2342:
cultural norms, and institutions, that appeal to people and encourage their compliance. Soft power variables are constructed through the social imagination, meaning they are arbitrary and malleable. For this reason, when the citizenry utilizes soft power variables to contrive its national identity, it induces âsecuritized subjectivity,â whereby âsubjects in a state desire securitization when they are afraid or feel a threat to the existence of their identity. In this situation, every self-identity requires a threat from others.â State leaders, to further consolidate their political power and solidify the domination of the citizenry, deliberately vilify the subpersons of the political order and ensure a continued environment of securitized subjectivity. By manufacturing an enduring security dilemma between dominant and subordinated groups, oppressive regimes convey to dominant groups that the protection provided by the state is necessary for the dominant identity groupâs/nation stateâs survival, which legitimizes the state. In this way, through the manipulation of soft power variables, oppressive regimes manufacture a nationalism that is dependent on the demarcation between dominant and subordinate identity groups.
2338:
of âfull persons,â and outsiders, or the âsubpersonsâ of society. The privileges enjoyed by citizens are given meaning because they are denied to subpersons, on account of their perceived inferiority. The government thereby creates a political order that justifies and enables the dominance of citizens through the systemic âexploitation of bodies, land, resources , and the denial of equal socioeconomic opportunities to them.â In this way, the regime operationalizes the domination and subordination of certain groups to establish its political authority. These repressive states distinguish between citizens and subpersons on the basis of socially agreed-upon conceptions of identity. Governments acquire legitimacy by expounding exclusionary notions of national identity, which sanctify the division between the citizenry and outsiders.
2225:
authority or legitimacy is threatened, regimes respond by overtly or covertly suppressing dissidents to eliminate the behavioral threat. State repression subsequently affects dissident mobilization, though the direction of this effect is still an open question. Some strong evidence suggests that repression suppresses dissident mobilization by reducing the capacity of challengers to organize, yet it is also feasible that challengers can leverage state repressive behavior to spur mobilization among sympathizers by framing repression as a new grievance against the state.
2124:, or general population. Direct repression tactics are those targeting specific actors who become aware of the harm done to them while covert tactics rely on the threat of citizenry being caught (wiretapping and monitoring). The effectiveness of the tactics differ: covert repression tactics cause dissidents to use less detectable opposition tactics while direct repression allows citizenry to witness and react to the repression. Political repression can also be reinforced by means outside of written policy, such as by public and private media ownership and by
2240:
5694:
51:
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2152:
regime. Repressive activities have also been found within democratic contexts as well. This can even include setting up situations where the death of the target of repression is the end result. If political repression is not carried out with the approval of the state, a section of government may still be responsible. Some examples are the
2337:
Some regimes that govern societies experiencing sustained ethno-religious conflict may be consolidated on the basis of exclusionary notions of nationhood. In such discriminatory states, political right is generated through a distinction between citizens, who are afforded the rights and moral standing
2382:
Direct repression is a form of repression where the state targets an opposing political actor by obvious violent action. The target is clearly aware of the harm that is caused to their life and livelihood. Direct repression does not exclusively occur within the boundaries of a state, but also across
2415:
in media and public culture, 100% of citizens vote in âno choiceâ parliamentary elections so the state can identify defectors. Citizens are required to show complete devotion to North Korea's current leader and sacrifice their safety if they choose to speak out. Repressive measures including prison
2151:
states and similar regimes. While the use of political repression varies depending on the authoritarian regime, it is argued that repression is a defining feature and the foundation of autocracies by creating a power hierarchy between the leader and citizenry, contributing to the longevity of the
2224:
are a strong predictor of repressive activity, as are other forms of challenges from non-government actors. States so often engage in repressive behaviors in times of civil conflict that the relationship between these two phenomena has been termed the "Law of
Coercive Responsiveness". When their
2341:
Because the fabrication of nationhood often requires a reorientation of existing group identities, regimes will construe their national identity by taking advantage of soft power variables. Muhammad Pervez defines soft power variables as attractive and intangible power resources like religion,
2271:
Political repression is often accompanied by violence, which might be legal or illegal according to domestic law. Violence can both eliminate political opposition directly by killing opposition members, or indirectly by instilling fear.
4720:
1030:
2064:, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens. Repression tactics target the citizenry who are most likely to challenge the political ideology of the state in order for the government to remain in control. In
2383:
borders. In personalist dictatorships, initiating conflicts with other states and people outside their own borders is more common because of lack of accountability via extremely limited or no competitive elections.
2403:, where the effects of repression increased approaching elections, even with deteriorating social and economic conditions. A large signifier of whether or not repression is successful in a state is evidence of
2386:
Indirect repression relies on the threat of violence which constitutes harassment, intimidation, and administrative blockages. These tactics tend to be non-violent, yet still are built to control citizenry.
3229:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3265:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3247:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3238:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3220:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
3202:
Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. âIndia-Pakistan nuclear rivalry: the influence of ideology upon elitesâ social practices.â Security
Community in South Asia: India-Pakistan, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 103-126.
2464:
in mainland China. At the same time, many domestic
Chinese technology companies are also involved in the country's large-scale surveillance programs. These primarily include companies such as
2374:, the army, paramilitary groups and death squads. Sometimes regimes considered democratic exercise political repression and state terrorism to other states as part of their security policy.
2212:, although in Russian the broad concept of repression is commonly held to include mass killings and is sometimes assumed to be synonymous with it, which is not the case in other languages.
2897:
Johannes
Gerschewski (2013) The three pillars of stability: legitimation, repression, and co-optation in autocratic regimes, Democratization, 20:1, 13-38, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2013.738860
4689:
2056:
is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the
991:
2960:
COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action
Programs Against American Citizens, Final Report of the Senate Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities.
3585:
2829:
Wang, Y. (2021). The Political Legacy of Violence During China's Cultural Revolution. British Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 463-487. doi:10.1017/S0007123419000255
2220:
Political conflict strongly increases the likelihood of state repression. This is arguably the most robust finding in social science research on political repression.
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690:
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603:
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4530:
4062:
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2085:
1246:
832:
348:
3610:
4214:
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3184:
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. âUnder Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.â Feminist Review, no. 30, 1988, pp. 61â88.
508:
3664:
2865:
Resistance is Mobile: Dynamics of Repression, Challenger Adaptationm and Surveillance in US 'Red Squad' and Black Nationalist Archives
2852:
Resistance is Mobile: Dynamics of Repression, Challenger Adaptationm and Surveillance in US 'Red Squad' and Black Nationalist Archives
2395:
Individuals indirectly exposed to repression self-report higher trust in the leader and ruling party. This phenomenon was observed in
2068:, the use of political repression is to prevent anti-regime support and mobilization. It is often manifested through policies such as
4144:
4032:
3775:
3649:
3256:
Rafiq, Samah. âLinear Borders, Partition, and Identity in Postcolonial South Asia.â Geopolitics, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022, pp. 478-500.
3211:
Rafiq, Samah. âLinear Borders, Partition, and Identity in Postcolonial South Asia.â Geopolitics, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022, pp. 478-500.
430:
318:
3193:
Mills, Charles. âThe Racial Contract.â Arguing About Political Philosophy, edited by Matt Zwolinski, Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-108.
3166:
Mills, Charles. âThe Racial Contract.â Arguing About Political Philosophy, edited by Matt Zwolinski, Routledge, 2014, pp. 86-108.
2876:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science.
2840:
The War Against Authority: From the Crisis of Legitimacy to a New Social Contract. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2820:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science.
3639:
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4393:
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3808:
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2009:
695:
440:
268:
253:
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78:
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1172:
822:
640:
258:
243:
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4956:
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17:
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In some states, "repression" can be an official term used in legislation or the names of government institutions. The
4594:
4425:
3911:
3889:
3733:
3718:
3703:
3346:
3284:
3105:
Ritter, Emily Hencken (2014). "Policy Disputes, Political Survival, and the Onset and Severity of State Repression".
2935:
2915:
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896:
727:
189:
167:
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5178:
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734:
478:
273:
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2747:
2616:
333:
4194:
3277:
Torturadores, apropiadores y asesinos : el terrorismo de estado en la obra dramĂĄtica de Eduardo Pavlovsky
488:
5733:
5728:
5610:
5326:
4027:
2670:
2441:
2421:
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1940:
1648:
313:
3640:
Understanding Covert Repressive Action: The Case of the U.S. Government against the Republic of New Africa (
3377:
GarcĂźa-Ponce, Omar; Pasquale, Benjamin (2015). "How Political Repression Shapes Attitudes Toward the State".
5738:
4889:
4837:
3798:
3768:
3695:
3037:
Hill, Daniel W.; Jones, Zachary M. (2014). "An Empirical Evaluation of Explanations for State Repression".
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1199:
1147:
68:
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and similar regimes. In these regimes, acts of political repression can be carried out by the police and
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685:
623:
3449:
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4405:
4082:
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2524:
2433:
2407:â where the preference expressed by an individual in public diverges from their private preference. In
1960:
707:
368:
83:
4983:
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4236:
4204:
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1293:
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996:
876:
530:
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147:
73:
3683:
The Death and Life of State Repression: Understanding Onset, Escalation, Termination, and Recurrence
2416:
camps, torture, forced labor, and threats of execution are just some of the costs of defection. The
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34:
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2202:" and "repression" are used to refer to the same events. He believes the most neutral terms are
886:
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5048:
4911:
4782:
4674:
4619:
4589:
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4452:
4447:
4442:
4353:
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4263:
4189:
3854:
3844:
2948:
The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther.
1955:
1928:
1918:
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1221:
1092:
976:
921:
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871:
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618:
591:
562:
557:
483:
132:
122:
3362:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control".
3322:
Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R (November 30, 2021). "Political Control".
2806:
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4579:
4537:
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and other punishments against political activists, dissidents, and populations in general.
2331:
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2109:
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117:
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8:
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1970:
1831:
1450:
1346:
1326:
1117:
1025:
971:
951:
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809:
596:
393:
2908:
The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of Americaâs Political Intelligence System
5413:
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5311:
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5023:
4314:
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3054:
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2191:
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Where political repression is sanctioned and organised by the state, it may constitute
2117:
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1567:
1525:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1331:
608:
2984:
2972:
Thereâs something happening here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI counterintelligence.
5672:
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901:
172:
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can be reached. Systematic and violent political repression is a typical feature of
5635:
5620:
5548:
5469:
5439:
5270:
5106:
4812:
4368:
4363:
4209:
4102:
3401:
3390:"Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989"
3114:
3085:
3046:
3020:
2621:
2611:
2573:
2295:
2287:
2077:
1965:
1950:
1878:
1799:
1769:
1584:
1420:
1122:
670:
665:
503:
388:
3741:
Militant Nationalism between movement and party in Ireland and the Basque Country.
2350:
When political repression is sanctioned and organized by the state, situations of
5650:
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5454:
5403:
5263:
5248:
5228:
5193:
4906:
4817:
4752:
4542:
4492:
4273:
4127:
3009:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930â45"
2767:
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2689:
2457:
2367:
2351:
2148:
2132:
2125:
1980:
1888:
1784:
1725:
1577:
1562:
1542:
1507:
1216:
1127:
1062:
844:
794:
567:
413:
2887:
What Everyone Should Know About State Repression, London: New Park Publications.
5645:
5603:
5573:
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5143:
4926:
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3784:
3435:
2549:
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1975:
1933:
1903:
1893:
1811:
1804:
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1535:
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1472:
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1236:
1231:
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42:
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5028:
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4822:
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4052:
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3118:
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2400:
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1987:
1594:
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1515:
1371:
1336:
1316:
1189:
1132:
1067:
435:
338:
5491:
5378:
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5153:
5083:
5073:
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5033:
4664:
4557:
4552:
4283:
4258:
4117:
4057:
4022:
3992:
2928:
Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America.
2752:
2714:
2694:
2684:
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2299:
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2167:
2160:
2144:
2081:
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308:
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2704:
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2065:
1715:
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1502:
1462:
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1211:
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1037:
712:
425:
408:
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283:
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4067:
3916:
3413:
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2449:
2256:
2156:
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1997:
1992:
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1589:
1482:
1440:
1396:
1206:
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1167:
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1077:
452:
447:
418:
353:
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27:
Act of state entity involving restrictive political freedom of citizens
5568:
5516:
5233:
4832:
3942:
2469:
2465:
2315:
2311:
2252:
2221:
2121:
2089:
1898:
1846:
1547:
1142:
228:
3405:
2170:
had a legal policy of repression of political opposition defined in
2143:. Systemic and violent political repression is a typical feature of
5533:
5363:
5290:
4941:
4867:
4772:
4732:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4012:
4007:
3952:
3726:
Negative Intelligence: The Army and the American Left, 1917 - 1941.
2661:
2646:
2543:
2453:
2396:
2355:
2303:
2136:
2057:
1863:
1685:
1604:
1251:
1177:
1082:
1042:
383:
378:
373:
298:
293:
238:
2290:. This intolerance is manifested through discriminatory policies,
4017:
3921:
3901:
3874:
3849:
3753:
2587:
2534:
2327:
2264:
2105:
2061:
303:
199:
179:
152:
127:
50:
2805:
Davenport, Christian, Johnston, Hank and Mueller, Carol (2004).
4993:
4002:
3906:
3884:
3879:
3829:
2762:
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1303:
288:
184:
162:
157:
107:
5003:
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2307:
2260:
1311:
112:
5615:
5444:
3436:"North Koreans vote in 'no-choice' parliamentary elections"
1945:
1774:
3654:
by Christian Davenport, Professor, University of Maryland.
3646:
by Christian Davenport, Professor, University of Maryland.
2436:. These practices involve the use of technologies such as
3175:
Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract, Polity Press, 1991.
2539:
2529:
2477:
2985:"Justice Department Campaign Against the IWW, 1917-1920"
3534:(in Traditional Chinese). 25 May 2018. Archived from
3361:
3321:
3376:
2390:
3748:
Violence Work: State Power and the Limits of Police
3667:
Interface: a journal for and about social movements
2950:
Chicago, Ill.: Lawrence Hill /Chicago Review, 2010.
2286:Political repression is sometimes accompanied with
2793:State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace
2420:implements extensive surveillance measures in the
5579:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3500:
2377:
2194:, in the case of the Soviet Union terms such as "
2184:Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities
1909:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
5720:
3728:Jackson. University Press of Mississippi, 1991.
2182:had a secret police agency officially named the
5239:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1553:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4721:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3681:Davenport, Christian; Appel, Benjamin (2022).
2677:
1031:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3769:
3339:Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know
3141:"Los Derechos Humanos y la trata de personas"
2034:
3307:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4937:List of people killed for being transgender
2811:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2604:
2496:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1247:List of people killed for being transgender
3776:
3762:
3711:Army Surveillance in America, 1775 - 1980.
3275:Patricia., Scipioni, Estela (2000-01-01).
2930:Berkeley: University of California Press.
2721:
2041:
2027:
3274:
3089:
3071:
3036:
4033:Social determinants of health in poverty
3713:New Haven. Yale University Press. 1991.
3091:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.101405.143216
2512:
2238:
2215:
319:Social determinants of health in poverty
2580:
14:
5721:
3691:Political Repression in Modern America
3336:
3104:
3074:"State Repression and Political Order"
3757:
3387:
2796:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2506:Mass killings under communist regimes
2159:operations from 1956 to 1971 and the
5703:
4743:Capital punishment for homosexuality
4038:Social determinants of mental health
3743:University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
3651:State Repression and Political Order
3450:"North Korea: Systematic Repression"
1053:Capital punishment for homosexuality
324:Social determinants of mental health
4863:Genital modification and mutilation
3579:
3474:
3337:Frantz, Erica (November 15, 2018).
2740:
1173:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
3783:
3669:on repression and social movements
3628:
3584:(in Simplified Chinese). çșœçșŠæ¶æ„äžæçœ.
3573:
3364:Annual Review of Political Science
3324:Annual Review of Political Science
3078:Annual Review of Political Science
2556:
2345:
25:
5755:
3039:American Political Science Review
2569:Restrictions on political parties
2391:Repressive success and monitoring
5702:
5693:
5692:
5342:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
5179:Law for Protection of the Nation
5079:White genocide conspiracy theory
3569:from the original on 2019-02-17.
3501:Vicky Xiuzhong Xu (2018-03-31).
2460:, and are closely linked to the
1664:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1493:Law for Protection of the Nation
1387:White genocide conspiracy theory
49:
5184:MSM blood donation restrictions
4932:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
3613:from the original on 2019-04-10
3599:
3588:from the original on 2019-10-16
3549:
3520:
3509:from the original on 2018-09-29
3494:
3483:from the original on 2019-10-16
3468:
3442:
3428:
3381:
3370:
3355:
3330:
3315:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3133:
3098:
3065:
3030:
3001:
2977:
2964:
2953:
2940:
2920:
2900:
2891:
1498:MSM blood donation restrictions
1242:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
5197:(as religious or racial quota)
3528:"äșșèèć„ + 瀟æ俥çšçł»ç”±ïŒäžć ŽéćĄäșșéĄèĄçșç瀟æ毊é©ïŒ"
3107:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2974:Berkeley: Univ. of California.
2879:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2799:
2781:
2748:An unjust law is no law at all
2617:Arbitrary arrest and detention
2378:Direct vs. indirect repression
2275:
1511:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
5611:Second-generation gender bias
5327:Constitutional colorblindness
4028:Social determinants of health
3503:"ăèçŠăäžćœç€ŸäŒäżĄçšçł»ç»èŽćäșäžșć
Źæ°æććč¶æčé 瀟äŒèĄäžș"
3388:Kuran, Timur (October 1991).
3072:Davenport, Christian (2007).
2910:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2774:
2090:stripping of citizen's rights
1941:Second-generation gender bias
1649:Constitutional colorblindness
314:Social determinants of health
3696:University of Illinois Press
3007:Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996).
2501:Anti-communist mass killings
2188:Soviet and communist studies
7:
5522:Medical model of disability
5374:Hate speech laws by country
3438:. BBC News. March 10, 2019.
3341:. Oxford University Press.
2838:Kittrie, Nicholas N. 1995.
2808:Repression and Mobilization
2678:Types of states and regimes
2488:
2483:
2228:
1852:Medical model of disability
1696:Hate speech laws by country
10:
5760:
5631:Social model of disability
4083:Discrimination against men
3688:Goldstein, Robert Justin,
3685:. Oxford University Press.
2525:Committee of Public Safety
2450:voice and iris recognition
2446:fingerprint identification
2422:People's Republic of China
2413:highly repressive activity
2279:
2243:Members of the right-wing
2232:
1961:Social model of disability
369:Discrimination against men
5688:
5427:
5304:
5097:
4984:Opposition to immigration
4708:
4338:
4175:
3935:
3885:Race / Ethnicity
3822:
3791:
3582:"ćæ50äžæŹĄäșșèžèŻć«ïŒäžćœćŠäœçšAIçæ§ç»Žæäșș"
3279:. Edition Reichenberger.
3051:10.1017/s0003055414000306
3025:10.1080/09668139608412415
2926:Donner, Frank J. (1990).
2906:Donner, Frank J. (1980).
2863:Sullivan, Christopher M.
2850:Sullivan, Christopher M.
2251:and the publisher of the
1294:Opposition to immigration
163:Race / Ethnicity
4979:Occupational segregation
4748:Compulsory sterilization
3750:. Duke University Press.
3477:"äžćœçćšæäž»äčæȘæ„ïŒäșșć·„æșèœäžæ ćäžć
„ççæ§"
3119:10.1177/0022002712468724
2605:Restrictions and actions
2405:preference falsification
2114:extrajudicial punishment
2096:, and violent action or
1289:Occupational segregation
1058:Compulsory sterilization
5507:Internalized oppression
5369:Fighting Discrimination
5359:Fat acceptance movement
5317:Anti-discrimination law
4957:Native American mascots
3607:"äžćœć€©çœć·„çšèćæäžć€§ćèŁïŒć
æŹäžć
Žäžćäžș"
3479:(in Chinese). çșœçșŠæ¶æ„äžæçœ.
2722:Institutions and groups
2418:Chinese Communist Party
2360:crimes against humanity
2292:human rights violations
2141:crimes against humanity
1837:Internalized oppression
1691:Fighting Discrimination
1681:Fat acceptance movement
1639:Anti-discrimination law
1267:Native American mascots
5626:Social identity threat
5599:Reverse discrimination
5589:Racial color blindness
5069:Violence against women
5049:Sex-selective abortion
2542:(primarily during the
2268:
2086:involuntary settlement
1956:Social identity threat
1929:Reverse discrimination
1919:Racial color blindness
1377:Violence against women
1357:Sex-selective abortion
5594:Religious intolerance
5554:Political correctness
5384:Intersex human rights
5332:Cultural assimilation
5014:Religious persecution
4778:Disability hate crime
4553:Jewish / Antisemitism
3746:Seigel, Micol. 2018.
3505:(in Chinese). ABCäžæ.
2970:Cunningham, D. 2004.
2885:Serge, Victor, 1979,
2867:. Volume 55, Issue 2.
2854:. Volume 55, Issue 2.
2710:Military Dictatorship
2598:Religious Persecution
2513:National institutions
2432:, and other forms of
2320:extrajudicial killing
2242:
2216:In political conflict
1924:Religious intolerance
1884:Political correctness
1706:Intersex human rights
1654:Cultural assimilation
1322:Religious persecution
1088:Disability hate crime
855:Jewish / Antisemitism
5734:Political repression
5729:Comparative politics
4999:Political repression
3988:Anti-left handedness
3978:Anti-intellectualism
2989:depts.washington.edu
2788:Davenport, Christian
2632:Forced disappearance
2588:Judicial persecution
2581:Types of persecution
2462:Social Credit System
2332:forced disappearance
2259:on June 4, 1930, in
2110:forced disappearance
2100:such as the murder,
2054:Political repression
1308:Political repression
274:Anti-left handedness
264:Anti-intellectualism
5739:Human rights abuses
5502:Historical eugenics
5039:Segregation academy
5019:Religious terrorism
4808:Enemy of the people
4716:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4220:Jehovah's Witnesses
4108:Perpetual foreigner
3013:Europe-Asia Studies
2426:Internet censorship
2368:totalitarian states
2128:within the public.
2118:political activists
1832:Historical eugenics
1347:Segregation academy
1327:Religious terrorism
1118:Enemy of the people
1026:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
514:Jehovah's Witnesses
394:Perpetual foreigner
5414:Social integration
5409:Self-determination
5399:Racial integration
5347:Diversity training
5337:Cultural pluralism
5312:Affirmative action
5212:Racial segregation
5122:Crime of apartheid
5024:Religious violence
4517:Indigenous people
3912:Sexual orientation
3739:Irvin, Cynthia L.
3580:ććźć (2019-04-15).
3475:ććźć (2018-07-17).
3454:Human Rights Watch
2442:facial recognition
2269:
2235:Political violence
2192:Stephen Wheatcroft
2102:summary executions
2074:surveillance abuse
1736:Social integration
1731:Self-determination
1721:Racial integration
1669:Diversity training
1659:Cultural pluralism
1634:Affirmative action
1526:Racial segregation
1436:Crime of apartheid
1332:Religious violence
819:Indigenous people
190:Sexual orientation
18:Political vendetta
5716:
5715:
5584:Racism by country
5512:Intersectionality
5497:Heteronormativity
5296:Voter suppression
5044:Sexual harassment
4843:Forced conversion
4763:Cultural genocide
4416:African Americans
4230:postâCold War era
4215:Eastern Orthodoxy
3973:Anti-drug addicts
3968:Anti-homelessness
3895:Scientific racism
3724:Talbert Jr. Roy.
3665:Special issue of
3456:. 14 January 2020
2758:National Security
2642:Mass Surveillance
2434:mass surveillance
2430:camera monitoring
2324:summary execution
2282:Infrahumanisation
2255:newspaper at the
2249:Red Guard officer
2247:assault a former
2180:Fulgencio Batista
2051:
2050:
1914:Racism by country
1842:Intersectionality
1827:Heteronormativity
1610:Voter suppression
1352:Sexual harassment
1153:Forced conversion
1073:Cultural genocide
718:African Americans
524:postâCold War era
509:Eastern Orthodoxy
259:Anti-drug addicts
254:Anti-homelessness
173:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
5751:
5706:
5705:
5696:
5695:
5636:Social privilege
5621:Social exclusion
5549:Police brutality
5470:Multiculturalism
5440:Amatonormativity
5271:Social exclusion
5107:Age of candidacy
4907:Homeless dumping
4813:Ethnic cleansing
3778:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3709:Jensen, Joan M.
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3557:"æé ćčłćźććžçČŸćè§éąçæ§çœç»"
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3019:(8): 1319â1353.
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2741:Related concepts
2622:Black Propaganda
2612:Abuse of process
2574:Press censorship
2296:police brutality
2163:from 1919-1920.
2139:, politicide or
2078:police brutality
2043:
2036:
2029:
1966:Social privilege
1951:Social exclusion
1879:Police brutality
1800:Multiculturalism
1770:Amatonormativity
1585:Social exclusion
1421:Age of candidacy
1217:Homeless dumping
1123:Ethnic cleansing
53:
30:
29:
21:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5684:
5559:Polyculturalism
5455:Civil liberties
5423:
5404:Reappropriation
5305:Countermeasures
5300:
5229:Racial steering
5195:Numerus clausus
5099:
5093:
4818:Ethnic conflict
4753:Corrective rape
4704:
4334:
4289:minority Muslim
4171:
4063:HIV/AIDS stigma
3931:
3880:Mental disorder
3818:
3787:
3782:
3631:
3629:Further reading
3626:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3406:10.2307/2010422
3386:
3382:
3375:
3371:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3316:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3103:
3099:
3070:
3066:
3035:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2946:Haas, Jeffrey.
2945:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:Totalitarianism
2743:
2738:
2724:
2719:
2690:State Terrorism
2680:
2675:
2607:
2602:
2583:
2578:
2559:
2557:Related systems
2554:
2515:
2510:
2491:
2486:
2393:
2380:
2352:state terrorism
2348:
2346:State terrorism
2284:
2278:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2186:. According to
2133:state terrorism
2126:self-censorship
2047:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1889:Polyculturalism
1785:Civil liberties
1757:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1726:Reappropriation
1626:
1625:Countermeasures
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1543:Racial steering
1509:Numerus clausus
1413:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1128:Ethnic conflict
1063:Corrective rape
1018:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
643:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
583:minority Muslim
471:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
349:HIV/AIDS stigma
221:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
158:Mental disorder
100:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5757:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5604:Reverse racism
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Prisoner abuse
5571:
5566:
5564:Power distance
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Ethnic penalty
5479:
5478:
5477:
5475:Neurodiversity
5472:
5462:
5460:Dehumanization
5457:
5452:
5450:Cisnormativity
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5428:Related topics
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:State religion
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5222:Nuremberg Laws
5219:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Ghetto benches
5161:
5159:Gerrymandering
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Gender pay gap
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5098:Discriminatory
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Lavender scare
4924:
4922:Kill Haole Day
4919:
4917:Indian rolling
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Eliminationism
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:Cancel culture
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4712:
4710:
4709:Manifestations
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Middle Eastern
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4330:Zoroastrianism
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:Untouchability
4249:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Leprosy stigma
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
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3785:Discrimination
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3722:
3707:
3698:, 1978, 2001)
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3642:186kb PDF file
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3532:theinitium.com
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3427:
3394:World Politics
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3113:(1): 143â168.
3097:
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2550:Kangaroo court
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2482:
2480:, and others.
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2245:Lapua Movement
2233:Main article:
2230:
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2172:its penal code
2058:political life
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2020:
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2012:
2007:
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1963:
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1953:
1948:
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1938:
1937:
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1934:Reverse racism
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
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1904:Prisoner abuse
1901:
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1894:Power distance
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1812:Ethnic penalty
1809:
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1805:Neurodiversity
1802:
1792:
1790:Dehumanization
1787:
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1780:Cisnormativity
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1756:Related topics
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1536:Nuremberg Laws
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1478:Ghetto benches
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1237:Lavender scare
1234:
1232:Kill Haole Day
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1227:Indian rolling
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1113:Eliminationism
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1048:Cancel culture
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1017:Manifestations
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359:Leprosy stigma
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43:Discrimination
39:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5756:
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5658:Social stigma
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5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:State atheism
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
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5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Jim Crow laws
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:One-drop rule
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Blood quantum
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Victimisation
5062:
5060:
5059:Trans bashing
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Religious war
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Racialization
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
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4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
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4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Glass ceiling
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Ethnic hatred
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Counter-jihad
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
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4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
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4651:
4648:
4646:
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4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
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4628:
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4613:
4611:
4608:
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4601:
4598:
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4531:United States
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4414:
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4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4394:United States
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Protestantism
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:LDS or Mormon
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
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4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Transmisogyny
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
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4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Gerontophobia
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Anti-intersex
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Anti-albinism
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
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3928:
3925:
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3828:
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3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Institutional
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:0-87805-495-2
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:0-300-04668-5
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:0-8467-0301-7
3701:
3697:
3693:
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3687:
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3587:
3583:
3576:
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3558:
3552:
3538:on 2021-08-04
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3350:
3348:9780190880194
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3333:
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3296:
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3286:9783931887919
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3244:
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3208:
3199:
3190:
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3149:
3148:www.ohchr.org
3142:
3136:
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2990:
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2949:
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2936:0-520-05951-4
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2917:
2916:0-394-40298-7
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2551:
2548:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Secret Police
2518:
2517:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2479:
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2471:
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2435:
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2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:, accused of
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Robert Mugabe
2398:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2372:secret police
2369:
2365:
2364:dictatorships
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:extermination
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:mass killings
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:dictatorships
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Social stigma
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
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1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
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1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
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1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
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1762:
1753:
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1714:
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1707:
1704:
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1699:
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1635:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:State atheism
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Jim Crow laws
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:One-drop rule
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
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1479:
1476:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
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1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Blood quantum
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Victimisation
1370:
1368:
1367:Trans bashing
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Religious war
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Racialization
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
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1275:
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1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Glass ceiling
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Ethnic hatred
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Counter-jihad
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
833:United States
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
697:
696:United States
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
636:
635:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Protestantism
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
519:LDS or Mormon
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
470:
465:
464:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
436:Transmisogyny
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Gerontophobia
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Anti-intersex
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Anti-albinism
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
217:
216:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
96:
95:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
69:Institutional
67:
66:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5492:Gender-blind
5379:Human rights
5207:Racial quota
5194:
5174:Jewish quota
5154:Gerontocracy
5149:Gender roles
5127:Disabilities
5112:Blood purity
5084:Wife selling
5074:White flight
5054:Slut-shaming
5034:Scapegoating
4998:
4952:Murder music
4615:Palestinians
4558:Anti-Zionism
4426:South Africa
4411:Black people
4389:South Africa
4205:Christianity
4195:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
4118:Sectarianism
4058:Heterosexism
4023:Ephebiphobia
3993:Anti-Masonry
3860:Hair texture
3747:
3740:
3725:
3710:
3689:
3682:
3666:
3650:
3641:
3615:. Retrieved
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3575:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3531:
3522:
3511:. Retrieved
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3430:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2927:
2922:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2753:Human Rights
2715:Police State
2695:Dictatorship
2685:Police state
2671:White Terror
2652:Provocateurs
2424:, including
2394:
2385:
2381:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2300:imprisonment
2285:
2270:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2168:Soviet Union
2165:
2161:Palmer Raids
2149:totalitarian
2130:
2112:, and other
2082:imprisonment
2072:violations,
2070:human rights
2053:
2052:
1822:Gender-blind
1701:Human rights
1521:Racial quota
1508:
1488:Jewish quota
1468:Gerontocracy
1463:Gender roles
1441:Disabilities
1426:Blood purity
1392:Wife selling
1382:White flight
1362:Slut-shaming
1342:Scapegoating
1262:Murder music
917:Palestinians
860:Anti-Zionism
728:South Africa
713:Black people
691:South Africa
499:Christianity
489:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
404:Sectarianism
344:Heterosexism
309:Ephebiphobia
279:Anti-Masonry
138:Hair texture
5744:Persecution
5394:Nonviolence
5389:LGBT rights
5354:Empowerment
5322:Anti-racism
5244:Segregation
5189:No kid zone
4989:Persecution
4902:Hate speech
4853:Gay bashing
4828:Ethnic joke
4783:Dog whistle
4728:Blood libel
4406:Azerbaijani
4310:Neopaganism
4303:Persecution
4264:Persecution
4247:Persecution
4210:Catholicism
4190:Exclusivism
4140:Transphobia
4123:Supremacism
4078:Lesbophobia
3998:Aporophobia
3963:Anti-autism
3814:Taste-based
3809:Statistical
3400:(1): 7â48.
2705:Nanny State
2637:Martial Law
2593:Persecution
2458:DNA testing
2409:North Korea
2288:intolerance
2276:Intolerance
2066:autocracies
1716:Nonviolence
1711:LGBT rights
1676:Empowerment
1644:Anti-racism
1558:Segregation
1503:No kid zone
1299:Persecution
1212:Hate speech
1163:Gay bashing
1138:Ethnic joke
1093:Dog whistle
1038:Blood libel
708:Azerbaijani
604:Neopaganism
597:Persecution
558:Persecution
541:Persecution
504:Catholicism
484:Exclusivism
426:Transphobia
409:Supremacism
364:Lesbophobia
284:Aporophobia
249:Anti-autism
84:Taste-based
79:Statistical
5723:Categories
5668:Stereotype
5663:Speciesism
5544:Oppression
5539:Oikophobia
5435:Allophilia
5419:Toleration
5276:Sodomy law
5169:Internment
5089:Witch-hunt
4967:Blackhawks
4897:Hate group
4885:Hate crime
4858:Gendercide
4848:Freak show
4838:Excellence
4798:Employment
4768:Defamation
4695:Vietnamese
4690:Venezuelan
4575:Lithuanian
4237:Falun Gong
4167:Xenophobia
4162:Vegaphobia
4145:Non-binary
4103:Pedophobia
4068:Homophobia
3890:Skin color
3850:Disability
3823:Attributes
3804:Structural
3617:2019-11-14
3592:2019-11-14
3542:2019-11-14
3513:2019-11-14
3487:2019-11-14
3153:2017-05-14
2994:2023-04-13
2775:References
2734:Government
2729:Dissidents
2700:Ătat lĂ©gal
2666:Harassment
2657:Red Terror
2627:Censorship
2564:Censorship
2456:analysis,
2280:See also:
2257:Vaasa riot
2222:Civil wars
2204:repression
2200:the purges
2196:the terror
2157:COINTELPRO
2122:dissidents
2094:lustration
1998:Stereotype
1993:Speciesism
1874:Oppression
1869:Oikophobia
1765:Allophilia
1741:Toleration
1590:Sodomy law
1483:Internment
1397:Witch-hunt
1277:Blackhawks
1207:Hate group
1195:Hate crime
1168:Gendercide
1158:Freak show
1148:Excellence
1108:Employment
1078:Defamation
997:Vietnamese
992:Venezuelan
877:Lithuanian
531:Falun Gong
453:Xenophobia
448:Vegaphobia
431:Non-binary
389:Pedophobia
354:Homophobia
168:Skin color
128:Disability
99:Attributes
74:Structural
5641:Christian
5569:Prejudice
5517:Masculism
5465:Diversity
5259:religious
5234:Redlining
4833:Ethnocide
4793:Education
4680:Ukrainian
4610:Pakistani
4600:Mongolian
4521:Australia
4503:Hungarian
4458:Colombian
4438:Bulgarian
4320:Rastafari
4269:Ahmadiyya
4177:Religious
4155:Trans men
4113:Pregnancy
4048:Gayphobia
4043:Fatphobia
3948:Acephobia
3943:Arophobia
3927:Viewpoint
3422:154090678
3303:cite book
3295:477299442
3127:145054180
2470:Sensetime
2466:Hikvision
2316:terrorism
2312:extortion
2253:communist
1971:Christian
1899:Prejudice
1847:Masculism
1795:Diversity
1573:religious
1548:Redlining
1143:Ethnocide
1103:Education
982:Ukrainian
912:Pakistani
902:Mongolian
823:Australia
805:Hungarian
760:Colombian
740:Bulgarian
614:Rastafari
563:Ahmadiyya
469:Religious
441:Trans men
399:Pregnancy
334:Gayphobia
329:Fatphobia
234:Acephobia
229:Arophobia
205:Viewpoint
5698:Category
5680:The talk
5616:Snobbery
5534:Net bias
5364:Feminism
5291:Ugly law
5132:Catholic
5100:policies
4947:Mortgage
4942:Lynching
4873:examples
4868:Genocide
4788:Economic
4773:Democide
4733:Bullying
4645:Scottish
4640:Romanian
4605:Nigerian
4548:Japanese
4483:Georgian
4468:Filipino
4401:Assyrian
4374:Armenian
4364:American
4359:Albanian
4341:National
4325:Yazidism
4242:Hinduism
4200:Buddhism
4098:Nepotism
4093:Misogyny
4088:Misandry
4013:Clannism
4008:Biphobia
3953:Adultism
3870:Language
3659:Journals
3634:Articles
3611:Archived
3609:. ć€ç»Žæ°é».
3586:Archived
3564:Archived
3507:Archived
3481:Archived
3084:: 1â23.
3059:54908565
2790:(2007).
2662:Stalking
2647:Massacre
2544:Cold War
2489:Killings
2484:See also
2454:big data
2397:Zimbabwe
2356:genocide
2229:Violence
2190:scholar
2137:genocide
2010:The talk
1946:Snobbery
1864:Net bias
1686:Feminism
1605:Ugly law
1446:Catholic
1412:Policies
1257:Mortgage
1252:Lynching
1183:examples
1178:Genocide
1098:Economic
1083:Democide
1043:Bullying
947:Scottish
942:Romanian
907:Nigerian
850:Japanese
785:Georgian
770:Filipino
703:Assyrian
676:Armenian
666:American
661:Albanian
641:national
619:Yazidism
536:Hinduism
494:Buddhism
384:Nepotism
379:Misogyny
374:Misandry
299:Clannism
294:Biphobia
239:Adultism
148:Language
35:a series
33:Part of
5708:Commons
5487:Figleaf
4912:Housing
4675:Turkish
4620:Pashtun
4590:Mexican
4570:Kurdish
4543:Italian
4493:Haitian
4478:Finnish
4453:Chinese
4448:Chechen
4443:Catalan
4433:Bengali
4354:African
4339:Ethnic/
4298:Judaism
4284:Sunnism
4274:Shi'ism
4185:Atheism
4018:Elitism
3917:Species
3855:Genetic
3845:Dialect
3460:2 March
3414:2010422
2535:Gestapo
2328:torture
2265:Finland
2106:torture
2062:society
1817:Figleaf
1222:Housing
977:Turkish
922:Pashtun
892:Mexican
872:Kurdish
845:Italian
795:Haitian
780:Finnish
755:Chinese
750:Chechen
745:Catalan
735:Bengali
656:African
639:Ethnic/
592:Judaism
578:Sunnism
568:Shi'ism
479:Atheism
304:Elitism
195:Species
133:Genetic
123:Dialect
5673:threat
5527:autism
5264:sexual
5254:racial
5137:Jewish
4994:Pogrom
4972:Chiefs
4962:Braves
4685:Uyghur
4660:Somali
4655:Slavic
4635:Romani
4630:Quebec
4625:Polish
4565:Korean
4526:Canada
4513:Indian
4498:Hazara
4473:Fulani
4384:France
4349:Afghan
4279:Sufism
4003:Audism
3936:Social
3865:Height
3732:
3717:
3702:
3562:. ćäžș.
3420:
3412:
3345:
3293:
3283:
3125:
3057:
2934:
2914:
2763:Racism
2474:Huawei
2399:under
2178:under
2098:terror
2003:threat
1857:autism
1578:sexual
1568:racial
1451:Jewish
1304:Pogrom
1282:Chiefs
1272:Braves
987:Uyghur
962:Somali
957:Slavic
937:Romani
932:Quebec
927:Polish
867:Korean
828:Canada
815:Indian
800:Hazara
775:Fulani
686:France
651:Afghan
573:Sufism
289:Audism
220:Social
143:Height
5651:white
5004:Purge
4700:Welsh
4665:Tatar
4585:MÄori
4580:Malay
4538:Irish
4488:Greek
4463:Croat
4421:China
4379:Asian
4259:Islam
4128:White
3875:Looks
3840:Class
3835:Caste
3792:Forms
3676:Books
3567:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3418:S2CID
3410:JSTOR
3144:(PDF)
3123:S2CID
3055:S2CID
2308:exile
2261:Vaasa
2060:of a
1981:white
1312:Purge
1002:Welsh
967:Tatar
887:MÄori
882:Malay
840:Irish
790:Greek
765:Croat
723:China
681:Asian
553:Islam
414:White
153:Looks
118:Class
113:Caste
60:Forms
5646:male
5445:Bias
4890:LGBT
4670:Thai
4650:Serb
4508:Igbo
4369:Arab
4133:Male
3922:Size
3902:Rank
3730:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3700:ISBN
3462:2023
3343:ISBN
3309:link
3291:OCLC
3281:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2358:and
2206:and
2198:", "
2176:Cuba
2174:and
1976:male
1775:Bias
1200:LGBT
972:Thai
952:Serb
810:Igbo
671:Arab
419:Male
200:Size
180:Rank
5249:age
3907:Sex
3830:Age
3402:doi
3115:doi
3086:doi
3047:doi
3043:108
3021:doi
2664:or
2540:FBI
2530:KGB
2478:ZTE
2154:FBI
2116:of
1563:age
185:Sex
108:Age
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