Weight loss - Knowledge

734: 43: 1033:. In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10–60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes. 1111:(COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with 1422:

Trisolini, MG; Wnek, J; Anderson, JL; Halperin, JL; Albert, NM; Bozkurt, B; Brindis, RG; Curtis, LH; DeMets, D; Hochman, JS; Kovacs, RJ; Ohman, EM; Pressler, SJ; Sellke, FW; Shen, WK; Smith SC, Jr; Tomaselli, GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice, Guidelines.; Obesity, Society. (24 June 2014).

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to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system.

1290:, to name a few. Reduction of obesity lowers those risks. A 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) loss of body weight has been associated with an approximate 1 millimetre of mercury (0.13 kPa) drop in blood pressure. Intentional weight loss is associated with cognitive performance improvements in overweight and obese individuals. 1239:(tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some weak evidence suggesting it might hinder recovery. Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include 769:. Self-monitoring of diet, exercise, and weight are beneficial strategies for weight loss, particularly early in weight loss programs. Research indicates that those who log their foods about three times per day and about 20 times per month are more likely to achieve clinically significant weight loss. 1366:

Arnett, Donna K.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Albert, Michelle A.; Buroker, Andrew B.; Goldberger, Zachary D.; Hahn, Ellen J.; Himmelfarb, Cheryl D.; Khera, Amit; Lloyd-Jones, Donald; McEvoy, J. William; Michos, Erin D.; Miedema, Michael D.; Muñoz, Daniel; Smith, Sidney C.; Virani, Salim S.; Williams, Kim

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Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Martin, Corby K.; Newton, Robert L.; Apolzan, John W.; Arnold, Connie L.; Davis, Terry C.; Price-Haywood, Eboni G.; Denstel, Kara D.; Mire, Emily F.; Thethi, Tina K.; Brantley, Phillip J.; Johnson, William D.; Fonseca, Vivian; Gugel, Jonathan; Kennedy, Kathleen B. (3 September

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being the "key to weight" is "part truth and part myth" as while metabolism does affect weight loss, external forces such as diet and exercise have an equal effect. They also commented that the idea of changing one's rate of metabolism is under debate. Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often

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Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle. Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy

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Inability to eat can result from: diminished consciousness or confusion, or physical problems affecting the arm or hands, swallowing or chewing. Eating restrictions may also be imposed as part of treatment or investigations. Lack of food can result from: poverty, difficulty in shopping or cooking,

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can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss

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Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other

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organizations varies widely, being previously non-evidence-based, so there is only limited evidence supporting their use, because of high attrition rates. Commercial diets result in modest weight loss in the long term, with similar results regardless of the brand, and similarly to non-commercial

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In 2008, between US$ 33 billion and $ 55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $ 1.6 billion per year was spent on

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Jensen, MD; Ryan, DH; Apovian, CM; Ard, JD; Comuzzie, AG; Donato, KA; Hu, FB; Hubbard, VS; Jakicic, JM; Kushner, RF; Loria, CM; Millen, BE; Nonas, CA; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Stevens, J; Stevens, VJ; Wadden, TA; Wolfe, BM; Yanovski, SZ; Jordan, HS; Kendall, KA; Lux, LJ; Mentor-Marcel, R; Morgan, LC;

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may contribute to unwanted weight gain or loss depending on the individual, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters. Though hypothesized that

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Malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores. Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and

623:), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue). Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived 933:, or a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the 1272:

believed to be effective but may actually be harmful by limiting the daily intake of important calories and nutrients which can be detrimental depending on the person and are even capable of driving individuals away from weight loss.

824:, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Obesity has been resistant to drug-based therapies, with a 2021 review stating that existing medications are "often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety". 1424:"2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society" 906:

diets and standard care. Comprehensive diet programs, providing counseling and targets for calorie intake, are more efficient than dieting without guidance ("self-help"), although the evidence is very limited. The

802:. Persons dieting for weight loss have demonstrated the weight-reducing effects of increased water consumption. Among adults in the U.S. there is a significant association between inadequate hydration and obesity. 4367: 4352: 703:

and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.

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Sowerbutts, Anne Marie; Burden, Sorrel; Sremanakova, Jana; French, Chloe; Knight, Stephen R.; Harrison, Ewen M. (8 April 2024). "Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery".

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are another common cause of unexplained weight loss – in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include:

1122:) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary ( 1759:

Pathak, K.; Soares, M. J.; Calton, E. K.; Zhao, Y.; Hallett, J. (1 June 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials,

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Some popular beliefs attached to weight loss have been shown to either have less effect on weight loss than commonly believed or are actively unhealthy. According to Harvard Health, the idea of

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Losses from the gastrointestinal can occur because of symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, as well as fistulae and stomas. There can also be losses from drains, including nasogastric tubes.

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The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The

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For weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. There is evidence that counseling or exercise alone do not result in weight loss, whereas

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by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.

4022:"Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications" 4020:

Herbert, Georgia; Perry, Rachel; Andersen, Henning Keinke; Atkinson, Charlotte; Penfold, Christopher; Lewis, Stephen J.; Ness, Andrew R.; Thomas, Steven (2018).

3930:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort" 3777:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort" 3487:

Payne, C; Wiffen, PJ; Martin, S (18 January 2012). Payne, Cathy (ed.). "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness".

2936: 2208:"Effect of Exercise and Pharmacological Interventions on Visceral Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Long-term Randomized Controlled Trials" 944:). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced 948:

associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by

682:(high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear. Weight loss is achieved by adopting a lifestyle in which fewer 4284: 1066:

Poor appetite can be a direct symptom of an illness, or an illness could make eating painful or induce nausea. Illness can also cause food aversion.

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Atallah, R.; Filion, K. B.; Wakil, S. M.; Genest, J.; Joseph, L.; Poirier, P.; Rinfret, S.; Schiffrin, E. L.; Eisenberg, M. J. (11 November 2014).

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Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high

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In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped €1,25 billion (£900 million/$ 1.4 billion) in 2009.

2180: 1637:"Depression-Related Increases and Decreases in Appetite: Dissociable Patterns of Aberrant Activity in Reward and Interoceptive Neurocircuitry" 1610: 4285:"Weight loss is associated with improvements in cognitive function among overweight and obese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2306:"The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and e-mail: Daily Self-Weighing Weight Loss Intervention" 711:

alone results in meaningful long-term weight loss, and a combination of dieting and exercise provides the best results. Meal replacements,

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The role of nutrition in maintaining health in the nation's elderly: evaluating coverage of nutrition services for the Medicare population

3098:"Long-Term Effects of 4 Popular Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials" 674:

can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with

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Tsai, AG; Wadden, TA (4 January 2005). "Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States".

595: 2600: 776:(such as carbohydrate) consumed. High protein diets have shown greater efficacy in the short term (under 12 months) for people eating 1635:

Simmons, W. Kyle; Burrows, Kaiping; Avery, Jason A.; Kerr, Kara L.; Bodurka, Jerzy; Savage, Cary R.; Drevets, Wayne C. (April 2016).

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Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called

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has also become popular recently as an aid in weight loss. It is particularly beneficial for those with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

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Sumithran, Priya; Proietto, Joseph (2013). "The defence of body weight: A physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss".

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from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts,

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Veronese, N; Facchini, S; Stubbs, B; Luchini, C; Solmi, M; Manzato, E; Sergi, G; Maggi, S; Cosco, T; Fontana, L (January 2017).

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Avery, Amanda (2018). "4.7 Commercial weight management organisations for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

3241:"Direct comparisons of commercial weight-loss programs on weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure: a systematic review" 969:

in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of

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Obesity increases health risks, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic

2889:"Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 993:. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including: 4467: 761:, sugar and salt, and reduced caloric intake with an increase in physical activity. Both long-term exercise programs and 3567: 2812: 1243:

in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.

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often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.

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state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or increase in exercise is called

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Gudzune, KA; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Vakil, RM; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM (7 April 2015).

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Vakil, RM; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM; Gudzune, KA (1 June 2016).

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Maunder, Alison; Bessell, Erica; Lauche, Romy; Adams, Jon; Sainsbury, Amanda; Fuller, Nicholas R. (27 January 2020).

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Steinberg, Dori M.; Tate, Deborah F.; Bennett, Gary G.; Ennett, Susan; Samuel-Hodge, Carmen; Ward, Dianne S. (2013).

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may help, studies do not support this. The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term. According to the UK

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Type 1 diabetes in adults: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care

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Bayer, Sandra; Holzapfel, Christina (July 2022). "Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management".

937:(BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person. 588: 364: 4460: 552: 3214:

Allan, Karen (2018). "4.4 Group-based interventions for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

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Varkevisser, R. D. M.; van Stralen, M. M.; Kroeze, W.; Ket, J. C. F.; Steenhuis, I. H. M. (16 October 2018).

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Hart, Katherine (2018). "4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

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devised a set of essential criteria to be met by commercial weight management organizations to be approved.

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Dazıroğlu ME, Tek NA (2023). "Water Consumption: Effect on Energy Expenditure and Body Weight Management".

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Kernan, Walter N.; Inzucchi, Silvio E.; Sawan, Carla; Macko, Richard F.; Furie, Karen L. (January 2013).

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with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a 5–15% weight loss.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries (9 June 2000).

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Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.

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Krukowski, Rebecca A.; Harvey-Berino, Jean; Bursac, Zoran; Ashikaga, Taka; West, Delia Smith (2013).

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Huffman, GB (15 February 2002). "Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly".

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Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition

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Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Sherwood, Nancy E.; French, Simone A.; Jeffery, Robert W. (March 1999).

4559: 2975: 1219:. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss. 884: 817: 811: 762: 700: 517: 424: 112: 81: 2412:"Log Often, Lose More: Electronic Dietary Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss: Log Often, Lose More" 4637: 4239: 3577: 511: 2355:"Patterns of success: Online self-monitoring in a web-based behavioral weight control program" 4797: 4730: 4598: 3810: 728: 716: 656: 542: 417: 293: 253: 3774: 3666:"Pharmacological interventions for geriatric cachexia: a narrative review of the literature" 3181: 3044:

Wadden, Thomas A.; Webb, Victoria L.; Moran, Caroline H.; Bailer, Brooke A. (6 March 2012).

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Other losses: Conditions such as burns can be associated with losses such as skin exudates.

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may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are

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Permanent weight loss depends on maintaining a negative energy balance and not the type of

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Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve

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Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called

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can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.

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Changes to metabolic demands can be caused by illness, surgery and organ dysfunction.

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Müller, Timo D.; Blüher, Matthias; Tschöp, Matthias H.; DiMarchi, Richard D. (2022).

2670: 2619: 2596:"Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review" 2576: 2545: 2533: 2496: 2484: 2476: 2441: 2392: 2374: 2335: 2286: 2237: 2144: 2126: 2082: 2064: 2024: 1982: 1903: 1876: 1828: 1785: 1777: 1715: 1666: 1538: 1506: 1472: 1453: 1400: 1314: 1236: 1127: 983: 902: 836: 766: 660: 659:, and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to 636: 434: 243: 132: 122: 63: 4303: 3699: 3114: 3097: 4911: 4750: 4665: 4412: 4299: 4249: 4230:

Harsha, D. W.; Bray, G. A. (2008). "Weight Loss and Blood Pressure Control (Pro)".

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Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids,

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weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a

4772: 4767: 4428: 4387: 3615: 3362: 3345: 3022: 2472: 2223: 2020: 1897: 1385: 1216: 1030: 997: 934: 919: 872: 844: 449: 404: 354: 304: 281: 275: 218: 190: 3971:"Weight Loss: A Significant Cue To The Diagnosis of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia" 2162: 1923: 4807: 4398: 3003: 2705: 2572: 2528: 2511: 2272: 2001: 1565: 1477:"Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report" 1268: 1145: 990: 930: 868: 864: 840: 799: 773: 675: 620: 562: 389: 299: 238: 155: 4361: 4130:"An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people" 3682: 3257: 4895: 4842: 4740: 4261: 4102: 4045: 2914: 2824: 2713: 2480: 2378: 2187:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. July 2017 2130: 2068: 1781: 1340: 1202: 1003: 795: 783: 758: 522: 443: 374: 127: 2614: 2595: 1369:"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease" 4760: 4735: 4689: 4483: 4311: 4269: 4163: 4114: 4063: 4006: 3955: 3857: 3802: 3775:

Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA; Murman; Zampini; Wanke (2006).

3761: 3691: 3535: 3508: 3458: 3421: 3371: 3330: 3295:"Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review" 3276: 3189: 3123: 3079: 3030: 2922: 2873: 2731: 2674: 2623: 2580: 2537: 2488: 2445: 2396: 2339: 2290: 2241: 2148: 2086: 2028: 1986: 1939:

Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.

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Nedeltcheva, AV; Kilkus, JM; Imperial, J; Schoeller, DA; Penev, PD (2010).

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renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;

941: 860: 679: 567: 502: 484: 379: 369: 309: 3539:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 2639:"Inadequate Hydration, BMI, and Obesity Among US Adults: NHANES 2009–2012" 2060: 4880: 4755: 4511: 4501: 4442: 4145: 2946: 2593: 1319: 848: 825: 741: 464: 399: 394: 102: 92: 3987: 2848:"Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: Cause for concern?" 4530: 3969:

Bakhtiar, A; Yousphi, AS; Ghani, AR; Ali, Z; Ullah, W (7 August 2019).

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Itoh, M; Tsuji, T; Nemoto, K; Nakamura, H; Aoshiba, K (18 April 2013).

2257:"Self-Monitoring in Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 1824: 1492: 1119: 974: 966: 778: 667: 624: 429: 319: 97: 87: 4344: 3742: 3004:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 2905: 2888: 2427: 2321: 2122: 2002:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 1968: 1773: 1252:

dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.

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recommends that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in

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Harvey, Jean; Krukowski, Rebecca; Priest, Jeff; West, Delia (2019).

2352: 744:(Meridia), a withdrawn medication due to cardiovascular side effects 4875: 4585: 4544: 4506: 3946: 3929: 3793: 3776: 3663: 3616:

National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK) (February 2006).

1686:"Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity" 1199:

and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.

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Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:

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National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK) (2004).

2045:"Weight Loss in Underserved Patients — A Cluster-Randomized Trial" 1683: 1531:"Screening for and management of obesity and overweight in adults" 1528: 1078:

This can result from conditions that affect the digestive system.

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of efficacy. Herbal products have not been shown to be effective.

733: 4684: 4079: 2941: 2163:"World Health Organization recommends eating less processed food" 1309: 1112: 708: 691: 683: 439: 289: 77: 3928:

Mangili, A; Murman, DH; Zampini, AM; Wanke, CA (15 March 2006).

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Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J (2013).

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Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (

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Evert, Alison B.; Dennison, Michelle; Gardner, Christopher D.;

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and satiety, however this effect tends to dissipate over time.

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Yaxley, A; Miller, MD; Fraser, RJ; Cobiac, L (February 2012).

2107:"Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review" 4282: 4127: 3346:"Obesity – A Stubbornly Obvious Target for Stroke Prevention" 2041: 1950: 1365: 671: 628: 314: 4019: 1192: 1179:

Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss.

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The scientific soundness of commercial diets by commercial

329: 2747:"How to Stop Rebound Weight Gain After Taking Semaglutide" 2687: 2461:

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

2303: 1537:. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 1470: 4437:

Nutrition in cancer care, US National Library of Medicine

3407: 3292: 2886: 2409: 1341:"2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov" 1134: 1103:

Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:

3726:"Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment" 3486: 3343: 3095: 794:

Increasing water intake can reduce weight by increasing

740:(Xenical), a commonly used anti-obesity medication, and 4128:

Alibhai, SM; Greenwood, C; Payette, H (15 March 2005).

3968: 3238: 1634: 1561: 1559: 3618:"Malnutrition and the principles of nutrition support" 2690:"Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges" 1758: 1529:

LeBlanc, E; O'Connor, E; Whitlock, EP (October 2011).

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Burke, Lora E.; Wang, Jing; Sevick, Mary Ann (2011).

1574:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care 1566:

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.

1367:

A.; Yeboah, Joseph; Ziaeian, Boback (17 March 2019).

4334: 3624:. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). 2181:"Choosing a safe and successful weight loss program" 1556: 1420: 1339:

US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).

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3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 2813:"The facts about weight loss products and programs" 1050:Overview of disease-related causes for weight loss 3864: 3569: 1416: 1414: 847:. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of 2205: 1810: 1732: 908:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 859:There is a substantial market for products which 4893: 3594: 3102:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2512:"Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance" 2206:Rao, S; Pandey, A; Garg, S; et al. (2019). 1009:muscle strength (including respiratory muscles); 3923: 3921: 3440: 3438: 2254: 1411: 4223: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3091: 3089: 2636: 2458: 1524: 1522: 1520: 4468: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 1130:), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies. 798:, by reducing food intake, and by increasing 589: 4276: 4121: 3918: 3823: 3815:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3670:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 3435: 3209: 3207: 3135: 3133: 2937:"Profiting From America's Portly Population" 2745:Mazaheri, Dr. Mehdi K. (19 September 2023). 2630: 2587: 2558: 2552: 2261:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1611:"Moods for Overeating: Good, Bad, and Bored" 816:Other methods of weight loss include use of 686:are consumed than are expended. Depression, 4083:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4026:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3648: 3489:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3408:National Cancer Institute (November 2011). 3403: 3401: 3216:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 3163: 3161: 3142:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 3086: 2997: 2995: 2993: 1902:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 179–181. 1899:Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity 1873:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 1517: 1255:Loss of hope, status or social contact and 4475: 4461: 4229: 3553:|...|intentional=yes}} 3465: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3288: 3286: 3167: 3037: 2601:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1599:. National Health Service. 19 August 2016. 655:through slimming. Weight loss is the main 596: 582: 41: 4243: 4153: 4053: 3996: 3986: 3945: 3847: 3792: 3751: 3741: 3706: 3681: 3361: 3320: 3266: 3256: 3204: 3130: 3113: 3069: 2904: 2863: 2721: 2664: 2613: 2527: 2435: 2386: 2329: 2280: 2231: 2138: 2076: 1976: 1889: 1709: 1660: 1500: 1447: 1394: 1384: 1359: 611:, in the context of medicine, health, or 4292:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 4181:"Does Metabolism Matter in Weight Loss?" 3158: 3001: 2990: 2773:"Bariatric Surgery Highlights and Facts" 2744: 1999: 1864: 1735:"Sleep might help dieters shed more fat" 1597:"Health Weight – Understanding Calories" 732: 3829: 3444: 3378: 3283: 3182:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012 2100: 2098: 2096: 1702:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006 1213:and nausea. This can cause weight loss. 1075:Impaired digestion &/or absorption 854: 4894: 4207:The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health 2509: 1951:The Look AHEAD Research Group (2014). 1896:Hankey, Catherine (23 November 2017). 1895: 1464: 4456: 4175: 4173: 4075: 4073: 3213: 3139: 1591: 1589: 1109:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 619:, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat ( 615:, refers to a reduction of the total 4204: 4134:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3576:. National Academies Press. p. 3046:"Lifestyle Modification for Obesity" 2970: 2968: 2093: 1929:. British Dietetic Association. 2014 1870: 1733:Harmon, Katherine (4 October 2010). 1246: 1209:often have poor or absent appetite, 831: 748: 2777:Bariatric Surgery Information Guide 2770: 2199: 1916: 1483:(Professional society guidelines). 666:Weight loss in individuals who are 13: 4432:U.S. National Institutes of Health 4422:Weight-control Information Network 4254:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.094011 4170: 4070: 3877:. Royal College of Physicians UK. 2893:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2865:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00700.x 2637:Chang T, Ravi N, Davis MM (2016). 2185:Weight-control Information Network 1586: 1572:Fact sheet, Informed Health Online 1568:"Health benefits of losing weight" 1440:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee 1430:(Professional society guideline). 1229: 1041: 924: 635:and may be a symptom of a serious 180:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 14: 4928: 4330: 3062:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 2965: 2817:DHHS Publication No (FDA) 92-1189 1305:Cigarette smoking for weight loss 1275: 4482: 3410:"Nutrition in cancer care (PDQ)" 1282:Obesity § Effects on health 913: 16:Reduction of the total body mass 4304:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017 4198: 4013: 3962: 3768: 3561: 3337: 3232: 3115:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723 2949:. 21 April 2008. Archived from 2929: 2880: 2839: 2821:US Food and Drug Administration 2805: 2801:. Mayo Clinic. 9 February 2009. 2791: 2764: 2738: 2681: 2503: 2452: 2403: 2346: 2297: 2248: 2173: 2155: 2049:New England Journal of Medicine 2035: 1993: 1944: 1839: 1804: 1752: 1726: 1677: 952:in the gastrointestinal tract, 4095:10.1002/14651858.CD008879.pub3 4038:10.1002/14651858.CD004080.pub3 3528:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub3 3501:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub2 1653:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020162 1641:American Journal of Psychiatry 1628: 1603: 805: 642: 553:Social determinants of obesity 1: 3416:. National Cancer Institute. 3104:(Systematic review of RCTs). 3002:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017). 2694:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2000:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017). 1325: 1176:and many other GI conditions. 722: 186:Metabolically healthy obesity 3934:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3363:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922 3023:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 2473:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000840 2224:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.019 2021:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 1851:Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020 1386:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 789: 343:Obesity-associated morbidity 21:Weight loss (disambiguation) 7: 4550:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 4448:Weight loss - unintentional 3832:"Hyperthyroidism (primary)" 3830:Nygaard, B (19 July 2010). 3300:Annals of Internal Medicine 3218:. Wiley. pp. 164–168. 3170:Annals of Internal Medicine 3144:. Wiley. pp. 177–182. 1875:. Wiley. pp. 177–182. 1690:Annals of Internal Medicine 1293: 538:Obesity and the environment 10: 4933: 2706:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8 2573:10.1007/s13679-023-00501-8 2529:10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0 2273:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008 1535:Evidence Syntheses, No. 89 1279: 1154:inflammatory bowel disease 1141:Gastrointestinal disorders 917: 871:, weight loss groups, and 809: 726: 18: 4858: 4823: 4721: 4652: 4555:Wernicke's encephalopathy 4529: 4520: 4490: 4338: 4205:Long, Jacqueline (2015). 3683:10.1007/s12603-011-0083-8 3447:American Family Physician 3258:10.1186/s12889-016-3112-z 2644:Annals of Family Medicine 1347:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc 1222:Connective tissue disease 1090: 1082: 1074: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1036: 755:World Health Organization 651:and health, or to change 161:Classification of obesity 40: 35: 4443:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 4427:12 February 2015 at the 1262: 1124:hepatocellular carcinoma 1069:and poor quality meals. 965:. Cachexia differs from 763:anti-obesity medications 558:Social stigma of obesity 2615:10.3945/ajcn.112.055061 2561:Current Obesity Reports 2516:Current Obesity Reports 2510:Magkos, Faidon (2020). 2212:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1434:(25 Suppl 2): S102-38. 1091:Excess nutrient losses 982:, anemia, weakness and 812:Anti-obesity medication 701:National Health Service 518:Fat acceptance movement 425:Anti-obesity medication 113:Gestational weight gain 2823:. 1992. Archived from 2799:"Gastric bypass risks" 1924:"Fact Sheet—Fad diets" 745: 4731:Electrolyte imbalance 4599:Pyridoxine deficiency 4573:Riboflavin deficiency 4209:. Detroit, MI: Gale. 3545:|...}} 3522:(Retracted, see 3247:(Systematic review). 3172:(Systematic review). 2061:10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 1280:Further information: 1083:Altered requirements 736: 729:Management of obesity 717:very-low-calorie diet 657:treatment for obesity 543:Obesity and sexuality 418:Management of obesity 294:Binge eating disorder 254:Waist-to-height ratio 4709:Vitamin K deficiency 4703:Vitamin E deficiency 4680:Vitamin D deficiency 4661:Vitamin A deficiency 4560:Korsakoff's syndrome 4146:10.1503/cmaj.1031527 3414:Physician Data Query 3052:(Narrative review). 2827:on 26 September 2006 2779:. bariatricguide.org 1241:carbohydrate loading 1205:. Patients who have 1172:, diarrhea, chronic 1150:peptic ulcer disease 1115:(labored breathing). 855:Weight loss industry 767:abdominal fat volume 528:Health at Every Size 480:Weight loss coaching 214:Body adiposity index 19:For other uses, see 3988:10.7759/cureus.5335 1847:"Executive Summary" 1739:Scientific American 1288:fatty liver disease 1174:mesenteric ischemia 1051: 971:progressive disease 881:Dietary supplements 695:supplementation of 548:Sedentary lifestyle 360:Fatty liver disease 324:Starvation response 224:Body fat percentage 171:Genetics of obesity 4917:Symptoms and signs 4723:Mineral deficiency 4522:Vitamin deficiency 1825:10.1042/CS20120223 1493:10.2337/dci19-0014 1473:Garvey, W. Timothy 1257:spiritual distress 1189:parasitic diseases 1162:ulcerative colitis 1049: 818:anti-obesity drugs 746: 385:Obesity and cancer 266:Related conditions 176:Metabolic syndrome 4889: 4888: 4838:Failure to thrive 4833:Delayed milestone 4717: 4716: 4695:Harrison's groove 4625:Folate deficiency 4612:Biotin deficiency 4408: 4407: 3836:Clinical Evidence 3781:Clin. Infect. Dis 3743:10.3390/nu5041316 3587:978-0-309-06846-8 3245:BMC Public Health 2945:(Press release). 2906:10.1111/dom.13973 2428:10.1002/oby.22382 2359:Health Psychology 2322:10.1002/oby.20396 2123:10.1111/obr.12772 1969:10.1002/oby.20662 1774:10.1111/obr.12162 1379:(11): e596–e646. 1315:Physical exercise 1247:Social conditions 1237:Enteral nutrition 1197:Whipple's disease 1128:pancreatic cancer 1101: 1100: 903:weight management 885:clinical evidence 837:Bariatric surgery 832:Bariatric surgery 782:due to increased 749:Diet and exercise 637:medical condition 606: 605: 435:Bariatric surgery 244:Relative Fat Mass 133:Childhood obesity 123:Weight management 64:Human body weight 49: 48: 30:Medical condition 4924: 4527: 4526: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4323: 4289: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4247: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4109: 11001290. 4077: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4032:(10): CD004080. 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3990: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3721: 3704: 3703: 3685: 3661: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3613: 3592: 3591: 3575: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3520: 3484: 3463: 3462: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3405: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3313:10.7326/M14-2238 3290: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3260: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3056:(9): 1157–1170. 3041: 3035: 3034: 3017:(7): 1739–1751. 3011:Gastroenterology 3008: 2999: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2953:on 11 March 2009 2933: 2927: 2926: 2908: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2867: 2852:Obesity Research 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2657:10.1370/afm.1951 2634: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2371:10.1037/a0028135 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2102: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2015:(7): 1739–1751. 2009:Gastroenterology 2006: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1813:Clinical Science 1808: 1802: 1801: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1615:Psychology Today 1607: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1388: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1336: 1181:Fungal illnesses 1063:Impaired intake 1052: 1048: 1016:thermoregulation 869:personal coaches 613:physical fitness 598: 591: 584: 475:Weight loss camp 470:Obesity medicine 350:Arteriosclerosis 234:Corpulence index 229:Body Shape Index 196:Set point theory 166:Exercise paradox 150:Medical concepts 118:Diet (nutrition) 72:General concepts 51: 50: 45: 33: 32: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4854: 4819: 4713: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4541: 4516: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4429:Wayback Machine 4409: 4404: 4403: 4347: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4245:10.1.1.547.1622 4228: 4224: 4217: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4126: 4122: 4089:(4): CD008879. 4078: 4071: 4018: 4014: 3967: 3963: 3926: 3919: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3828: 3824: 3808: 3807: 3773: 3769: 3722: 3707: 3662: 3649: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3595: 3588: 3566: 3562: 3548: 3540: 3538: 3521: 3485: 3466: 3443: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3406: 3379: 3342: 3338: 3291: 3284: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3212: 3205: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3138: 3131: 3094: 3087: 3042: 3038: 3006: 3000: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2885: 2881: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2686: 2682: 2635: 2631: 2592: 2588: 2557: 2553: 2508: 2504: 2457: 2453: 2408: 2404: 2351: 2347: 2302: 2298: 2253: 2249: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2169:. 3 March 2003. 2161: 2160: 2156: 2111:Obesity Reviews 2103: 2094: 2055:(10): 909–918. 2040: 2036: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1949: 1945: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1809: 1805: 1762:Obesity Reviews 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1682: 1678: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1527: 1518: 1469: 1465: 1419: 1412: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1296: 1284: 1278: 1265: 1249: 1232: 1230:Therapy-related 1217:Cardiac disease 1158:crohn's disease 1044: 1042:Disease-related 1039: 1031:type 1 diabetes 998:immune response 991:mortality rates 935:body mass index 927: 925:Characteristics 922: 920:Eating disorder 916: 865:fitness centers 857: 845:gastric banding 834: 814: 808: 792: 751: 731: 725: 661:type 2 diabetes 645: 602: 573: 572: 498: 490: 489: 450:Caloric deficit 420: 410: 409: 405:Type 2 diabetes 355:Atherosclerosis 345: 335: 334: 305:Hyperthyroidism 282:Eating disorder 267: 259: 258: 249:Waist–hip ratio 219:Body mass index 209: 201: 200: 191:Obesity paradox 151: 143: 142: 73: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4808:Keshan disease 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4492:Protein-energy 4488: 4487: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4434: 4419: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4390: 4379: 4364: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339:Classification 4332: 4331:External links 4329: 4326: 4325: 4275: 4238:(6): 1420–25. 4222: 4216:978-1573027526 4215: 4197: 4185:Harvard Health 4169: 4120: 4069: 4012: 3961: 3947:10.1086/500398 3917: 3884:978-1860162282 3883: 3863: 3822: 3794:10.1086/500398 3767: 3736:(4): 1316–35. 3705: 3647: 3638:|journal= 3593: 3586: 3560: 3464: 3434: 3377: 3356:(1): 278–286. 3336: 3307:(7): 501–512. 3282: 3231: 3224: 3203: 3157: 3150: 3129: 3108:(6): 815–827. 3085: 3036: 2989: 2978:. 14 July 2010 2964: 2928: 2899:(6): 891–903. 2879: 2838: 2804: 2790: 2763: 2737: 2700:(3): 201–223. 2680: 2651:(4): 320–324. 2629: 2608:(2): 282–299. 2586: 2551: 2522:(3): 213–218. 2502: 2467:(4): 265–270. 2451: 2422:(3): 380–384. 2402: 2365:(2): 164–170. 2345: 2316:(9): 1789–97. 2296: 2247: 2218:(2): 211–224. 2198: 2172: 2154: 2117:(2): 171–211. 2092: 2034: 1992: 1943: 1915: 1908: 1888: 1881: 1863: 1838: 1803: 1751: 1725: 1676: 1647:(4): 418–428. 1627: 1602: 1585: 1555: 1516: 1487:(5): 731–754. 1463: 1410: 1358: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1277: 1276:Health effects 1274: 1269:metabolic rate 1264: 1261: 1248: 1245: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1200: 1177: 1146:celiac disease 1138: 1131: 1116: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1001: 931:muscle atrophy 926: 923: 915: 912: 856: 853: 841:gastric bypass 833: 830: 820:that decrease 810:Main article: 807: 804: 791: 788: 774:macronutrients 759:saturated fats 750: 747: 724: 721: 676:osteoarthritis 644: 641: 621:adipose tissue 604: 603: 601: 600: 593: 586: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 563:Weight cutting 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 505: 499: 497:Social aspects 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 452: 447: 437: 432: 427: 421: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Osteoarthritis 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Food addiction 297: 279: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 239:Lean body mass 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 173: 168: 163: 158: 156:Adipose tissue 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 74: 71: 70: 67: 66: 60: 59: 47: 46: 38: 37: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4929: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843:Short stature 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666:Bitot's spots 4664: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140:(6): 773–80. 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3940:(6): 836–42. 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3787:(6): 836–42. 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3676:(2): 148–54. 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3564: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3453:(4): 640–50. 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3225:9780470670767 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3151:9780470670767 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2858:(2): 179–88. 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:(2): 99–107. 2566: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267:(1): 92–102. 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1925: 1919: 1911: 1909:9781118857977 1905: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1884: 1882:9780470670767 1878: 1874: 1867: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819:(4): 231–41. 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:(6): 528–37. 1767: 1763: 1755: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696:(7): 435–41. 1695: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Diabetes Care 1478: 1474: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Renal disease 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1047: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004:wound healing 1002: 999: 996: 995: 994: 992: 987: 985: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 921: 914:Unintentional 911: 909: 904: 899: 896: 894: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873:food products 870: 866: 862: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 829: 827: 823: 819: 813: 803: 801: 800:fat oxidation 797: 796:thermogenesis 787: 785: 784:thermogenesis 781: 780: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 743: 739: 735: 730: 720: 718: 714: 710: 705: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 579: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 523:Fat fetishism 521: 519: 516: 513: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 494: 493: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 460: 456: 453: 451: 448: 445: 444:List of diets 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 419: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375:Heart disease 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 344: 339: 338: 331: 328: 325: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 277: 273: 270: 269: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 205: 204: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 181: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 147: 146: 138: 134: 131: 129: 128:Overnutrition 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 83: 79: 76: 75: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 44: 39: 34: 28: 26: 22: 4870: 4690:Osteomalacia 4494:malnutrition 4484:Malnutrition 4441: 4413:Weight loss 4392: 4381: 4366: 4351: 4295: 4291: 4278: 4235: 4232:Hypertension 4231: 4225: 4206: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4184: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4086: 4082: 4029: 4025: 4015: 3981:(8): e5335. 3978: 3974: 3964: 3937: 3933: 3888:. Retrieved 3873: 3866: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3811:cite journal 3784: 3780: 3770: 3733: 3729: 3673: 3669: 3621: 3571: 3563: 3549:{{ 3541:{{ 3495:: CD008427. 3492: 3488: 3450: 3446: 3425:. Retrieved 3413: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3304: 3298: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3215: 3176:(1): 56–66. 3173: 3169: 3141: 3105: 3101: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3014: 3010: 2980:. Retrieved 2955:. Retrieved 2951:the original 2940: 2931: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2829:. Retrieved 2825:the original 2816: 2807: 2793: 2781:. Retrieved 2776: 2766: 2756:19 September 2754:. Retrieved 2751:Dr. Mazaheri 2750: 2740: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2648: 2642: 2632: 2605: 2599: 2589: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2189:. 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Retrieved 1344: 1334: 1285: 1266: 1254: 1250: 1233: 1185:endocarditis 1166:pancreatitis 1133:People with 1102: 1095: 1067: 1045: 1027: 1022:menstruation 988: 960: 958: 942:malnutrition 939: 928: 900: 897: 889: 858: 835: 815: 793: 777: 771: 752: 706: 680:hypertension 665: 646: 608: 607: 568:Weight class 503:Comfort food 485:Yo-yo effect 380:Hypertension 370:Gynecomastia 310:Malnutrition 208:Measurements 137:Epidemiology 107: 82:Epidemiology 27: 25: 4902:Weight loss 4881:Underweight 4871:Weight loss 4512:Catabolysis 4502:Kwashiorkor 3908:|work= 3050:Circulation 2947:PR Newswire 1963:(1): 5–13. 1933:12 December 1428:Circulation 1373:Circulation 1320:Weight gain 877:supplements 867:, clinics, 849:food energy 826:Semaglutide 806:Medications 742:sibutramine 643:Intentional 609:Weight loss 465:Liposuction 400:Sleep apnea 395:Prediabetes 108:Weight loss 103:Weight gain 93:Underweight 36:Weight loss 4896:Categories 4848:Idiopathic 4798:Molybdenum 4642:deficiency 4531:B vitamins 4394:DiseasesDB 3352:(Review). 3013:(Review). 2957:17 January 1744:20 October 1620:17 October 1345:health.gov 1326:References 1120:idiopathic 975:metabolism 967:starvation 918:See also: 779:ad libitum 727:See also: 723:Techniques 668:overweight 653:appearance 625:overweight 430:Bariatrics 320:Starvation 98:Body shape 88:Overweight 4907:Dietetics 4778:Manganese 4756:Potassium 4751:Phosphate 4746:Magnesium 4638:Vitamin B 4320:207093523 4298:: 87–94. 4262:0194-911X 4240:CiteSeerX 4103:1469-493X 4046:1469-493X 3910:ignored ( 3900:cite book 3730:Nutrients 3640:ignored ( 3630:cite book 3551:retracted 3543:retracted 3517:261730608 2915:1463-1326 2771:Albgomi. 2714:1474-1784 2546:219691446 2497:250078610 2481:1363-1950 2379:1930-7810 2131:1467-7881 2069:0028-4793 1782:1467-789X 1170:gastritis 893:self-help 790:Hydration 697:vitamin D 617:body mass 512:Criticism 508:Fast food 4876:Cachexia 4866:Anorexia 4815:Fluorine 4803:Selenium 4793:Chromium 4741:Chloride 4586:Pellagra 4545:Beriberi 4507:Marasmus 4425:Archived 4312:27890688 4270:18474829 4164:15767612 4115:38588454 4064:30353940 4007:31598442 3956:16477562 3858:21418670 3842:: 0611. 3803:16477562 3762:23598440 3700:30473679 3692:22323350 3536:28387447 3509:22258985 3459:11871682 3422:26389293 3372:23111440 3331:25844997 3277:27246464 3190:15630109 3124:25387778 3080:22392863 3031:28214525 2923:31984610 2874:10102255 2732:34815532 2675:27401419 2624:23803882 2581:37036559 2538:32542589 2489:35762163 2446:30801989 2397:22545978 2340:23512320 2291:21185970 2242:30711119 2167:BBC News 2149:30324651 2087:32877581 2029:28214525 1987:24307184 1833:23126426 1790:24528624 1720:20921542 1671:26806872 1543:22049569 1511:31000505 1458:24222017 1405:30879355 1300:Anorexia 1294:See also 1211:vomiting 1055:Problem 962:cachexia 954:diarrhea 950:fistulae 946:appetite 895:nature. 822:appetite 738:Orlistat 713:orlistat 684:calories 633:cachexia 455:Exercise 286:Anorexia 272:Diabetes 56:a series 54:Part of 4912:Obesity 4859:General 4736:Calcium 4685:Rickets 4388:D015431 4190:18 June 4055:6517065 3998:6778047 3849:3275323 3753:3705350 3322:4446719 3268:4888663 3251:: 460. 3198:2589699 3071:3313649 2982:19 July 2942:Reuters 2783:13 June 2723:8609996 2666:4940461 2437:6647027 2416:Obesity 2388:4993110 2331:3788086 2310:Obesity 2282:3268700 2233:6410710 2191:17 July 2140:7416131 2078:7493523 2043:2020). 1978:3904491 1957:Obesity 1798:8660739 1711:2951287 1662:4818200 1578:27 June 1548:27 June 1502:7011201 1449:5819889 1396:7734661 1310:Dieting 1187:, many 1113:dyspnea 984:fatigue 765:reduce 709:dieting 692:boredom 649:fitness 459:outline 440:Dieting 290:Bulimia 78:Obesity 4825:Growth 4788:Iodine 4783:Copper 4761:Sodium 4674:Scurvy 4417:Curlie 4377:783.21 4318: 4310: 4268: 4260: 4242: 4213: 4162: 4155:552892 4152: 4113: 4101: 4062: 4052: 4044: 4005: 3995: 3975:Cureus 3954: 3890:3 July 3881: 3856: 3846: 3801: 3760: 3750: 3698: 3690: 3584: 3534: 3530:, 3515: 3507: 3457: 3427:3 July 3420: 3370: 3350:Stroke 3329: 3319: 3275: 3265: 3222: 3196: 3188: 3148: 3122: 3078: 3068: 3029: 2921: 2913: 2872: 2831:14 May 2730: 2720: 2712: 2673: 2663: 2622: 2579: 2544: 2536: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2444: 2434: 2395: 2385: 2377: 2338: 2328: 2289: 2279: 2240: 2230: 2147: 2137: 2129: 2085: 2075: 2067: 2027: 1985: 1975: 1906: 1879: 1831: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1718: 1708: 1669: 1659: 1541: 1509: 1499: 1456: 1446: 1403: 1393: 1207:uremia 1058:Cause 1037:Causes 980:nausea 688:stress 533:Hunger 276:Type 1 4653:Other 4399:28440 4362:R63.4 4316:S2CID 4288:(PDF) 3696:S2CID 3547:with 3513:S2CID 3194:S2CID 3007:(PDF) 2542:S2CID 2493:S2CID 2005:(PDF) 1927:(PDF) 1856:2 May 1794:S2CID 1263:Myths 1018:; 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