785:
1777:"Specifically, facial width/lower face height gets smaller (i.e., the lower face grows more than the width of the face), cheekbone prominence gets smaller (i.e., the width of the face at the mouth—a measure of relative jaw width—grows more than the width of the cheekbones), and lower face height/full face height gets larger (i.e., facial growth is focused in the lower face) as male adolescents develop. These results are consistent with the craniofacial literature that documents pronounced growth in the male mandible under the influence of exogenous T and during puberty . Similarly, the association between T and these mandible-inclusive facial ratios accords with Lefevre et al. , who found significant sexual dimorphism in these three ratios, but no adult sex difference in fWHR." See Table 1 and Figure 2 for cheekbone relation to testosterone levels.
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in a relatively constant daily amount according to a circadian profile. Small amounts of estrogens and progesterone are produced by the testes and the adrenal glands or are produced in the peripheral tissues, such as adipose tissue or liver, by the conversion of other precursor hormones . In contrast, females mainly produce estrogens and progesterone from the ovaries in a cyclical pattern, while a small amount of testosterone (T) is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands.
776:
25:
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122:
1382:), waist-to-hip ratio, and especially waist-to-chest ratio in men have been shown in studies to rank as overall more desirable to women. To be deemed to have an "athletic built"/build is usually a reference to wide shoulders, a muscular upper body and well-developed upper-arm muscles which are all traits closely associated with
991:
936:. Males and females generally have the same hormones, but blood concentrations and site sensitivity differs between males and females. Males produce primarily testosterone with small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, while women produce primarily estrogen and progesterone and small amounts of testosterone.
713:. Skeletal structure grows and changes only up to the point at which a human reaches adulthood and remains essentially the same for the rest of their life. Growth is usually completed between the ages of 13 and 18, at which time the epiphyseal plates of long bones close, allowing no further growth (see
2045:
Generally, females and males have the same hormones (i.e., estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone), but their production sites, their blood concentrations, and their interactions with different organs, systems, and apparatus are different . Males produce predominantly testosterone from the testes
1100:
helps build and maintain muscles through exercise. On average, men have around 5-20 times more testosterone than women and naturally and biologically males gain more muscle mass and size than women. However, women can also build muscle mass by increasing the testosterone level naturally. Prominent
881:
frames the overall shape of the body and does not alter much after maturity. Males are, on average, taller, but body shape may be analyzed after normalizing with respect to height. The length of each bone is constant, but the joint angle will change as the bone moves.
932:, resulting in hip sway. The upper limb in females have an outward angulation (carrying angle) at elbow level to accommodate the wider pelvis. After puberty, hips are generally wider than shoulders. However, not all females adhere to this stereotypical pattern of
2674:
The classical vision of beauty exemplified in Greek art, such as the 2nd century B.C. Venus de Milo (a.k.a. Aphrodite of Milos), was an ideal carried through millennia, laying the basis for much of
Western art's depictions of the human
1261:, those people with a larger waist (apple shaped) have higher health risks than those who carry excess weight on the hips and thighs (pear shaped). People with apple shaped bodies who carry excess weight are at greater risk of
2158:
1309:
but any fat reduction is not specific to the locale. Spot reduction exercises are not useful unless you plan proper exercise regime to lose overall calories. But exercising reduces fat throughout the body, and
828:
Because females have around 1/15 (6.67%) the amount of testosterone of a male, the testosterone-dependent features do not develop to the same extent, and female faces are generally more similar to those of
1406:), as in 90-60-90 (centimeters) or 36–24–36 (inches) respectively. In this case, the waist–hip ratio is 60/90 or 24/36 = 0.67. Many terms or classifications are used to describe body shape types:
2727:
705:
is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function. The general shape or figure of a person is defined mainly by the molding of skeletal structures, as well as the distribution of
1421:
both in front view and profile view. The waist is narrower than the chest region due to the breasts, and narrower than the hip region due to the width of the buttocks, which results in an
2127:
1624:
2168:
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1185:. Mammary glands do not contain muscle tissue. The shape of female breasts is affected by age, genetic factors, and body weight. Women's breasts tend to grow larger after
1189:, due to increase in fatty deposits caused by decreasing levels of estrogen. The loss of elasticity from connective tissue associated with menopause also causes sagging.
2544:
1217:. A person with a BMI below 18.5 is classed as underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 is ideal, above 24.9 is overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher is defined as obese.
807:
A more prominent brow bone (bone across the centre of the forehead from around the middle of eyebrow across to the middle of the other) and a larger nose bone.
2102:
986:
The rear view of a naked adult man with a "V-shaped body". Male
Musculature Study - photograph by Albert Londe, Paul Marie Louis Pierre Richer (MET, 2012.59)
784:
1971:
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However, one expert suggested that her "almost matronly representation" was meant to convey an "impressive appearance" rather than "ideal female beauty".
1237:. This is because a body's shape implies an individual's hormone levels during puberty, which implies fertility, and it also indicates current levels of
1645:
Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, et al. (August 1998). "Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness".
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of the body. Posture also affects body shape as different postures significantly alter body measurements, which thus can alter a body's shape.
2190:"QuickStats: Mean Percentage Body Fat,* by Age Group and Sex --- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999--2004†"
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2395:
1044:
and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists. Later fat is stored in the
1620:
2293:"Benefits of estrogen replacement for skeletal muscle mass and function in post-menopausal females: evidence from human and animal studies"
1281:(WtHR) should not exceed 0.5, and that this rule applies to everyone from the age of five and is irrespective of gender, ethnicity or BMI.
2067:
688:
954:
An adult man with a "V-shaped body"; pronounced shoulder width and expanded chest, both traits typically associated with male physique
2788:
Swami V (2006). "The
Influence of Body Weight and Shape in Determining Female and Male Physical Attractiveness". In Kindes MV (ed.).
2341:
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reduces fat in the belly. This, however, is now proven to be a misconception; these exercises may change body shape by improving
994:
The rear view of a naked adult woman with pronounced hip width and large buttocks, both typically associated with female physique
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A high facial width-to-height ratio. However some studies dispute this, and testosterone reduces cheekbone prominence in males.
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structure, muscles and fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, exercises and hormone levels.
2797:
2728:"Interactions between height and shoulder‑to‑hip ratio influence women's perceptions of men's attractiveness and masculinity"
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2621:"Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place"
2106:
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in females is shorter and wider, and also directed more toward the rear (see image). This sometimes affects their
68:
2752:
2570:"Obesity: identification and classification of overweight and obesity (update) Recommendations 1.2.25 and 1.2.26"
1979:
1838:
Saeki T, Furukawa T, Shimizu Y (1997). "Dynamic clothing simulation based on skeletal motion of the human body".
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645:
46:
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especially has a complicated cultural history. The science of measuring and assessing body shape is called
435:
2499:"Assessing the female figure identification technique's reliability as a body shape classification system"
2620:
1908:
1463:
1403:
630:
42:
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The general body shapes of female and male bodies both have significant social and cultural symbolism.
674:
148:
57:
2429:. The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF). World Health Organization. 2005. p. 22.
1513:
1487:
1134:
253:
2452:"Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning"
1478: – Cumulative product of the human female skeletal structure and distribution of muscle and fat
1394:
to women and also associated with higher intelligence, good leadership qualities and better health.
1422:
1019:
650:
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1402:
Classifications of female body sizes are mainly based on the circumference of the bust–waist–hip (
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is closely associated with traits that are considered typical of either sex. The body mass index (
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1945:
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205:
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35:
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Rectangle or straight or banana: The hip, waist, and shoulder sections are relatively similar.
1213:(BMI). Depending on the BMI, a body may be referred to as underweight, normal, overweight, or
2451:
1544:
1278:
635:
510:
386:
346:
1719:
Hodges-Simeon, Carolyn R.; Sobraske, Katherine N. Hanson; Samore, Theodore (14 April 2016).
1791:"Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance"
1732:
1721:"Facial Width-To-Height Ratio (fWHR) Is Not Associated with Adolescent Testosterone Levels"
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1363:
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reduces fat in specific parts of the body —for example, that exercising muscles around the
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8:
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2689:"Creating the Past: The VĂ©nus de Milo and the Hellenistic Reception of Classical Greece"
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Pear or spoon or bell: The hip section is wider than the upper body, mainly in females.
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268:
2343:
The
Sectional Anatomy Learning System - E-Book: Concepts and Applications 2-Volume Set
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1534: – Effort to improve purported human genetic quality (discredited fringe theory)
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V shape: Males tend to have proportionally smaller buttocks, bigger chests and wider
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336:
225:
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140:. Women typically have wider hips than shoulders, while the reverse is true for men.
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fluctuations. Inherited genes play a large part in the development of body shape.
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1414:, wider latissimus dorsi and a small waist which makes for a V-shape of the torso.
2608:... "the most perfect all-over beauty of all time." Runner-up: the Venus de Milo.
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2397:
Essentials of Breast
Surgery: A Volume in the Surgical Foundations Series E-Book
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Handelsman, David J; Hirschberg, Angelica L; Bermon, Stephane (October 2018).
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The
Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health
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storage in the body, which results in more fat stored in the female body.
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1157:, which develop in puberty from the influence of various hormones such as
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1428:
Apple: The stomach region is wider than the hip section, mainly in males.
1383:
1315:
1306:
1202:
557:
492:
487:
200:
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185:
1496: – Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits
752:
mass may change due to exercise, and fat distribution may change due to
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522:
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Secondary sexual characteristics occur as part of the pubertal process
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1158:
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are higher for females, as this may serve as an energy reserve for
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is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger, the head of the
24:
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Hourglass shape: The female body is significantly narrower in the
1048:, similar to males. Thus females generally have relatively narrow
950:
1472: – Slang term for a body shape particular to middle-aged men
1469:
1302:
1214:
1174:
1080:
1045:
971:
963:
830:
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relative to males in the same population. (Images not to scale.)
1466: – Measures used for fitting clothing ("Vital statistics")
1347:
1242:
1150:
1122:
1033:
749:
706:
625:
2414:
2213:
Most J, Dervis S, Haman F, Adamo KB, Redman LM (August 2019).
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occurs as part of the male pubertal process. Expansion of the
1418:
1387:
1118:
1076:
1049:
921:
407:
133:
2005:"Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones"
1644:
1621:"Lateral Synovial Joint Loading Explained In Simple English"
1297:
of the body and also for health. It is a common belief that
1718:
821:
800:
799:
Due to the action of testosterone, males may develop these
422:
2497:
Parker CJ, Hayes SG, Brownbridge K, Gill S (August 2021).
2496:
1788:
1598:. The National Honor Society in Psychology. Archived from
1592:"An Evolutionary Theory of Female Physical Attractiveness"
1522: – Evolved difference in sex-specific characteristics
1484: – A pattern of limb movements made during locomotion
855:
846:
2420:
1064:
999:
811:
129:
2574:
National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
1946:"Clues To Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed"
1840:
International
Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
1367:
is considered a symbol of young male beauty and strength
977:
908:
in females) cause a widening of the pelvis as a part of
121:
2547:. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Archived from
1002:
distribution, which is correlated to current levels of
2822:
Clues to
Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed
2002:
1460: – Relative weight based on mass and height (BMI)
912:. Hence females generally have wider hips, permitting
744:
of the male and female body occurs for the purpose of
1883:. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
1386:, similarly to other specifics of the male sex, like
1350:
has been described as a "classical vision of beauty".
2212:
1837:
720:
Many aspects of body shape vary with gender and the
2060:"Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears"
900:occurs as part of the female pubertal process, and
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2373:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 624.
2370:Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility
2640:Venus de Milo ... That lady of renowned beauty...
1504: – Physical configurations of the human body
1275:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2828:
2367:Fritz, Marc A.; Speroff, Leon (28 March 2012).
1528: – Taxonomy to categorize human physiques
2651:
1448: – Aesthetic perception of one's own body
864:Comparison between a male (left) and a female
2792:. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 36–51.
2128:"Why men store fat in bellies, women on hips"
1325:
682:
2445:
2443:
2366:
2264:Kopala, Mary; Keitel, Merle (11 July 2003).
2263:
2003:Lauretta, R; Sansone, M; Sansone, A (2018).
1919:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1516: – Difference between males and females
1510: – Internal framework of the human body
1454: – Proportions of the human body in art
2562:
2449:
1871:
1869:
1209:and walking style. This is measured using
1205:affects the human body's shape as well as
689:
675:
2440:
2346:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 108.
2339:
2316:
2240:
2230:
2215:"Energy Intake Requirements in Pregnancy"
2030:
2020:
1814:
1762:
1744:
1578:
1056:make for a wider hip section and a lower
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2750:
2400:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 16.
2340:Applegate, Edith MS (25 February 2009).
1526:Somatotype and constitutional psychology
1220:
1052:and large buttocks, and this along with
1028:Estrogen causes fat to be stored in the
989:
981:
949:
120:
2686:
2103:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it"
2064:National Women's Health Resource Center
1866:
1284:
1053:
2829:
2645:
2613:
2580:
2290:
2009:International Journal of Endocrinology
1972:"The secondary sexual characteristics"
1695:
1075:. Males generally deposit fat around
868:(right). Females generally have wider
2787:
2781:
2725:
2393:
1877:"Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology"
1589:
1311:
1259:Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
1241:. A pleasing shape also implies good
1121:and stomach respectively, as well as
978:Fat distribution, muscles and tissues
836:
1991:Hips grow wider than their shoulders
1969:
1905:Gender differences in Human skeleton
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2817:Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
2394:Sabel, Michael S. (23 April 2009).
1924:(3rd ed.). Edward Arnold Ltd.
1252:
1013:
13:
759:
273:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
14:
2853:
2810:
2652:CBS News Staff (August 5, 2011).
2450:Gill S, Parker CJ (August 2017).
2270:. SAGE Publications. p. 94.
2057:
2436:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2297:The Eurasian Journal of Medicine
1490: – Look, outward phenotype
1355:
1334:
1101:muscles of the body include the
924:may pass during childbirth. The
885:
854:
845:
783:
774:
23:
2744:
2719:
2693:American Journal of Archaeology
2680:
2537:
2490:
2387:
2360:
2333:
2284:
2257:
2206:
2182:
2159:"Sex hormone making women fat?"
2151:
2120:
2095:
2074:
2051:
1996:
1963:
1938:
1913:
1627:from the original on 2021-01-26
1558:
1225:Body shape has effects on body
1040:in females. When females reach
998:Body shape is affected by body
803:-bone features during puberty:
793:Classical female and male faces
34:needs additional citations for
2594:. May 28, 1945. Archived from
1897:
1831:
1782:
1712:
1689:
1638:
1613:
1397:
1083:(producing an "apple shape").
1069:Body fat percentage guidelines
939:
646:Social determinants of obesity
1:
2726:Dolan, Eric W. (2023-01-14).
2515:10.1080/00140139.2021.1902572
2468:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621
1571:
1390:. These traits are seen more
1322:to remove fat from the body.
934:secondary sex characteristics
731:
279:Metabolically healthy obesity
16:General shape of a human body
2267:Handbook of Counseling Women
2167:. 2009-04-07. Archived from
2136:. 2011-01-03. Archived from
1746:10.1371/journal.pone.0153083
1696:Holden C (August 20, 2008).
1318:is surgery commonly used in
966:is caused by the effects of
436:Obesity-associated morbidity
7:
1922:Knight's Forensic Pathology
1920:Saukko P, Knight B (2004).
1464:Bust/waist/hip measurements
1438:
631:Obesity and the environment
10:
2858:
2291:Tiidus, PM (August 2011).
1326:Social and cultural ideals
1233:, and has a major role in
1144:
1090:
1086:
1017:
943:
889:
763:
1909:Sexual dimorphism in Hips
1852:10.1108/09556229710168414
1514:Sex differences in humans
1488:Human physical appearance
1192:
254:Classification of obesity
2790:Body Image: New Research
2751:Williams LA (May 2012).
1698:"The Face of Aggression"
1551:
1277:advises that a person's
1020:Android fat distribution
651:Social stigma of obesity
2842:Physical attractiveness
1502:List of human positions
1376:Physical attractiveness
1273:. The United Kingdom's
1024:Gynoid fat distribution
611:Fat acceptance movement
518:Anti-obesity medication
206:Gestational weight gain
2588:"People: Just Deserts"
1293:are practiced for the
995:
987:
955:
946:Masculine beauty ideal
910:sexual differentiation
141:
2776:...and athletic built
2705:10.3764/aja.109.2.227
1807:10.1210/er.2018-00020
1545:Waist-to-height ratio
1314:depends on hormones.
1279:waist-to-height ratio
1221:Body posture and gait
993:
985:
953:
916:. Because the female
764:Further information:
636:Obesity and sexuality
511:Management of obesity
387:Binge eating disorder
347:Waist-to-height ratio
124:
2545:"Assess your weight"
2309:10.5152/eajm.2011.24
2022:10.1155/2018/4847376
1364:Michelangelo's David
1285:Fitness and exercise
1183:human growth hormone
1060:compared to males.
621:Health at Every Size
573:Weight loss coaching
307:Body adiposity index
43:improve this article
2664:on January 29, 2010
1737:2016PLoSO..1153083H
1659:1998Natur.394..884P
1392:sexually attractive
1320:developed societies
1312:where fat is stored
1289:Different forms of
1263:high blood pressure
1235:physical attraction
1063:Estrogen increases
748:. In adult humans,
641:Sedentary lifestyle
453:Fatty liver disease
417:Starvation response
317:Body fat percentage
264:Genetics of obesity
2687:Kousser R (2005).
2628:The New York Times
2598:on August 11, 2009
2232:10.3390/nu11081812
2164:The Times of India
2133:The Times of India
1623:. 19 August 2012.
1153:due to functional
996:
988:
956:
879:Skeletal structure
837:Skeletal structure
478:Obesity and cancer
359:Related conditions
269:Metabolic syndrome
142:
128:depiction of nude
2799:978-1-60021-059-4
2423:The SuRF Report 2
2407:978-0-323-07464-3
2380:978-1-4511-4847-3
2353:978-0-323-27754-9
2277:978-1-4522-6285-7
1795:Endocrine Reviews
1653:(6696): 884–887.
1520:Sexual dimorphism
1476:Female body shape
1299:targeted exercise
1257:According to the
1117:(abdomen) in the
904:(the predominant
892:Female body shape
820:A more prominent
722:female body shape
699:
698:
528:Bariatric surgery
337:Relative Fat Mass
226:Childhood obesity
216:Weight management
157:Human body weight
119:
118:
111:
93:
2849:
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2785:
2779:
2778:
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2742:
2741:
2739:
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2723:
2717:
2716:
2684:
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2677:
2671:
2669:
2660:. Archived from
2649:
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2637:
2635:
2630:. April 29, 1922
2625:
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2541:
2535:
2534:
2509:(8): 1035–1051.
2494:
2488:
2487:
2462:(8): 1123–1136.
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2105:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:"Women's Health"
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1978:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1590:Singh D (2007).
1587:
1565:
1562:
1452:Body proportions
1359:
1338:
1271:high cholesterol
1253:Impact on health
1129:in the arms and
1115:rectus abdominis
1111:pectoral muscles
1103:latissimus dorsi
1014:Fat distribution
958:Widening of the
896:Widening of the
858:
849:
787:
778:
691:
684:
677:
568:Weight loss camp
563:Obesity medicine
443:Arteriosclerosis
327:Corpulence index
322:Body Shape Index
289:Set point theory
259:Exercise paradox
243:Medical concepts
211:Diet (nutrition)
165:General concepts
144:
143:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2724:
2720:
2685:
2681:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2495:
2491:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2056:
2052:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1836:
1832:
1787:
1783:
1731:(4): e0153083.
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1540:Waist–hip ratio
1458:Body mass index
1441:
1400:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1328:
1287:
1267:Type 2 diabetes
1255:
1223:
1211:Body Mass Index
1195:
1147:
1141:in the thighs.
1131:gluteus maximus
1095:
1089:
1058:waist–hip ratio
1026:
1018:Main articles:
1016:
980:
948:
942:
894:
888:
876:
875:
874:
873:
861:
860:
859:
851:
850:
839:
797:
796:
795:
794:
790:
789:
788:
780:
779:
768:
766:Facial skeleton
762:
760:Facial features
742:differentiation
734:
695:
666:
665:
591:
583:
582:
543:Caloric deficit
513:
503:
502:
498:Type 2 diabetes
448:Atherosclerosis
438:
428:
427:
398:Hyperthyroidism
375:Eating disorder
360:
352:
351:
342:Waist–hip ratio
312:Body mass index
302:
294:
293:
284:Obesity paradox
244:
236:
235:
166:
138:Pioneer plaques
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2811:External links
2809:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2780:
2763:
2743:
2718:
2679:
2644:
2612:
2579:
2561:
2536:
2489:
2439:
2413:
2406:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2332:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2205:
2181:
2150:
2119:
2094:
2073:
2070:on 2009-06-09.
2050:
1995:
1962:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1896:
1865:
1846:(3): 256–263.
1830:
1801:(5): 803–829.
1781:
1711:
1688:
1637:
1612:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1508:Human skeleton
1505:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1399:
1396:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1286:
1283:
1254:
1251:
1222:
1219:
1194:
1191:
1155:mammary glands
1146:
1143:
1088:
1085:
1015:
1012:
979:
976:
941:
938:
887:
884:
863:
862:
853:
852:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
838:
835:
826:
825:
818:
815:
808:
792:
791:
782:
781:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
761:
758:
733:
730:
715:Human skeleton
697:
696:
694:
693:
686:
679:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
656:Weight cutting
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
598:
592:
590:Social aspects
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
545:
540:
530:
525:
520:
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
483:Osteoarthritis
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Food addiction
390:
372:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Lean body mass
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
266:
261:
256:
251:
249:Adipose tissue
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
153:
152:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2854:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2766:
2764:9781105713033
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:(2): 227–50.
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2551:on 2011-08-25
2550:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:(2): 109–14.
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2171:on 2011-08-11
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2140:on 2012-01-14
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2109:on 2011-09-28
2108:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1982:on 2011-09-27
1981:
1977:
1976:The Sex Atlas
1973:
1970:Haeberle EJ.
1966:
1952:. 24 May 2007
1951:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1931:0-340-76044-3
1927:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:10.1038/29772
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1602:on 2007-07-05
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1343:Venus de Milo
1337:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:Females have
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:in the back,
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
984:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
952:
947:
937:
935:
931:
930:walking style
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
886:Female traits
883:
880:
871:
867:
857:
848:
834:
832:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
802:
786:
777:
767:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
726:anthropometry
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
692:
687:
685:
680:
678:
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:Fat fetishism
614:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
538:
537:List of diets
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
512:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Heart disease
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
432:
431:
424:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
362:
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
231:
227:
224:
222:
221:Overnutrition
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2768:. Retrieved
2757:. Lulu.com.
2753:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:
2721:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2673:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2657:
2647:
2639:
2632:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:
2607:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2459:
2455:
2422:
2416:
2396:
2389:
2369:
2362:
2342:
2335:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2131:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2076:
2068:the original
2063:
2053:
2044:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1975:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:ScienceDaily
1949:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1899:
1891:
1885:. Retrieved
1880:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1776:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1595:
1560:
1401:
1373:
1362:
1341:
1288:
1256:
1239:sex hormones
1224:
1196:
1167:progesterone
1148:
1098:Testosterone
1096:
1093:Bodybuilding
1062:
1027:
1004:sex hormones
997:
968:testosterone
957:
906:sex hormones
895:
877:
831:pre-pubertal
827:
798:
746:reproduction
735:
719:
702:
700:
661:Weight class
596:Comfort food
578:Yo-yo effect
473:Hypertension
463:Gynecomastia
403:Malnutrition
301:Measurements
230:Epidemiology
190:
175:Epidemiology
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Body shape"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2225:(8): 1812.
2194:www.cdc.gov
2087:5 September
2015:: 4847376.
1398:Terminology
1384:masculinity
1316:Liposuction
1307:muscle tone
1203:underweight
940:Male traits
558:Liposuction
493:Sleep apnea
488:Prediabetes
201:Weight loss
196:Weight gain
186:Underweight
99:August 2015
2837:Body shape
2831:Categories
2754:Resurfaced
2737:2023-01-17
2555:2011-10-09
2503:Ergonomics
2456:Ergonomics
2199:2022-11-03
2175:2011-10-09
2144:2011-10-09
2113:2007-06-18
2058:Peeke PM.
1986:2011-10-09
1956:2011-10-09
1887:2011-10-09
1704:15 January
1631:2021-01-31
1606:2011-10-09
1572:References
1482:Human gait
1446:Body image
1199:overweight
1139:hamstrings
1135:quadriceps
1091:See also:
944:See also:
914:childbirth
890:See also:
833:children.
810:A heavier
732:Physiology
703:body shape
523:Bariatrics
413:Starvation
191:Body shape
181:Overweight
69:newspapers
2668:August 5,
2634:August 5,
2602:August 5,
2531:232231822
2219:Nutrients
1860:0955-6222
1755:1932-6203
1700:. Science
1683:204999982
1494:Phenotype
1423:hourglass
1412:shoulders
1291:exercises
1187:menopause
1179:prolactin
1159:thyroxine
1107:trapezius
1073:pregnancy
1054:wide hips
1042:menopause
1006:. Unlike
960:shoulders
902:estrogens
898:hip bones
605:Criticism
601:Fast food
136:from the
2713:36871977
2658:CBS News
2523:33719914
2484:23758581
2476:27764997
2431:Archived
2327:25610174
2251:31390778
2041:30420884
1825:30010735
1773:27078636
1725:PLOS ONE
1625:Archived
1532:Eugenics
1439:See also
1171:estrogen
1163:cortisol
1081:abdomens
1030:buttocks
548:Exercise
379:Anorexia
365:Diabetes
149:a series
147:Part of
126:Line art
2770:13 June
2732:PsyPost
2654:"Venus"
2576:. 2022.
2318:4261347
2242:6723706
2032:6215564
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1247:fitness
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1127:triceps
1087:Muscles
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970:during
964:ribcage
754:hormone
738:puberty
736:During
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1348:Louvre
1243:health
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1123:biceps
1077:waists
1050:waists
1034:thighs
926:sacrum
918:pelvis
866:pelvis
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750:muscle
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626:Hunger
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2480:S2CID
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1679:S2CID
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1419:waist
1303:belly
1215:obese
1119:chest
1046:belly
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408:RED-S
134:woman
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2759:ISBN
2670:2011
2636:2011
2604:2011
2592:Time
2519:PMID
2472:PMID
2402:ISBN
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2348:ISBN
2323:PMID
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2247:PMID
2089:2015
2037:PMID
2013:2018
1926:ISBN
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1856:ISSN
1821:PMID
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2511:doi
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