalgas U, Stenager E, Lund C, Rasmussen C, Petersen T, Sørensen H, et al. (July 2013). "Neural drive increases following resistance training in patients with multiple sclerosis".
1507:
Exercise has an effect on appetite, but whether it increases or decreases appetite varies from individual to individual, and is affected by the intensity and duration of the exercise.
7705:
1365:
7212:
Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, et al. (May 2002). "The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review".
5219:"Comparative effectiveness of three exercise types to treat clinical depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
2888:"Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials"
8369:
Swallow JG, Garland T, Carter PA, Zhan WZ, Sieck GC (January 1998). "Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on aerobic capacity in house mice (Mus domesticus)".
1462:
Proper nutrition is as important to health as exercise. When exercising, it becomes even more important to have a good diet to ensure that the body has the correct ratio of
5030:
Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB (2014). "Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1136:
Summary of long-term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations, including an increase in
313:
wrote: "If someone invented a pill that could do for us all that a moderate amount of exercise achieves, it would instantly become the most successful drug in history."
841:
People who participate in physical exercise experience increased cardiovascular fitness. There is some level of concern about additional exposure to air pollution when
1377:
710:
7435:
1275:
Implementing physical exercise in the school system and ensuring an environment in which children can reduce barriers to maintain a healthy lifestyle is essential.
6326:
Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T (January 1995). "Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients".
2176:"Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose–response meta-analysis of large prospective studies"
4637:
Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius T, Ganguli M, Gloss D, Gronseth GS, Marson D, Pringsheim T, Day GS, Sager M, Stevens J, Rae-Grant A (January 2018).
397:
Studies have shown that since heart disease is the leading cause of death in women, regular exercise in aging women leads to healthier cardiovascular profiles.
6592:
Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, et al. (March 1994). "Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women".
1415:
Exercising looks different in every country, as do the motivations behind exercising. In some countries, people exercise primarily indoors (such as at home or
1503:
Getting long and high-quality sleep after exercise, additionally improved by consuming casein proteins, antioxidant-rich fruits, and high-glycemic-index meals
3229:"Workplace physical activity interventions and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels among working-age women: a systematic review protocol"
2996:
1325:
into physical exercise interventions increases exercise adherence and self-efficacy, and also has positive effects both psychologically and physiologically.
1282:'s Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) has dedicated programs and funds for Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) projects within its
1255:
Environmental approaches appear promising: signs that encourage the use of stairs, as well as community campaigns, may increase exercise levels. The city of
4194:"Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: A meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response"
876:
muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and inhibiting muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by resistance training occurs via
481:
are encouraged to engage in physical exercise. Due to various factors, some individuals with cancer cachexia have a limited capacity for physical exercise.
340:
has a positive correlation to childhood physical activity and fitness levels, while less proficiency in motor skills results in a more sedentary lifestyle.
1215:
2843:
Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Dorn JM, Jones KE, Kondilis VA (December 2006). "The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children".
2744:
Hubal MJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, et al. (June 2005). "Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training".
8227:
Herman
Pontzer (1 January 2019). "Humans Evolved to Exercise: Unlike our ape cousins, humans require high levels of physical activity to be healthy".
7343:
4884:
Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N (January 2014). "The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in
Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review".
1928:
7364:
2140:
4545:
Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG (2014). "Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review".
2063:
489:
6635:
Folland JP, Williams AG (2007). "The adaptations to strength training : morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength".
8126:
8157:
7479:
1263:, for example, blocks off 113 kilometers (70 mi) of roads on Sundays and holidays to make it easier for its citizens to get exercise. Such
485:
with prescribed exercise is low in individuals with cachexia and clinical trials of exercise in this population often have high drop-out rates.
8619:
Owerkowicz T, Baudinette RV (June 2008). "Exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in juvenile estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)".
6502:"Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design"
3714:
3667:
Sadeghi M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Baracos V, Arends J, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N (July 2018). "Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment".
750:
supports the efficacy of physical exercise as a treatment for depression over a 2–4 month period. These benefits have also been noted in
674:
indicates that clinicians should recommend regular exercise (two times per week) to individuals who have been diagnosed with this condition.
365:
258:
Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. 'Dynamic' exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the
9141:
4590:"Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review"
1862:
520:
502:
3775:
Knips L, Bergenthal N, Streckmann F, Monsef I, Elter T, Skoetz N, et al. (Cochrane
Hematological Malignancies Group) (January 2019).
1747:
had no effect on maximal exercise capacity, and muscular damage from over-training occurred following weeks of forced treadmill exercise.
8908:
1068:
7529:
7506:
5272:
Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS, Issac MK, Sudarshan CY (September 1993). "Somatization misattributed to non-pathological vaginal discharge".
4341:
4339:
4337:
1334:
754:, with a review conducted in 2019 finding that exercise is an effective treatment for clinically diagnosed depression in older adults.
343:
The type and intensity of physical activity performed may have an effect on a person's fitness level. There is some weak evidence that
8755:
Garland T, Else PL, Hulbert AJ, Tap P (March 1987). "Effects of endurance training and captivity on activity metabolism of lizards".
760:
from July 2016 concluded that physical exercise improves overall quality of life in individuals with depression relative to controls.
7701:"The 4R's framework of nutritional strategies for post-exercise Recovery: A review with emphasis on new generation of carbohydrates"
4334:
2829:
1655:
The link between physical health and exercise (or lack of it) was further established in 1949 and reported in 1953 by a team led by
9462:
9116:
7753:
1593:
659:
262:
blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the
4630:
2611:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"
5491:
Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".
4978:"Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies"
4927:
Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N (September 2013).
3715:"Cancer cachexia: rationale for the MENAC (Multimodal-Exercise, Nutrition and Anti-inflammatory medication for Cachexia) trial"
1350:
681:
evidence and emerging clinical evidence supports the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for the treatment and prevention of
488:
There is low-quality evidence for an effect of aerobic physical exercises on anxiety and serious adverse events in adults with
8192:
Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PA, Roberts CG, Parks JW (November 1953). "Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work".
7555:
4459:
2697:"School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18"
8110:
8083:
8056:
7965:
6769:
2497:
1912:
1867:
3855:
3566:"Effects of supervised exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1730:
The effects of exercise training appear to be heterogeneous across non-mammalian species. As examples, exercise training of
351:
slightly more than lower intensity endurance training. However, unscientific fitness methods could lead to sports injuries.
1445:
Exercise in some areas of China, particularly among those who are retired, seems to be socially grounded. In the mornings,
1315:
996:
401:
survival rates. Sedentary people are most at risk for mortality from cardiovascular and all other causes. According to the
9606:
8705:"Effect of training on maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic capacity of locomotory muscles in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula"
7075:
Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, Skelton DA, Ballinger C (November 2011). "Exercise for improving balance in older people".
4120:
4118:
4116:
1099:
916:
725:
signaling in the brain. Several systematic reviews have analyzed the potential for physical exercise in the treatment of
8326:
Swallow JG, Carter PA, Garland T (May 1998). "Artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior in house mice".
4193:
117:
Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:
8521:"Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)"
2676:
1942:
1644:
1240:
1157:
7276:"Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review"
4113:
1958:
8878:– guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity.
5218:
4443:
4397:
4035:
1427:
for bicyclists, runners, rollerbladers, skateboarders and other exercisers to work out and enjoy their surroundings.
1396:
1232:
1206:, the thickening of the ventricular walls, is generally beneficial and healthy if it occurs in response to exercise.
552:
444:
433:
8246:"Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more 'programmable' than food intake?"
6678:
Moritani T, deVries HA (June 1979). "Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain".
2402:"Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise"
9121:
8993:
5536:"Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review"
1636:
647:
344:
210:
2771:
Brutsaert TD, Parra EJ (April 2006). "What makes a champion? Explaining variation in human athletic performance".
9704:
9225:
8901:
6279:"Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity"
2663:
1989:
1686:
Studies of animals indicate that physical activity may be more adaptable than changes in food intake to regulate
1033:
881:
280:
8453:
7981:
4484:
4482:
4480:
6445:
Chen CY, Dicarlo SE (January 1998). "Endurance exercise training-induced resting
Bradycardia: A brief review".
1078:
5937:"Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism"
5025:
5023:
3960:
Denham J, Marques FZ, O'Brien BJ, Charchar FJ (February 2014). "Exercise: putting action into our epigenome".
477:
in survivors of breast cancer. Although there is only limited scientific evidence on the subject, people with
9485:
6402:
Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP (2003). "Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate".
4920:
4477:
663:
556:
7609:"Skeletal muscle fat and carbohydrate metabolism during recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise in humans"
6928:"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review"
5883:
5063:
5061:
4292:"Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits"
4187:
4185:
4183:
3864:"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review"
908:). The suppression of muscle protein breakdown following food consumption occurs primarily via increases in
8849:
8656:"Exhaustive exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"
5364:
Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD (June 2011). "Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression".
5020:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
2348:
O'Connor DM, Crowe MJ, Spinks WL (March 2006). "Effects of static stretching on leg power during cycling".
1837:
1236:
1048:
943:
7372:
7347:
6087:"Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining"
4969:
4062:
169:
and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and increase muscle mass, as well as improve bone density,
5058:
4348:"The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review"
4180:
3822:
3820:
3617:"Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults: Executive summary of a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review"
3517:"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment"
1812:
1152:(RHR). Long-term adaptations to resistance training, the most common form of anaerobic exercise, include
667:
8287:"Effects of early-onset voluntary exercise on adult physical activity and associated phenotypes in mice"
5989:"Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism"
4779:
4531:
2245:
9828:
9311:
9194:
8894:
8166:
4581:
4290:
Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, Sorrentino G (27 April 2018).
1113:
688:
402:
8870:
8134:
7699:
Bonilla, Diego A.; Pérez-Idárraga, Alexandra; Odriozola-Martínez, Adrián; Kreider, Richard B. (2021).
7453:
5779:
Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ (January 2016).
3817:
3107:
Lumeng JC (March 2006). "Small-group physical education classes result in important health benefits".
2449:
Gremeaux V, Gayda M, Lepers R, Sosner P, Juneau M, Nigam A (December 2012). "Exercise and longevity".
2247:
1527:
their recovery capacity. People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose
1181:, which causes many health problems, both physical and mental. Endurance exercise before meals lowers
7325:
7026:"Cerebral hemodynamics of the aging brain: risk of Alzheimer disease and benefit of aerobic exercise"
2115:
1463:
927:
833:
One 2013 study found that exercising improved sexual arousal problems related to antidepressant use.
726:
671:
655:
22:
5982:
5980:
5456:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
5159:
4739:"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis"
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
9628:
9555:
9278:
5110:
977:
923:
26:
6262:
6122:
6120:
5781:"Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise"
4679:
4162:
699:. Regular exercise may be associated with a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders.
385:
There is a dose-response relationship between the amount of exercise performed from approximately
9755:
9375:
7581:
5977:
4730:
4588:
Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O (July 2016).
3996:
3463:
Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O, Gotay CC, Snyder C (August 2012).
3414:
Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012).
1847:
1842:
1203:
1038:
935:
600:
375:
8845:
6085:
Wibom R, Hultman E, Johansson M, Matherei K, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Schantz PG (November 1992).
5068:
Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, McMurdo M, Mead GE (September 2013).
2264:
Wilmore JH (May 2003). "Aerobic exercise and endurance: improving fitness for health benefits".
1598:
687:
Reviews of clinical evidence also support the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for certain
634:
Aerobic exercise has both short and long term effects on mood and emotional states by promoting
9765:
6117:
3904:
2400:
de Souza Nery S, Gomides RS, da Silva GV, de Moraes Forjaz CL, Mion D, Tinucci T (March 2010).
2309:"Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults"
2089:
1446:
1221:
1043:
939:
730:
696:
692:
474:
360:
98:
8020:
7995:
7248:
3416:"Physical activity, biomarkers, and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review"
1497:
Consuming high-quality protein sources with additional supplementation of creatine monohydrate
962:
735:
575:
associated with cognitive control and memory. The effects of exercise on cognition may affect
9430:
8950:
7498:
6038:"Nutritional supplements in support of resistance exercise to counter age-related sarcopenia"
4491:"Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review"
4232:
3827:
Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Kramer AF (August 2015). "Physical activity, brain, and cognition".
2668:
1822:
1311:
1185:
more than the same exercise after meals. There is evidence that vigorous exercise (90–95% of
612:
584:
540:
482:
216:
74:
8075:'The Army Isn't All Work': Physical Culture and the Evolution of the British Army, 1860–1920
6363:"Endurance exercise training has a minimal effect on resting heart rate: the Heritage Study"
5307:
Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M (July 2014).
2557:
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).
2485:
266:
pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise.
9581:
9576:
9505:
9404:
9316:
8881:
7165:"Are brief interventions to increase physical activity cost-effective? A systematic review"
4837:"Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality"
4828:
3713:
Solheim TS, Laird BJ, Balstad TR, Bye A, Stene G, Baracos V, et al. (September 2018).
3227:
Reed JL, Prince SA, Cole CA, Fodor JG, Hiremath S, Mullen KA, et al. (December 2014).
1857:
1832:
1735:
1724:
1632:
1585:
1473:
Active recovery is recommended after participating in physical exercise because it removes
1402:
1153:
1073:
889:
643:
576:
405:, exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.
294:
7116:"Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults"
2887:
2147:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 14 August 2023.
378:. Low levels of physical exercise increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases mortality.
369:
Central (cardiovascular) and peripheral (skeletal muscle) adaptations to exercise training
8:
9719:
9696:
9623:
9520:
9348:
9321:
9306:
9273:
9218:
9168:
9136:
9023:
9013:
8229:
6361:
Wilmore JH, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C (July 1996).
4239:
Pratali L, Mastorci F, Vitiello N, Sironi A, Gastaldelli A, Gemignani A (November 2014).
1877:
1800:
1627:
More recently, exercise was regarded as a beneficial force in the 19th century. In 1858,
1279:
1225:
1194:
1132:
1008:
1004:
901:
743:
604:
437:
275:
194:
152:
8660:
Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology
6977:"A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor"
5610:
Banno M, Harada Y, Taniguchi M, Tobita R, Tsujimoto H, Tsujimoto Y, et al. (2018).
5333:
5308:
2938:"Effect of Bodybuilding and Fitness Exercise on Physical Fitness Based on Deep Learning"
2208:
2175:
1639:
and 12 non-commissioned officers. This regimen was assimilated into the training of the
1612:
The benefits of exercise have been known since antiquity. Dating back to 65 BCE, it was
1563:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
9740:
9709:
9676:
9643:
9596:
9409:
9392:
9131:
9126:
9076:
8985:
8955:
8780:
8729:
8704:
8680:
8655:
8621:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
8573:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
8547:
8520:
8465:
8351:
7938:
7784:
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7001:
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6927:
6908:
6859:
6730:
6660:
6617:
6574:
6531:
6427:
6303:
6278:
6247:
6222:
6158:
6086:
6062:
6037:
6013:
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5961:
5936:
5914:
5859:
5834:
5805:
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5687:
5662:
5638:
5611:
5592:
5516:
5433:
5408:
5389:
5346:
5254:
5210:
5194:
5167:
5143:
5118:
5094:
5069:
5004:
4977:
4953:
4928:
4909:
4861:
4836:
4812:
4787:
4763:
4738:
4714:
4688:"Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments"
4687:
4663:
4638:
4614:
4589:
4570:
4520:
4374:
4347:
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4291:
4267:
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4221:
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4011:
3985:
3937:
3912:
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3863:
3844:
3801:
3776:
3752:
3692:
3641:
3616:
3592:
3565:
3541:
3516:
3515:
Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O (August 2012).
3489:
3464:
3440:
3415:
3361:
3312:
3255:
3228:
3209:
3059:
3032:
3013:
3005:
2964:
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2918:
2868:
2796:
2721:
2696:
2635:
2610:
2583:
2558:
2531:
2514:
2426:
2401:
2289:
2156:
2045:
1827:
1701:
1687:
1628:
1383:
1168:. Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response.
1149:
865:
628:
620:
608:
580:
560:
544:
532:
458:
263:
198:
182:
174:
162:
156:
8205:
7225:
6830:"Two bouts of exercise before meals, but not after meals, lower fasting blood glucose"
5552:
5535:
4071:"Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior"
3953:
2626:
2246:
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (June 2006).
9807:
9533:
9397:
9343:
9326:
9268:
9071:
9046:
9018:
9003:
8853:
8824:
8803:"Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance"
8772:
8734:
8685:
8636:
8598:
8552:
8501:
8469:
8457:
8422:
8386:
8343:
8308:
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8079:
8052:
7961:
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7889:
7851:
7834:
7776:
7734:
7673:
7638:
7307:
7229:
7194:
7145:
7100:
7088:
7057:
7006:
6992:
6957:
6900:
6879:"High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training?"
6863:
6851:
6810:
6775:
6765:
6722:
6687:
6652:
6648:
6609:
6566:
6523:
6482:
6419:
6415:
6384:
6379:
6362:
6343:
6308:
6252:
6203:
6189:
6150:
6106:
6067:
6018:
5966:
5906:
5864:
5810:
5750:
5738:
5692:
5643:
5557:
5508:
5473:
5438:
5381:
5338:
5289:
5285:
5258:
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5148:
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4901:
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4768:
4719:
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4379:
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4272:
4213:
4143:
4102:
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4031:
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3684:
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3597:
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3353:
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3201:
3165:
3160:
3143:
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3064:
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2910:
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2788:
2753:
2726:
2672:
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2588:
2536:
2493:
2483:
2466:
2431:
2375:
2357:
2330:
2281:
2213:
2195:
2160:
2037:
2014:
Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. (2009).
1938:
1908:
1872:
1617:
1528:
1182:
1165:
1028:
969:
793:
717:
A number of medical reviews have indicated that exercise has a marked and persistent
328:
302:
202:
170:
166:
125:
54:
8768:
8355:
7942:
7884:
7867:
7788:
7685:
7421:
6912:
6621:
6535:
6431:
6277:
Wang E, Næss MS, Hoff J, Albert TL, Pham Q, Richardson RS, Helgerud J (April 2014).
6162:
5918:
5884:"Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention"
5596:
5393:
5350:
4913:
4754:
4574:
4524:
4423:
3989:
3848:
3696:
3365:
3316:
3300:
2922:
2872:
2800:
2462:
2417:
2049:
9760:
9671:
9653:
9591:
9500:
9490:
9472:
9370:
9363:
9248:
9178:
9173:
9148:
9096:
9086:
9056:
8998:
8932:
8814:
8784:
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8716:
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8667:
8628:
8588:
8580:
8542:
8532:
8493:
8449:
8414:
8378:
8335:
8298:
8257:
8201:
7920:
7879:
7846:
7768:
7724:
7714:
7665:
7628:
7620:
7407:
7297:
7287:
7221:
7184:
7176:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7084:
7080:
7047:
7037:
6996:
6988:
6947:
6939:
6890:
6841:
6802:
6757:
6734:
6714:
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6644:
6601:
6558:
6513:
6454:
6411:
6374:
6335:
6298:
6290:
6242:
6234:
6193:
6185:
6140:
6098:
6057:
6049:
6008:
6000:
5956:
5948:
5898:
5854:
5846:
5800:
5792:
5728:
5720:
5682:
5674:
5633:
5623:
5584:
5547:
5520:
5500:
5465:
5428:
5420:
5373:
5328:
5320:
5281:
5238:
5230:
5217:
Miller KJ, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Areerob P, Hennessy D, Mesagno C, Grace F (2020).
5189:
5179:
5138:
5130:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5039:
4999:
4989:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4893:
4856:
4848:
4807:
4799:
4758:
4750:
4709:
4699:
4658:
4650:
4609:
4601:
4554:
4502:
4435:
4431:
4369:
4359:
4313:
4303:
4262:
4252:
4225:
4209:
4205:
4135:
4092:
4082:
4041:
4023:
3969:
3932:
3924:
3883:
3875:
3836:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3756:
3734:
3726:
3676:
3636:
3628:
3587:
3577:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3435:
3427:
3388:
3343:
3296:
3250:
3240:
3213:
3193:
3155:
3116:
3054:
3044:
2980:
2959:
2949:
2902:
2852:
2780:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2630:
2622:
2578:
2570:
2526:
2458:
2421:
2413:
2320:
2293:
2273:
2203:
2187:
2148:
2027:
1744:
1649:
1621:
1532:
1341:
951:
769:
739:
528:
322:
289:
206:
186:
121:
58:
8303:
8286:
6793:
Cohen S, Williamson GM (January 1991). "Stress and infectious disease in humans".
6578:
5134:
4877:
4192:
Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B (July 2016).
3730:
2307:
de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Orr R, Fiatarone Singh MA (May 2005).
9797:
9750:
9735:
9661:
9613:
9538:
9528:
9440:
9338:
9333:
9258:
9163:
9153:
9081:
9028:
8654:
Eme J, Owerkowicz T, Gwalthney J, Blank JM, Rourke BC, Hicks JW (November 2009).
8418:
8100:
8073:
8046:
7925:
7908:
7803:
7624:
7180:
6895:
6878:
6846:
6829:
6605:
6518:
6501:
6238:
6145:
6128:
6102:
5952:
5724:
5663:"Acute exercise improves physical sexual arousal in women taking antidepressants"
4852:
4654:
3840:
2191:
2141:"Small amounts of exercise protect against early death, heart disease and cancer"
1932:
1764:
1589:
1420:
1304:
1268:
1264:
1023:
877:
869:
859:
842:
785:
747:
651:
639:
635:
588:
572:
536:
478:
440:
count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant.
232:
190:
148:
82:
44:
7868:"Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood"
6919:
6828:
Borer KT, Wuorinen EC, Lukos JR, Denver JW, Porges SW, Burant CF (August 2009).
4139:
3120:
9745:
9714:
9571:
9543:
9510:
9495:
9387:
9358:
9293:
9283:
9211:
9066:
8632:
8584:
8382:
6004:
5835:"A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy"
5504:
5469:
3777:"Aerobic physical exercise for adult patients with haematological malignancies"
3465:"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors"
2784:
2313:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2152:
1778:
1700:
engaged in voluntary exercise and increased their propensity to run as adults.
864:
Resistance training and subsequent consumption of a protein-rich meal promotes
797:
773:
734:
with similar findings: one indicated that physical exercise is effective as an
718:
682:
654:
for these disorders. There is some evidence of exercise treatment efficacy for
624:
616:
568:
564:
133:
8671:
8339:
8262:
8245:
7698:
7669:
6943:
6806:
6562:
6458:
6294:
5902:
5850:
5678:
5409:"Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?"
5377:
5324:
5234:
5184:
4897:
4605:
4558:
3973:
3928:
3879:
3582:
3392:
2906:
2325:
2308:
2174:
Garcia, Leandro; Pearce, Matthew; Abbas, Ali; et al. (28 February 2023).
789:
523:
involve possible interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and
424:
evidence suggests that moderate exercise has a beneficial effect on the human
9822:
9786:
9638:
9601:
9452:
9435:
9353:
8537:
7656:
Reilly T, Ekblom B (June 2005). "The use of recovery methods post-exercise".
7412:
7395:
7042:
5588:
4994:
4704:
4308:
4087:
2199:
1807:
1792:
1739:
1697:
1564:
1467:
1356:
1292:
1137:
757:
425:
417:
244:
144:
90:
32:
8497:
7752:
Blundell JE, Gibbons C, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Hopkins M (February 2015).
6339:
4241:"Motor Activity in Aging: An Integrated Approach for Better Quality of Life"
3563:
3245:
3197:
3086:"American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults"
2609:
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).
2399:
2277:
81:
skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many individuals choose to
9586:
9548:
9480:
9380:
9051:
9008:
8865:
8861:
8828:
8689:
8640:
8602:
8556:
8519:
Palstra AP, Mes D, Kusters K, Roques JA, Flik G, Kloet K, Blonk RJ (2015).
8505:
8461:
8426:
8312:
8271:
8213:
8048:
Fit to Fight: A History of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps 1860–2015
7934:
7893:
7780:
7738:
7719:
7677:
7642:
7311:
7233:
7198:
7149:
7092:
7061:
7010:
6961:
6904:
6855:
6779:
6656:
6570:
6527:
6486:
6423:
6312:
6256:
6207:
6154:
6071:
6022:
5970:
5910:
5868:
5814:
5742:
5733:
5709:
5696:
5647:
5612:"Exercise can improve sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5561:
5512:
5477:
5442:
5385:
5342:
5250:
5203:
5152:
5103:
5051:
5013:
4962:
4905:
4870:
4821:
4772:
4723:
4672:
4623:
4566:
4516:
4383:
4327:
4276:
4217:
4147:
4106:
4055:
3981:
3946:
3897:
3810:
3748:
3688:
3650:
3601:
3550:
3498:
3449:
3400:
3357:
3308:
3264:
3169:
3128:
3068:
2992:
2984:
2973:
2954:
2914:
2864:
2856:
2792:
2757:
2730:
2644:
2592:
2540:
2470:
2435:
2361:
2334:
2285:
2217:
2041:
1817:
1720:
1656:
1640:
1523:
1517:
1283:
1267:
are part of an effort to combat chronic diseases and to maintain a healthy
1161:
1089:
1085:
1058:
973:
931:
909:
897:
873:
571:
memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and
454:
421:
8857:
8776:
8738:
8390:
8347:
8285:
Acosta W, Meek TH, Schutz H, Dlugosz EM, Vu KT, Garland T (October 2015).
7292:
6814:
6726:
6613:
6388:
6347:
6129:"Mitochondrial plasticity with exercise training and extreme environments"
6110:
6053:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5424:
5293:
5242:
4257:
3431:
3413:
3205:
3002:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1470:, to aid the body with the recovery process following strenuous exercise.
432:. Moderate exercise has been associated with a 29% decreased incidence of
416:
Although there have been hundreds of studies on physical exercise and the
9457:
9425:
9158:
6761:
6691:
6176:
Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches".
5875:
5043:
4027:
3564:
Meneses-Echávez JF, González-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Vélez R (February 2015).
2658:
1852:
1734:
showed minor improvements of endurance, and a forced swimming regimen of
1717:
1474:
1416:
1322:
805:
801:
678:
509:
310:
248:
139:. Examples of aerobic exercise include running, cycling, swimming, brisk
132:
than it would while resting. The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase
66:
4929:"Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease"
3049:
1907:. Paris: UNESCO: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. pp. 462–91.
999:). Many amino acids derived from food protein promote the activation of
711:
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Major depressive disorder
443:
Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with a lower incidence of
9686:
9263:
9253:
9091:
8819:
8802:
8593:
6718:
6198:
5796:
5757:
5628:
4364:
3739:
3632:
1882:
1668:
1387:
1094:
1012:
981:
781:
777:
579:
in children and college students, improve adult productivity, preserve
333:
224:
86:
8875:
7772:
5575:
Buman MP, King AC (2010). "Exercise as a Treatment to Enhance Sleep".
5216:
4507:
4490:
2574:
2032:
2015:
8482:
5930:
5928:
5778:
5168:"Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4737:
Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA (September 2013).
1672:
1287:
721:
effect in humans, an effect believed to be mediated through enhanced
531:(e.g., 30 minutes every day) may induce improvements in certain
524:
450:
136:
1256:
1053:
947:
9618:
9445:
9061:
8970:
8940:
7835:"Overtraining: A Review of the Signs, Symptoms and Possible Causes"
5117:
Brené S, Bjørnebekk A, Aberg E, Mathé AA, Olson L, Werme M (2007).
5029:
3666:
1705:
1431:
1260:
1216:
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Neuroplasticity
1178:
1063:
893:
822:
765:
259:
240:
178:
8244:
Zhu S, Eclarinal J, Baker MS, Li G, Waterland RA (February 2016).
7249:"Stopping the rising tide of chronic diseases Everyone's Epidemic"
6707:
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
5925:
4191:
3378:
3287:
Gleeson M (August 2007). "Immune function in sport and exercise".
2743:
1772:
9681:
8975:
8965:
8945:
7706:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1713:
1676:
1228:
1186:
1174:
1141:
1082: • RE: resistance exercise; EE: endurance exercise
985:
912:
751:
596:
429:
348:
140:
7751:
4975:
3959:
1549:
420:, there is little direct evidence on its connection to illness.
231:
flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the
9633:
8960:
7163:
Gc V, Wilson EC, Suhrcke M, Hardeman W, Sutton S (April 2016).
6925:
5987:
Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Limb MC, et al. (December 2018).
5309:"Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview"
5271:
3861:
3774:
1731:
1680:
1613:
1054:
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
1000:
948:
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
885:
599:, brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on
220:
129:
106:
102:
70:
62:
4636:
4289:
3462:
2484:
United States Department Of Health And Human Services (1996).
1491:
Consuming carbohydrates to replenish muscle and liver glycogen
128:
that uses large muscle groups and causes the body to use more
9234:
8852:(MET) values for a number of physical activities, based upon
7017:
6084:
5306:
4587:
4238:
4069:
Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP (2014).
3911:
McKee AC, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, Stein TD (January 2014).
3184:
Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association".
3182:
1709:
1693:
1064:
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
905:
818:
548:
252:
228:
78:
8403:
7804:"Overtraining - Learn how to identify Overtraining Syndrome"
7606:
5986:
5934:
5828:
5826:
5824:
2694:
2513:
Woods JA, Wilund KR, Martin SA, Kistler BM (February 2012).
2013:
764:
Continuous aerobic exercise can induce a transient state of
239:
Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on
85:
where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve
69:
or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop
9666:
8886:
8653:
8454:
10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1267:EOASMP]2.0.CO;2
7607:
Kimber NE, Heigenhauser GJ, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ (May 2003).
6548:
6126:
6029:
5935:
Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, et al. (June 2013).
4788:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
1988:
Bergstrom K, Muse T, Tsai M, Strangio S (19 January 2011).
1561:
about times and places when exercise was viewed negatively.
390:
8439:
8102:
Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960
6628:
6360:
6127:
Boushel R, Lundby C, Qvortrup K, Sahlin K (October 2014).
5609:
3910:
2695:
Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M (September 2021).
2556:
1371:
Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.
7754:"Appetite control and energy balance: impact of exercise"
7556:"When in Sweden...making the most of the great outdoors!"
6591:
5821:
5116:
4976:
Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL (May 2014).
4068:
3514:
2448:
1987:
722:
543:; some of these long-term effects may include increased
9203:
8569:
8368:
8191:
7074:
6827:
6748:
Pedersen BK (July 2013). "Muscle as a secretory organ".
6169:
4736:
4124:
2842:
2512:
2306:
1983:
1981:
1979:
189:, squats, bench press. Anaerobic exercise also includes
8518:
8284:
7956:
Whyte, Gregory; Harries, Mark; Williams, Clyde (2005).
7211:
7162:
6926:
Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P (July 2015).
6704:
6325:
6319:
4488:
3862:
Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P (July 2015).
2347:
2064:"Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64"
1478:
Exercise physiologists recommend the "4-Rs framework":
1321:
Research published in 2015 suggests that incorporating
896:
via phosphorylation of mTORC1's immediate targets (the
776:, through the increased biosynthesis of at least three
40:
8750:
8748:
7499:"Car-Free Streets, a Colombian Export, Inspire Debate"
6493:
5881:
5363:
4926:
3712:
1438:
Sweden has also begun developing outdoor gyms, called
1318:, however, can correct the lack of physical exercise.
527:. Research in humans has demonstrated that consistent
8754:
8442:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
7906:
7865:
6698:
6671:
6542:
6465:
6214:
5882:
Brioche T, Pagano AF, Py G, Chopard A (August 2016).
5703:
5166:
Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C (February 2015).
5067:
3826:
2885:
2608:
1976:
8618:
8325:
7955:
6876:
6401:
5400:
4009:
3033:"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence"
3030:
2173:
1754:
8745:
8614:
8612:
8243:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7346:. European Commission. 25 June 2013. Archived from
6968:
6475:
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
4544:
3614:
3226:
3141:
2350:
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
336:may lead to better physical ability later in life.
8871:MedLinePlus Topic on Exercise and Physical Fitness
8165:
6974:
6585:
6276:
5406:
4012:"The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities"
2830:"Being active combats risk of functional problems"
2016:"Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move"
642:, and decreasing the biological response to acute
603:that measure certain cognitive functions, such as
6471:
4883:
3615:Grande AJ, Silva V, Maddocks M (September 2015).
1708:in voluntary exercise levels, with "high-runner"
601:neuropsychological function and performance tests
301:achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week. A lack of
65:. It is performed for various reasons, including
9820:
8800:
8609:
7949:
7821:
5484:
5300:
4685:
3329:
3031:Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (March 2006).
2886:Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M (October 2015).
2248:"Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart"
1410:
6975:Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW (January 2015).
6792:
6677:
6634:
6272:
6270:
5533:
5455:
3708:
3706:
3662:
3660:
2381:. The CrossFit Journal. October 2002. p. 4
2253:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
327:Most people can increase fitness by increasing
288:Physical exercise is important for maintaining
8882:Science Daily's reference on physical exercise
8226:
8187:
8185:
8119:
7454:"5 Reasons Why Skateboarding Is Good Exercise"
7393:
6438:
6395:
6354:
3372:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3142:Ahaneku JE, Nwosu CM, Ahaneku GI (June 2000).
3088:. American Heart Association. 14 December 2017
2770:
1905:Diversity Of Sport: non-destructive evaluation
980:in response to physical exercise and specific
513:A woman engaging in aerobic exercise (jogging)
21:"Workout" redirects here. For other uses, see
9219:
8902:
7839:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
7692:
7649:
6877:Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ (July 2009).
6506:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
5407:Szabo A, Billett E, Turner J (October 2001).
2807:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
1902:
768:, colloquially known as a "runner's high" in
746:. Another review asserted that evidence from
555:signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced
8801:Husak JF, Keith AR, Wittry BN (March 2015).
8702:
7655:
7582:"Beijing's Other Games: Dancing In The Park"
7079:(11). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD004963.
6447:Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation
6267:
5660:
5165:
3703:
3657:
3608:
2936:Sun M, Wang L (21 June 2022). Chen H (ed.).
2090:"How much physical activity do adults need?"
1863:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
1635:and instituted a training regimen for Major
1485:Replacing any fluid and electrolyte deficits
1193:) induces a greater degree of physiological
942:ratio, thereby triggering the activation of
742:may be effective in alleviating symptoms of
521:neurobiological effects of physical exercise
503:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
8182:
7359:
7357:
7273:
7120:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7077:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7023:
6834:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
6444:
6367:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
6220:
5713:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
5449:
4834:
4460:"10 great reasons to love aerobic exercise"
4404:. Department of Health & Human Services
4345:
4010:Gomez-Pinilla F, Hillman C (January 2013).
3781:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3521:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3469:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3271:
3144:"Academic stress and cardiovascular health"
2746:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
2701:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1229:hormones released into the blood by muscles
1069:eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
583:in old age, preventing or treating certain
9226:
9212:
8909:
8895:
8098:
8044:
7330:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6499:
5534:Yang PY, Ho KH, Chen HC, Chien MY (2012).
4686:Carroll ME, Smethells JR (February 2016).
4489:Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T (2014).
4167:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3621:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
3080:
3078:
3016:|...|intentional=yes}}
2552:
2550:
2224:
2094:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1127:
1105: • Τ represents inhibition
473:Exercise may contribute to a reduction of
213:which increase short-term muscle strength.
8818:
8728:
8679:
8592:
8546:
8536:
8302:
8261:
7924:
7883:
7850:
7728:
7718:
7632:
7496:
7411:
7301:
7291:
7188:
7139:
7113:
7051:
7041:
7000:
6951:
6894:
6845:
6517:
6378:
6302:
6246:
6197:
6144:
6061:
6012:
5960:
5858:
5804:
5732:
5686:
5637:
5627:
5574:
5551:
5432:
5357:
5332:
5193:
5183:
5142:
5119:"Running is rewarding and antidepressive"
5093:
5003:
4993:
4952:
4860:
4811:
4762:
4713:
4703:
4662:
4613:
4506:
4373:
4363:
4317:
4307:
4266:
4256:
4096:
4086:
4045:
3936:
3887:
3800:
3738:
3640:
3591:
3581:
3540:
3488:
3439:
3347:
3254:
3244:
3159:
3058:
3048:
2963:
2953:
2773:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
2720:
2634:
2582:
2530:
2425:
2324:
2207:
2031:
1457:
1246:
1209:
1103: • ↑ represents activation
946:(AMPK) which subsequently phosphorylates
547:, increased neurological activity (e.g.,
8250:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
8071:
7960:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 46–49.
7387:
7354:
7274:Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C (19 March 2015).
6747:
6035:
5832:
4245:International Scholarly Research Notices
3420:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2368:
1927:
1597:
1594:History of physical training and fitness
1220:The effects of physical exercise on the
1160:(PCSA) of muscle(s), and an increase in
1131:
660:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
508:
364:
354:
279:
39:
31:
8846:Adult Compendium of Physical Activities
8796:
8794:
7436:"Running and jogging - health benefits"
7214:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
3669:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
3286:
3075:
2935:
2814:Geddes L (28 July 2007). "Superhuman".
2547:
2263:
1197:than moderate exercise (40 to 70% of VO
848:
9821:
7909:"Overtraining Syndrome in the Athlete"
7801:
7400:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
6175:
5577:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
3829:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
3106:
2813:
2657:
1959:"7 great reasons why exercise matters"
235:which can reduce the chance of injury.
36:Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
16:Physical activity that improves health
9207:
8890:
8876:Physical activity and the environment
8155:
7832:
6680:American Journal of Physical Medicine
5490:
4785:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3510:
3508:
3330:Brolinson PG, Elliott D (July 2007).
2690:
2688:
2604:
2602:
1868:Non-exercise associated thermogenesis
1602:Roper's gymnasium, Philadelphia, US,
1510:
1419:), while in others, people primarily
836:
177:. Examples of strength exercises are
8791:
7579:
7527:
7326:"Youth Physical Activity Guidelines"
6263:Figure 2: The mTOR Signaling Pathway
5313:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
3719:BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care
1652:, that had 166,000 members in 1937.
1543:
1224:may be mediated in part by specific
884:(mTOR) and subsequent activation of
8807:The Journal of Experimental Biology
8486:The Journal of Experimental Biology
7982:"Quotes About Exercise Top 10 List"
7958:ABC of sports and exercise medicine
7396:"Mindfulness and Physical Activity"
7394:Kennedy AB, Resnick PB (May 2015).
6883:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
6221:Lipton JO, Sahin M (October 2014).
6133:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
4160:
1430:Similarly to Colombia, citizens of
1140:(SV) and maximal aerobic capacity (
821:for most people, and may help with
151:, hiking, dancing, playing tennis,
13:
8757:The American Journal of Physiology
8703:Butler PJ, Turner DL (July 1988).
7553:
7509:from the original on 27 April 2021
7169:British Journal of Sports Medicine
7024:Tarumi T, Zhang R (January 2014).
5661:Lorenz TA, Meston CM (June 2012).
5458:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
5413:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4346:Basso JC, Suzuki WA (March 2017).
3763:
3505:
2685:
2599:
2515:"Exercise, inflammation and aging"
2490:United States Department of Health
2180:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1359:is good for cardiovascular health.
1298:
1164:, both of which lead to increased
1158:physiological cross-sectional area
853:
495:
445:upper respiratory tract infections
434:upper respiratory tract infections
428:; an effect which is modeled in a
14:
9840:
8839:
7246:
5493:Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials
5274:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1291:The DG EAC regularly publishes a
1019:Abbreviations and representations
269:
112:
9802:
9793:
9792:
9780:
9190:
9189:
8994:High-intensity interval training
8848:– a website containing lists of
8696:
8647:
8563:
8512:
8476:
8433:
8397:
8362:
8319:
8278:
8237:
8220:
8149:
8092:
8065:
8038:
8013:
7988:
7974:
7907:Carfagno D.; Hendrix J. (2014).
7900:
7859:
7852:10.1519/00124278-199102000-00006
7795:
7745:
7600:
7573:
7547:
7521:
7490:
7472:
7446:
7428:
7336:
7318:
7267:
7253:Pan American Health Organization
7240:
7205:
7156:
7107:
7068:
6993:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003
6870:
6821:
6786:
6741:
6649:10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004
6416:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003
6380:10.1097/00005768-199607000-00009
6190:10.2174/138161282035140911142118
5366:Irish Journal of Medical Science
4804:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
3681:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006
3349:10.1097/01893697-200220010-00013
3332:"Exercise and the immune system"
3161:10.1097/00001888-200006000-00002
2942:Emergency Medicine International
2266:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
1785:
1771:
1757:
1662:
1548:
1516:This section is an excerpt from
1395:
1376:
1364:
1349:
1333:
1329:Sports activities for exercising
1295:on sport and physical activity.
1112:
984:or their derivatives (primarily
961:
648:central nervous system disorders
501:This section is an excerpt from
411:
345:high-intensity interval training
211:high-intensity interval training
97:reduce the risk of early death,
9803:
8769:10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.R450
8158:"The man who invented exercise"
7913:Current Sports Medicine Reports
7885:10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012
7486:. State of Victoria, Australia.
7442:. State of Victoria, Australia.
7114:Liu CJ, Latham NK (July 2009).
6981:Journal of Psychiatric Research
6078:
5654:
5603:
5568:
5527:
5265:
4755:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011
4452:
4416:
4390:
4283:
4163:"Benefits of Physical Activity"
4154:
3557:
3456:
3407:
3323:
3301:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007
3220:
3176:
3135:
3100:
3024:
2929:
2879:
2836:
2822:
2764:
2737:
2664:The Body: A Guide for Occupants
2651:
2506:
2477:
2463:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.012
2442:
2418:10.1590/S1807-59322010000300006
2393:
2341:
2300:
2257:
2167:
1586:Aerobic exercise § History
1034:mechanistic target of rapamycin
882:mechanistic target of rapamycin
219:exercises stretch and lengthen
8721:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017166
8105:. Cambridge University Press.
7866:Peluso M., Andrade L. (2005).
7802:Walker, Brad (17 March 2002).
7132:10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2
7085:10.1002/14651858.cd004963.pub3
5086:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6
4945:10.1002/14651858.CD002817.pub4
4436:10.5040/9781492595502.part-002
4210:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.054
3793:10.1002/14651858.CD009075.pub3
3533:10.1002/14651858.cd008465.pub2
3481:10.1002/14651858.cd007566.pub2
2713:10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3
2486:"Physical Activity and Health"
2133:
2108:
2082:
2056:
2007:
1951:
1921:
1896:
1704:of mice exhibited significant
1620:as a means of survival by the
1100:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
1079:eukaryotic elongation factor 2
926:and an increased capacity for
917:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
1:
8371:Journal of Applied Physiology
8304:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.020
8206:10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90665-5
8156:Kuper S (11 September 2009).
7365:"WHO: Obesity and overweight"
7226:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8
6932:Journal of Clinical Neurology
6594:Journal of Applied Physiology
6178:Current Pharmaceutical Design
6091:Journal of Applied Physiology
5891:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
5667:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
5553:10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6
5135:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.015
3913:"The neuropathology of sport"
3731:10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001440
3289:Journal of Applied Physiology
2627:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
1889:
1603:
1411:Social and cultural variation
976:muscle protein synthesis and
954:of mitochondrial biogenesis.
703:
664:American Academy of Neurology
557:cognitive control of behavior
8916:
8850:Metabolic Equivalent of Task
8419:10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1006
8127:"The Fitness League History"
7926:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000027
7625:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.031179
7497:Hernández J (24 June 2008).
7480:"Swimming - health benefits"
7181:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094655
6896:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc
6847:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819dfe14
6606:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247
6519:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddd53
6239:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.034
6146:10.1249/JES.0000000000000025
6103:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2004
5953:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203
5725:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632
5286:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90051-G
4853:10.3109/00952990.2014.976708
4655:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826
4424:"Exercise and Mental Health"
4398:"Exercise and mental health"
3841:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005
2192:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669
1903:Kylasov A, Gavrov S (2011).
1838:Exercise-induced anaphylaxis
1148:), as well as a decrease in
1049:AMP-activated protein kinase
944:AMP-activated protein kinase
629:information processing speed
309:The American-British writer
284:Exercise affects many organs
7:
6500:Schoenfeld BJ (June 2013).
5074:Cochrane Database Syst. Rev
4835:Linke SE, Ussher M (2015).
4140:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003
3121:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.025
1813:Behavioural change theories
1750:
1340:Running helps in achieving
845:, especially near traffic.
689:neurodegenerative disorders
668:clinical practice guideline
57:that enhances or maintains
10:
9845:
8633:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.594
8585:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.005
8383:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.69
7658:Journal of Sports Sciences
7344:"Health and Participation"
6005:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.024
5505:10.2174/157488707779318107
5470:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
4933:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
4786:Olsen CM (December 2011).
4594:J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)
3336:Clinics in Sports Medicine
2785:10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.013
2153:10.3310/nihrevidence_59256
1798:
1631:opened a gymnasium at the
1583:
1539:
1515:
1316:Personal lifestyle changes
1302:
1213:
1052: • PGC-1α:
857:
708:
500:
490:hematological malignancies
403:American Heart Association
358:
320:
316:
273:
20:
9774:
9728:
9695:
9652:
9564:
9519:
9471:
9418:
9292:
9241:
9233:
9187:
9109:
9039:
8984:
8931:
8924:
8709:The Journal of Physiology
8672:10.1007/s00360-009-0374-0
8291:Physiology & Behavior
8263:10.1017/s0029665115004127
8099:Mason T, Riedi E (2010).
7670:10.1080/02640410400021302
7613:The Journal of Physiology
7560:Stockholm on a Shoestring
7369:World Health Organization
6944:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212
6807:10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5
6563:10.1007/s00415-013-6884-4
6459:10.1080/15438629709512518
6295:10.1007/s11357-013-9596-x
6036:Phillips SM (July 2015).
5941:The Journal of Physiology
5903:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006
5851:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3
5679:10.1007/s12160-011-9338-1
5378:10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9
5325:10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6
5235:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100999
5185:10.1186/s12888-015-0393-1
5070:"Exercise for depression"
4898:10.1017/S1041610213001385
4606:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7
4559:10.1017/S1092852913000953
3974:10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1
3929:10.1007/s00401-013-1230-6
3880:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212
3583:10.1186/s12885-015-1069-4
3393:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.017
3109:The Journal of Pediatrics
2907:10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0
1067: • eIF4E:
1062: • 4EBP1:
968:Diagram of the molecular
928:oxidative phosphorylation
922:Aerobic exercise induces
828:
672:mild cognitive impairment
656:major depressive disorder
464:
23:Exercise (disambiguation)
9376:Bodybuilding supplements
8538:10.3389/fphys.2014.00506
7413:10.1177/1559827614564546
7043:10.3389/fphys.2014.00006
6750:Comprehensive Physiology
5833:Phillips SM (May 2014).
5589:10.1177/1559827610375532
5540:Journal of Physiotherapy
4995:10.1186/1471-2458-14-510
4705:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175
4309:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509
4088:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747
4016:Comprehensive Physiology
1990:"Fitness for Foreigners"
1077: • eEF2:
1072: • RPS6:
1057: • S6K1:
1047: • AMPK:
1032: • mTOR:
978:mitochondrial biogenesis
924:mitochondrial biogenesis
811:
709:This is an excerpt from
587:, and improving overall
27:Workout (disambiguation)
9142:Neurobiological effects
8525:Frontiers in Physiology
8498:10.1242/jeb.204.16.2861
8407:Behavioral Neuroscience
8340:10.1023/A:1021479331779
8025:Encyclopedia Britannica
7030:Frontiers in Physiology
6340:10.1161/01.str.26.1.101
6223:"The neurology of mTOR"
5223:Ageing Research Reviews
4841:Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
4402:betterhealth.vic.gov.au
4296:Frontiers in Psychology
3246:10.1186/2046-4053-3-147
3198:10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857
2326:10.1093/gerona/60.5.638
2278:10.3810/psm.2003.05.367
1848:Exercise-induced nausea
1843:Exercise-induced asthma
1390:) as a form of exercise
1204:Ventricular hypertrophy
1128:Other peripheral organs
1098: • HMB:
1084: • Myo:
1042: • ATP:
1039:adenosine monophosphate
1037: • AMP:
1022: • PLD:
772:or a "rower's high" in
619:updating and capacity,
376:coronary artery disease
347:may improve a person's
7720:10.3390/ijerph18010103
6795:Psychological Bulletin
4495:Scand J Med Sci Sports
3381:American Heart Journal
2857:10.1542/peds.2006-0742
1723:, and skeletal muscle
1609:
1559:is missing information
1466:while providing ample
1458:Nutrition and recovery
1247:Public health measures
1222:central nervous system
1210:Central nervous system
1169:
1093: • AA:
1044:adenosine triphosphate
1027: • PA:
762:
731:Cochrane Collaboration
585:neurological disorders
514:
475:cancer-related fatigue
370:
361:Cardiovascular fitness
285:
99:cardiovascular disease
47:
37:
8763:(3 Pt 2): R450–R456.
8045:Bogdanovic N (2017).
6054:10.3945/an.115.008367
6042:Advances in Nutrition
5999:(6 Pt A): 2068–2075.
5425:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342
4743:Neurosci Biobehav Rev
4161:CDC (1 August 2023).
3008:|...}}
2979:(Retracted, see
1823:Exercise hypertension
1601:
1312:recreational pursuits
1214:Further information:
1156:, an increase in the
1135:
972:that are involved in
707:
613:cognitive flexibility
541:behavioral plasticity
512:
447:in marathon runners.
368:
355:Cardiovascular system
283:
223:. Activities such as
75:cardiovascular system
43:
35:
8492:(Pt 16): 2861–2872.
8072:Campbell JD (2016).
7996:"History of Fitness"
6762:10.1002/cphy.c120033
6551:Journal of Neurology
5845:(Suppl 1): S71–S77.
5044:10.4088/JCP.13r08765
4028:10.1002/cphy.c110063
2985:10.1155/2023/9821382
2955:10.1155/2022/3891109
1858:Metabolic equivalent
1833:Exercise intolerance
1743:effect. In lizards,
1736:yellowtail amberjack
1702:Artificial selection
1645:Army Gymnastic Staff
1637:Frederick Hammersley
1633:University of Oxford
1624:of Northern Europe.
1154:muscular hypertrophy
1074:ribosomal protein S6
890:protein biosynthesis
849:Mechanism of effects
727:depressive disorders
644:psychological stress
577:academic performance
295:metabolic equivalent
9169:Outline of exercise
9137:Exercise physiology
9024:Suspension training
9014:Bodyweight exercise
8230:Scientific American
8200:(6795): 1053–1057.
8170:on 10 December 2022
7458:Longboarding Nation
7375:on 18 December 2008
7293:10.1155/2015/546925
7220:(4 Suppl): 73–107.
4645:. Special article.
4428:Exercise Psychology
4258:10.1155/2014/257248
3432:10.1093/jnci/djs207
3050:10.1503/cmaj.051351
2116:"Physical activity"
1878:Unilateral training
1801:Outline of exercise
1643:, which formed the
1280:European Commission
1226:neurotrophic factor
1195:cardiac hypertrophy
843:exercising outdoors
744:prenatal depression
697:Parkinson's disease
693:Alzheimer's disease
650:and may be used as
605:attentional control
533:cognitive functions
438:natural killer cell
276:Exercise physiology
195:functional training
153:continuous training
9393:Physical education
9132:Exercise equipment
9127:Exercise and music
9077:Muscle hypertrophy
8986:Anaerobic exercise
8956:Endurance training
8820:10.1242/jeb.114975
8131:The Fitness League
8021:"Physical culture"
7767:(Suppl 1): 67–76.
7503:The New York Times
7332:. 23 January 2019.
7280:Journal of Obesity
6719:10.1007/bf02388334
5993:Clinical Nutrition
5797:10.1111/apha.12532
5629:10.7717/peerj.5172
4365:10.3233/BPL-160040
4128:J. Sci. Med. Sport
4075:Front Hum Neurosci
3633:10.1002/jcsm.12055
3233:Systematic Reviews
2851:(6): e1758–e1765.
2376:"What Is Fitness?"
2020:Neuropsychobiology
1828:Exercise intensity
1629:Archibald MacLaren
1610:
1511:Excessive exercise
1170:
1150:resting heart rate
970:signaling cascades
904:repressor protein
866:muscle hypertrophy
837:Respiratory system
621:declarative memory
609:inhibitory control
581:cognitive function
515:
459:C-reactive protein
371:
286:
199:Eccentric Training
163:Anaerobic exercise
48:
38:
9829:Physical exercise
9816:
9815:
9787:Sports portal
9398:Physical activity
9344:Athletic training
9327:Strength training
9279:Semi-professional
9201:
9200:
9105:
9104:
9072:Interval training
9047:Athletic training
9019:Flywheel training
9004:Strength training
8813:(Pt 6): 899–906.
8328:Behavior Genetics
8112:978-1-139-78897-7
8085:978-1-317-04453-6
8058:978-1-4728-2421-9
7967:978-0-7279-1813-0
7833:Stone, M (1991).
7773:10.1111/obr.12257
7619:(Pt 3): 919–927.
7460:. 25 January 2019
6771:978-0-470-65071-4
6184:(35): 5507–5509.
5947:(11): 2911–2923.
5785:Acta Physiologica
5319:(14): 2681–2698.
5032:J Clin Psychiatry
4982:BMC Public Health
4886:Int Psychogeriatr
4792:Neuropharmacology
4692:Front. Psychiatry
4600:(Suppl 1): 3–26.
4508:10.1111/sms.12050
3148:Academic Medicine
2901:(10): 1469–1481.
2818:. pp. 35–41.
2621:(9838): 219–229.
2575:10.1136/bmj.i3857
2519:Aging and Disease
2499:978-1-4289-2794-0
2070:. 25 January 2022
2033:10.1159/000223730
1937:. Vintage Books.
1914:978-5-89317-227-0
1873:Supercompensation
1696:having access to
1618:Early Middle Ages
1582:
1581:
1421:exercise outdoors
1166:muscular strength
1029:phosphatidic acid
1005:protein synthesis
888:, which leads to
794:endogenous opioid
736:adjunct treatment
329:physical activity
303:physical activity
203:interval training
165:, which includes
126:physical activity
83:exercise outdoors
55:physical activity
9836:
9806:
9805:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9529:General managers
9431:Governing bodies
9228:
9221:
9214:
9205:
9204:
9193:
9192:
9179:Physical fitness
9174:Physical culture
9149:Exercise mimetic
9087:Physical therapy
9057:Circuit training
8951:Distance running
8933:Aerobic exercise
8929:
8928:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8833:
8832:
8822:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8732:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8683:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8596:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8550:
8540:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8448:(6): 1267–1275.
8437:
8431:
8430:
8413:(5): 1006–1016.
8401:
8395:
8394:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8306:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8265:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8169:
8164:. Archived from
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8133:. Archived from
8123:
8117:
8116:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7928:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7887:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7830:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7808:stretchcoach.com
7799:
7793:
7792:
7758:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7722:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7415:
7406:(3): 3221–3323.
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7371:. Archived from
7361:
7352:
7351:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7192:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7143:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7055:
7045:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7004:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6955:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6898:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6849:
6840:(8): 1606–1614.
6825:
6819:
6818:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6756:(3): 1337–1362.
6745:
6739:
6738:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6600:(3): 1247–1255.
6589:
6583:
6582:
6557:(7): 1822–1832.
6546:
6540:
6539:
6521:
6512:(6): 1720–1730.
6497:
6491:
6490:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6382:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6274:
6265:
6260:
6250:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6148:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6097:(5): 2004–2010.
6082:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6016:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5888:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5830:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5776:
5755:
5754:
5736:
5719:(9): 1875–1881.
5707:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5631:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5555:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5336:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5129:(1–2): 136–140.
5114:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4798:(7): 1109–1122.
4783:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4749:(8): 1622–1644.
4734:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4542:
4529:
4528:
4510:
4486:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4352:Brain Plasticity
4343:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4260:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4189:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4122:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4007:
3994:
3993:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3917:Acta Neuropathol
3908:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3351:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3284:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3009:
2998:Retraction Watch
2977:
2967:
2957:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2779:(2–3): 109–123.
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1929:Liberman, Daniel
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1714:aerobic capacity
1712:having enhanced
1650:Mary Bagot Stack
1622:Germanic peoples
1608:
1605:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1552:
1544:
1399:
1380:
1368:
1353:
1342:physical fitness
1337:
1265:pedestrian zones
1116:
993:
991:
990:
965:
952:master regulator
780:neurochemicals:
770:distance running
724:
529:aerobic exercise
388:
323:Physical fitness
290:physical fitness
227:help to improve
122:Aerobic exercise
9844:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9781:
9779:
9770:
9729:Sport by region
9724:
9691:
9662:Artificial turf
9648:
9619:Olympic culture
9560:
9515:
9467:
9414:
9288:
9259:Military sports
9237:
9232:
9202:
9197:
9183:
9164:Fitness culture
9154:Exercise trends
9101:
9082:Outdoor fitness
9035:
9029:Weight training
8980:
8920:
8915:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8799:
8792:
8753:
8746:
8701:
8697:
8652:
8648:
8617:
8610:
8568:
8564:
8517:
8513:
8481:
8477:
8438:
8434:
8402:
8398:
8367:
8363:
8324:
8320:
8283:
8279:
8242:
8238:
8225:
8221:
8190:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8162:Financial Times
8154:
8150:
8140:
8138:
8137:on 29 July 2009
8125:
8124:
8120:
8113:
8097:
8093:
8086:
8070:
8066:
8059:
8043:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7968:
7954:
7950:
7905:
7901:
7864:
7860:
7831:
7822:
7812:
7810:
7800:
7796:
7761:Obesity Reviews
7756:
7750:
7746:
7697:
7693:
7654:
7650:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7495:
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7478:
7477:
7473:
7463:
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7451:
7447:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7363:
7362:
7355:
7350:on 5 July 2019.
7342:
7341:
7337:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7245:
7241:
7210:
7206:
7161:
7157:
7126:(3): CD002759.
7112:
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7069:
7022:
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6924:
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6875:
6871:
6826:
6822:
6791:
6787:
6772:
6746:
6742:
6703:
6699:
6676:
6672:
6637:Sports Medicine
6633:
6629:
6590:
6586:
6547:
6543:
6498:
6494:
6470:
6466:
6443:
6439:
6404:Sports Medicine
6400:
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6324:
6320:
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6083:
6079:
6034:
6030:
5985:
5978:
5933:
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5839:Sports Medicine
5831:
5822:
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5758:
5708:
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5655:
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5532:
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5301:
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5266:
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5164:
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5080:(9): CD004366.
5066:
5059:
5028:
5021:
4974:
4970:
4939:(9): CD002817.
4925:
4921:
4882:
4878:
4833:
4829:
4784:
4780:
4735:
4731:
4684:
4680:
4635:
4631:
4586:
4582:
4543:
4532:
4487:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4430:: 93–94. 2013.
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4344:
4335:
4288:
4284:
4237:
4233:
4190:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4159:
4155:
4123:
4114:
4067:
4063:
4038:
4008:
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3958:
3954:
3909:
3905:
3860:
3856:
3825:
3818:
3787:(1): CD009075.
3773:
3764:
3711:
3704:
3665:
3658:
3613:
3609:
3562:
3558:
3527:(8): CD008465.
3513:
3506:
3475:(8): CD007566.
3461:
3457:
3426:(11): 815–840.
3412:
3408:
3377:
3373:
3328:
3324:
3285:
3272:
3225:
3221:
3181:
3177:
3140:
3136:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3029:
3025:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2978:
2934:
2930:
2895:Sports Medicine
2890:
2884:
2880:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2808:
2769:
2765:
2742:
2738:
2707:(9): CD007651.
2693:
2686:
2679:
2656:
2652:
2607:
2600:
2555:
2548:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2482:
2478:
2447:
2443:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2346:
2342:
2305:
2301:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2225:
2186:(15): 979–989.
2172:
2168:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1803:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1765:Medicine portal
1763:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1745:sprint training
1698:activity wheels
1665:
1606:
1596:
1590:Fitness culture
1578:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1521:
1513:
1460:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1307:
1305:Exercise trends
1301:
1299:Exercise trends
1249:
1218:
1212:
1200:
1190:
1145:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:phospholipase D
1020:
1016:
988:
987:
986:
966:
878:phosphorylation
872:by stimulating
870:muscle strength
862:
860:Skeletal muscle
856:
854:Skeletal muscle
851:
839:
831:
814:
786:endocannabinoid
761:
748:clinical trials
714:
706:
701:
700:
691:, particularly
683:drug addictions
652:adjunct therapy
640:negative affect
636:positive affect
589:quality of life
537:neuroplasticity
506:
498:
496:Neurobiological
479:cancer cachexia
467:
422:Epidemiological
414:
386:
363:
357:
325:
319:
278:
272:
233:range of motion
191:weight training
115:
45:Weight training
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9842:
9832:
9831:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
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9775:
9772:
9771:
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9758:
9753:
9748:
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9738:
9732:
9730:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9722:
9717:
9715:National sport
9712:
9707:
9701:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
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9656:
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9649:
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9646:
9641:
9636:
9634:Sports mascots
9631:
9626:
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9611:
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9562:
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9541:
9531:
9525:
9523:
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9516:
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9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
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9477:
9475:
9469:
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9465:
9460:
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9449:
9448:
9443:
9433:
9428:
9422:
9420:
9416:
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9413:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9401:
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9385:
9384:
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9378:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9336:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9298:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9238:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9216:
9208:
9199:
9198:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9107:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9067:Cross-training
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9001:
8996:
8990:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8914:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8873:
8868:
8841:
8840:External links
8838:
8835:
8834:
8790:
8744:
8695:
8666:(8): 921–931.
8646:
8627:(2): 211–216.
8608:
8579:(3): 510–521.
8562:
8511:
8475:
8432:
8396:
8361:
8334:(3): 227–237.
8318:
8277:
8236:
8219:
8181:
8148:
8118:
8111:
8091:
8084:
8064:
8057:
8051:. Bloomsbury.
8037:
8012:
7987:
7973:
7966:
7948:
7899:
7858:
7820:
7794:
7744:
7691:
7664:(6): 619–627.
7648:
7599:
7572:
7546:
7520:
7489:
7471:
7445:
7427:
7386:
7353:
7335:
7317:
7266:
7239:
7204:
7175:(7): 408–417.
7155:
7106:
7067:
7016:
6967:
6938:(3): 212–219.
6918:
6889:(3): 139–146.
6869:
6820:
6785:
6770:
6740:
6713:(4): 310–319.
6697:
6686:(3): 115–130.
6670:
6643:(2): 145–168.
6627:
6584:
6541:
6492:
6464:
6437:
6394:
6373:(7): 829–835.
6353:
6334:(1): 101–105.
6318:
6289:(2): 665–676.
6266:
6233:(2): 275–291.
6213:
6168:
6139:(4): 169–174.
6116:
6077:
6048:(4): 452–460.
6028:
5976:
5924:
5874:
5820:
5756:
5702:
5673:(3): 352–361.
5653:
5602:
5567:
5546:(3): 157–163.
5526:
5483:
5464:(5): 274–281.
5448:
5419:(5): 342–343.
5399:
5372:(2): 319–325.
5356:
5299:
5280:(6): 575–579.
5264:
5243:1959.17/172086
5209:
5172:BMC Psychiatry
5158:
5123:Physiol. Behav
5109:
5057:
5038:(9): 964–974.
5019:
4968:
4919:
4876:
4827:
4778:
4729:
4678:
4649:(3): 126–135.
4629:
4580:
4553:(6): 496–508.
4530:
4501:(2): 259–272.
4476:
4451:
4444:
4415:
4389:
4358:(2): 127–152.
4333:
4282:
4231:
4198:Psychiatry Res
4179:
4153:
4134:(8): 616–628.
4112:
4061:
4036:
4022:(1): 403–428.
3995:
3968:(2): 189–209.
3952:
3903:
3874:(3): 212–219.
3854:
3816:
3762:
3725:(3): 258–265.
3702:
3656:
3627:(3): 208–211.
3607:
3556:
3504:
3455:
3406:
3387:(4): 666–676.
3371:
3342:(3): 311–319.
3322:
3295:(2): 693–699.
3270:
3219:
3192:(4): 857–862.
3175:
3154:(6): 567–568.
3134:
3115:(3): 418–419.
3099:
3074:
3043:(6): 801–809.
3023:
2928:
2878:
2835:
2821:
2806:
2763:
2752:(6): 964–972.
2736:
2684:
2678:978-0857522405
2677:
2650:
2598:
2546:
2525:(1): 130–140.
2505:
2498:
2476:
2457:(4): 312–317.
2441:
2412:(3): 271–277.
2392:
2367:
2340:
2319:(5): 638–647.
2299:
2256:
2223:
2166:
2132:
2107:
2096:. 22 June 2023
2081:
2055:
2026:(4): 191–198.
2006:
1975:
1950:
1944:978-0593295397
1943:
1920:
1913:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1799:Main article:
1797:
1796:
1782:
1779:Society portal
1768:
1752:
1749:
1688:energy balance
1664:
1661:
1580:
1579:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1468:micronutrients
1464:macronutrients
1459:
1456:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:as an exercise
1401:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1303:Main article:
1300:
1297:
1248:
1245:
1211:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1021:
1018:
1017:
967:
960:
959:
958:
957:
956:
950:(PGC-1α), the
858:Main article:
855:
852:
850:
847:
838:
835:
830:
827:
813:
810:
798:phenethylamine
719:antidepressant
715:
705:
702:
625:spatial memory
617:working memory
507:
499:
497:
494:
466:
463:
413:
410:
359:Main article:
356:
353:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
274:Main article:
271:
270:Health effects
268:
237:
236:
214:
160:
134:cardiovascular
114:
113:Classification
111:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9841:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9809:
9801:
9799:
9791:
9789:
9788:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9767:
9766:South America
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9756:North America
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9721:
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9713:
9711:
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9683:
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9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9639:Sportsmanship
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:Entertainment
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9521:Communication
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9470:
9464:
9463:International
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9419:Organizations
9417:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:Rating system
9403:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
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9342:
9341:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9317:Periodization
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9285:
9282:
9280:
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9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
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9260:
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9252:
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9247:
9246:
9244:
9240:
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9224:
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9217:
9215:
9210:
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9196:
9186:
9180:
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9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
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9112:
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8078:. Routledge.
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7484:Better Health
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7440:Better Health
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3868:J Clin Neurol
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2816:New Scientist
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2145:NIHR Evidence
2142:
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2111:
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2069:
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1808:Active living
1806:
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1793:Sports portal
1783:
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1740:rainbow trout
1737:
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1667:Animals like
1663:Other animals
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1614:Marcus Cicero
1600:
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1557:This article
1555:
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1447:square dances
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1357:Skateboarding
1352:
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1293:Eurobarometer
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1270:
1266:
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1183:blood glucose
1180:
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1163:
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1151:
1147:
1139:
1138:stroke volume
1134:
1115:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1090:mitochondrial
1087:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:and increase
1002:
998:
994:
983:
979:
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971:
964:
955:
953:
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937:
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883:
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875:
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867:
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846:
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820:
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783:
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775:
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767:
759:
758:meta-analysis
755:
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737:
732:
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720:
712:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
680:
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637:
632:
630:
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598:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:neuron growth
542:
538:
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530:
526:
522:
517:
511:
504:
493:
491:
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484:
480:
476:
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460:
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452:
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426:immune system
423:
419:
418:immune system
412:Immune system
409:
406:
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398:
395:
392:
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379:
377:
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362:
352:
350:
346:
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300:
296:
291:
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277:
267:
265:
261:
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246:
242:
234:
230:
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218:
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212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
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164:
161:
158:
157:long distance
154:
150:
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145:skipping rope
142:
138:
135:
131:
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123:
120:
119:
118:
110:
108:
104:
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91:mental health
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9577:Cheerleaders
9486:Broadcasting
9381:Sports drink
9349:Chriopractic
9307:Biomechanics
9301:
9274:Professional
9052:Calisthenics
9009:Bodybuilding
8917:
8810:
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8760:
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8256:(1): 73–77.
8253:
8249:
8239:
8228:
8222:
8197:
8193:
8174:12 September
8172:. Retrieved
8167:the original
8161:
8151:
8139:. Retrieved
8135:the original
8130:
8121:
8101:
8094:
8074:
8067:
8047:
8040:
8030:20 September
8028:. Retrieved
8024:
8015:
8005:20 September
8003:. Retrieved
7999:
7990:
7976:
7957:
7951:
7919:(1): 45–51.
7916:
7912:
7902:
7878:(1): 61–70.
7875:
7871:
7861:
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7838:
7811:. Retrieved
7807:
7797:
7764:
7760:
7747:
7710:
7704:
7694:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7590:. Retrieved
7585:
7580:Langfitt F.
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7559:
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7533:
7528:Sullivan N.
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7502:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7462:. Retrieved
7457:
7448:
7439:
7430:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7377:. Retrieved
7373:the original
7368:
7348:the original
7338:
7329:
7320:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7252:
7242:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7172:
7168:
7158:
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7076:
7070:
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6481:(1): 34–41.
6478:
6474:
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6453:(1): 37–77.
6450:
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6410:(1): 33–46.
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5788:
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4467:. Retrieved
4463:
4454:
4427:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4401:
4392:
4355:
4351:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4201:
4197:
4170:. Retrieved
4166:
4156:
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4078:
4074:
4064:
4019:
4015:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3923:(1): 29–51.
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3232:
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3185:
3178:
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3147:
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3090:. Retrieved
3040:
3036:
3026:
3012:{{
3004:{{
2997:
2995:,
2945:
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2659:Bryson, Bill
2653:
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2479:
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2385:12 September
2383:. Retrieved
2370:
2356:(1): 52–56.
2353:
2349:
2343:
2316:
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2302:
2272:(5): 45–51.
2269:
2265:
2259:
2183:
2179:
2169:
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2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1933:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1818:Bodybuilding
1729:
1721:neurogenesis
1706:heritability
1692:
1685:
1666:
1657:Jerry Morris
1654:
1641:British Army
1626:
1611:
1570:
1558:
1524:Overtraining
1518:Overtraining
1506:
1472:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1437:
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1425:
1417:health clubs
1414:
1320:
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1284:Horizon 2020
1277:
1273:
1254:
1250:
1231:, including
1219:
1171:
1162:neural drive
1086:myofibrillar
1059:p70S6 kinase
974:myofibrillar
932:mitochondria
921:
898:p70S6 kinase
892:in cellular
874:myofibrillar
863:
840:
832:
815:
763:
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455:inflammation
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298:
287:
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238:
175:coordination
116:
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61:and overall
50:
49:
18:
9682:Flying disc
9597:Memorabilia
9506:Sponsorship
9159:Fitness app
9122:Epigenetics
8715:: 347–359.
8594:11336/24277
8297:: 279–286.
7534:Travel Fish
6801:(1): 5–24.
6199:10454/13341
5499:(1): 3–19.
4892:(1): 9–18.
4847:(1): 7–15.
4464:Mayo Clinic
4408:19 November
3740:10852/73081
3186:Circulation
2948:: 3891109.
1963:Mayo Clinic
1853:Kinesiology
1718:hippocampal
1669:chimpanzees
1607: 1831
1573:August 2021
1482:Rehydration
1323:mindfulness
1095:amino acids
1013:Rag GTPases
982:amino acids
902:translation
806:amphetamine
802:trace amine
790:β-endorphin
729:. The 2013
679:preclinical
561:declarative
559:, improved
311:Bill Bryson
217:Flexibility
89:as well as
67:weight loss
9720:Regulation
9710:Ministries
9705:Sports law
9687:Sportswear
9624:Philosophy
9534:Journalism
9446:Postseason
9364:Psychology
9359:Physicians
9322:Physiology
9264:Parasports
9249:Individual
9092:Stretching
7713:(1): 103.
7592:5 December
7565:5 December
7554:Tatlow A.
7539:8 December
7379:10 January
7286:: 546925.
7259:10 January
7255:. paho.org
7247:Durán VH.
5583:(5): 514.
5229:: 100999.
4547:CNS Spectr
4469:5 December
4251:: 257248.
4172:7 December
3962:Sports Med
3675:: 91–104.
3570:BMC Cancer
3239:(1): 147.
2845:Pediatrics
1999:5 December
1968:2 November
1890:References
1883:Warming up
1725:morphology
1673:orangutans
1584:See also:
1388:pole vault
782:anandamide
778:euphoriant
704:Depression
483:Compliance
451:Biomarkers
382:exercise.
334:middle age
225:stretching
87:well-being
9741:Australia
9654:Equipment
9629:Rivalries
9614:Numbering
9607:Nicknames
9556:Promoters
9539:Magazines
9501:Marketing
9491:Economics
9410:Sociology
9371:Nutrition
8999:Sprinting
8470:198158847
7845:: 35–50.
7513:1 January
7101:205176433
6987:: 56–64.
6864:207184758
5897:: 56–87.
5751:207183760
5622:: e5172.
5259:209179889
4643:Neurology
4204:: 47–54.
3835:: 27–32.
3576:(1): 77.
3014:retracted
3006:retracted
2669:Doubleday
2569:: i3857.
2451:Maturitas
2200:0306-3674
2161:260908783
2125:21 August
2100:21 August
2074:21 August
1934:Exercised
1565:talk page
1384:Athletics
1009:signaling
894:ribosomes
808:analog).
525:cognition
260:diastolic
207:sprinting
137:endurance
9823:Category
9798:Category
9697:Politics
9677:Exercise
9644:Violence
9544:Podcasts
9496:Industry
9473:Business
9388:Pedagogy
9339:Medicine
9312:Practice
9302:Exercise
9195:Category
9062:Climbing
8971:Swimming
8941:Aerobics
8918:Exercise
8866:21681120
8862:10993420
8829:25617462
8690:19533151
8641:18504156
8603:23968867
8557:25620933
8506:11683441
8462:12144025
8427:14570550
8356:18336243
8313:26079567
8272:26511431
8214:13110049
7943:38361107
7935:24412891
7894:15838583
7789:39429480
7781:25614205
7739:33375691
7686:27918213
7678:16195010
7643:12651914
7507:Archived
7422:73116017
7312:25874123
7234:11985936
7199:26438429
7150:19588334
7093:22071817
7062:24478719
7011:25455510
6962:26174783
6913:25057561
6905:19550205
6856:19568199
6780:23897689
6657:17241104
6622:24328546
6571:23483214
6536:25068522
6528:23442269
6487:23470909
6432:40393053
6424:12477376
6313:24243396
6257:25374355
6208:24606795
6163:39267910
6155:25062000
6072:26178029
6023:29097038
5971:23551944
5919:29717535
5911:27106402
5869:24791918
5815:26010896
5743:29634643
5697:22403029
5648:30018855
5597:73314918
5562:22884182
5513:18473983
5478:15860375
5443:11579070
5394:40951545
5386:21076975
5351:14531019
5343:24526057
5334:11113821
5251:31837462
5204:25652267
5153:17561174
5104:24026850
5052:24813261
5014:24885250
4963:24018704
4914:24936334
4906:23962667
4871:25397661
4822:21459101
4773:23806439
4724:26903885
4673:29282327
4624:27400928
4575:32304140
4567:24589012
4525:29351791
4517:23362828
4384:29765853
4328:29755380
4277:27351018
4218:27155287
4148:26552574
4107:25324754
4056:23720292
3990:30210091
3982:24163284
3947:24366527
3898:26174783
3849:54301951
3811:30702150
3749:29440149
3697:48363786
3689:29891116
3651:26401466
3602:25885168
3551:22895974
3499:22895961
3450:22570317
3401:22520533
3366:91074779
3358:17826186
3317:18112931
3309:17303714
3265:25526769
3170:10875499
3129:17243298
3069:16534088
2993:37593418
2974:35774151
2923:41092016
2915:26243014
2873:41653923
2865:17142498
2801:13711090
2793:16448865
2758:15947721
2731:34555181
2661:(2019).
2645:22818936
2593:27510511
2541:22500274
2471:23063021
2436:20360917
2362:16596099
2335:15972618
2286:20086470
2218:36854652
2209:10423495
2050:14580554
2042:19521110
1931:(2020).
1751:See also
1677:gorillas
1529:strength
1432:Cambodia
1403:Football
1288:Erasmus+
1261:Colombia
1179:cortisol
1175:myokines
1088:; Mito:
1011:through
992:-leucine
900:and the
823:insomnia
766:euphoria
573:pathways
457:such as
387:700–2000
299:together
264:systolic
241:accuracy
183:pull-ups
179:push-ups
167:strength
159:running.
79:athletic
73:and the
51:Exercise
9808:Outline
9761:Oceania
9592:History
9572:Betting
9565:Culture
9436:Leagues
9294:Science
9284:Amateur
9117:History
9110:Related
8976:Walking
8966:Jogging
8946:Cycling
8858:8292105
8785:8771310
8777:3826409
8739:3171990
8730:1191853
8681:2768110
8548:4287099
8531:: 506.
8391:9451619
8348:9670598
8141:8 April
8000:unm.edu
7872:Clinics
7730:7796021
7634:2342904
7586:NPR.org
7303:4383435
7190:4819643
7141:4324332
7053:3896879
7002:4314337
6953:4507374
6815:2006229
6735:2231992
6727:2583179
6665:9070800
6614:8005869
6389:8832536
6348:7839377
6304:4039249
6248:4223653
6111:1474078
6063:4496741
6014:6295980
5962:3690694
5860:4008813
5806:4843955
5688:3422071
5639:6045928
5521:7127324
5434:1724404
5294:8410743
5195:4323231
5144:2040025
5095:9721454
5005:4064273
4988:: 510.
4954:7120224
4862:4831948
4813:3139704
4764:3788047
4715:4745113
4698:: 175.
4664:5772157
4615:5281644
4375:5928534
4319:5934999
4302:: 509.
4268:4897547
4226:4787287
4098:4179677
4081:: 747.
4047:3951958
3938:4255282
3889:4507374
3802:6354325
3757:3318359
3642:4575551
3593:4364505
3542:7389071
3490:7387117
3441:3465697
3256:4290810
3214:2392781
3206:8772712
3060:1402378
2965:9239833
2722:8459921
2636:3645500
2584:4979358
2532:3320801
2427:2845767
2406:Clinics
2294:2253889
1681:bonobos
1540:History
1533:fitness
1475:lactate
1120:lines).
930:in the
913:insulin
880:of the
796:), and
752:old age
597:jogging
569:working
565:spatial
430:J curve
349:VO2 max
317:Fitness
245:agility
221:muscles
171:balance
141:walking
124:is any
77:, hone
71:muscles
59:fitness
9751:Europe
9736:Africa
9672:Caving
9602:Naming
9481:Agents
9453:School
9441:Season
9354:Injury
9334:Doping
8961:Hiking
8856:
8827:
8783:
8775:
8737:
8727:
8688:
8678:
8639:
8601:
8555:
8545:
8504:
8468:
8460:
8425:
8389:
8354:
8346:
8311:
8270:
8212:
8194:Lancet
8109:
8082:
8055:
7964:
7941:
7933:
7892:
7813:17 May
7787:
7779:
7737:
7727:
7684:
7676:
7641:
7631:
7530:"Gyms"
7464:6 July
7420:
7310:
7300:
7232:
7197:
7187:
7148:
7138:
7099:
7091:
7060:
7050:
7009:
6999:
6960:
6950:
6911:
6903:
6862:
6854:
6813:
6778:
6768:
6733:
6725:
6692:453338
6690:
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