27:
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140:. The exotic goods among the burials may provide evidence for inherited status differentiation among Point Peninsula groups. Pan pipes, which have been found in burial mounds from Florida to Minnesota, considered to be a diagnostic trait within the Hopewell inventory, appear suddenly in North America around 200 BCE, then disappear as do certain other Hopewell traits, around 400 CE. Found mostly in the United States, nine pan pipes curiously appear in the LeVesconte mound, a Point Peninsula site located in
80:." Little evidence exists to show that it was derived from the earlier, thicker pottery, known as Vinette I, Adena Thick, etc... Point Peninsula pottery represented a new kind of technology in North America and has also been called Vinette II. Compared to existing ceramics that were thicker and less decorated, this new pottery has been characterized by "superior modeling of the clay with vessels being thinner, better fired and containing finer grit
176:, and lived in larger villages of several hundred to a thousand people. Warfare was prevalent, as is shown by archeology. The people built fortified villages, but many still died violently. Gradually, smaller bands and tribes formed into larger groups. The Owasco are thought to have eventually developed into the several
621:
160:
The Point
Peninsula people of the Middle Woodland period lived by hunting and gathering, supplemented by agriculture. Around 900 CE, Point Peninsula artifacts in New York were replaced by Owasco culture artifacts. However, a 2011 paper by archaeologist John P. Hart argues there was no definable
76:). Point Peninsula ceramics were first introduced into Canada around 600 BCE then spread south into parts of New England around 200 BCE. Some time between 300 BCE and 1 CE, Point Peninsula pottery first appeared in Maine, and "over the entire
108:
valleys about 300 BCE. The culture is referred to more as a system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or culture. Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive, with
812:
84:." Where this new pottery technology originated is not known for sure. The origin of this pottery is "somewhat of a problem." The people are thought to have been influenced by the
168:
The Owasco peoples practiced different pottery techniques and were more sedentary agriculturalists than the Point
Peninsula people. They cultivated a variety of types of
144:. Though the Hopewell interaction sphere generally is confined to the United States, much of the silver found in mound artifacts, such as pan pipes, actually comes from
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128:. In some areas Point Peninsula people buried some of their dead in mortuary mounds. Interred with the dead were exotic grave goods, including copper and silver
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of the Ohio River valley. This influence seems to have ended about 250 CE, after which they no longer practiced burial ceremonialism.
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peoples' spreading northward and intermingling with the Point
Peninsula complex through the years of 1300.
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Fiedel, Stuart (1987). "Algonquian
Origins: A Problem in Archaeological-Linguistic Correlation".
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or
Iroquois Confederacy likely formed in an effort to avoid the continual warfare of years past.
582:
Radiocarbon Dating the Middle to Late
Woodland Transition and Earliest Maize in Southern Ontario
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A Synthesis of Middle
Woodland: Master Thesis Dissertation Panpipes in Eastern North America
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A Synthesis of Middle
Woodland: Master Thesis Dissertation Panpipes in Eastern North America
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Some important sites are the Rice Lake/Lower Trent River area, including the
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Middle
Woodland period. The burial mound was shaped like a giant snake.
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Owasco culture. Archaeologists believe these indicated the presence of
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362:. pg. 633: Canadian Museum of Civilization. p. 1184.
481:. Peterborough,Ontario: Trent University. pp. 75–77.
438:"The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period"
568:, Prince Edward County, Ontario, accessed 24 Feb 2010
466:. Peterborough,Ontario: Trent University. pp. i.
329:. pg. 76, 79: University of Nebraska Press. pp.
180:-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York. The
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322:
2434:
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325:Twelve Thousand Years American Indians in Maine
652:List of archaeological periods (North America)
405:. pg 44: National Museums of Canada. pp.
91:
1365:
603:
1294:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
539:Pennsylvania: a history of the Commonwealth
1372:
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610:
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155:
72:from 600 BCE to 700 CE (during the Middle
25:
1880:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
738:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2453:Archaeological cultures of North America
813:Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District
432:
430:
360:A History of the Native People of Canada
1146:Crystal River Archaeological State Park
838:Williamson Mound Archeological District
320:
16:Archaeological culture in North America
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522:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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206:
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865:Carrier Mills Archaeological District
591:
476:
461:
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31:Point Peninsula and Saugeen complexes
304:Archaeology of Eastern North America
2351:Norse colonization of North America
543:Pennsylvania State University Press
13:
2448:Archaeological cultures in Ontario
1052:Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
14:
2489:
1019:Renner Village Archeological Site
941:Albany Mounds State Historic Site
575:
846:
619:
2371:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
559:
530:
1324:Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
1137:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture
1014:Cloverdale archaeological site
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314:
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1:
1024:Trowbridge Archeological Site
971:Naples Archeological District
268:
2336:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2286:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1334:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1075:Bynum Mound and Village Site
1057:Mott Archaeological Preserve
7:
2473:1st millennium BC in Canada
1720:Bandelier National Monument
1594:List of Mississippian sites
1381:Pre-Columbian North America
956:Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site
537:Miller, Randall M. (2002).
226:
92:Hopewell interaction sphere
10:
2494:
2140:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1745:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1454:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1232:Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)
844:
566:"Archeology in the County"
283:"Middle Woodlanmd Natives"
2409:
2381:Three Sisters agriculture
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1200:Other Hopewellian peoples
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823:Shriver Circle Earthworks
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172:, squash, and eventually
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36:
24:
2478:1st millennium in Canada
1920:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1479:Buttermilk Creek complex
419:: CS1 maint: location (
382:: CS1 maint: location (
343:: CS1 maint: location (
219:was occupied during the
98:Hopewell exchange system
2443:Point Peninsula Complex
2120:Town Creek Indian Mound
2090:Sierra de San Francisco
1945:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1105:Point Peninsula complex
933:Havana Hopewell culture
833:Tremper Mound and Works
768:Nettle Lake Mound Group
584:, University of Toronto
321:Bourque, Bruce (2001).
258:Earthwork (archaeology)
156:Point Peninsula complex
58:Point Peninsula complex
20:Point Peninsula complex
2463:Middle Woodland period
2458:Pre-Columbian cultures
1775:Coso Rock Art District
1662:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1565:List of Hopewell sites
1217:Fourche Maline culture
1176:Swift Creek mound site
996:Toolesboro Mound Group
642:List of Hopewell sites
263:Princess Point complex
248:Mound builder (people)
243:List of Hopewell sites
124:, and shells from the
2183:Arlington Springs Man
2025:Portsmouth Earthworks
803:Rocky Fork Enclosures
798:Portsmouth Earthworks
743:Indian Mound Cemetery
708:Everett Knoll Complex
358:Wright, J.V. (1999).
142:Campbellford, Ontario
2391:Transoceanic contact
2281:Container Revolution
1855:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1820:Etowah Indian Mounds
1151:Etowah Indian Mounds
1006:Kansas City Hopewell
857:Crab Orchard culture
718:Fortified Hill Works
477:Turff, Gina (1996).
462:Turff, Gina (1996).
397:Wright, J.V (1972).
201:Prince Edward County
2311:Green Corn Ceremony
2125:Turkey River Mounds
1915:Lake Jackson Mounds
1735:Blue Spring Shelter
1133:Swift Creek culture
1118:Serpent Mounds Park
753:Marietta Earthworks
723:Great Hopewell Road
703:Ety Habitation Site
626:Hopewellian peoples
213:Serpent Mounds Park
207:Serpent Mounds Park
189:Serpent Mounds Park
86:Hopewell traditions
64:culture located in
21:
2396:Underwater panther
2070:Rosenstock Village
1940:Marmes Rockshelter
1925:L'Anse aux Meadows
1339:Underwater panther
1263:Fresh water pearls
1241:Exotic trade items
1166:Miner's Creek site
1123:LeVescounte Mounds
1034:Marksville culture
991:Sinnissippi Mounds
923:Norton Mound group
788:Perin Village Site
733:Hopeton Earthworks
545:. pp. 20–23.
401:Ontario Prehistory
238:Hopewell tradition
197:LeVescounte Mounds
78:Maritime Peninsula
19:
2430:
2429:
2422:Pre-Columbian era
2223:Spirit Cave mummy
2020:Plum Bayou Mounds
1930:Lynch Quarry Site
1449:Ancient Beringian
1347:
1346:
1207:Armstrong culture
1181:Third Gulf Breeze
981:Ogden-Fettie Site
890:O'byams Fort site
885:Mount Vernon Site
828:Stubbs Earthworks
808:Rocky Fork Mounds
773:Newark Earthworks
678:Cary Village Site
552:978-0-271-02214-7
54:
53:
2485:
2366:Projectile point
2203:Leanderthal Lady
2130:Upward Sun River
2105:Stallings Island
2095:Shell ring sites
2045:Recapture Canyon
1960:Moorehead Circle
1805:El Fin del Mundo
1790:Cueva de la Olla
1596:
1583:Maritime Archaic
1567:
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1374:
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1351:
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1319:Hopewell pottery
1047:Grand Gulf Mound
966:Mound House site
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758:Moorehead Circle
728:High Banks Works
688:Dunns Pond Mound
683:Cedar-Bank Works
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2259:Ceremonial pipe
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2213:Minnesota Woman
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2164:
1985:Ocmulgee Mounds
1965:Morrison Mounds
1910:Kolomoki Mounds
1900:Kimball Village
1760:Candelaria Cave
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1677:Suwannee Valley
1612:Old Cordilleran
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900:Yankeetown site
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1990:Old Stone Fort
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1955:Moaning Cavern
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350:
313:
294:
273:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
233:Lewiston Mound
228:
225:
208:
205:
163:Clemson Island
157:
154:
106:Illinois River
93:
90:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Falcon dancer
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:Miscellaneous
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Melbourne Man
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:La Brea Woman
2196:
2194:
2193:Kennewick Man
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Serpent Mound
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Pueblo Bonito
2033:
2031:
2030:Poverty Point
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Pinson Mounds
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Painted Bluff
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Horr's Island
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Effigy Mounds
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Crystal River
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:Weeden Island
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Safety Harbor
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Poverty Point
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Paleo-Indians
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:Mississippian
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Yearwood site
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1095:Pinson Mounds
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Ingomar Mound
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
911:
910:Goodall focus
907:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Cleiman Mound
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
793:Pollock Works
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Ety Enclosure
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
661:Ohio Hopewell
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
627:
622:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
583:
580:
579:
567:
562:
554:
548:
544:
540:
533:
525:
519:
505:on 2014-11-29
501:
494:
488:
480:
473:
465:
458:
444:on 2009-07-15
443:
439:
433:
431:
422:
416:
408:
403:
402:
393:
385:
379:
371:
369:0-660-15952-X
365:
361:
354:
346:
340:
332:
327:
326:
317:
309:
305:
298:
284:
278:
274:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
182:Haudenosaunee
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
153:
151:
148:, far up the
147:
143:
139:
136:, and exotic
135:
134:shell gorgets
131:
127:
123:
122:Lake Superior
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:began in the
99:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2401:Water glyphs
2356:Oasisamerica
2346:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2306:Folsom point
2296:Effigy mound
2276:Clovis point
2244:Aridoamerica
2145:Wickiup Hill
2100:Spiro Mounds
2080:Salmon Ruins
2075:Russell Cave
1870:Helen Blazes
1865:Grimes Point
1845:Fort Juelson
1835:Fort Ancient
1810:El Vallecito
1770:Chaco Canyon
1710:Angel Mounds
1672:Steed-Kisker
1622:Paleo-Arctic
1544:Glacial Kame
1529:Fort Ancient
1421:Post-Classic
1392:
1314:Effigy mound
1304:burial mound
1156:Leake Mounds
1104:
1090:Pharr Mounds
1042:Crooks Mound
918:Goodall site
748:Keiter Mound
713:Fort Ancient
693:Ellis Mounds
673:Benham Mound
561:
538:
532:
507:. Retrieved
500:the original
487:
478:
472:
463:
457:
446:. Retrieved
442:the original
400:
392:
359:
353:
324:
316:
307:
303:
297:
286:. Retrieved
277:
253:Effigy mound
210:
186:
167:
159:
150:Ottawa River
95:
57:
55:
2386:Thunderbird
2254:Black drink
2218:Peñon woman
2155:Winterville
2135:Velda Mound
2115:Taos Pueblo
2010:Parkin Park
1995:Orwell site
1980:Nodena site
1875:Holly Bluff
1850:Four Mounds
1840:Fort Center
1765:Casa Grande
1715:Anzick site
1607:Monongahela
1534:Fort Walton
1509:Coles Creek
1474:Belle Glade
1459:Anishinaabe
1299:Black drink
1171:Pierce Site
1085:Miller Site
951:Duncan Farm
895:Wilson site
875:Hubele site
221:prehistoric
114:Yellowstone
2437:Categories
2331:Metallurgy
2291:Eden point
2188:Buhl Woman
2060:Rock Eagle
2050:River Styx
1975:Mummy Cave
1970:Moundville
1950:Mesa Verde
1935:Marksville
1682:Tchefuncte
1642:Plaquemine
1578:Las Palmas
1494:Calf Creek
1489:Cades Pond
1278:Sea shells
1191:Yent Mound
778:Oak Mounds
509:2014-11-14
448:2009-07-10
310:(Fall): 5.
288:2009-10-08
269:References
126:Gulf Coast
62:indigenous
2376:Stickball
2065:Rock Hawk
1895:Key Marco
1687:Troyville
1667:St. Johns
1652:Red Ocher
1411:Formative
1273:Pipestone
880:Mann site
668:Beam Farm
415:cite book
378:cite book
339:cite book
217:Rice Lake
178:Iroquoian
132:, marine
130:pan pipes
112:from the
2264:Chanunpa
2249:Ballgame
2228:Vero man
2178:Anzick-1
2150:Windover
2110:SunWatch
2040:Rassawek
1860:Glenwood
1750:Brewster
1602:Mogollon
1573:La Jolla
1559:Hopewell
1519:Deptford
1432:cultures
1268:Obsidian
518:cite web
227:See also
110:obsidian
70:New York
2413:Related
2271:Chunkey
2171:remains
2160:Wupatki
2000:Paquime
1890:Huápoca
1755:Cahokia
1725:Bastian
1632:Patayan
1554:Hohokam
1539:Fremont
1514:Comondú
1469:Baytown
1464:Avonlea
1444:Alachua
1416:Classic
1406:Archaic
1394:Periods
783:Orators
66:Ontario
60:was an
1830:Folsom
1795:Cutler
1730:Benson
1617:Oneota
1549:Glades
1524:Folsom
1504:Clovis
1401:Lithic
1253:Galena
1248:Copper
549:
366:
138:cherts
118:copper
116:area,
82:temper
37:Period
2361:Piasa
2169:Human
1800:Eaker
1703:sites
1637:Plano
1439:Adena
503:(PDF)
496:(PDF)
174:beans
170:maize
120:from
47:Dates
2321:Kiva
1258:Mica
547:ISBN
524:link
421:link
384:link
364:ISBN
345:link
211:The
195:and
104:and
102:Ohio
96:The
68:and
56:The
1825:Eva
407:120
331:368
215:at
199:in
2439::
541:.
520:}}
516:{{
429:^
417:}}
413:{{
380:}}
376:{{
341:}}
337:{{
308:15
306:.
203:.
191:,
152:.
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
611:e
604:t
597:v
555:.
526:)
512:.
451:.
423:)
409:.
386:)
372:.
347:)
333:.
291:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
