1251:
803:
1599:
127:
907:
974: oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back.
792:
1561:
147:
697:
681:
853:. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites, and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats.
246:
868:, and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs that are used for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey.
2347:
1609:
Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile. They
5194:
Aitken-Palmer, Copper; deMaar, Thomas W.; Johnson, James G.; Langan, Jennifer; Bergmann, Jonathan; Chinnadurai, Sathya; Guerra, Hector; Carboni, Deborah A.; Adkesson, Michael J. (September 2019). "Complications
Associated with Pregnancy and Parturition in African White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus
4420:
Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wangyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui;
1625:
The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success. The third
Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus. World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness
1547:
Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and
Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing the scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia. Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia,
1543:
of the People's
Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020. Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a
938:
Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate, with mating typically taking place at night after the male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during
3444:
Gaubert, Philippe; Antunes, Agostinho; Meng, Hao; Miao, Lin; Peigné, Stéphane; Justy, Fabienne; Njiokou, Flobert; Dufour, Sylvain; Danquah, Emmanuel; Alahakoon, Jayanthi; Verheyen, Erik (11 May 2018). "The
Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most
1675:
became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the
National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to
1590:
of the animal while educating communities on its importance. Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence
1580:
As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. As of
January 2020, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its
1585:
as threatened. The IUCN SSC Pangolin
Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and
2363:
1591:
gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a
Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking. Wildlife conservation group
939:
the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.
1330:. In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the
1501:, a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the
945:
periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the
Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g
2066:"A Mystery Species Was Discovered in Trafficked Pangolin Scales - Researchers believed there were eight species of the strange mammals. But a ninth was identified genetically, although no one knew it was a separate species in the wild"
4834:
Zhang, Fang; Kong, Lin-lin; Zhang, Yi-ye; Li, Shu-Chuen (2012). "Evaluation of Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Cost Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials".
5287:
Challender, Daniel W. S.; Sas-Rolfes, Michael't; Ades, Gary W. J.; Chin, Jason S. C.; Ching-Min Sun, Nick; Chong, Ju lian; Connelly, Ellen; Hywood, Lisa; Luz, Sonja; Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; de Ornellas, Paul (1 October 2019).
3430:
Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.)
487:, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble
1311:
China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized the largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year.
1497:("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning the scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night. During the
7185:
1405:
share only up to 92% of their RNA. Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to
3814:
Ingram, Daniel J.; Coad, Lauren; Abernethy, Katharine A.; Maisels, Fiona; Stokes, Emma J.; Bobo, Kadiri S.; Breuer, Thomas; Gandiwa, Edson; Ghiurghi, Andrea; Greengrass, Elizabeth; Holmern, Tomas (March 2018).
1830:
Kenneth E. Kinman (1994) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88
1676:
black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population. Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.
1658:
is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act. The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan
4199:
2097:
D'Cruze, Neil; Assou, Délagnon; Coulthard, Emma; Norrey, John; Megson, David; Macdonald, David W.; Harrington, Lauren A.; Ronfot, Delphine; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Auliya, Mark (5 November 2020).
1486:
for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination. The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel
4957:
3720:
1322:
Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate
1278:. Their meat is also considered a delicacy. 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam, amounting to over one million over the past decade. This makes them the most
978:
takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.
704:
The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures. They are made of
1334:. In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat is reported in
4057:
4889:
4172:
875:
is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins also lack the ability to chew; but while
1618:
in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death. In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as
1393:, China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in
6504:
3229:
Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".
4080:
1452:. To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in
5450:
Archer, Lucy J.; Papworth, Sarah K.; Apale, Charity M.; Corona, Darlyn B.; Gacilos, Josefa T.; Amada, Ronald L.; Waterman, Carly; Turvey, Samuel T. (1 December 2020).
3689:
2503:
Wang, Bin; Yang, Wen; Sherman, Vincent R.; Meyers, Marc A. (2016). "Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales".
4195:
4098:
3336:
Du Toit, Z.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.; Jansen, R.; Brettschneider, H.; Dalton, D. L. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Temminck's ground pangolin (
4822:
The vacuum created by China's failure to adequately support a disciplined scientific approach to traditional Chinese medicine has been filled by pseudoscience
3967:
471:
scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or
4147:
837:
Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a
719:
are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a
1422:
and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans.
5657:
3922:
4766:
4965:
3728:
2860:
Coulson, Ian M; Heath, Martha E (December 1997). "Foraging behaviour and ecology of the Cape pangolin (Manis temminckii) in north-western Zimbabwe".
2075:
7180:
6861:
6850:
4123:
7062:
6671:
6641:
6633:
6583:
6567:
3629:
3065:
6890:
6789:
6721:
6679:
575:
460:
include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of
7101:
6835:
2407:"Combined proteomics and transcriptomics reveal the genetic basis underlying the differentiation of skin appendages and immunity in pangolin"
5452:"Scaling up local ecological knowledge to prioritise areas for protection: Determining Philippine pangolin distribution, status and threats"
4047:
1342:. The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by
6898:
6591:
6575:
5527:
Pei, Curtis Jai-Chyi; Chen, Chen-Chih; Chi, Meng-Jou; Lin, Wen-Chi; Lin, Jing-Shiun; Arora, Bharti; Sun, Nick Ching-Min (6 February 2019).
4162:
5648:
4880:
7175:
6797:
6599:
5353:
Chua, Marcus A.H.; Tan, Audrey; Carrasco, Luis Roman (2021). "Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir?".
5153:
5126:
4987:
3178:
Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, et al. (14 December 2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".
3039:
2745:
4809:
1959:
5424:
6190:
5666:
4678:
2472:
2002:
1250:
5138:
1308:
which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.
7036:
1844:
Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science
1414:
outbreak. It was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when
2759:
Ma, Jing-E; Li, Lin-Miao; Jiang, Hai-Ying; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Juan; Li, Guan-Yu; Yuan, Li-Hong; Wu, Jun; Chen, Jin-Ping (2017).
2577:
7075:
5625:
3784:
1402:
887:, and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey.
7155:
5620:
5500:"Taiwan's Path to Pangolin Conservation : How a Mega Pangolin Leather Exporter Transformed into a Conservation Specialist"
4072:
3532:
7093:
5061:
5029:
4803:
3162:
3022:
2936:
2906:
2741:
2300:
1985:
1292:
have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the
7080:
3987:
Boakye, Maxwell Kwame; Pietersen, Darren William; Kotzé, Antoinette; Dalton, Desiré-Lee; Jansen, Raymond (20 January 2015).
1296:'s list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals. All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by the
590:
773:. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about 0.5 cm (
2227:
2099:"Snake oil and pangolin scales: insights into wild animal use at "Marché des Fétiches" traditional medicine market, Togo"
727:, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators.
3697:
3482:"Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae"
2761:"Transcriptomic analysis identifies genes and pathways related to myrmecophagy in the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)"
2189:
3381:
2836:
2650:
2269:
834:
pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).
2003:"The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis"
1842:
1643:
In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (
1552:, Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales.
1513:("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992.
5720:
4933:
4094:
1975:
5664:
The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis
824:
is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball ("
802:
4137:
2703:
2019:
1592:
7160:
7106:
1275:
5633:
5499:
2357:
2320:
2065:
2010:
871:
The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their
571:
5687:
2222:
6183:
5590:
2332:
4756:
3817:"Assessing Africa-Wide Pangolin Exploitation by Scaling Local Data: Assessing African pangolin exploitation"
3605:
The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)
1529:
1471:
1394:
1293:
1271:
1255:
4342:"Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)"
1598:
126:
7088:
6984:
4881:"'If we don't buy, they don't die': Tackling the global demand that's driving the illegal wildlife trade"
4113:
883:), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants. This part of their stomach is called the
3090:
Hua, Liushuai; Gong, Shiping; Wang, Fumin; Li, Weiye; Ge, Yan; Li, Xiaonan; Hou, Fanghui (8 June 2015).
4613:
Gao, Wen-Hua; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Yan-Mei; Xie, Chun-Gang; Tan, Zhi-Zhou; Zhou, Jia-Jun; Chen, Shuai;
3069:
3014:
6989:
3651:
Challender, D.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Panjang, E.; Lim, N.; Nash, H.; Heinrich, S. & Chong, J. (2019).
3619:
2346:
Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H.; Gonzales, Juan Carlos; Dans, Andres.
146:
5658:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia
5396:
3884:
Challender, D.; Wu, S.; Kaspal, P.; Khatiwada, A.; Ghose, A.; Ching-Min Su, N.; Suwal, Laxmi (2019).
1709:
1419:
1370:
20:
5079:"Small NGOs and Agenda-Setting in Global Conservation Governance: The Case of Pangolin Conservation"
7170:
6176:
3278:
2546:
898:
tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.
5678:
2954:"Loss of teeth and enamel in tetrapods: fossil record, genetic data and morphological adaptations"
1884:
1858:
4527:
4142:
2602:
2481:
2292:
1871:
1475:
841:
stance for some behaviour, and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers.
560:
4392:
3433:"Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
3154:
3147:
7132:
6924:
4761:
2573:
2392:
754:
226:
5642:
5150:
5045:
5013:
4921:
3432:
3008:
2922:
2737:
1780:
1595:
has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.
7127:
5713:
5504:
4789:
4301:
Cyranoski, David (7 February 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?".
2896:
1685:
1398:
1366:
1301:
1225:
915:
906:
7119:
7067:
5677:
Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018).
3480:
du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017).
2591:
Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)".
1213:. Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus
7010:
6971:
5544:
5463:
5362:
5301:
4719:
4686:
4483:
4434:
4000:
3394:
3238:
3187:
3099:
2967:
2869:
2593:
2418:
2160:
1721:
1401:
for human transmission. However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human
1224:
Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago. Moreover, the
821:
646:
542:
503:
492:
5663:
2039:
1898:
8:
6962:
6113:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
6092:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
3390:
2881:
2103:
1479:
1454:
1346:. The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption.
911:
689:
548:
515:
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5467:
5366:
5305:
5169:
4723:
4487:
4438:
4004:
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3242:
3191:
3103:
2873:
2828:
2422:
2405:
Li, Hui-Ming; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Lin-Miao; et al. (3 September 2020).
2327:. Vol. II. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 567 – via
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1953:
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5378:
5264:
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5220:
5108:
4920:
Xing, S.; Bonebrake, T. C.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Ades, G.; Shaw, D.; Zhou, Y. (2019).
4647:
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4592:
4587:
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4504:
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4368:
4341:
4322:
4052:
4023:
3988:
3585:
3559:
3508:
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3410:
3306:
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Beck, Robin; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006).
3228:
3211:
3122:
3091:
2984:
2958:
2953:
2928:
2842:
2793:
2760:
2683:
2614:
2561:
2489:
2447:
2406:
2194:
2130:
2070:
2031:
1980:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530.
1926:
1813:
1360:
770:
566:
530:
519:
511:
258:
141:
5290:"Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact"
3989:"Knowledge and uses of African pangolins as a source of traditional medicine in Ghana"
3885:
3792:
3652:
3250:
1315:
Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of
7114:
6997:
6081:
5572:
5481:
5382:
5269:
5224:
5212:
5127:
Spotlight: Pangolin conservationists call for ban on illegal trade of mammal products
5112:
5100:
5057:
5025:
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4860:
4852:
4799:
4737:
4652:
4596:
4574:
4509:
4452:
4373:
4326:
4314:
4028:
3589:
3577:
3513:
3462:
3357:
3311:
3254:
3203:
3158:
3127:
3018:
2989:
2975:
2932:
2902:
2832:
2798:
2774:
2646:
2524:
2452:
2434:
2384:
2353:
2296:
2134:
2122:
1981:
1930:
1918:
1386:
1165:
are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade
857:
665:
638:
524:
27:
3414:
3215:
2846:
1817:
1622:, further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to the wild.
723:. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as
514:
mammals in the world. As of January 2020, there are eight species of pangolin whose
7002:
6812:
6770:
6168:
6102:
5843:
5780:
5706:
5562:
5552:
5471:
5370:
5319:
5309:
5259:
5251:
5204:
5090:
4844:
4727:
4642:
4634:
4614:
4582:
4566:
4499:
4491:
4442:
4363:
4353:
4306:
4278:
4167:
4018:
4008:
3838:
3828:
3567:
3503:
3493:
3454:
3402:
3375:
Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of
3349:
3301:
3291:
3246:
3195:
3117:
3107:
2979:
2971:
2877:
2824:
2788:
2778:
2716:
2679:
2606:
2516:
2485:
2442:
2426:
2168:
2112:
2035:
2023:
1948:
1910:
1805:
1733:
1729:
1660:
1619:
1415:
1407:
1339:
1288:
724:
554:
387:
6976:
1560:
1169:. The split between carnivorans and pangolins is estimated to have occurred 79.47
6614:
6544:
6253:
6242:
6200:
5995:
5896:
5864:
5670:
5652:
5637:
5557:
5374:
5157:
5139:
World Pangolin Day: Conservationists demand greater protection to stop extinction
4795:
4013:
3406:
2712:
2699:"Behavioural descriptions of Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in captivity"
2520:
1944:
1690:
1668:
1569:
1528:
secrete milk. The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by
1286:, has led to a large decrease in the numbers of pangolins. Some species, such as
1232:
within Pholidota suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their
1166:
1124:
806:
795:
791:
603:
211:
134:
5476:
5451:
5314:
5289:
3968:"First ivory, now pangolin scales: Vietnam remains wildlife trafficking hotspot"
1914:
1149:), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are the
464:
pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported.
6947:
6878:
6710:
6493:
6363:
6041:
5987:
5888:
5872:
5053:
5021:
4618:
4310:
4221:
3945:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
3940:
3650:
3353:
3287:
2430:
1672:
1664:
1487:
1279:
1245:
1233:
1065:
927:
750:
626:
610:
536:
499:
4495:
4472:"Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak"
4447:
4422:
4283:
4266:
3498:
3092:"Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects"
2470:
Spearman, R.I.C. (2008). "On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin".
2027:
7149:
6827:
6530:
6331:
6032:
5904:
5595:
5485:
5104:
4856:
4741:
4578:
3894:
3859:
3661:
3581:
3572:
3547:
3112:
2438:
2126:
1582:
1540:
1536:
are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales.
1283:
1162:
1056:
891:
587:
507:
79:
3458:
3199:
1747:
1319:, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine.
6453:
6442:
6145:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
6049:
5979:
5880:
5835:
5576:
5273:
5216:
4864:
4656:
4570:
4513:
4456:
4377:
4318:
4163:"Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat"
4118:
4032:
3517:
3466:
3361:
3315:
3296:
3258:
3207:
3131:
2993:
2802:
2528:
2456:
1922:
1615:
1565:
1506:
1498:
1483:
1202:
1130:
1016:
820:
animals which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The
810:
738:. They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into
696:
5255:
4848:
4114:"'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China"
3754:
3340:; Smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the Pholidota (Weber, 1904)".
2952:
Davit-Béal, Tiphaine; Tucker, Abigail S.; Sire, Jean-Yves (1 April 2009).
2721:
2698:
1377:
taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 (
7186:
Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes
7049:
6956:
6755:
6744:
6687:
6350:
6342:
6279:
6089:
6011:
5929:
5401:
5095:
5078:
4638:
4396:
4248:
3548:"The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine"
1630:
1587:
1509:, the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the
1374:
1331:
1026:
880:
850:
709:
54:
5591:"Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation"
5425:"It's not too late – yet – to save the Philippine pangolin, study finds"
6375:
6118:
5971:
5814:
5771:
5755:
5698:
4988:"Did China really ban the pangolin trade? Not quite, investigators say"
4196:"Boat Filled With 22,000 Pounds Of Pangolin Hits Endangered Coral Reef"
3833:
3816:
2783:
2618:
1573:
1521:
1441:
1437:
1378:
1170:
1073:
1013:
895:
838:
438:
423:
99:
64:
5339:
5324:
5208:
4358:
3843:
1254:
Confiscated black market pangolin scales, which are in high demand in
7054:
7023:
6729:
6550:
6480:
6126:
6073:
5950:
5942:
5822:
5788:
5240:"Pangolin genomes and the evolution of mammalian scales and immunity"
4958:"Pangolins receive surprising lifeline with new protections in China"
4732:
4707:
3972:
3379:(Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis".
2821:
Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)
2173:
2148:
1611:
1525:
1478:
exists for the efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical
1390:
1323:
1182:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1003:
942:
861:
825:
817:
720:
716:
680:
491:, though the two are not closely related; they have merely undergone
488:
476:
158:
104:
48:
6918:
5630:
4791:
Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft Technology
4423:"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins"
3753:
Haenlein, Alexandria; Reid, Cathy; Keatinge, Tom (10 October 2018).
3546:
Sexton, Rebecca; Nguyen, Trang; Roberts, David L. (1 January 2021).
2610:
1761:
7041:
7028:
6941:
6292:
6218:
5921:
5749:
3624:
3533:"Change the List: The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of"
2512:
1809:
1647:), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan.
1533:
1517:
1382:
1316:
1259:
1138:
1037:
876:
831:
749:
The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of the
713:
685:
484:
178:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
1602:
Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in
1270:
because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in
6419:
6408:
6394:
6305:
6142:
6019:
5851:
5761:
4222:"Indonesian man arrested as 650 pangolins found dead in freezers"
3721:"Tiger Eyes, Crocodile Penis: It's What's For Dinner in Malaysia"
3563:
1977:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1635:
1603:
1549:
1343:
1335:
1267:
1098:
1088:
1047:
975:
931:
923:
919:
884:
865:
766:
743:
705:
468:
461:
444:
427:
377:
109:
84:
5193:
4623:"Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease"
4393:"1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China"
4267:"Pangolins in south-west Nigeria – current status and prognosis"
1762:"Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform"
1304:. All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of
6224:
6212:
6134:
6110:
5958:
5805:
5743:
5730:
5626:
Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
2257:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 604.
2096:
1974:
Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).
1952:
1859:"The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)"
1655:
1327:
872:
762:
472:
245:
188:
168:
116:
3177:
1548:
Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern
1470:
Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various
7015:
6233:
6003:
4415:
4413:
3479:
3271:
2859:
2765:
2328:
1305:
1158:
1154:
1142:
758:
735:
731:
432:
198:
5286:
2901:. Pinetown, South Africa: 30° South Publishers. p. 36.
2898:
The South African Bushveld: A Field Guide from the Waterberg
3883:
2232:
1459:
1411:
1297:
926:
island group. It is threatened by illegal poaching for the
480:
414:
408:
5046:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia"
5014:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia"
4922:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia"
4410:
3986:
3813:
2666:
Wilson, Amelia E. (January 1994). "Husbandry of pangolins
1516:
In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are
393:
6057:
5449:
4265:
Sodeinde, Olufemi A.; Adedipe, Segun R. (24 April 2009).
4076:
3923:"'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list"
3620:"Over a million pangolins slaughtered in the last decade"
3335:
739:
399:
3368:
2542:
2345:
1505:("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"). In the
1338:, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to
4919:
4565:(7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1810.
4470:
Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qunfu; Zhang, Zhigang (19 March 2020).
3860:"The world's most-trafficked mammal – and the scaliest"
3690:"Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More"
2395:, translated A. F. Scholfield 1959 vol. 3, pp. 266-268.
1520:
practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve
1217:
from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus
3443:
934:, where it is regarded as a luxury medicinal delicacy.
5529:"Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin (
5151:
How China is combating wildlife trafficking in Africa
4837:
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
3145:
Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). MacDonald, D. (ed.).
3040:"All hope is not lost for vanishing Palawan pangolin"
2502:
1796:
Cope, E. D. (1889). "The Edentata of North America".
390:
6198:
4924:. In Challender, D.; Nash, H.; Waterman, C. (eds.).
3920:
3752:
3374:
2951:
1874:, London, Day and Son, Ltd., XVI + 420 pp., 101 maps
1436:
In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to
730:
Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from
411:
405:
396:
4949:
4048:"No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade"
3545:
3274:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals"
3068:. University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from
1266:Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and
402:
6084:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
4879:
4421:Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi (7 May 2020).
4073:"The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of"
3146:
2352:. Washington, D.C.: Island Publishing House, Inc.
1129:The order Pholidota was long considered to be the
4679:"Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost"
4296:
4294:
3755:"What's the secret to saving this rare creature?"
7147:
6403:
5237:
4833:
4676:
4419:
4260:
4258:
3748:
3746:
3524:
3222:
3010:The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals
1885:"A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals"
1638:: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin)
757:, the root of the tongue is not attached to the
26:"Pholidota" redirects here. For the orchid, see
5779:
5352:
4928:(First ed.). Academic Press. p. 233.
4264:
3426:
3424:
3265:
2645:. New York City: Arch Cape Press. p. 252.
2217:
2215:
2213:
981:
4754:
4291:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
2915:
2888:
2758:
2697:Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; Panda, Sudarsen (2014).
2696:
1943:
1785:(in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer.
1748:"A corrected classification of the edentates."
1493:The first record of pangolin scales occurs in
576:International Union for Conservation of Nature
502:(for their meat and scales, which are used in
6184:
5714:
5526:
5342:. Pangolins.org/Annamiticus. 26 October 2011.
5170:"Pangolins – Species we work with at TRAFFIC"
4612:
4255:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3743:
3089:
2268:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
1568:from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then
1369:of a specific receptor-binding domain of the
1185:of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins (
860:. They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on
700:Schematic drawing of pangolin scale histology
5050:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation
5018:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation
4926:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation
4787:
4469:
3421:
3000:
2814:
2812:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2463:
2404:
2314:
2312:
2267:
2210:
2057:
1994:
1425:
510:of their natural habitats, and are the most
452:comprises four species found in Asia, while
4748:
4339:
3473:
3437:
3322:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3063:
2735:
1759:
594:
6191:
6177:
5721:
5707:
5389:
4608:
4606:
4160:
3772:
3066:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Reproduction"
2894:
2818:
1633:made a public service announcement called
1444:have been detected in the genomes of dead
475:, depending on the species. Pangolins are
244:
125:
5566:
5556:
5475:
5323:
5313:
5263:
5094:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4827:
4731:
4646:
4586:
4503:
4446:
4367:
4357:
4300:
4282:
4095:"23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week"
4022:
4012:
3921:Agence France-Presse (19 November 2010).
3842:
3832:
3571:
3507:
3497:
3305:
3295:
3121:
3111:
2983:
2809:
2792:
2782:
2720:
2690:
2640:
2625:
2473:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2446:
2318:
2309:
2172:
2116:
2063:
1973:
734:near the anus, similar to the spray of a
6052:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
5728:
5076:
4045:
3857:
3644:
3076:
3038:Fabro, Keith Anthony S. (10 June 2019).
3006:
2496:
2469:
2286:
1887:, New York, d, Appleton and Co., 431 pp.
1872:"The geographic distribution of mammals"
1597:
1559:
1258:, set to be destroyed by authorities in
1249:
905:
801:
790:
695:
679:
7181:Species endangered by human consumption
4781:
4757:"What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?"
4603:
4340:Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. (2019).
4193:
3602:
3144:
2559:
2339:
2291:(10th ed.). Oxfordshire, England:
2190:"A Struggle to Save the Scaly Pangolin"
2064:Incorvala, Darren (25 September 2023).
1778:
1750:Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 913-914
586:The name of order Pholidota comes from
7148:
5688:Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins?
5680:Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal
4904:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4548:
4542:
4390:
4150:from the original on 22 February 2015.
4101:from the original on 26 November 2014.
4070:
4060:from the original on 22 February 2015.
3718:
3687:
3530:
2748:from the original on 23 December 2014.
2665:
2580:from the original on 21 December 2014.
2549:from the original on 22 February 2015.
2325:A Malay-English dictionary (romanised)
2078:from the original on 25 September 2023
2000:
1840:
1782:Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere
1488:pangolin poaching, hunting and trading
6923:
6922:
6172:
5702:
4955:
4877:
4111:
4083:from the original on 2 February 2015.
3933:
3617:
3231:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3037:
3031:
2252:
2187:
1566:armour made of gilded pangolin scales
1544:key ingredient in various medicines.
1524:, promote blood circulation, or help
1354:
708:, the same material from which human
5197:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
4384:
4252:(Nigeria), Saturday 18 February 2017
4161:Carrington, Damian (15 April 2013).
4126:from the original on 3 October 2014.
3858:Fletcher, Martin (5 February 2015).
3632:from the original on 8 December 2014
3153:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
2882:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1997.101-89101.x
2590:
2280:
1896:
1847:. Duke University Press. p. 24.
1795:
1610:are susceptible to diseases such as
1482:, their popularity still drives the
540:) are critically endangered, three (
479:, and their diet consists of mainly
4708:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin"
4663:
4528:"Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS"
4046:Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013).
3965:
3895:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3138:
2829:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001556.pub2
2819:Rose, K. D.; Gaudin, T. J. (2010).
2255:The Composition of Scientific Words
2246:
2228:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2149:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin"
2118:10.3897/natureconservation.39.47879
1118:
609:The name "pangolin" comes from the
13:
7176:Extant Paleocene first appearances
5397:"Jackie Chan fights for pangolins"
4812:from the original on 20 March 2017
4769:from the original on 15 April 2014
4755:Steven Novella (25 January 2012).
4677:Mariëtte Le Roux (25 March 2018).
4202:from the original on 18 April 2013
4175:from the original on 16 April 2013
3382:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2738:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Diet"
2684:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03578.x
2490:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb00508.x
2001:Gaudin, Timothy (28 August 2009).
1714:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
7197:
5614:
5543:(2). Pingtung, Taiwan: e0198230.
5238:Choo, S. W.; et al. (2016).
5056:. 23 November 2019. p. 231.
5024:. 23 November 2019. p. 228.
3688:Actman, Jani (20 December 2015).
2742:University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
2319:Wilkinson, Richard James (1932).
2289:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1899:"Classification of the Edentates"
1282:in the world. This, coupled with
467:Pangolins have large, protective
5583:
5520:
5492:
5443:
5417:
5346:
5332:
5280:
5231:
5187:
5162:
5143:
5131:
5119:
5070:
4956:Maron, Dina Fine (9 June 2020).
4892:from the original on 24 May 2022
4391:Bryner, Jeanna (15 March 2020).
4071:Sutter, John D. (3 April 2014).
2976:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01060.x
2704:International Journal of Zoology
2643:Great Book of the Animal Kingdom
2641:Mondadori, Arnoldo, ed. (1988).
1465:
1300:, while three are classified as
1176:
617:meaning "one who rolls up" from
386:
145:
52:
5531:Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla
5456:Global Ecology and Conservation
5294:Global Ecology and Conservation
5125:Xinhua News (21 November 2018)
5038:
5006:
4980:
4871:
4700:
4520:
4463:
4333:
4240:
4214:
4194:Molland, Judy (16 April 2013).
4187:
4154:
4130:
4112:Watts, Jonathan (25 May 2007).
4105:
4087:
4064:
4039:
3980:
3959:
3914:
3877:
3851:
3807:
3712:
3681:
3611:
3596:
3539:
3171:
3057:
2945:
2853:
2752:
2729:
2659:
2584:
2553:
2535:
2398:
2378:
2261:
2188:Goode, Emilia (31 March 2015).
2181:
2141:
2090:
2020:Springer Science+Business Media
1967:
1937:
1890:
1877:
1555:
901:
664:In ancient India, according to
633:). However, the modern name is
625:"to roll"; it was used for the
5137:China Plus (18 February 2017)
4878:Boyle, Louise (30 June 2020).
4097:. Traffic.org. 17 March 2008.
3719:Cruise, Adam (18 April 2015).
3618:Hance, Jeremy (29 July 2014).
3531:Sutter, John D. (April 2014).
3445:Trafficked Mammals on Earth".
2823:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2349:Interesting Philippine Animals
2011:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1864:
1851:
1841:Pearse, Arthur Sperry (1936).
1834:
1824:
1789:
1772:
1753:
1740:
1734:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592
1702:
1583:Red List of Threatened Species
1093:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009
1042:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009
1031:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009
1008:Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009
675:
572:Red List of Threatened Species
16:Mammals of the order Pholidota
1:
7156:Critically endangered animals
5083:Global Environmental Politics
3552:Tropical Conservation Science
3251:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0
2480:(310). Oxfordshire, England:
2333:National Library of Australia
2253:Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956).
1696:
5558:10.1371/journal.pone.0198230
5375:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002
5340:"World Pangolin Day – About"
4718:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938.
4559:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4014:10.1371/journal.pone.0117199
3407:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319
3007:Prothero, Donald R. (2016).
2773:. Corte Madera, California:
2521:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.028
2287:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (2002).
2159:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938.
1883:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872)
1472:traditional Chinese medicine
1395:traditional Chinese medicine
1294:Zoological Society of London
1256:traditional Chinese medicine
1113:
982:Classification and phylogeny
879:, they ingest small stones (
786:
581:
7:
5477:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01395
5429:Mongabay Environmental News
5315:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00714
4992:Mongabay Environmental News
3149:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
3064:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012).
2736:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012).
2601:(2). Oxfordshire, England:
1915:10.1126/science.32.810.56.a
1746:Lane, Henry Higgins (1910)
1679:
1385:and is responsible for the
1349:
1181:The first dichotomy in the
986:
10:
7202:
6121:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
6076:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
5982:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
5621:ZSL Pangolin Conservation
5149:Xinhua News (8 June 2018)
4530:. CBSNews. 11 January 2004
4311:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2
3354:10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.040
3015:Princeton University Press
2862:African Journal of Ecology
2672:International Zoo Yearbook
2431:10.1038/s41598-020-71513-w
2276:. Perseus Digital Library.
2018:(4). Heidelberg, Germany:
1462:from a diseased pangolin.
1381:), the virus which causes
1358:
1243:
1239:
1189:) from African pangolins (
1122:
1060:Szalay & Schrenk 1998
1020:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994
890:Some species, such as the
558:) are endangered and two (
275:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994
25:
18:
6931:
6875:
6845:
6807:
6783:
6765:
6739:
6705:
6651:
6627:
6609:
6561:
6539:
6525:
6490:
6474:
6463:
6437:
6389:
6360:
6326:
6301:
6288:
6275:
6262:
6251:
6207:
6101:
6040:
6031:
5970:
5941:
5920:
5907:(Kangaroos and relatives)
5863:
5834:
5813:
5804:
5770:
5738:
5669:25 September 2015 at the
5631:Tree of Life of Pholidota
5077:Shibaike, Takumi (2021).
4496:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022
4448:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x
4284:10.1017/S0030605300028283
3927:The Sydney Morning Herald
3499:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5
3013:. Princeton, New Jersey:
2028:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9
1766:Visnyk of Lviv University
1650:
1153:, with which they form a
856:Pangolins have very poor
809:defending itself against
746:mounds and for climbing.
661:(with the same meaning).
595:
264:
257:
253:Ranges of living species
252:
243:
239:
234:
142:Scientific classification
140:
133:
124:
40:
21:Pangolin (disambiguation)
6817:(paraphyletic subfamily)
6619:(paraphyletic subfamily)
5899:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
5156:30 November 2020 at the
3966:Sen (18 February 2020).
3573:10.1177/1940082920985755
3389:(5). Bethesda Maryland:
3279:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3113:10.3897/zookeys.507.6970
2895:Gutteridge, Lee (2008).
2740:. La Crosse, Wisconsin:
2511:. Oxfordshire, England:
1760:Zagorodniuk, I. (2008).
593:– "clad in scales" from
570:) are vulnerable on the
5791:(Platypus and echidnas)
5651:23 October 2018 at the
5355:Biological Conservation
4143:The Wall Street Journal
3200:10.1126/science.1067179
2603:Oxford University Press
2572:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
2560:Andrews, James (2011).
2545:. Pangolins.org. 2015.
2482:Oxford University Press
2293:Oxford University Press
2274:A Greek-English Lexicon
2223:"Manidae Family search"
1960:Encyclopædia Britannica
1861:, London, J. Van Voorst
1779:Haeckel, Ernst (1895).
1614:and the development of
1474:preparations. While no
844:
561:Phataginus tetradactyla
7161:Myrmecophagous mammals
6022:(Dugongs and manatees)
5961:(Anteaters and sloths)
4762:Science-Based Medicine
4571:10.3201/eid2707.et2707
4549:Partin, Clyde (2021).
3941:"The CITES Appendices"
3603:van Uhm, D.P. (2016).
3297:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93
3286:(1). London, England:
2574:University of Michigan
2393:Loeb Classical Library
1870:Murray, Andrew (1866)
1768:. Biology (48): 33–43.
1606:
1577:
1263:
1205:to a clade comprising
1197:). Within the former,
935:
914:pup and its mother, a
813:
799:
755:tube-lipped nectar bat
701:
693:
668:, it was known as the
500:threatened by poaching
7128:Paleobiology Database
6775:(paraphyletic family)
5891:(Quolls and dunnarts)
5683:. United States: PBS.
5636:29 April 2021 at the
5505:The Reporter (Taiwan)
5256:10.1101/gr.203521.115
4849:10.1089/acm.2011.0315
4788:Zhouying Jin (2005).
3607:. New York: Springer.
3459:10.1093/jhered/esx097
2968:John Wiley & Sons
2931:. 2015. p. 215.
2924:Wildlife of the World
1857:Edward Newman (1843)
1710:"Abstracts of Papers"
1686:Mammal classification
1601:
1563:
1511:Taiping sheng hui fan
1367:nucleic acid sequence
1302:critically endangered
1253:
1173:(million years) ago.
916:critically endangered
909:
805:
794:
699:
683:
372:, sometimes known as
5096:10.1162/glep_a_00623
4687:Agence France-Presse
3902:: e.T12764A123585318
3821:Conservation Letters
3669:: e.T12763A123584856
3566:: 1940082920985755.
3391:Taylor & Francis
3072:on 23 December 2014.
2966:(4). New York City:
2594:Journal of Mammalogy
2570:Animal Diversity Web
2543:"Meet the Pangolin!"
2045:on 25 September 2015
1897:Gill, Theo. (1910).
894:, use their strong,
822:long-tailed pangolin
798:in defensive posture
761:bone, but is in the
647:Philippine languages
543:Phataginus tricuspis
504:traditional medicine
493:convergent evolution
430:, has three genera:
19:For other uses, see
6851:Propalaeanodontinae
5646:video of a pangolin
5644:National Geographic
5599:. 25 September 2019
5549:2019PLoSO..1498230S
5468:2020GEcoC..2401395A
5367:2021BCons.25509002C
5306:2019GEcoC..2000714C
4962:National Geographic
4724:1938Natur.141R..72.
4488:2020CBio...30E1346Z
4482:(7): 1346–1351.e2.
4439:2020Natur.583..286X
4005:2015PLoSO..1017199B
3731:on 20 December 2015
3725:National Geographic
3700:on 22 December 2015
3694:National Geographic
3447:Journal of Heredity
3399:2012JVPal..32..983K
3243:2003MolPE..28..225A
3192:2001Sci...294.2348M
3186:(5550): 2348–2351.
3104:2015ZooK..507...99H
2927:. London, England:
2874:1997AfJEc..35..361R
2722:10.1155/2014/795062
2711:. London, England:
2423:2020NatSR..1014566L
2165:1938Natur.141R..72.
2104:Nature Conservation
1798:American Naturalist
1726:1994JVPal..14S...1.
1480:mechanism of action
1476:scientific evidence
1455:Amblyomma javanense
1397:was suggested as a
1276:Vietnamese medicine
1272:traditional Chinese
912:Philippine pangolin
816:Most pangolins are
690:Museum of Osteology
549:Manis crassicaudata
516:conservation status
5875:(Monito del monte)
5692:The New York Times
5052:(First ed.).
4639:10.1093/ve/veaa020
4621:(1 January 2020).
4138:"Asia in Pictures"
4053:The New York Times
3888:Manis pentadactyla
3834:10.1111/conl.12389
3789:www.pangolinsg.org
3560:University of Kent
3338:Smutsia temminckii
2959:Journal of Anatomy
2929:Dorling Kindersley
2884:– via EBSCO.
2784:10.7717/peerj.4140
2505:Acta Biomaterialia
2411:Scientific Reports
2195:The New York Times
2071:The New York Times
1607:
1578:
1532:practitioners and
1450:Manis pentadactyla
1361:Origin of COVID-19
1355:COVID-19 infection
1326:or cure cancer or
1289:Manis pentadactyla
1264:
1199:Manis pentadactyla
936:
814:
800:
702:
694:
567:Smutsia temminckii
7143:
7142:
7115:Open Tree of Life
6925:Taxon identifiers
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6871:
6870:
6818:
6776:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6620:
6554:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6385:
6384:
6314:See in template:
6199:Mammals of clade
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5990:(Elephant shrews)
5983:
5962:
5954:
5935:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5883:(Marsupial moles)
5881:Notoryctemorphia
5876:
5855:
5847:
5844:Paucituberculata
5828:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5431:. 27 January 2021
5250:(10): 1312–1322.
5209:10.1638/2019-0019
5063:978-0-12-815506-6
5031:978-0-12-815506-6
4805:978-1-84150-124-6
4433:(7815): 286–289.
4359:10.3390/v11110979
4198:. London: Care2.
3164:978-0-87196-871-5
3024:978-1-4008-8445-2
2938:978-1-4654-4959-7
2908:978-1-920143-13-8
2302:978-0-19-860572-0
1987:978-0-8018-8221-0
1949:Lydekker, Richard
1645:Manis culionensis
1626:about pangolins.
1495:Ben Cao Jinji Zhu
1408:Asian palm civets
1389:. Researchers in
1387:COVID-19 pandemic
1344:timber harvesting
1280:trafficked animal
1103:
1094:
1079:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1009:
998:
525:Manis culionensis
518:is listed in the
367:
366:
293:Zagorodniuk, 2008
268:list of synonyms:
230:
7193:
7136:
7135:
7123:
7122:
7110:
7109:
7097:
7096:
7084:
7083:
7071:
7070:
7058:
7057:
7045:
7044:
7032:
7031:
7019:
7018:
7006:
7005:
6993:
6992:
6980:
6979:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6920:
6919:
6816:
6813:Metacheiromyinae
6781:
6780:
6774:
6771:Metacheiromyidae
6745:Escavadodontidae
6625:
6624:
6618:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6537:
6536:
6472:
6471:
6401:
6400:
6299:
6298:
6286:
6285:
6273:
6272:
6260:
6259:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6103:Euarchontoglires
6091:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6038:
6037:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5960:
5952:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5925:
5906:
5898:
5897:Peramelemorphia
5890:
5882:
5874:
5853:
5852:Didelphimorphia
5846:(Shrew opossums)
5845:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5790:
5781:Australosphenida
5777:
5776:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5684:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5560:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5405:. 23 August 2017
5393:
5387:
5386:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5317:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5098:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4964:. Archived from
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4917:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4883:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4733:10.1038/141072b0
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4683:The Jakarta Post
4674:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4619:Zhang, Yong-Zhen
4615:Holmes, Edward C
4610:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4228:. 26 August 2016
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4168:Associated Press
4158:
4152:
4151:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4016:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3791:. Archived from
3781:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3727:. Archived from
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3696:. Archived from
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3575:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2566:: tree pangolin"
2557:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2402:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2366:on 27 March 2020
2362:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2295:. p. 1030.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:10.1038/141072b0
2145:
2139:
2138:
2120:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:. Archived from
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1963:(11th ed.).
1956:
1954:"Pangolin"
1945:Thomas, Oldfield
1941:
1935:
1934:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1804:(272): 657–664.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1706:
1661:Yanping Township
1620:intestinal worms
1418:showed that the
1416:genetic analysis
1340:overexploitation
1207:M. crassicaudata
1119:Among placentals
1101:
1092:
1077:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1007:
996:
973:
972:
968:
965:
959:
958:
954:
951:
782:
781:
777:
598:
597:
555:Smutsia gigantea
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
321:Pholidotiformes
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
248:
225:
150:
149:
129:
114:
51:
44:Temporal range:
38:
37:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7171:Rolling animals
7146:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7131:
7126:
7118:
7113:
7105:
7100:
7092:
7087:
7079:
7074:
7066:
7061:
7053:
7048:
7040:
7035:
7027:
7022:
7014:
7009:
7001:
6996:
6988:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6927:
6917:
6904:
6882:
6867:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6761:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6713:
6708:
6693:
6663:
6661:
6647:
6621:
6617:
6615:Epoicotheriinae
6612:
6605:
6555:
6547:
6545:Epoicotheriidae
6542:
6533:
6528:
6513:
6505:Pholidota sp. (
6497:
6486:
6468:
6467:representatives
6466:
6459:
6445:
6443:Eurotamanduidae
6440:
6425:
6411:
6406:
6397:
6392:
6381:
6367:
6356:
6334:
6329:
6322:
6308:
6304:
6295:
6291:
6282:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6256:
6254:Pholidotamorpha
6247:
6243:Pholidotamorpha
6203:
6201:Pholidotamorpha
6197:
6167:
6150:
6097:
6082:Perissodactyla
6027:
5966:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5912:
5889:Dasyuromorphia
5873:Microbiotheria
5865:Australidelphia
5859:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5796:
5766:
5734:
5727:
5695:, 6 March 2020.
5676:
5671:Wayback Machine
5653:Wayback Machine
5638:Wayback Machine
5617:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5351:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5285:
5281:
5244:Genome Research
5236:
5232:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5174:www.traffic.org
5168:
5167:
5163:
5158:Wayback Machine
5148:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4968:on 10 June 2020
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4918:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4886:The Independent
4876:
4872:
4843:(12): 1108–20.
4832:
4828:
4815:
4813:
4806:
4796:Intellect Books
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4753:
4749:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4675:
4664:
4627:Virus Evolution
4611:
4604:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4476:Current Biology
4468:
4464:
4418:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4389:
4385:
4338:
4334:
4299:
4292:
4263:
4256:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4159:
4155:
4146:. 27 May 2012.
4136:
4135:
4131:
4110:
4106:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4069:
4065:
4044:
4040:
3999:(1): e0117199.
3985:
3981:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3852:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3795:on 10 July 2017
3783:
3782:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3751:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3616:
3612:
3601:
3597:
3544:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3478:
3474:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3373:
3369:
3334:
3323:
3270:
3266:
3227:
3223:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3143:
3139:
3098:(507): 99–114.
3088:
3077:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3017:. p. 118.
3005:
3001:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2858:
2854:
2839:
2817:
2810:
2757:
2753:
2734:
2730:
2713:Wiley-Blackwell
2695:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2639:
2626:
2611:10.2307/1382356
2589:
2585:
2564:Manis tricuspis
2558:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2468:
2464:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2198:. New York City
2186:
2182:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1942:
1938:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:Pholidotamorpha
1682:
1653:
1570:Prince of Wales
1558:
1526:lactating women
1468:
1434:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1248:
1242:
1234:laurasiatherian
1179:
1167:Pholidotamorpha
1127:
1125:Pholidotamorpha
1121:
1116:
1017:Eurotamanduidae
989:
984:
970:
966:
963:
961:
956:
952:
949:
947:
904:
847:
807:Indian pangolin
796:Ground pangolin
789:
779:
775:
774:
678:
584:
531:M. pentadactyla
389:
385:
374:scaly anteaters
363:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
270:
269:
224:
212:Pholidotamorpha
144:
135:Indian pangolin
120:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7199:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7124:
7111:
7098:
7085:
7072:
7059:
7046:
7033:
7020:
7007:
6994:
6981:
6968:
6953:
6937:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6894:
6885:
6883:
6879:Incertae sedis
6876:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6862:Propalaeanodon
6856:
6854:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6831:
6822:
6820:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6793:
6784:
6778:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6750:
6748:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6725:
6716:
6714:
6711:Ernanodontidae
6706:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6683:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6562:
6556:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6500:
6498:
6494:Incertae sedis
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6412:
6404:
6398:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6368:
6364:Incertae sedis
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6346:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6311:
6309:
6302:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6276:
6270:
6263:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6087:
6079:
6071:
6063:
6055:
6046:
6044:
6042:Laurasiatheria
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5996:Tubulidentata
5993:
5988:Macroscelidea
5985:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5947:
5945:
5936:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:Diprotodontia
5902:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5685:
5674:
5661:
5655:
5640:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5615:External links
5613:
5611:
5610:
5582:
5519:
5508:. 23 June 2019
5491:
5442:
5416:
5388:
5345:
5331:
5279:
5230:
5203:(3): 678–687.
5186:
5161:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5069:
5062:
5054:Academic Press
5037:
5030:
5022:Academic Press
5005:
4979:
4948:
4934:
4903:
4870:
4826:
4804:
4798:. p. 36.
4780:
4747:
4699:
4662:
4633:(1): veaa020.
4602:
4553:Sunda pangolin
4541:
4519:
4462:
4409:
4383:
4332:
4290:
4254:
4239:
4213:
4186:
4153:
4129:
4104:
4086:
4063:
4038:
3979:
3958:
3932:
3913:
3876:
3850:
3806:
3771:
3742:
3711:
3680:
3655:Manis javanica
3643:
3610:
3595:
3538:
3523:
3472:
3453:(4): 347–359.
3436:
3420:
3367:
3321:
3288:BioMed Central
3264:
3237:(2): 225–240.
3221:
3170:
3163:
3137:
3075:
3056:
3030:
3023:
2999:
2944:
2937:
2914:
2907:
2887:
2868:(4): 361–369.
2852:
2838:978-0470015902
2837:
2808:
2775:O'Reilly Media
2751:
2728:
2689:
2678:(1): 248–251.
2658:
2652:978-0517667910
2651:
2624:
2583:
2552:
2534:
2495:
2462:
2397:
2377:
2358:
2338:
2308:
2301:
2279:
2260:
2245:
2209:
2180:
2140:
2089:
2056:
1993:
1986:
1966:
1936:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1833:
1823:
1810:10.1086/274985
1788:
1771:
1752:
1739:
1720:: 1–58. 1994.
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1652:
1649:
1557:
1554:
1503:Wai Tai Mi Yao
1467:
1464:
1446:Manis javanica
1433:
1424:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1246:Pangolin trade
1241:
1238:
1178:
1175:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1086:Superfamily: †
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1066:Incertae sedis
1062:
1053:
1022:
1010:
988:
985:
983:
980:
928:pangolin trade
903:
900:
849:Pangolins are
846:
843:
788:
785:
751:giant anteater
677:
674:
631:Manis javanica
627:Sunda pangolin
583:
580:
498:Pangolins are
365:
364:
362:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
315:Pholidotheria
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
255:
254:
250:
249:
241:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7198:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6874:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:Metacheiromys
6824:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6704:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6672:Epoicotherium
6668:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6655:Epoicotherium
6650:
6644:
6643:
6642:Tetrapassalus
6638:
6636:
6635:
6634:Pentapassalus
6630:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6616:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6584:Auroratherium
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6568:Alocodontulum
6564:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6531:Palaeanodonta
6524:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6436:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:Patriomanidae
6325:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6090:Artiodactyla
6088:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:Eulipotyphla
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Boreoeutheria
6030:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5980:Afrosoricida
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5598:
5597:
5596:The News Lens
5592:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5195:Tricuspis)".
5190:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5009:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4937:
4935:9780128155073
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4823:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4654:
4649:
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4594:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4551:"Etymologia:
4545:
4529:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
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4320:
4316:
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4304:
4297:
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4280:
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4272:
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4217:
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4100:
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4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
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4049:
4042:
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4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
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3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3917:
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3891:
3889:
3880:
3865:
3861:
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3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3827:(2): e12389.
3826:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:"Action Plan"
3780:
3778:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3749:
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3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3699:
3695:
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3527:
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3464:
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3448:
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3427:
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3404:
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3119:
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3026:
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2969:
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2249:
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2196:
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2184:
2175:
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2166:
2162:
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2136:
2132:
2128:
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2119:
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2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:townships in
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1541:pharmacopoeia
1539:The official
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:folk medicine
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:Folk medicine
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:spike protein
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1403:coronaviruses
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:coronaviruses
1373:belonging to
1372:
1371:spike protein
1368:
1362:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:deforestation
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:Among Manidae
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Palaeanodonts
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:(neotropical
1136:
1132:
1126:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:Patriomanidae
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:Superfamily:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
990:
979:
977:
944:
940:
933:
930:to China and
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
899:
897:
893:
892:tree pangolin
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
851:insectivorous
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
812:
811:Asiatic lions
808:
804:
797:
793:
784:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
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741:
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733:
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707:
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691:
687:
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673:
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667:
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660:
656:
652:
648:
645:; and in the
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
592:
589:
588:Ancient Greek
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
522:tier. Three (
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:deforestation
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
425:
419:
383:
380:of the order
379:
375:
371:
359:Haeckel, 1895
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
317:Haeckel, 1895
314:
308:
305:Haeckel, 1895
302:
299:Haeckel, 1895
296:
290:
287:Gervais, 1854
284:
278:
272:
271:
263:
260:
256:
251:
247:
242:
238:
233:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
39:
36:
32:
30:
22:
6932:
6897:
6891:Arcticanodon
6889:
6877:
6860:
6834:
6826:
6796:
6790:Brachianodon
6788:
6754:
6728:
6722:Asiabradypus
6720:
6686:
6680:Molaetherium
6678:
6670:
6658:
6654:
6640:
6632:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6551:paraphyletic
6506:
6492:
6479:
6454:Eurotamandua
6452:
6418:
6391:Superfamily:
6374:
6362:
6349:
6341:
6315:
6290:Superfamily:
6266:
6238:
6229:
6129:(Treeshrews)
6065:
6012:Proboscidea
5953:(Armadillos)
5836:Ameridelphia
5789:Monotremata
5690:
5679:
5643:
5601:. Retrieved
5594:
5585:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5503:
5494:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5428:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5400:
5391:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5334:
5297:
5293:
5282:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5173:
5164:
5145:
5133:
5121:
5089:(2): 45–69.
5086:
5082:
5072:
5049:
5040:
5017:
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4991:
4982:
4970:. Retrieved
4966:the original
4961:
4951:
4939:. Retrieved
4925:
4894:. Retrieved
4885:
4873:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4814:. Retrieved
4790:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4760:
4750:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4682:
4630:
4626:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4522:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4430:
4426:
4400:. Retrieved
4386:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4302:
4277:(1): 43–50.
4274:
4270:
4247:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4225:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4166:
4156:
4141:
4132:
4119:The Guardian
4117:
4107:
4089:
4066:
4051:
4041:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3944:
3935:
3926:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3899:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:
3853:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3799:15 September
3797:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3788:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:
3733:. Retrieved
3729:the original
3724:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3693:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3666:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3623:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3526:
3489:
3486:BMC Genomics
3485:
3475:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3393:: 983–1001.
3386:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3348:(1): 49–54.
3345:
3341:
3337:
3283:
3277:
3267:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3148:
3140:
3095:
3070:the original
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:
3033:
3009:
3002:
2963:
2957:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2820:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2731:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2642:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2537:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2417:(1): 14566.
2414:
2410:
2400:
2388:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:the original
2348:
2341:
2324:
2321:"tĕnggiling"
2288:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2226:
2200:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2082:26 September
2080:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2015:
2009:
1996:
1976:
1969:
1958:
1939:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1579:
1572:, the later
1556:Conservation
1546:
1538:
1515:
1510:
1507:Song dynasty
1502:
1499:Tang dynasty
1494:
1492:
1484:black market
1469:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:coltiviruses
1438:pestiviruses
1435:
1430:
1426:
1364:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1287:
1265:
1229:
1228:position of
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:sister group
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1131:sister taxon
1128:
1102:Storch, 2003
1087:
1078:Filhol, 1893
1072:
1064:
1036:
1025:
1002:
993:
941:
937:
902:Reproduction
889:
870:
855:
848:
836:
830:
815:
765:between the
748:
729:
703:
672:(φαττάγης).
669:
663:
658:
654:
650:
643:terenggiling
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
608:
599:
585:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
506:) and heavy
497:
466:
457:
453:
449:
443:
437:
431:
426:family, the
381:
373:
369:
368:
347:Huxley, 1872
341:Murray, 1866
335:Newman, 1843
329:Pearse, 1936
327:Pholidotina
323:Kinman, 1994
273:Afredentata
221:
205:
47:47.8–0
35:
28:
7050:iNaturalist
6957:Wikispecies
6836:Palaeanodon
6756:Escavadodon
6688:Xenocranium
6659:Xenocranium
6351:Patriomanis
6343:Cryptomanis
6280:Eupholidota
6135:Dermoptera
6127:Scandentia
6119:Lagomorpha
6068:(Pangolins)
6058:Chiroptera
6014:(Elephants)
6004:Hyracoidea
5998:(Aardvarks)
5760:(unranked)
5402:China Daily
4816:18 February
4534:28 February
4397:LiveScience
4352:(11): 979.
4249:Daily Trust
3049:14 December
2970:: 477–501.
2605:: 472–480.
2484:: 267–273.
2370:14 December
2022:: 235–305.
1909:(810): 56.
1631:Jackie Chan
1588:trafficking
1522:blood clots
1410:during the
1332:Philippines
1236:phylogeny.
1211:M. javanica
1151:carnivorans
1027:Eupholidota
997:Weber, 1904
881:gastroliths
783: in).
710:fingernails
676:Description
537:M. javanica
422:). The one
351:Squamigera
297:Manitheria
291:Maniformes
7150:Categories
6899:Melaniella
6847:Subfamily:
6809:Subfamily:
6611:Subfamily:
6592:Dipassalus
6576:Amelotabes
6395:Eomanoidea
6376:Necromanis
6074:Carnivora
6066:Pholidota
5972:Afrotheria
5951:Cingulata
5932:inclusive)
5854:(Opossums)
5825:inclusive)
5815:Metatheria
5772:Yinotheria
5756:Vertebrata
5754:Subphylum
5603:8 February
5512:8 February
5462:: e01395.
5435:27 January
5361:: 109002.
5325:2263/75894
5300:: e00714.
5179:10 January
4171:. London.
4122:. London.
3951:28 January
3906:30 January
3869:10 October
3844:1893/25549
3764:10 October
3673:30 January
3492:(1): 746.
2389:On Animals
2359:9718538550
2238:30 January
1697:References
1574:Edward VII
1564:A coat of
1431:Coltivirus
1427:Pestivirus
1379:SARS-CoV-2
1359:See also:
1244:See also:
1219:Phataginus
1195:Phataginus
1147:armadillos
1123:See also:
1089:Eomanoidea
1074:Necromanis
1051:Gray, 1821
1024:Suborder:
896:prehensile
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635:tenggiling
615:pengguling
520:threatened
512:trafficked
489:armadillos
454:Phataginus
439:Phataginus
353:Gill, 1910
311:Cope, 1889
309:Nomarthra
303:Neomanida
281:Lane, 1910
235:Subgroups
195:Mirorder:
7166:Pangolins
6977:Pholidota
6963:Pholidota
6933:Pholidota
6798:Mylanodon
6730:Ernanodon
6600:Tubulodon
6481:Euromanis
6409:Eomanidae
6277:Suborder:
6267:Pholidota
6211:Kingdom:
6143:Primates
6137:(Colugos)
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1183:phylogeny
1139:anteaters
1135:Xenarthra
1114:Phylogeny
1099:Eomanidae
1097:Family: †
1055:Family: †
1004:Euromanis
994:Pholidota
943:Gestation
826:volvation
818:nocturnal
787:Behaviour
721:pine cone
686:skeletons
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670:phattáges
659:balintong
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591:ϕολιδωτός
582:Etymology
477:nocturnal
382:Pholidota
370:Pangolins
357:Squamosa
345:Squamata
333:Repentia
279:Lepidota
222:Pholidota
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
119:– present
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6942:Wikidata
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