Armed Forces of the Philippines

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Navy), but in the semi-dress, dress and mess uniforms are different: The Army, Air Force and Marine Corps use unitary rank insignia on the shoulder board but the Navy uses the very same rank insignia format as in the US Navy except for the star (for Ensigns to Captains) in almost all officer uniforms and all general officer and flag officer shoulder boards in the full dress uniform are in gold colored backgrounds with the rank insignia and the AFP seal (the star arrangement is the same in the Army, Air Force and Marines but is different in the Navy). The Navy uses sleeve insignia only on its dress blue uniforms. Lieutenants and Captains wear 1 to 3 triangles (and Navy Ensigns and Lieutenants (junior and senior grades) in their working, duty and combat uniforms) while Majors, Lieutenant Colonels and Colonels wear 1, 2, and 3 suns (both triangles and suns have the ancient

4355: 4615: 4827: 3388:, The Inspector General, and for the respective commanders of the Unified Commands. Meanwhile, junior officers ranging from the ranks of second lieutenant/ensign to colonel/captain, as well as enlisted personnel, will be compulsorily retired upon reaching the age of 56 or served a maximum of 30 years of active service, while flag officers who reached the rank of brigadier general/commodore to lieutenant general/vice admiral will have a retirement age of 59, unless named as a commander of the service branch or unified command, as defined in the law. Under the new law, members who will be appointed in the Corps of Professors will be retired upon reaching the age of 60 or the completion of 20 years of active duty, while the Superintendent of the 4581: 3284:

the AFP to effectively fulfill its mission. 2. Implement capability for seamless interoperability by developing proficiency in the conduct of joint operations, eliminating crisis handling by individual major services as done previously. 3. improve effectiveness of internal security operations. 4. Enhance capability to counter terrorism and other transnational threats. 5. Provide sustainment and/or long-term viability of acquired capabilities. 6. Improve cost-effectiveness of operations. 7. Improve accountability and transparency in the DND. 8. Increase professionalism in the AFP through reforms in areas such as promotions, assignments, and training. 9. Increase involvement of AFP in the peace process.

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Navy these are supplemented by rating insignia by specialty, similar to the United States Navy. Like the British and Spanish armed services, however, senior ranked NCOs (especially in the Philippine Navy) also wear shoulder rank insignia only on the mess, semi-dress and dress uniforms, and in some cases even collar insignia. Like the US military all NCOs wear sleeve stripes to denote years of service in the enlisted ranks. Sleeve insignia for enlisted personnel in the Army and the Navy are similar but are different from those used in the US while those in the Marine Corps mirror its US counterpart but with special symbols from Master Sergeants onward (adopted in the early 2000s).

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public order in villages and towns. In the early years of Spanish colonial era, most of the formations of the army were composed of conquistadors backed with native auxiliaries. By the 18th and 19th centuries, line infantry and cavalry formations were created composed of mixed Spanish and Filipino personnel, as well as volunteer battalions composed of all-Filipino volunteers during the later half of the 19th Century. Units from other colonies were also levied to augment the existing formations in the Philippines. Almost all of the formations of the Spanish Army in the archipelago participated in the local religious uprisings between 17th and 19th centuries, and in the

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For example, the Philippine legislature continues to significantly underfund the DND and AFP, currently at.9 percent of GDP, compared to an average of 2 percent worldwide, and a 4 percent outlay by the U.S. Even with full implementation of all the PDR's programs and recommendations, the defense establishment would not be able to sustain itself at current funding levels. While this can be made up by future outlays, as of 2010 observers see no outward sign the legislature is planning to do so. One U.S. observer likened PDR process to the progress of a

1197: 1003: 4735: 1128: 4515: 4699: 4671: 3901: 125: 4394: 8830: 2630: 1150: 957: 2979:(PCG) is also another attached agency to the Armed Forces of the Philippines, but due to the civilian nature of the PCG functions led to the separation of the Coast Guard from the Philippine Navy on March 30, 1998, by virtue of Executive Order 475 signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Order effectively transferred the PCG from the Department of National Defense to the Office of the President, and eventually to the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) on April 15, 1998, by virtue of Executive Order 477. 4777: 3706: 3539: 138: 112: 9960: 8841: 2753: 11001: 4599: 4421: 888: 1079: 3300:

transactions. Executive Order 240, creating the Office of the Undersecretary of Internal Control in the DND, mandated in part to institutionalize reforms in the procurement and fund disbursement systems in the AFP and the DND. On November 30, 2005, the Secretary of National Defense issued Department Order No. 82 (DO 82), creating the PDR Board and formalizing the reform organizational set-up between the DND and the AFP and defining workflow and decision-making processes.

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equally steady decline in the military threat from terrorists and separatists. Neither of these projections have proven accurate. As of 2010, at the six-year mark of PDR, the Philippine economy was internally strong, but suffering during a period of recession that crippled Philippine purchasing power. Worse, the threat situation in the Philippines had not improved significantly, or as in the case of the Sulu Archipelago, was deteriorating.

9882: 3838: 3810: 3803: 3753: 4105: 3601: 9921: 4176:(for the Navy), both created in 2004, and since then have become the highest enlisted rank of precedence. Prior, first chief sergeant and master chief petty officer were the highest enlisted ranks and rates, the former being the highest rank of precedence for Army, Air Force and Marine NCOs. Today only the rank of first master chief petty officer is unused, but the rank of first chief master sergeant is now being applied. 3949: 3790: 3776: 3762: 3629: 3594: 3615: 3587: 3963: 3956: 3748: 1225: 1177: 1030: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3942: 3636: 3643: 3608: 3580: 3165:

violations and in corruption. The years from 1965 to 1986 are thus considered to have marked a decline for AFP in terms of its traditional values of civilian supremacy and professionalism, leading to a need to actively professionalize the AFP. The 1990 Davide Commission and 2003 Feliciano Commission made recommendations towards the professionalization of the AFP as early as 1990 and 2003, respectively.

3622: 1280:, these groups, aside from maintaining order in their communities, also served as their defense forces. With the arrival of Islam, the system of defense forces in the Mindanao region's sultanates under Muslim control mirrored those other existing sultanates in the region. These local warriors who were in the service of the Sultan were also responsible to qualified male citizens appointed by him. 3473:

transnational, environmental, and humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR) conflicts. For example, Philippine Executive Order 57, signed in 2011 by President Benigno Aquino III, established a central inter-agency mechanism for enhancing governance in the country's maritime domain. Between 1995 and 2019, the AFP Reserve Manpower in the Philippines totaled 741,937 and 4,384,936

3401:. The new law aims to increase the AFP's organizational professionalism and stability in within the institution, and will further enhance the AFP's efficiency, preparedness and effectiveness to the AFP's mandate. The law also aims to lessen the effects of the "revolving door" policy and eliminating short-term duties for the commanders within the ranks. 2972:(INP) and the officers and enlisted personnel of the PC. Upon the effectivity of that Act, the PC ceased to be a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the INP ceased to be the national police and civil defense force. On January 29, 1991, the PC and the INP were formally retired and the PNP was activated in their place. 12920: 13443: 3421:'s mandatory retirement age, in which makes Centino's position as the only four star officer in the AFP is still higher than Bacarro's, which prevented Bacarro to be promoted to the next rank. The problems regarding the new law caused rumblings in the AFP's organization, which was also admitted by then 3404:

However, the new law encountered many problems within the AFP's organization, which caused some middle ranking officers to raise their concerns regarding the promotions of younger officers within the hierarchy, while addressing concerns for the possible reduction of promoted officers within the ranks

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on a busy Manila avenue—explaining, "a Jeepney moves at its own pace, stops unexpectedly, frequently changes passengers, moves inexplicably and abruptly right and left in traffic, but eventually arrives safely." President Aquino has promised to implement the PDR program. As of 9 March 2011,

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During the Arroyo presidency, deliberate 'Rolodexing' of senior leadership within the DND and AFP constantly put U.S. PDR advocates in a position of re-winning previously won points and positions, and gave U.S. observers a 'two steps forward, one step back' impression of the program. As of 2010, U.S.

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The results of the 2003 JDA were devastating. The JDA findings revealed that the AFP was only partially capable of performing its most critical missions. Moreover, the results pointed overwhelmingly toward institutional and strategic deficiencies as being the root cause of most of the shortcomings. A

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on February 23, 1995, declared it the policy of the State to modernize the AFP to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate to uphold the sovereignty and preserve the patrimony of the Republic of the Philippines, and mandated specific actions to be taken to achieve

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Given a greater emphasis on Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) beginning in 2010, a shift towards engagement with Civil Society Organizations was put in place under the Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) of 2010, and similar principles were enshrined in the 2016 AFP-Development Support and Security

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The military was given many functions aside from its task of national defense, including assisting in the implementation of price controls imposed on key products like corn and rice, enforcing the rules of the national corn procurement program, assisting in the collection of rural and government bank

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Marcos oversaw a significant expansion of the AFP, which grew from a force of 57,100 in 1971 to a 97.89 percent increase of 113,000 personnel in 1976 - a significant increase of over a five-year period. He also increased the military budget from P880 million in 1972 to P4 billion in 1976. Marcos also

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sought to have a strong personal influence over the Armed Forces as soon as he became president in 1965, holding on to the portfolio of defense secretary in the first thirteen months of his presidency to develop what scholars have noted to be "a patronage system within the defense establishment." The

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Throughout the years, the AFP received numerous recognitions and commendation within the local sectors, the national government and in the international community. One example is the Philippine Army shooting team, wherein the unit was the overall champion in a two-week competition held in Australia,

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U.S. observers have reported that overall progress of the PDR is unmistakable and has clearly struck a wider swath of the Philippine defense establishment than originally hoped. However, they see some troubling signs that the depth of the PDR's impact may not be as significant as originally desired.

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The AFP went through a number of changes during the 21 years under Ferdinand Marcos, notably in terms of the promotion of officers based on loyalty and connections to the president, and in terms of being given the task of implementing Martial Law, which led to officers being involved in human rights

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Units from these three services may be assigned to one of six "Unified Commands" led by each Commander of the Unified Command; consisting of different branches from the three branches of the AFP, which are multi-service, regional entities. The Unified Commands are responsible in monitoring, securing

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recommended several short-term and long-term counter-measures, including the establishment of a civilian national police force, a crackdown on corruption in the military, a performance review of appointive government officials, reforms in the process of military promotions, a review of election laws

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in between the two camps and help protect the rebel forces. Since civilian groups were already planning massive protests in relation to the election results, a large crowd was able to gather and prevent Marcos' forces from attacking camps Aguinaldo and Crame. This civilian uprising, which would come

4262:

The AFP, like the military forces of Singapore and Indonesia, uses unitary rank insignia for enlisted personnel, in the form of raised chevrons increasing by seniority, same for the Philippine Air Force which uses inverted chevrons from Airman 2nd Class onward only since recently. In the Philippine

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In October 1999, the Joint Defense Assessment (JDA) began as a policy level discussion between the Philippine Secretary of National Defense and the US Secretary of Defense. An initial JDA report in 2001 provided an objective evaluation of Philippine defense capability. During a May 2003 state visit

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in 2014, the AFP has played a key part in the normalization process with the MILF, which includes "the decommissioning of MILF combatants and their weapons and the transformation of several camps into productive and resilient communities," developing a close working relationship with the Philippine

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During the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish Army was responsible for the defense and general order of the archipelago in the land, while the Spanish Navy conducts maritime policing in the seas as well as providing naval logistics to the Army. The Guardia Civil took police duties and maintaining

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The position is honorary and may be granted to any military officer, especially generals or admirals who had significant contributions and showed heroism, only in times of war and national defense concerns and emergencies. The highest peacetime rank is that of four-star general which is being held

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between the Philippines and the United States has not been updated since its signing in 1951. As of 2013, discussions were underway for a formal U.S.-Philippine Framework Agreement detail how U.S. forces would be able to "operate on Philippine military bases and in Philippine territorial waters to

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From the perspective of the Philippine Department of National Defense (DND), the framework for reforms is based on an environment of increasing economic prowess and a gradually decreasing threat level over time, and seeks to make the following improvements: 1. Address AFP capability gaps to enable

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During a reciprocal visit to the Philippines in October 2003 by U.S. President Bush, he and President Arroyo issued a joint statement expressing their commitment to embark upon a multi-year plan to implement the JDA recommendations. The Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) Program is the result of that

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commanders and staff, and reforms in the recruitment of enlisted personnel. Alongside capability development, "professionalization of all ranks" is one of two strategic priorities identified by the 15 year AFP Transformation Roadmap which replaced the PDR Program during the Duterte administration.

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Officer ranks in the AFP are inspired by revolutionary insignia used by the Philippine Army after the 1898 declaration of independence. These are unitary rank insignia used in the every day, combat, duty and technical uniforms both on shoulders and collars (the latter in the khaki uniforms of the

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Philippine defense operations are supported in part through U.S. Section 1206 ($ 102.3 million) and 1207 ($ 16.02 million) funds. These funds are aimed at carrying out security, counterterrorism training and rule of law programs. Overall, the United States is increasing U.S. funding for military

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According to the goals stated in the Philippines Defense Reform Handbook: "The PDR serves as the overall framework to re-engineer our systems and re-tool our personnel." The Philippine Defense Reform follows a three-step implementation plan: 1. Creating the environment for reform (2004–2005); 2.

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would later call his "martial law implementor," and "one of the vital supports of the regime." Upon the announcement of Martial Law in 1972, one of their earliest tasks was that of quickly arresting and containing Marcos' political opponents, and Marcos' hold on power was effectively broken once

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Shortly after midnight on February 26, five army trucks of troops under the command of Fidel Ramos arrived in Malacañang Palace to secure it after Ferdinand Marcos had left, and various individuals had entered it, marking the end of Marcos' reign, and placing the palace under the control of the

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Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their supposed retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts. This led to a loss of morale among the middle-ranks of the AFP, because it meant a significant slowdown in promotions and caused many officers to

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Since the beginning of American rule in the Philippines, the United States Army had taken the responsibility for the defense of the country in the land, and the United States Navy in the seas until the passage of the National Defense Act of 1935 which called for a separate defense force for the

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Recent national policies have shifted the strategic direction of the AFP towards external, territorial defense as opposed to previous, internal foci. Some of the challenges with this change in strategic direction include the uneven distribution of maritime security resources among territorial,

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The PDR is jointly funded by the U.S. and R.P. governments. From 2004 to 2008, funding amounted to $ 51.8 million from the U.S. and $ 514.0 million from the RP. Initial planning assumptioned that the 18-year span of reform would encompass a period of steady rise in economic growth coupled with

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Conflicts over responsibility for maritime surveillance between armed forces continue to underscore the numerous challenges that the TBA faces. For example, following the expulsion of Ferdinand Marcos from the Philippines in 1986, the Philippine Coast Guard separated from the Philippine Navy,

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of lieutenant colonel to colonel/ lieutenant commander to commander due to reduced tenure limits, and allaying fears of lowering a merit-based promotion system. Additionally, another hurdles also hounded the higher ranks, due to the fixed tenures of various officers, and on the appointment of

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in time for the 1992 presidential elections, and a definitive statement on the part of Aquino on whether she intended to run for re-election in 1992. The publication of the recommendations of the report is considered one of the key starting points of security sector reform in the Philippines.

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The Army of the Philippines included naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters, and the Philippine Constabulary, later part of the ground forces proper as a division. In 1938 the Constabulary Division was separated from the army and reorganized into a national police force.

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Under the Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) Program from 2003 to 2016, steps the AFP sought to take towards professionalization included the development of "Integrity Development Programs", programmatic efforts to improve the quality of service performance, continuing development programs for

12932: 3344:(UNCLOS) of 1982, are of great importance to the Philippines in supporting maritime security in particular; respectively, their legally binding nature provides long-term effectiveness for mutual defense cooperation and for the development of the Philippine maritime and archipelagic domain. 3299:

On September 23, 2003, President Arroyo issued Executive Order 240, streamlining procedures for defense contracts for the expeditious implementation of defense projects and the speedy response to security threats while promoting transparency, impartiality, and accountability in government

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Marcos carried out the "largest reshuffle in the history of the armed forces" when he forcibly retired fourteen of the AFP's twenty-five flag officers, including the AFP Chief of Staff, the AFP Vice Chief of Staff, the commanding general of the Philippine Army, the Chief of the Philippine

3151:

For the most part, oversight of the Philippine state's security actors has fallen on government agencies through the constitutional system of checks and balances - most prominently, congress and the Commission on Human Rights. But civil society organizations have also become involved in

4202:, making himself as its first rank holder. Since then, the rank of five-star general/admiral became an honorary rank of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces whenever a new president assumes office for a six-year term, thus making the President the most senior military official. 13451: 4354: 804:

As a result of the diminished number of active communist rebels and jihadist groups in the 2020s, the AFP has been shifting its primary focus from handling internal threats such as insurgency and local terrorism to defending the Philippine territory from external threats.

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The Marcos administration is thus considered to have marked a decline for AFP in terms of its traditional values of civilian supremacy and professionalism, leading to a need for security sector reform during later administrations, as per the recommendations of the

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to Washington DC, President Arroyo requested U.S. assistance in conducting a strategic assessment of the Philippine defense system. This led to a follow-up JDA and formulation of recommendations addressing deficiencies found in the Philippine defense structure.

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Plan (DSSP) of the next administration. However, civil society is no longer identified as a major strategic priority under the 15 year AFP Transformation Roadmap initiated during the Duterte administration, as it had been under the 2003-2016 PDR Program.

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put the independence of the newly declared Southeast Asian republic in grave danger. The revolutionaries were fighting desperately as the American forces already landed in other islands and had taken over towns and villages. The Americans established the

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formally ended the PDR Program on June 23, 2016, because the upcoming administration of Rodrigo Duterte, which would begin its term later that month, had indicated that it wanted to set its own direction for the running of Philippine defense matters.

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instituted the AFP Self Reliance Defense Posture (SRDP) program, which was supposed to enable the AFP to construct its own weapons, tanks, armored vehicles, ships, gunboats, and aircraft locally instead of buying from foreign sources. This included "

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enough of the Military withdrew their support from him in February 1986. Antonio Parlade notes that to get the military to ensure their cooperation, Marcos "had to expand the military organization and patronize the generals to buy their loyalty."

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The JDA specifically identified 65 key areas and 207 ancillary areas of concern. These were reduced to ten broad-based and inter-related recommendations that later became the basis for what became known as the PDR Priority Programs. The ten are:

4083:, are officially used in the Philippine Army, Air Force and Marine Corps. The ranks are more frequently referred and addressed in English rather than in Spanish or Tagalog/Filipino, since English is the working language within the Armed Forces. 1998:

and has been attacking terrorist groups in Mindanao ever since. In 2012, the AFP Chief of Staff said that there had been no increase in the number of soldiers over a long period, and that the military aimed to hire 30,000 troops in three years.

1667:, were compelled to leave the service. In their place, Marcos appointed officers from his home region, the Ilocos, the most significant of whom had familial connections to Marcos – ensuring their familial and regionalistic loyalties to him. 3464:, which made Centino the only AFP Chief to be appointed in the same office twice, from November 12, 2021, to August 8, 2022, and on January 6, 2023, to July 19, 2023, and is the only AFP Chief to be appointed in the post by two Presidents. 7648: 12696: 5069:

17–23 years of age (officers 20–24) for voluntary military service; no conscription; applicants must be single male or female Philippine citizens with either 72 college credit hours (enlisted) or a baccalaureate degree (officers)

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The pre-war military districts briefly continued to be used for administering the military, until they were reorganized into Military Area Commands in 1946. In 1947 the modern AFP first emerged with the upgrade of the PAAC to the

1724:(NISA) were also accused of aiding these activities. Aside from human rights abuses, these units were also accused of hounding media entities, corporate management, and opposition groups with threats, intimidation, and violence. 12790: 6469: 13447: 13102: 12928: 12144: 5920: 13586: 3192:

on December 11, 2012, amended RA7898 to establish a revised AFP modernization program lasting another 15 years ending in 2027. The act included new provisions for the acquisition of equipment for all the branches of AFP.

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The three highest posts of the AFP are also assisted by the Secretary Joint Staff (SJSAFP), who serves as the primary executive officer for the AFP Chief of Staff, the Vice Chief of Staff, and The Deputy Chief of Staff.

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help build Philippine military capacity in maritime security and maritime domain awareness." In particular, this Framework Agreement would which would increase rotational presence of American forces in the Philippines.

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civilianizing, professionalizing, modernizing, and capacitating the Philippine state's security institutions, depending on how much emphasis each President, as Commander in Chief, places on civil society engagement.

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are military station went to the province during the occupation. Those who survived the invasion but escaped from the Japanese formed the basis of recognized guerrilla units and ongoing local military force of the

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to terminate their respective roles before the expiration of their fixed term, and has the powers to extend the term of the Chief of Staff in times of war, or national emergency matters, with the consent of the

13804: 12832: 3733: 3566: 9493: 7987: 7976: 5171: 4473: 3348:

education and training programs in Southeast Asia. The most recent U.S. Department of Defense budget for the region includes $ 90 million for programs, which is a 50 percent increased from four years ago.

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Department of Environment and Natural Resources/United Nations Development Programme/Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. (2004) ArcDev: A Framework for Sustainable Archipelagic Development.

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will have a four-year term, and will not be eligible to be placed in a higher position, such as the Chief of Staff, and shall be retired upon reaching the end of their term. The law also enables the

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and defending their specific geographical area of operations within the Philippines. There are currently six Unified Commands in the AFP, with each Commander of the Unified Commands hold the rank of

13778: 12914: 11845: 11737: 4552: 4086:

The ranks in the Philippine Navy are similar to the US Navy ranks, the only difference is the rank of Commodore in the Philippine Navy is equivalent to the Lower Half Rear Admiral of the US Navy.

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loans, implementing the agrarian reform law, and various police functions such as collecting unlicensed firearms and enforcing curfews, and suppressing strikes, rallies, and other demonstrations.

13300: 11953: 2087:

In 2024, the number of active communist rebels in the NPA reached a low of 1,500, with the AFP aiming to neutralize them by the end of the year. As a result of the development, the AFP under the

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only by the AFP Chief of Staff. However, no law specifically establishes the rank of five-star general in the Armed Forces of the Philippines unlike in the United States and other countries.

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In the Philippine Navy, they also use enlisted ranks which come from the U.S. Navy with their specialization, e.g. "Master Chief and Boatswain's mate Juan Dela Cruz, PN" (Philippine Navy).

4373: 13903: 13717: 12364: 8940: 4289: 3428:. After months of deliberations, a new law was made in order to fix the problems caused by Republic Act no. 11709, and on May 17, 2023, the Republic Act no. 11939 was signed by President 1347:, his wife, found the situation amusing and remarked that her husband had gone from holding the highest rank in the United States Army to holding the highest rank in a non-existent army. 7492: 5954: 4393: 1864:, most of the military units remained loyal to her as she dealt with various coup attempts against her, either by military factions that remained loyal to the former dictator, or by the 12326: 6461: 12762: 11779: 7547: 3726: 3559: 1965: 12474: 12342: 9486: 8880: 3914: 2880: 4339: 4152:(NCOs) rather than ranks, examples of such appointments being the Command Sergeant Major, AFP (held by a first chief master sergeant or a first master chief petty officer) and the 13602: 13431: 13078: 5909: 4614: 1288:

in 1896 fighting against the revolutionary forces. At the peak of the revolution, some Filipinos and a few Spaniards in the Spanish Army, Guardia Civil, and Navy defected to the

12258: 11585: 9208: 8797: 5863: 5805: 3214:

common thread in all: the lack of strategy-based planning that would focus DND/AFP on addressing priority threats and link capability requirements with the acquisition process.

7013: 13842: 13196: 12061: 8529: 8223: 6330: 12640: 5722:"The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: II: Political Change and Military Transmition in the Philippines, 1966 – 1989: From the Barracks to the Corridors of Power" 4872: 4812: 3719: 3552: 1705: 7223: 4788: 1663:

Constabulary, the commanders of all four Constabulary Zones, and one third of all Provincial Commanders of the PC. Other key officers critical of Marcos, such as Commodore

13735: 13701: 12908: 9479: 4887: 968: 309: 13006: 8516:

Comer, C. (2010). The Parting of the Sulawesi Sea: U.S. Strategy and Transforming the Terrorist Transit Triangle. United States Army Combined Arms Center. Accessed from:

12486: 12418: 11821: 9871: 5280:"Commonwealth Act No. 343 AN ACT TO ABOLISH THE STATE POLICE FORCE, TO REORGANIZE THE PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY INTO A NATIONAL POLICE FORCE AND PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR" 2852:

Several organization-wide support services and separate units report directly to the Armed Forces of the Philippines General Headquarters (AFP GHQ). The units are the:

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was asked to supervise its foundation and training. MacArthur accepted the offer and became a Field Marshal of the Philippines, a rank no other person has since held.

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The Marcos administration also marked the beginnings of at least two long-running conflicts that continued to plague later administrations: the Moro conflict and the

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in 2013. The Philippine Army shooting team won 14 gold medals, 50 silver medals and two bronze medals in Australian Army Skills at the Arms Meeting (AASAM) in 2014.

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Island, after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining Filipino and American troops to surrender. The establishment of the general headquarters of the

751: 4120:

The ranks of enlisted personnel in Filipino are the same as their U.S. counterparts, with some differences. Except in the Marine Corps, never used are the ranks of

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Cadets. Out of the 700,00+ reservists; 93,062 are (ready reserve) and 610,586 are (standby reserve). There are a total of 20,451 with the affiliated reserve units.

2280:. These Joint Staff Divisions are also part of the Joint Staff, which is composed of the AFP Chief of Staff, the Vice Chief of Staff and The Deputy Chief of Staff. 11839: 11420: 8131: 7984: 4867: 3033: 3027: 2886: 1549:

to go to study the organization of the U.S. Marines. Alcaraz recommended the creation of the new service, earning him the distinction of being the "Father" of the

8579: 6986: 13914: 11917: 11809: 11773: 9414: 9272: 9109: 13090: 7701: 6754: 3436:, which will have a maximum of a three-year tenure. Four other high ranking officers will also will have a maximum of a two-year tenure, which consists of the 12492: 11525: 9382: 4275:(K) in the center) as well as Navy superior officers (Lieutenant Commanders, Commanders and Captains) in their working, duty and combat uniforms respectively. 3086:; within a year of Marcos' ouster, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines enshrined the principle of civilian supremacy over the military. After the various 13282: 12138: 11459: 7472: 7465: 14282: 13606: 12312: 11899: 8819: 3433: 3410: 3373: 2464: 2188: 872: 759: 260: 4451: 13632: 13202: 7130: 5052: 3372:

has signed a law, known as Republic Act no. 11709, that enables a three-year fixed term for key officials of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, such as

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were at the forefront of Duterte's intensified campaign against the communist rebellion; by the of Duterte's term, the AFP reported the reduction of NPA

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The AFP also comprises the Special Staff, which is divided into two separate groups. These groups also assist the AFP Chief on their designated fields:

14117: 13677: 13164: 12037: 13243: 6258: 5681:

De Castro, Renato Cruz, Ph.D. The Dilemma Between Democratic. Control versus Military Reforms: The Case of the AFP Modernisation. Program, 1991-2004.

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The alternative style of address for the ranks of lieutenant junior grade Lt(jg), lieutenant (Lt), second lieutenant, and first lieutenant are simply

12844: 9164: 5135: 3474: 2404:

On June 19, 2020, under the DND Order no. 174, the AFP had major changes in renaming its positions in high-ranking officials, such as the following:

369: 7496: 5600: 5374: 1834:, led to various units of the AFP refusing orders to fire on the camps and the civilians protecting them, and led to the removal Marcos from power. 13948: 13230: 13158: 13024: 13018: 12880: 12826: 11519: 10950: 7097: 6401: 6125: 6027: 649: 8827: 7243: 4656: 13556: 10815: 10504: 10275: 9344: 8886: 8395:

Maritime Research Information Center (2013). Overview of the MRIC. Naval Station Francisco. Philippine Navy. Taguig, Philippines. Accessed from:

6887: 3341: 3036:, which involves civilianizing, professionalizing, modernizing, and capacitating the Philippine government's security institutions to align them 2912: 1907: 835: 7869:"REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10349 : AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7898, ESTABLISHING THE REVISED AFP MODERNIZATION PROGRAM AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" 7624: 4965: 13920: 13875: 13832: 13042: 12958: 12902: 12562: 11719: 10593: 10581: 8987: 8324: 6926: 6607: 5946: 4843: 4624: 4589: 3445: 3441: 3385: 3381: 2896: 2435: 2247: 1112: 13863: 7258:"MaxDefense received confirmation that AFP has deferred the use of the new designation names, President has not yet approved the use of these" 7183: 4514: 13820: 13671: 13361: 12586: 12162: 12073: 10338: 10146: 2091:

has been shifting its focus away from handling internal threats towards defending Philippine territory from external threats such as China's

1919: 1855: 13626: 8157:

Serafino, N. (2013). Security Assistance Reform: "Section 1206" Background and Issues for Congress. CRS Report for Congress. Accessed from:

7538: 5630: 5172:"Speech of President Arroyo during the Commemoration of the Centennial Celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War April 16, 2002" 5030: 14079: 13772: 13511: 13276: 12938: 12516: 12252: 12031: 11603: 11413: 10343: 10037: 9449: 9224: 9146: 8904: 4162:

In effect, the AFP uses the pre-1955 US military enlisted ranks, with several changes, especially in the Navy and in the senior NCO ranks.

3333: 2859: 2134: 2111: 786: 755: 452: 4324: 13869: 13592: 13481: 13249: 12994: 12628: 12556: 12168: 12119: 11989: 11621: 11483: 10835: 10408: 10301: 10265: 9257: 8967: 3422: 3114: 2960:

type military-police force of the Philippines established in 1901 by the United States-appointed administrative authority, replacing the

2138: 2092: 823: 243: 9542: 6288: 4762: 3376:, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the 773:, the AFP has played an integral part in the country's history. The AFP has also been involved in various conflicts, such as combatting 14243: 13887: 13766: 13208: 12964: 12814: 12686: 12043: 11971: 11639: 11301: 11271: 11166: 11048: 10381: 10243: 10141: 10136: 10121: 10116: 8972: 8456: 1513: 8286: 5809: 4405: 14006: 13683: 13505: 13395: 13318: 13180: 13142: 12896: 12856: 12622: 12566: 12498: 12300: 12294: 12198: 11977: 11905: 11857: 11851: 11755: 11749: 11645: 11495: 10549: 10248: 10108: 9635: 8992: 8977: 8812: 7023: 3437: 3377: 2423: 2229: 2018: 1161: 1014: 8204: 1869: 1628:

portfolio afforded him direct interaction with the AFP's leadership, and to have a hand in the AFP's day-to-day operationalization.

14277: 13968: 13695: 13467: 13423: 13344: 13152: 12948: 12862: 12730: 12670: 12616: 12572: 12510: 12408: 12276: 12204: 11743: 11731: 11651: 11627: 11531: 10376: 9233: 8934: 8537: 6319: 3320:, chosen in Philippine Presidential elections on May 10, 2010, will continue the tradition of rapid turnover of senior leadership. 2907: 1713: 1561: 604: 476: 13899: 13461: 12468: 12360: 12013: 7759: 7493:"The Security Reform Agenda for the AFP and PNP in 2018 - Blueboard by Jennifer Santiago Oreta | Ateneo de Manila University" 6352:

Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar

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from 89 to 23, and only 2,000 remained of more than 25,000 "members, supporters, and sympathizers of the underground movement".

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William N Gonzales extended his appreciation to the soldiers of the Philippine Army 11th Infantry Division and Joint Task Force

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Voice of America (August 26, 2013). U.S. Significantly Boosts Military Funding for SE Asia. Voice of America. Accessed from:

7574: 7436: 6895: 6745:"The Fall Of Marcos - Behind The Presidential Walls - After Marcos Abandons His Palace, Filipinos Shout, 'This Is Ours Now!'" 6694: 5441: 3023: 2940: 1780: 8183: 5575:"II: Political Change and Military Transmition in the Philippines, 1966 – 1989: From the Barracks to the Corridors of Power" 4684: 1794:

decided to stage a military coup against Marcos. The plot was uncovered, however, and the forces involved became trapped in

14287: 14112: 14046: 13881: 13836: 13760: 13741: 13729: 13493: 13407: 13235: 12892: 12838: 12676: 12664: 12634: 12368: 12025: 12007: 11995: 11983: 11701: 11549: 11349: 10887: 10870: 10722: 10705: 10569: 10316: 10238: 10085: 9349: 9027: 8805: 8267: 7920: 7909: 7803:

TRANSFORMING THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE TO EFFECTIVELY MEET THE DEFENSE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY

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by the troops became rampant" during the Marcos administration, as documented by international monitoring entities such as

1587:

of 1930 (PKP-1930). This conflict effectively ended in 1954, with the huks becoming a spent force during the presidency of

1522:

was defeated in World War II, the Philippines gained its independence in 1946. (This was its second independence after the

527: 6878: 5511: 4947: 3121:

Undersecretary Rodel Cruz identified some aspects of civilianization which need attention under security sector reform as:

373: 14223: 14210: 13960: 13924: 13562: 13427: 13312: 13306: 13146: 13074: 12952: 12942: 12874: 12422: 12174: 12156: 11713: 11609: 11477: 11447: 11186: 10902: 10659: 10612: 10425: 10369: 10080: 10075: 9079: 8705: 8559: 8397: 4912: 4218: 1267: 1263: 519: 17: 8732: 8398:"Press Advisory re Launching of Maritime Research Information Center (MRIC) Inter-Agency Website - Philippine Navy News" 7518: 4598: 4215:(USMA 1950) (president from 1992 to 1998) who rose from second lieutenant up to commander-in-chief of the armed forces. 3498: 3417:

named "The fates of two AFP chiefs of staff", where Bacarro's appointment as AFP Chief was made months prior of General

1887:

The AFP, during her term also launched a massive campaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus and also against the

14163: 14001: 13644: 13610: 13184: 13118: 12692: 12288: 12246: 12222: 12067: 11959: 11785: 11579: 11501: 10865: 10710: 10226: 9262: 6990: 6574: 6067: 6003: 4153: 1783:, February 1986 saw a period of uncertainty. A boycott movement and plans for massive civilian protests were in place. 1758: 1743: 1632: 1618: 1602:

to ameliorate the economic and social conditions of its people there. AFP units were also sent at the same time to the

778: 13934: 13170: 7729: 7717: 6041: 1906:, thus removing it from AFP control and it was civilianized by a law passed by Congress, therefore becoming under the 1898:

or PC, an AFP major service tasked to enforce the law and to curb criminality, was formally merged with the country's

1720:, as well as the Intelligence Service Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP). The Presidential Security Unit and the 14074: 14026: 13996: 13910: 13373: 12976: 12802: 12769: 12522: 12306: 11669: 11567: 11296: 10671: 10588: 10260: 10216: 10194: 7690: 7155: 6686: 6101: 5521: 5476: 5405: 5321: 5255: 5218: 3510: 797:. The AFP has also been part of various peacekeeping operations around the world, as part of its contribution to the 690: 9838: 8316: 5128: 4194:, who acted also as national defense secretary (from 1965 to 1967 and 1971 to 1972), issued an order conferring the 3329:

a major Philippine news organization tracking performance on his promises evaluated that one as "To Be Determined."

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Following the 1989 coup attempt, President Aquino established a Fact-Finding Commission headed by COMELEC Chairman

1865: 1787: 1690: 1655:- named after Marcos' son - in 1972. However, the project was discontinued before the Marcos administration ended. 1609:

1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the armed forces with the raising of the Women's Auxiliary Corps.

6958: 6496:"People Power and Political Opportunities: Social Movement Mobilization and Outcomes in the Philippines and Burma" 6366: 4698: 4670: 2376:

The AFP Chief is also assisted by the following office commanding division-sized troops holders carry the rank of

14036: 13964: 13893: 13568: 13354: 13000: 12988: 12886: 12752: 12740: 12544: 12446: 12388: 12374: 11941: 11707: 11206: 10991: 10920: 10795: 10747: 10644: 10539: 10321: 10306: 10174: 9772: 9359: 9354: 9055: 9010: 5864:"Backgrounder – Security sector reform, professionalization and the shift to external defense in the Philippines" 2122: 1063: 674: 609: 6850: 4399:

Philippine Air Force W-3A Sokol in combat helicopter paint scheme before transferring to search and rescue role.

14016: 13270: 13048: 12970: 12702: 12534: 12348: 12079: 11881: 11507: 11344: 11311: 11176: 11041: 10717: 10519: 10494: 10326: 10095: 10070: 9277: 7362: 7140: 5293: 5114: 5056: 4917: 4479: 3118: 2268:

Meanwhile, the Chief of Staff of the AFP is also assisted by the 10 following office holders carry the rank of

2088: 2007: 1888: 1751: 1584: 599: 12576: 8628: 8600: 7328: 7257: 5745: 4420: 1689:

Several cabals of dissatisfied officers eventually formed among the middle-ranks of the AFP, most notably the

14101: 14041: 14021: 13942: 13786: 13401: 13058: 13036: 12592: 12452: 11869: 11657: 11537: 11334: 10940: 10845: 10634: 10629: 10353: 10211: 10103: 9843: 7309: 7283: 6462:"Speech of President Aquino at the anniversary of Tagumpay ng Bayan, February 16, 2012 (English translation)" 4907: 4380: 2420:

Deputy Chief of Staff for (functional area) (J-staff) - Deputy Chief of the Joint Staff for (functional area)

1969: 1826: 1463:

MacArthur expanded the Army of the Philippines with the revival of the Navy in 1940 and the formation of the

1289: 770: 694: 9471: 8215: 5608: 4979: 14188: 13810: 13475: 13385: 13328: 13225: 13190: 13112: 12610: 12538: 12338: 12270: 11947: 11663: 11291: 11251: 11191: 11106: 10767: 10762: 10732: 10695: 10654: 10598: 10415: 10391: 10311: 10162: 9622: 9577: 9554: 8962: 8928: 8922: 8782: 7418: 6266: 6094:

Policing America's empire : the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state

5655: 4543: 4486: 4427: 4237: 4199: 3453: 3393: 3296:

Enabling the defense establishment (2005–2007); 3. Implementing and institutionalizing reform (2007–2010).

2764: 2573: 2555: 2126: 1902:, a national police force on the cities and municipalities in the country attached to the PC to become the 1861: 1739: 1497: 1492: 1332: 766: 758:, an executive department acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out, while the 747: 584: 232: 212: 11597: 8675: 7546:. SSR Backgrounder Series. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). 2015. 4144:

are also never used by the Philippine Marine Corps, whose ranks are the same as the Army's. Additionally,

13954: 13620: 13517: 13499: 13487: 13413: 13220: 13174: 13062: 12708: 12658: 12354: 12180: 12150: 12107: 12091: 12019: 11893: 11471: 11306: 11111: 10757: 10752: 10624: 10559: 10514: 10398: 10289: 10270: 10199: 10023: 9830: 9419: 9409: 9097: 8874: 8868: 8092: 8069: 5980: 5366: 5279: 5048: 4996: 4877: 4521: 4169: 3449: 3398: 3389: 2964:

of the Spanish colonial regime. On December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. 6975 was approved, organizing the

2871: 2865: 1987:

People Power revolt in 2001; the revolution removed Estrada from power and installed then vice-president

1467:(formerly the Philippine Constabulary Air Corps), but they were not ready for combat at the start of the 1230: 589: 549: 335: 8758: 7107: 7072: 6409: 5682: 702: 14134: 13574: 12440: 11695: 10986: 10787: 10742: 10649: 10576: 10482: 10386: 10364: 10189: 10184: 10055: 9777: 8898: 8892: 8491: 8360: 7868: 6233: 6198:

Rosenberg, David A. (1974). "Civil Liberties and the Mass Media under Martial Law in the Philippines".

6172: 5772: 5294:"Executive Ordef No. 153 s. 1938 Reorganizing the Philippine Constabulary into a National Police Force" 5189: 5023: 5013: 4315: 4121: 4080: 3099: 2969: 2965: 2641: 2600: 2501: 2471: 1903: 1899: 1339:

was officially established on December 21, 1935, when the act entered into force. Retired U.S. General

1315:

proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General

634: 8170: 7616: 50: 14233: 12528: 12282: 11281: 11156: 11126: 11101: 11034: 10882: 10805: 10700: 10554: 10524: 10509: 10403: 9663: 9567: 9514: 8946: 8305: 7664: 6579: 5247: 4505: 4412: 4149: 3461: 3406: 3053: 2961: 2929: 2046: 2042: 1484: 1464: 1366:

The administration of the military throughout the islands was divided into ten "military districts."

249: 13124: 8197: 7399: 6936: 3110:

to the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) were signed by President Fidel Ramos.

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revoked the usage of the position titles, and decided to maintain the traditional position titles.

2023: 1880: 1652: 1636: 544: 8379:"AFP welcomes General Centino as 59th Chief of Staff, bids farewell to Lieutenant General Bacarro" 7343: 5096: 1682:

as chief for the Philippine Constabulary, and later as Armed Forces Vice Chief from 1981 to 1986.

14129: 13389: 12462: 12382: 11339: 11276: 11171: 11091: 11076: 10925: 10800: 10457: 9820: 9797: 9744: 9605: 9522: 9378: 9325: 9050: 8982: 4902: 4458: 4141: 4109: 3885: 3095: 3083: 3057: 2953: 2429: 2398: 2238: 2166: 1988: 1973: 1895: 1831: 1803: 1774: 1717: 1550: 1538: 1501: 1312: 1305: 1201: 1007: 743: 654: 629: 325: 160: 7801: 7453: 6798: 6545: 1541:, a naval infantry force under the command of the Philippine Navy, after then-Defense Secretary 13972: 13660: 13580: 13439: 12392: 11329: 11261: 11256: 11211: 11201: 11181: 11161: 11116: 10955: 10464: 10333: 9759: 9749: 9650: 9527: 9388: 9065: 8241: 7160: 4047: 3685: 3103: 3045: 2976: 1879:

to investigate and provide a full report on the series of coup attempts. When it came out, The

1565: 1300: 624: 418: 8422:

Executive Order No. 57 by the President of the Philippines. September 6, 2011. Accessed from:

3201: 1972:, a breakaway group of the MNLF that wants to proclaim Mindanao an independent state. The AFP 62: 14228: 13978: 13938: 13852: 13826: 12779: 12726: 12680: 11231: 11221: 11196: 11151: 11121: 11086: 10840: 9087: 8089: 7540:

Security Sector Governance: Applying the principles of good governance to the security sector

7268: 6777:"PURSUANT TO RA NO. 6832: Recommendations of the Final Report of the Fact Finding Commission" 5075: 4862: 4442: 3188:

this end over a 15-year period ending in 2010. Republic Act No. 10349, approved by President

3178: 2003: 1709: 1645: 1285: 659: 539: 468: 9193: 7429: 7267: 4308: 3303: 2877:

AFP Education, Training and Doctrine Command (AFPETDC). The organizations under it include:

1308:

in 1901 manned by Filipino fighters and used against Gen. Aguinaldo who was later captured.

14173: 13545: 13259: 13214: 12808: 12322: 11923: 11887: 11555: 11367: 11286: 11246: 11015: 10855: 10442: 10430: 9858: 9810: 9734: 9711: 9668: 9640: 9630: 9612: 9572: 9562: 9296: 9114: 9019: 4125: 3906: 3875: 3628: 3413:, where in an editorial made by then-AFP Spokesman retired Major General Edgard Arevalo in 3217:

Specifically, the 2003 JDA revealed critical deficiencies in the following specific areas:

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as commander of the Presidential Security Command in 1965, and AFP chief of staff in 1981;

1531: 1154: 961: 831: 782: 735: 564: 428: 302: 130: 8431: 6139: 3365: 3287: 1814:, but even with Ramos' defection, their forces were trapped in the two neighboring camps. 982: 8: 13340: 11430: 11359: 11266: 11131: 11071: 10965: 10877: 9853: 9706: 8916: 8910: 3600: 2723: 2682: 2577: 2541: 2523: 2276:, who serves as the members of the Joint Staff Divisions, at the General Headquarters in 2096: 2011: 853: 644: 8517: 8335: 4168:

The uniqueness of Philippine military ranks can be seen in the current highest ranks of

3614: 3586: 1943:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1352: 14168: 11382: 11241: 11146: 11096: 11005: 10727: 9787: 9252: 8353: 8343:"Alleged rumblings in AFP merely due to RA 11709: Galvez | Philippine News Agency" 6749: 6661: 6523: 6215: 6119: 6021: 5717: 5204: 4113: 4037: 4017: 3675: 3655: 3425: 3352: 3317: 3189: 2820: 2779: 2697: 2656: 2615: 2456: 2323: 2257: 2251: 2233: 2211: 2130: 1876: 1133: 1035: 988: 942: 863: 814: 664: 447: 321: 298: 219: 6718: 5720:; Romulo, Ricardo J.; Legaspi, Leonardo Z.; Hernandez, Carolina G.; Lazaro, Delfin L. 5545:

Prelude to Martial Law: An Examination of Pre-1972 Philippine Civil-military Relations

5136:"Pilot who led air mobility efforts during Marawi siege takes command of PH Air Force" 1196: 1136: 1002: 14205: 14158: 13523: 11673: 10945: 9696: 9532: 8450: 8325:"Grumblings in AFP must end: Senate bill proposes 5 changes to unpopular 3-year rule" 7775: 7570: 6891: 6700: 6690: 6653: 6515: 6107: 6097: 6009: 5999: 5780: 5694: 5517: 5472: 5447: 5437: 5401: 5327: 5317: 5261: 5251: 5224: 5214: 4605: 4221: 4057: 4027: 3695: 3665: 3635: 3340:

Longstanding treaties, such as the aforementioned 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty and the

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The Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications, Electronics and Information Systems, J6

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Each of the three major branches are headed by an officer with the following titles:

2081: 1791: 1698: 1675: 1649: 1340: 1087: 896: 719: 275: 6602: 6439: 5976: 3593: 1504:

went on active service under the Armed Forces of the Philippines during liberation.

706:

AFP foreign supplier countries (blue), including European Union members (light blue)

170: 14198: 13798: 10915: 10810: 9461: 8564: 8259: 7767: 7718:

https://hdn.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2005_PHDR/2005%20Civil_Society_Assessment.pdf

7131:"Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants" 7070: 7044: 6643: 6507: 6207: 4233: 4205:

The only career military officer who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral

4191: 4137: 4052: 3860: 3690: 3642: 3432:, which reduced number of officials of having fixed terms to only five, namely the 3414: 3079: 2629: 2061: 1747: 1664: 1624: 1546: 1487:(USAFFE), with MacArthur appointed as its commander. USAFFE made its last stand on 1356: 1348: 1149: 1127: 956: 669: 389: 8829: 7951:, p. 14, citing Philippine Defense Reform Handbook, Revised January 31, 2008. 7564: 4298:

rigid hull inflatable boats perform a maritime interdiction operation exercise in

2442:

However, the AFP has deferred these title changes a few months later as President

1994:

Since 2001, the Armed Forces of the Philippines has been active in supporting the

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In 1991, the major services of the AFP were reduced from four to three, when the

1603: 1588: 1542: 1249: 1105: 1056: 914: 827: 818: 739: 731: 406: 339: 279: 253: 235: 143: 117: 101: 8560:"Philippine Army shooters among the best in the world – The Manila Times Online" 8066: 7917: 6827: 6784: 6632:"People Power Since 1980: Examining Reasons for its Spread, Success and Failure" 1575:

Throughout this time, the AFP had been in conflict with various elements of the

11387: 9767: 9658: 9102: 8862: 7820: 6901: 6042:"3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975-1985 - The Manila Times Online" 5468:

Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism

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resulting in an uneven distribution of resources and jurisdictional confusion.

3457: 3418: 3273:

Centrally Managed Defense Acquisition System Manned by a Professional Workforce

3184: 3098:

as a service under the AFP, resulting in the eventual creation of the civilian

3060:, before the concept had even been fully defined internationally in the 1990s. 2483: 2277: 2115: 1961: 1835: 1807: 1795: 1344: 1209: 857: 798: 619: 175: 8709: 8401: 5513:

Defect Or Defend: Military Responses to Popular Protests in Authoritarian Asia

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In 1940–41, most soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the

1351:

officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at

845: 14271: 14064: 9501: 9141: 8736: 8224:"Duterte signs law granting fixed three-year term for top military officials" 8158: 8113: 7846: 7779: 7523: 7179: 6931: 6704: 6657: 6519: 6111: 5808:. Office of the President of the Philippines. August 20, 2012. Archived from 5784: 5451: 4364: 4242: 4022: 3890: 3660: 3607: 3579: 3494: 3102:. In 1998, Executive Orders 475 and 477 asserting the civilian nature of the 2487: 2475: 2377: 2269: 1995: 1977: 1822: 1735: 1595: 1560:

from 1951 to 1953, the Philippines sent various AFP battalions, known as the

1316: 1182: 790: 685: 639: 594: 9180: 7354: 6013: 5728:– via Republic of the Philippines National Government Portal (Gov.ph). 5331: 5265: 1872:, the bloodiest of all coup attempts against her, was crushed with US help. 887: 762:

serves as the overall commander and the highest-ranking officer in the AFP.

9701: 9691: 8470: 8132:"PHL, US inch closer to deal on increased rotational presence of US troops" 7102: 5695:"Santa Barbara Project – The Classified Missile Project of the Philippines" 5228: 4966:"Philippine military revamping reserve force amid rising regional tensions" 4508:

Frigate of the Philippine Navy (PN), Photo taken at the Manila South Harbor

4165:

There are no warrant officers in between officer ranks and enlisted ranks.

4042: 4012: 3855: 3850: 3680: 3650: 3041: 2856:

AFP General Headquarters & Headquarters Service Command (GHQ & HSC)

2738: 2563: 2559: 2517: 2460: 2381: 2327: 2273: 2261: 2242: 2215: 2022:

National Police and the MILF-Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF) in the

1471:

in December 1941 and unable to defeat the 1941–42 Japanese invasion of the

1084: 1078: 554: 363: 8342: 8248: 7165: 6682:

Taming people's power : the EDSA revolutions and their contradictions

6680: 5431: 5153: 5082: 5031:"PBBM cited by UN in ASEAN meet on his advocacy on youth, peace, security" 3456:

to terminate their terms at his/her pleasure. On January 7, 2023, General

2923:

Communications, Electronics and Information System Service, AFP (CEISSAFP)

2107: 969:

The Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (TDCSAFP)

14193: 10046: 9965: 9959: 9129: 8840: 5311: 3129:

Establishing an active constituency supportive of Security Sector Reform;

3049: 2957: 2495: 2290:

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Organization & Training, J3

2034: 1799: 1712:. Units often specifically cited in these reported incidents include the 1679: 1599: 1569: 1472: 1468: 936: 727: 574: 183: 179: 7244:"PH military adopting new titles: Chief of staff now Joint Chiefs Chair" 6665: 1500:

that continued the fighting against the enemy all over the islands. The

10015: 9124: 7410: 7302: 6527: 6495: 6399: 6378: 6219: 5947:"The Security Reform Agenda for the AFP and PNP in 2018 - Blueboard by" 5660: 5154:"Rojas is new PH Marine Corps commandant | Philippine News Agency" 5146: 4741:

Battledress identification patch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

4640: 4299: 3880: 2834: 2793: 2711: 2670: 2585: 2505: 2027: 1811: 1671: 1576: 1557: 1488: 1244: 1100: 1051: 1038: 909: 559: 6826:. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. 2003. Archived from 5107: 2068:

from militant occupation. The AFP called President Duterte to declare

1738:, began in earnest in 1968 when short-lived organizations such as the 1409:

South Central Luzon, including Manila, Batangas, Palawan, and Mindoro

14107: 14097: 14069: 13367: 11026: 9978: 9972: 9913: 9907: 8530:"PA shooting team wins Asian Armies Skills at Arms Meet in Australia" 8278: 8205:"Fixed 3-year terms for military chiefs ensure stability of programs" 7980: 7392: 7071:

Office of Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (June 25, 2019).

7045:

Office of Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (March 7, 2019).

5683:

https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/jssm/jssm_3_1/jssm_3_1_car01.pdf

5494:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

5089: 4528: 3870: 3816: 3270:

Optimization of Defense Budget and Improvement of Management Controls

2077: 1818: 8790: 8580:"Pinoy peacekeepers in Golan Heights conferred prestigious UN medal" 6824:"Recommendations of the Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission" 6511: 6211: 4819:

Emblem of the Philippine Commonwealth Armed Forces, 1935–1946 (Gold)

4156:, Philippine Navy (held by an either MCPO or CMS or a SCPO or SMS). 3830: 3823: 3794: 3780: 3766: 3460:

was reappointed as AFP Chief of Staff, replacing Lieutenant General

3052:. This has been a continuing process since the establishment of the 2417:

Commander, Unified Command - Joint Forces Commander, Unified Command

1779:

Due to what was popularly believed to be electoral fraud during the

1686:

retire with ranks much lower than they would otherwise have earned.

14178: 14146: 12604: 12402: 11216: 9991: 9985: 9939: 9933: 9900: 9894: 9683: 9502: 9119: 8171:

http://www.voanews.com/content/hagel-se-asia-corrected/1737438.html

7771: 7262: 7228: 5910:"Security Sector Reform: Way Forward for Democracy and Development" 5345: 4939: 4268: 4104: 3837: 3809: 3802: 3752: 3032:

The AFP is one of the "core security actors" that are the focus of

2509: 1984: 1765:(NPA), founded in 1969, grew nationwide to a 200,000 strong force. 1583:("Peoples' Liberation Army")the armed wing of the Marxist–Leninist 1273: 1272:

Pre-colonial Philippines maintained local militia groups under the

850:

Presidential Adviser for Military Affairs: Secretary Roman A. Felix

794: 614: 579: 463: 194: 7287: 3078:

was a reform agenda which began being addressed almost as soon as

2411:

Vice Chief of Staff of the AFP - Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

2305:

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Education, Training and Doctrine, J8

14183: 14122: 13814: 13713: 10004: 9998: 9952: 9946: 9427: 8881:

Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College

7335: 7188: 6855: 6405: 6345: 6343: 6140:"Report of an AI Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 1975" 5977:"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime" 5806:"PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino's assassination on Tuesday" 5750: 5313:

Bataan diary : an American family in World War II, 1941-1945

4571: 4247: 4207: 4032: 3845: 3670: 3325: 2881:

Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College

2545: 2513: 2308:

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Retirees and Reservists Affairs, J9

2196: 2192: 1846:

until a new constitution could be enacted a year later, in 1987.

1296: 893: 272: 13068: 8650: 8249:"PRRD signs law fixing term of AFP chief, other senior officers" 7047:"Full implementation of the MILF Normalization Process underway" 5492:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".

5361: 5359: 5083:"Internal security gains allow AFP to shift to external defense" 4232:

with five-star rank in 1938, the only person to hold that rank.

3948: 3789: 3775: 3761: 3196: 2893:

AFP Health Service Command. The organizations under it include:

1670:

Among the most prominent such appointments were that of General

1224: 1176: 1029: 13084: 12850: 11725: 9887: 9881: 8683: 8184:"Gazmin closes Philippine Defense Reform Program | Rene Acosta" 7842:"Security sector reform under PNoy and Duterte administrations" 6877:

Hughes, Michelle; Miklaucic, Michael, eds. (October 27, 2016).

5631:"30 years ago today: Enrile, Ramos withdraw support for Marcos" 4384: 3962: 3955: 3747: 2567: 2414:

The Deputy Chief of Staff of the AFP - Chief of the Joint Staff

2065: 862:

Presidential Adviser for Peace, Reconciliation and Unity: Sec.

8175: 8100: 8077: 7569:. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Paris: OECD DAC. 2005. 7437:"New WestMinCom commander vows support to Marcos peace agenda" 6340: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3941: 3138:

Intelligent and coherent policy development and execution; and

2902:

Armed Forces of the Philippines Dental Service Center (AFPDSC)

2847: 11453: 10960: 10777: 9872:

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states

9506: 9223: 8787:

Asia / South Pacific / India. Russian Military Security Watch

7800:

Department of National Defense, Republic of the Philippines.

6289:"The Haunting of Martial Law: Records from the Marcos Regime" 5356: 4873:

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

4836:

Emblem of the Philippine Commonwealth Armed Forces, 1935–1946

2038: 1519: 73: 6400:

Marites Dañguilan Vitug; Glenda M. Gloria (March 18, 2013).

6259:"The One That Got Away | Newsbreak | Independent Journalism" 1838:

was then installed as the new president of the Philippines.

1579:

which, still known as the "huks", were reconstituted as the

13322: 9926: 9920: 9442: 9437: 9432: 7184:"Hindi Ito Marites: Malapit na bang matalo ng AFP ang NPA?" 7077:

Office of Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Website

7051:

Office of Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Website

5746:"Marcos and his men: Who were the key Martial Law figures?" 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 4360: 4240:, holds an equivalent of five-star general under the title 2302:

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil-Military Operations, J7

1277: 8762: 7835: 7833: 7799: 6769: 5593: 5433:

An Analysis Of The Communist Insurgency In The Philippines

3452:. The newly revised law also maintained the powers of the 2060:

attempt to establish a foothold in the Philippines in the

1648:" under the Philippine Navy, which saw the testing of the 922:

Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

12714: 12097: 7913: 7519:"Security sector governance and reform in Southeast Asia" 7135: 6963: 5987: 5919:. December. National Defense College of the Philippines. 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5656:"The military's obsession with UP: some historical notes" 5053:"The World Factbook: Military Service Age and Obligation" 3255:

Improve Intelligence, Operations, and Training Capacities

1750:, with many of their forces eventually coalescing as the 6880:

Impunity: Countering Illicit Power in War and Transition

6424: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5716: 5552: 4868:

Security sector governance and reform in the Philippines

3034:

security sector governance and reform in the Philippines

3028:

Security sector governance and reform in the Philippines

2408:

Chief of Staff of the AFP - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

9415:

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

9273:

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

8492:"Gatchalian fights for higher AFP Reserve Force budget" 8285:

Arevalo (Ret.), Maj Gen Edgard A. (November 27, 2022).

7830: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5047: 2311:

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Financial Management, J10

2010:, which proclaimed the independence of the short-lived 1716:, and the 5th Constabulary Security Unit (5CSU) of the 1678:

as Secretary of Defense from 1970 to 1986; and General

7456:(approved December 13, 1990), Chan Robles Law Library. 6034: 5847: 5843:. Centre for Strategic Research and Analysis (CESRAN). 4116:", a Philippine martial art, during military exercises 801:. At present, military service is entirely voluntary. 8863:

General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command

8668: 8518:

http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/docs/11-23/ch_13.asp

7592:"SSR: Securing its success, justifying its relevance" 7129:

McKirdy, Euan; Berlinger, Joshua (October 17, 2017).

6851:"LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos" 6719:"Corazon Aquino | Biography & Facts | Britannica" 6068:"LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos" 5732: 3434:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

3374:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

3316:

observers were uncertain whether Arroyo's successor,

2465:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

2189:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

873:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

760:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

8268:"Lawmakers taking AFP pulse about new law on tenure" 7821:"Republic Act No. 7898 : AFP Modernization Act" 7487: 7485: 6314: 6312: 6310: 5705: 3126:

Increasing civilian capacity for defense management;

2125:

placed the AFP under the control of a civilian, the

1326: 8365: