3645:
605:, PPO initiates the chain of browning reactions. Exposure to oxygen when sliced or pureed also leads to enzymatic browning by PPO in fruits and vegetables. Examples in which the browning reaction catalyzed by PPO may be desirable include avocados, prunes, sultana grapes, black tea, and green coffee beans.
593:
Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, including most fruits and vegetables. PPO has importance to the food industry because it catalyzes enzymatic browning when tissue is damaged from bruising, compression or indentations, making the produce less marketable
2667:
Rompel, Annette; Fischer, Helmut; Meiwes, Dirk; Büldt-Karentzopoulos, K.; Dillinger, Renée; Tuczek, Felix; Witzel, Herbert; Krebs, B. (1999). "Purification and spectroscopic studies on catechol oxidases from
Lycopus europaeus and Populus nigra: Evidence for a dinuclear copper center of type 3 and
652:
Present in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of all parts of an apple, PPO is the major enzyme responsible for enzymatic browning of apples. Due to an increase in consumer demand for pre-prepared fruits and vegetables, a solution for enzymatic browning has been a targeted area of research and new
722:, PPO is used in the potato as a defense against insect predation, leading to enzymatic browning from tissue damage. Damage in the skin tissue of potato tuber causes a disruption of cell compartmentation, resulting in browning. The brown or black pigments are produced from the reaction of PPO
617:-type PPO is located in the chloroplasts of mango skin cells and its phenolic substrates in the vacuoles. Sap burn is therefore the initiating event of PPO in mango skin, as it breaks down cell compartments. PPO is located in mango skin, sap and pulp, with highest activity levels in skin.
653:
product development. As an example, pre-sliced apples are an appealing consumer product, but slicing apples induces PPO activity, leading to browning of the cut surfaces and lowering their esthetic quality. Browning also occurs in apple juices and purees when poorly handled or processed.
473:
A mixture of monophenol oxidase and catechol oxidase enzymes is present in nearly all plant tissues, and can also be found in bacteria, animals, and fungi. In insects, cuticular polyphenol oxidases are present and their products are responsible for
3263:
1827:
GarcĂa-Molina F, Muñoz JL, VarĂłn R, RodrĂguez-LĂłpez JN, GarcĂa-Cánovas F, Tudela J (November 2007). "A review on spectrophotometric methods for measuring the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase".
2959:
3132:
1898:
EspĂn JC, Morales M, VarĂłn R, Tudela J, GarcĂa-Cánovas F (October 1995). "A continuous spectrophotometric method for determining the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of apple polyphenol oxidase".
3168:
3237:
3200:
3259:
2255:
1863:
Haghbeen K, Wue Tan E (January 2003). "Direct spectrophotometric assay of monooxygenase and oxidase activities of mushroom tyrosinase in the presence of synthetic and natural substrates".
3032:
562:, which are the products of polyphenol oxidase-catalysed reactions, or the consumption of the substrate. Alternative spectrophotometric method that involves the coupling of
1611:
Thaler JS, Karban R, Ullman DE, Boege K, Bostock RM (April 2002). "Cross-talk between jasmonate and salicylate plant defense pathways: effects on several plant parasites".
162:
551:
Several assays were developed to monitor the activity of polyphenol oxidases and to evaluate the inhibition potency of polyphenol oxidase inhibitors. In particular,
388:, a protein that can form two or more different homo-oligomers (morpheein forms), but must come apart and change shape to convert between forms. It exists as a
958:
594:
and causing economic loss. Enzymatic browning due to PPO can also lead to loss of nutritional content in fruits and vegetables, further lowering their value.
1743:
Wuyts N, De Waele D, Swennen R (2006). "Extraction and partial characterization of polyphenol oxidase from banana (Musa acuminata Grande naine) roots".
1227:"Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases"
573:
such as 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) was also used. Other techniques, such as activity staining assays with the use of
1934:
Rescigno A, Sollai F, Rinaldi AC, Soddu G, Sanjust E (March 1997). "Polyphenol oxidase activity staining in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels".
1662:
Duke SO, Vaughn KC (April 1982). "Lack of involvement of polyphenol oxidase in ortho-hydroxylation of phenolic compounds in mung bean seedlings".
2053:
Li Y, Zafar A, Kilmartin PA, Reynisson J, Leung IK (November 2017). "Development and
Application of an NMR-Based Assay for Polyphenol Oxidases".
2624:
Trémolières, Michèle; Bieth, Joseph G. (1984). "Isolation and characterization of the polyphenoloxidase from senescent leaves of black poplar".
1576:
Sugumaran M, Lipke H (May 1983). "Quinone methide formation from 4-alkylcatechols: a novel reaction catalyzed by cuticular polyphenol oxidase".
854:) since both enzymes sharing type copper active site coordination. Hemocyanin also exhibits PPO activity, but with slowed kinetics from greater
1338:
Toledo L, Aguirre C (December 2017). "Enzymatic browning in avocado (Persea americana) revisited: History, advances, and future perspectives".
2569:"Identification of the amino acid position controlling the different enzymatic activities in walnut tyrosinase isoenzymes (jrPPO1 and jrPPO2)"
181:
858:
bulk at the active site. Partial denaturation actually improves hemocyanin's PPO activity by providing greater access to the active site.
503:
There are two types of inhibitor of PPO, those competitive to oxygen in the copper site of the enzyme and those competitive to phenolics.
1000:
A Sánchez-Ferrer; J N RodrĂguez-LĂłpez; F GarcĂa-Cánovas; F GarcĂa-Carmona (1995). "Tyrosinase: A Comprehensive Review of Its
Mechanism".
2806:"Aurone synthase is a catechol oxidase with hydroxylase activity and provides insights into the mechanism of plant polyphenol oxidases"
2293:
690:
PPO form can spontaneously activate during the first weeks of storage, generating the active enzyme with a molecular weight of 38 kDa.
3122:
1689:
Valero E, Garcia-Moreno M, Varon R, Garcia-Carmona F (1991). "Time-dependent inhibition of grape polyphenol oxidase by tropolone".
2769:
Decker H, Tuczek F (August 2000). "Tyrosinase/catecholoxidase activity of hemocyanins: structural basis and molecular mechanism".
3015:
2355:
Nicolas JJ, Richard-Forget FC, Goupy PM, Amiot MJ, Aubert SY (1994). "Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products".
415:
enzyme with unclear synthesis and function. In functional chloroplasts, it may be involved in oxygen chemistry like mediation of
174:
1121:"High level protein-purification allows the unambiguous polypeptide determination of latent isoform PPO4 of mushroom tyrosinase"
3190:
2929:
3287:
1041:
555:-based assays are widely applied. The most common UV/Vis spectrophotometry assay involves the monitoring of the formation of
141:
1519:"Similar but Still Different: Which Amino Acid Residues Are Responsible for Varying Activities in Type-III Copper Enzymes?"
552:
2907:
3090:
625:
PPO in avocados causes rapid browning upon exposure to oxygen, a multistep process involving oxidation reactions of both
574:
3364:
3063:
2280:
Rocha AM, Cano MP, Galeazzi MA, Morais AM (1 August 1998). "Characterisation of 'Starking' apple polyphenoloxidase".
416:
2865:"Latent and active aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora: a polyphenol oxidase with unique characteristics"
1969:
Pomerantz SH (June 1964). "Tyrosine hydroxylation catalyzed by mammalian tyrosinase: an improved method of assay".
488:
and found in wine. This compound production is responsible for the lower level of browning in certain white wines.
3102:
3048:
135:
2720:
1178:"Latent and active abPPO4 mushroom tyrosinase cocrystallized with hexatungstotellurate(VI) in a single crystal"
117:
2393:. Novel Foods Section, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa. 20 March 2015
3520:
122:
2328:
Son SM, Moon KD, Lee CY (April 2001). "Inhibitory effects of various antibrowning agents on apple slices".
2219:
Robinson SP, Loveys BR, Chacko EK (1993). "Polyphenol
Oxidase Enzymes in the Sap and Skin of Mango Fruit".
1463:
Mallette MF, Dawson CR (August 1949). "On the nature of highly purified mushroom tyrosinase preparations".
3331:
3180:
730:
groups in the tuber. In potatoes, PPO genes are not only expressed in potato tubers, but also in leaves,
683:
613:
In mangoes, PPO catalyzed enzymatic browning is mainly caused by sap burn which leads to skin browning.
186:
110:
3635:
2922:
582:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3505:
3326:
3277:
3249:
3217:
507:
has also been used in recent research to eliminate the PPO activity from seedlings of higher plants.
3515:
3469:
3412:
2950:
2414:"Purification and Characterization of Latent Polyphenol Oxidase from Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)"
1716:
Del
Signore A, Romeoa F, Giaccio M (May 1997). "Content of phenolic substances in basidiomycetes".
999:
956:
McLarin, Mark-Anthony; Leung, Ivanhoe K. H. (2020). "Substrate
Specificity of Polyphenol Oxidase".
138:
32:
62:
3670:
3417:
3172:
2963:
2169:"Polyphenol oxidase in potato. A multigene family that exhibits differential expression patterns"
516:
312:
228:
3311:
3227:
2976:
2463:"Inhibition of apricot polyphenol oxidase by combinations of plant proteases and ascorbic acid"
2390:
481:
284:
substituents at the 1, 2 positions, with no carbon between). It can also further catalyse the
3438:
3357:
3107:
3080:
2915:
1076:
Mayer AM (November 2006). "Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: going places? A review".
869:
761:
475:
439:
3510:
3222:
3185:
2946:
2937:
2817:
2735:
2633:
2580:
2523:
1620:
1238:
1132:
1085:
864:
is homologous to plant polyphenol oxidase, but contains certain significant modifications.
524:
405:
98:
2085:Ăśnal MĂś (2007). "Properties of polyphenol oxidase from Anamur banana (Musa cavendishii)".
8:
3665:
3474:
3208:
861:
660:
74:
2821:
2739:
2637:
2584:
2527:
1624:
1242:
1136:
1089:
37:
3407:
2971:
2889:
2864:
2840:
2805:
2701:
2601:
2568:
2544:
2511:
2487:
2462:
2438:
2413:
2030:
2005:
1675:
1644:
1593:
1553:
1518:
1503:
1363:
1308:
1283:
1259:
1226:
1202:
1177:
1153:
1120:
982:
484:(2-S glutathionyl caftaric acid) is an oxidation compound produced by action of PPO on
3117:
2782:
2747:
2645:
2512:"Conversion of walnut tyrosinase into a catechol oxidase by site directed mutagenesis"
2341:
2193:
2168:
2125:
Vámos-Vigyázó L (1981). "Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in fruits and vegetables".
1947:
1876:
1804:
1779:
1440:
1423:
1399:
1382:
1054:
3005:
2894:
2863:
Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Pargan S, Mayer RL, Halbwirth H, Rompel A (September 2015).
2845:
2786:
2751:
2693:
2685:
2649:
2606:
2549:
2492:
2443:
2372:
2307:
2236:
2198:
2142:
2035:
1986:
1982:
1951:
1916:
1880:
1845:
1809:
1760:
1636:
1589:
1558:
1540:
1472:
1445:
1404:
1367:
1355:
1313:
1264:
1207:
1158:
1101:
1058:
1017:
1013:
986:
974:
934:
878:
829:
532:
491:
Plants make use of polyphenol oxidase as one in a suite of chemical defences against
342:
129:
2705:
1648:
1597:
1144:
1097:
3453:
3448:
3422:
3350:
2884:
2876:
2835:
2825:
2778:
2743:
2677:
2641:
2596:
2588:
2539:
2531:
2482:
2474:
2433:
2425:
2364:
2337:
2297:
2289:
2228:
2188:
2180:
2134:
2098:
2094:
2062:
2025:
2017:
1978:
1943:
1908:
1872:
1837:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1725:
1698:
1671:
1628:
1585:
1548:
1530:
1499:
1435:
1394:
1347:
1303:
1295:
1254:
1246:
1197:
1189:
1148:
1140:
1093:
1050:
1009:
966:
910:
898:
825:
792:
731:
614:
512:
447:
435:
362:
325:
contains a single phenolic ring that may be oxidised by the action of PPOs to form
293:
201:
2256:"The Avocado Lab: An Inquiry-Driven Exploration of an Enzymatic Browning Reaction"
1351:
970:
867:
Aurone synthase catalyzes the formation of aurones. Aurone synthase purified from
3500:
3484:
3397:
3095:
1756:
1284:"A Peptide-Induced Self-Cleavage Reaction Initiates the Activation of Tyrosinase"
719:
352:
2478:
1002:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology
3649:
3538:
3479:
3321:
3301:
3296:
2938:
2810:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2592:
2535:
1424:"The multiple forms of mushroom tyrosinase. Association-dissociation phenomena"
1250:
855:
814:
687:
668:
634:
520:
372:
300:
157:
2880:
2368:
2253:
2138:
1729:
1632:
1490:
Vaughn KC, Duke SO (1984). "Function of polyphenol oxidase in higher plants".
1193:
698:
combinations constitute a promising practical anti-browning method as treated
3659:
3443:
3402:
2689:
2653:
2429:
2412:
Derardja AE, Pretzler M, Kampatsikas I, Barkat M, Rompel A (September 2017).
2311:
2240:
2006:"Oxidation of monohydric phenol substrates by tyrosinase. An oximetric study"
1544:
1119:
Mauracher SG, Molitor C, Michael C, Kragl M, Rizzi A, Rompel A (March 2014).
797:
744:
691:
540:
485:
254:
2830:
2461:
Derardja AE, Pretzler M, Kampatsikas I, Barkat M, Rompel A (December 2019).
3392:
3140:
3136:
2898:
2849:
2790:
2697:
2610:
2553:
2496:
2447:
2066:
1912:
1884:
1849:
1813:
1764:
1640:
1562:
1535:
1476:
1408:
1359:
1317:
1299:
1268:
1211:
1162:
1105:
1062:
978:
802:
656:
423:
270:
262:
243:
2755:
2681:
2376:
2294:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199808)77:4<527::aid-jsfa76>3.0.co;2-e
2202:
2146:
2039:
1990:
1955:
1920:
1449:
1176:
Mauracher SG, Molitor C, Al-Oweini R, Kortz U, Rompel A (September 2014).
1021:
3616:
3551:
3387:
2184:
955:
570:
462:
2302:
1795:
1702:
86:
3272:
2666:
915:
882:
874:
851:
847:
769:
727:
626:
451:
443:
427:
330:
319:
308:
258:
239:
207:
2254:
Shelby T. Peres; Kelsey A. Oonk; Kasandra J. Riley (29 October 2019).
2232:
2021:
1841:
1826:
1688:
3590:
3564:
3241:
3204:
3148:
2942:
664:
630:
508:
401:
385:
337:
285:
3644:
3020:
1036:
894:
890:
777:
695:
671:
to suppress the expression of PPO, thus inhibiting fruit browning.
536:
504:
492:
393:
322:
281:
266:
232:
3316:
2460:
2411:
810:
806:
789:
757:
756:
PPO2) encoding polyphenol oxidases have been identified. The two
723:
699:
679:
641:
637:
602:
598:
597:
Because the substrates of these PPO reactions are located in the
578:
563:
556:
412:
397:
389:
367:
357:
105:
1281:
1224:
3603:
3373:
3158:
3153:
3112:
2354:
833:
455:
347:
277:
224:
169:
81:
69:
57:
2391:"Novel Food Information - Arctic Apple Events GD743 and GS784"
1225:
Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Rompel A (August 2017).
1175:
1034:
3577:
3305:
3040:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2510:
Panis F, Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Rompel A (February 2020).
2509:
1182:
715:
703:
1383:"The Multiple Forms of Mushroom Tyrosinase. Interconversion"
1118:
3085:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3036:
3010:
2862:
1282:
Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Rompel A (May 2019).
841:
837:
93:
3342:
2668:
spectroscopic similarities to tyrosinase and hemocyanin".
1933:
2052:
581:-based radioactive assays, oxygen consumption assay, and
458:
1715:
633:
products subsequently converted irreversibly into brown
2279:
1897:
1610:
2803:
1780:"Banana polyphenoloxidase. Preparation and properties"
3633:
2218:
1742:
667:
apples that contain a non-browning trait derived by
519:. Banana root PPO activity is strongly inhibited by
2166:
2046:
1971:
682:as a climacteric fruit undergoes fast post-harvest
426:
differentiates between monophenol oxidase enzymes (
307:-quinones to produce black, brown or red pigments (
2003:
663:engineered to reduce PPO activity, are a suite of
249:as substrates. The enzyme works by catalyzing the
2214:
2212:
2167:Thygesen PW, Dry IB, Robinson SP (October 1995).
1516:
881:, but the enzyme does not react with the classic
329:-quinone. Hence, PPOs may also be referred to as
235:that contains four atoms of copper per molecule.
3657:
2804:Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Rompel A (March 2016).
2623:
1709:
468:
1862:
1421:
585:(NMR)-based assay were also reported and used.
2357:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2282:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2209:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2127:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1936:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods
1575:
1569:
1462:
1340:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
553:ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry
3358:
2923:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1337:
2768:
2762:
1856:
1820:
1456:
1374:
2718:
2566:
2153:
2004:Naish-Byfield S, Riley PA (November 1992).
1997:
1962:
1927:
1891:
1422:Jolley RL, Robb DA, Mason HS (March 1969).
1415:
1380:
1037:"Catechol Oxidase - Structure and Activity"
1035:C Eicken; B Krebs; J C Sacchettini (1999).
1028:
949:
850:is homologous to the phenol oxidases (e.g.
3365:
3351:
2930:
2916:
2418:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2383:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2105:
1830:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1661:
1604:
1489:
993:
601:of plant cells damaged mainly by improper
336:Common foods producing the enzyme include
2888:
2839:
2829:
2670:Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry
2600:
2543:
2486:
2437:
2301:
2192:
2029:
1968:
1803:
1655:
1552:
1534:
1439:
1398:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1307:
1258:
1201:
1152:
434:-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase enzymes (
379:
1517:Kampatsikas I, Rompel A (October 2020).
2318:
2080:
2078:
2076:
1790:(5). Oxford University Press: 508–513.
832:found in some invertebrates, including
714:Found in high concentrations in potato
3658:
1777:
1324:
515:. Another inhibitor of this enzyme is
3346:
2911:
2247:
1075:
1042:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
768:PPO1 shows a higher activity towards
588:
3123:24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
2719:Beck G, Habicht GS (November 1996).
2712:
2084:
2073:
1069:
897:and must therefore be classified as
527:, as is banana fruit PPO by similar
1428:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1387:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
221:polyphenol oxidase i, chloroplastic
13:
1676:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00696.x
1504:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04258.x
1381:Jolley RL, Mason HS (March 1965).
820:
783:
718:peel and 1–2 mm of the outer
575:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
14:
3682:
2748:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-60
1745:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
417:pseudocyclic photophosphorylation
16:Enzyme involved in fruit browning
3643:
2721:"Immunity and the Invertebrates"
3103:Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
3049:Flavin-containing monooxygenase
2856:
2797:
2660:
2617:
2567:Panis F, Rompel A (July 2020).
2560:
2503:
2454:
2405:
2348:
2273:
2261:. Rollins College, CourseSource
1771:
1736:
1682:
1510:
1483:
1145:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.016
1098:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.006
2771:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2099:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.048
1275:
1218:
1169:
1112:
959:Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol.
927:
629:and polyphenols, resulting in
511:is a grape polyphenol oxidase
1:
2783:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01602-9
2646:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)80367-2
2342:10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00274-0
1948:10.1016/S0165-022X(96)01201-8
1877:10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00408-6
1441:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91800-4
1400:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97603-9
1352:10.1080/10408398.2016.1175416
1055:10.1016/s0959-440x(99)00029-9
971:10.1080/10409238.2020.1768209
921:
674:
620:
498:
469:Distribution and applications
1983:10.1016/0006-291X(64)90359-6
1757:10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.06.005
1590:10.1016/0014-5793(83)80210-5
1014:10.1016/0167-4838(94)00204-t
776:PPO2 is more active towards
737:
709:
7:
3372:
3332:Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
2479:10.1016/j.fochx.2019.100053
937:. Worthington Enzyme Manual
904:
647:
608:
10:
3687:
2593:10.1038/s41598-020-67415-6
2536:10.1038/s41598-020-57671-x
1251:10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5
828:is a modified form of the
661:genetically modified fruit
583:nuclear magnetic resonance
299:. PPO catalyses the rapid
205:
199:
3529:
3521:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3493:
3462:
3431:
3380:
3327:Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
3286:
3278:Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
3258:
3250:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
3236:
3218:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
3199:
3167:
3131:
3031:
2958:
2881:10.1007/s00425-015-2261-0
2369:10.1080/10408399409527653
2139:10.1080/10408398109527312
1730:10.1017/S0953756296003206
1633:10.1007/s00442-002-0885-9
1194:10.1107/S1399004714013777
546:
280:molecules containing two
180:
168:
156:
151:
147:
128:
116:
104:
92:
80:
68:
56:
51:
43:
31:
26:
21:
3413:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2430:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03210
2221:Functional Plant Biology
1465:Archives of Biochemistry
748:), two different genes (
2831:10.1073/pnas.1523575113
2010:The Biochemical Journal
1901:Analytical Biochemistry
1865:Analytical Biochemistry
702:purees preserved their
517:potassium metabisulfite
261:molecules in which the
3312:Squalene monooxygenase
3228:Tryptophan hydroxylase
2977:HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
2067:10.1002/slct.201702144
1913:10.1006/abio.1995.1526
1536:10.1002/cbic.202000647
1300:10.1002/anie.201901332
482:Grape reaction product
380:Structure and function
292:-diphenols to produce
3506:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
3439:Allosteric regulation
3108:Methane monooxygenase
3081:Nitric oxide synthase
2682:10.1007/s007750050289
1664:Physiologia Plantarum
1492:Physiologia Plantarum
870:Coreopsis grandiflora
734:, flowers and roots.
571:nucleophilic reagents
476:desiccation tolerance
450:is controlled by the
3516:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3223:Tyrosine hydroxylase
2947:steroid hydroxylases
2185:10.1104/pp.109.2.525
1718:Mycological Research
935:"Polyphenol Oxidase"
531:compounds including
525:sodium metabisulfite
411:In plants, PPO is a
3173:iron–sulfur protein
2822:2016PNAS..113E1806M
2740:1996SciAm.275e..60B
2728:Scientific American
2638:1984PChem..23..501T
2585:2020NatSR..1010813P
2528:2020NatSR..10.1659P
1796:10.1104/pp.38.5.508
1703:10.1021/jf00006a007
1691:J. Agric. Food Chem
1625:2002Oecol.131..227T
1243:2017NatSR...7.8860K
1137:2014PChem..99...14M
1090:2006PChem..67.2318M
862:Aureusidin synthase
830:complement response
384:PPO is listed as a
3475:Enzyme superfamily
3408:Enzyme promiscuity
2972:Prolyl hydroxylase
2573:Scientific Reports
2516:Scientific Reports
1778:Palmer JK (1963).
1231:Scientific Reports
589:Enzymatic browning
406:multiple functions
265:contains a single
213:Polyphenol oxidase
47:Polyphenol oxidase
3631:
3630:
3340:
3339:
3006:Lysyl hydroxylase
2424:(37): 8203–8212.
2233:10.1071/pp9930099
2022:10.1042/bj2880063
1842:10.1021/jf0712301
1346:(18): 3860–3872.
1294:(22): 7475–7479.
1288:Angewandte Chemie
1188:(Pt 9): 2301–15.
879:isoliquiritigenin
877:activity against
760:prefer different
539:, in addition to
533:sodium dithionite
529:sulfur-containing
448:catechol oxidases
436:catechol oxidases
343:Agaricus bisporus
196:
195:
192:
191:
111:metabolic pathway
3678:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3511:Hanes–Woolf plot
3454:Enzyme activator
3449:Enzyme inhibitor
3423:Enzyme catalysis
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3343:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2816:(13): E1806-15.
2801:
2795:
2794:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2173:Plant Physiology
2164:
2151:
2150:
2122:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2061:(32): 10435–41.
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1784:Plant Physiology
1775:
1769:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1697:(6): 1043–1046.
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1538:
1529:(7): 1161–1175.
1514:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
991:
990:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
931:
911:catechol oxidase
899:catechol oxidase
888:
826:Prophenoloxidase
793:catechol oxidase
659:, an example of
615:Catechol oxidase
530:
363:Persea americana
202:Catechol oxidase
149:
148:
22:Catechol oxidase
19:
18:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3539:Oxidoreductases
3525:
3501:Enzyme kinetics
3489:
3485:List of enzymes
3458:
3427:
3398:Catalytic triad
3376:
3371:
3341:
3336:
3290:- miscellaneous
3282:
3254:
3232:
3195:
3163:
3127:
3118:14α-demethylase
3027:
2954:
2939:Oxidoreductases
2936:
2906:
2861:
2857:
2802:
2798:
2767:
2763:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2665:
2661:
2622:
2618:
2565:
2561:
2508:
2504:
2459:
2455:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2353:
2349:
2326:
2319:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2217:
2210:
2165:
2154:
2123:
2106:
2083:
2074:
2055:ChemistrySelect
2051:
2047:
2002:
1998:
1967:
1963:
1932:
1928:
1896:
1892:
1861:
1857:
1836:(24): 9739–49.
1825:
1821:
1776:
1772:
1751:(5–6): 308–14.
1741:
1737:
1714:
1710:
1687:
1683:
1660:
1656:
1609:
1605:
1574:
1570:
1515:
1511:
1488:
1484:
1461:
1457:
1420:
1416:
1379:
1375:
1336:
1325:
1280:
1276:
1223:
1219:
1174:
1170:
1117:
1113:
1084:(21): 2318–31.
1074:
1070:
1033:
1029:
998:
994:
954:
950:
940:
938:
933:
932:
928:
924:
907:
886:
823:
821:Related enzymes
786:
784:In black poplar
740:
712:
677:
650:
623:
611:
591:
549:
528:
501:
471:
454:around the two
382:
353:Malus domestica
269:substituent to
238:PPO may accept
210:
204:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3671:Copper enzymes
3668:
3653:
3652:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3463:Classification
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:Heme oxygenase
3299:
3297:Cyclooxygenase
3293:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2968:
2966:
2964:2-oxoglutarate
2956:
2955:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2855:
2796:
2761:
2711:
2659:
2632:(3): 501–505.
2626:Phytochemistry
2616:
2559:
2502:
2467:Food Chemistry
2453:
2404:
2382:
2347:
2330:Food Chemistry
2317:
2288:(4): 527–534.
2272:
2246:
2208:
2152:
2104:
2093:(3): 909–913.
2087:Food Chemistry
2072:
2045:
2016:(Pt 1): 63–7.
1996:
1961:
1926:
1890:
1855:
1819:
1770:
1735:
1724:(5): 552–556.
1708:
1681:
1670:(4): 381–385.
1654:
1619:(2): 227–235.
1603:
1568:
1509:
1498:(1): 106–112.
1482:
1455:
1414:
1373:
1323:
1274:
1217:
1168:
1125:Phytochemistry
1111:
1078:Phytochemistry
1068:
1049:(6): 677–683.
1027:
992:
965:(3): 274–308.
948:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
913:
906:
903:
822:
819:
785:
782:
739:
736:
726:products with
711:
708:
676:
673:
669:gene silencing
649:
646:
622:
619:
610:
607:
590:
587:
548:
545:
521:dithiothreitol
500:
497:
470:
467:
442:preference of
381:
378:
373:Lactuca sativa
313:fruit browning
301:polymerization
229:fruit browning
206:Main article:
200:Main article:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
145:
144:
133:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3683:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Enzyme family
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Cooperativity
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Oxyanion hole
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:BH4 dependent
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:(3): 519–37.
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:(2): 109–57.
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:(1): 99–107.
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(2): 525–31.
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:(1): 49–127.
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:(2): 188–94.
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:(1): 237–46.
1906:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:(6): 1593–9.
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1393:: PC1489–91.
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
960:
952:
936:
930:
926:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
865:
863:
859:
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853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
798:Populus nigra
794:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
745:Juglans regia
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:cortex tissue
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Ascorbic acid
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:Arctic apples
654:
645:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
618:
616:
606:
604:
600:
595:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
544:
543:(vitamin C).
542:
541:ascorbic acid
538:
534:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
496:
494:
489:
487:
486:caftaric acid
483:
479:
477:
466:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
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334:
332:
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324:
321:
316:
314:
311:) that cause
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:hydroxylation
252:
248:
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234:
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127:
124:
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112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
87:NiceZyme view
85:
83:
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76:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3617:Translocases
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3552:Transferases
3549:
3536:
3393:Binding site
3141:flavoprotein
2945:, including
2943:dioxygenases
2872:
2868:
2858:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2777:(8): 392–7.
2774:
2770:
2764:
2734:(5): 60–66.
2731:
2727:
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2676:(1): 56–63.
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2669:
2662:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2579:(1): 10813.
2576:
2572:
2562:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2385:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2336:(1): 23–30.
2333:
2329:
2303:10261/114868
2285:
2281:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2249:
2224:
2220:
2176:
2172:
2130:
2126:
2090:
2086:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1942:(2): 155–9.
1939:
1935:
1929:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1871:(1): 23–32.
1868:
1864:
1858:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1787:
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1721:
1717:
1711:
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1690:
1684:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1584:(1): 65–68.
1581:
1578:FEBS Letters
1577:
1571:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1471:(1): 29–44.
1468:
1464:
1458:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1343:
1339:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1005:
1001:
995:
962:
957:
951:
941:13 September
939:. Retrieved
929:
868:
866:
860:
846:
824:
803:caffeic acid
796:
787:
773:
765:
753:
749:
743:
741:
713:
678:
655:
651:
624:
612:
596:
592:
564:
557:
550:
502:
490:
480:
472:
431:
424:nomenclature
421:
410:
383:
371:
361:
351:
341:
335:
326:
317:
304:
294:
289:
271:
263:benzene ring
250:
244:
237:
227:involved in
220:
216:
212:
211:
197:
75:BRENDA entry
3388:Active site
2522:(1): 1659.
1523:ChemBioChem
1237:(1): 8860.
1008:(1): 1–11.
885:substrates
873:shows weak
813:at injured
770:monophenols
742:In walnut (
665:trademarked
627:monophenols
463:active site
452:amino acids
444:tyrosinases
428:tyrosinases
404:, creating
331:tyrosinases
309:polyphenols
240:monophenols
63:IntEnz view
27:Identifiers
3666:EC 1.14.18
3660:Categories
3591:Isomerases
3565:Hydrolases
3432:Regulation
3273:Tyrosinase
3240:: reduced
3203:: reduced
3171:: reduced
3135:: reduced
2473:: 100053.
2397:5 November
922:References
916:Tyrosinase
883:tyrosinase
875:tyrosinase
852:tyrosinase
848:Hemocyanin
772:, whereas
762:substrates
758:isoenzymes
728:amino acid
684:maturation
675:In apricot
621:In avocado
603:harvesting
499:Inhibitors
392:, trimer,
320:amino acid
274:-diphenols
259:monophenol
247:-diphenols
208:Tyrosinase
132:structures
99:KEGG entry
44:Alt. names
3470:EC number
3242:ascorbate
3205:pteridine
2690:1432-1327
2654:0031-9422
2312:1097-0010
2241:1445-4416
1613:Oecologia
1545:1439-4227
1368:205692816
1131:: 14–25.
987:218831573
801:converts
790:monomeric
778:diphenols
752:PPO1 and
738:In walnut
710:In potato
635:polymeric
631:o-quinone
567:-quinones
560:-quinones
513:inhibitor
509:Tropolone
493:parasites
440:substrate
413:plastidic
402:dodecamer
386:morpheein
338:mushrooms
297:-quinones
286:oxidation
52:Databases
3494:Kinetics
3418:Cofactor
3381:Activity
2899:25697287
2850:26976571
2791:10916160
2706:29871864
2698:10499103
2611:32616720
2554:32015350
2497:31650127
2448:28812349
1885:12479831
1850:17958393
1814:16655824
1765:16814556
1649:25912204
1641:28547690
1598:84630585
1563:33108057
1477:18135760
1409:14284774
1360:27172067
1318:30825403
1269:28821733
1212:25195745
1163:24461779
1106:16973188
1063:10607672
979:32441137
905:See also
895:tyramine
891:tyrosine
811:melanine
732:petioles
696:protease
648:In apple
642:melanins
638:pigments
609:In mango
599:vacuoles
537:cysteine
505:Tentoxin
394:tetramer
358:avocados
323:tyrosine
282:hydroxyl
267:hydroxyl
233:tetramer
187:proteins
175:articles
163:articles
136:RCSB PDB
38:1.10.3.2
3650:Biology
3604:Ligases
3374:Enzymes
3288:1.14.99
3266:: other
3260:1.14.18
3238:1.14.17
3201:1.14.16
3169:1.14.15
3133:1.14.14
3033:1.14.13
2960:1.14.11
2890:4540782
2841:4822611
2818:Bibcode
2756:8875808
2736:Bibcode
2634:Bibcode
2602:7331820
2581:Bibcode
2545:6997208
2524:Bibcode
2488:6804514
2439:5609118
2377:8011143
2265:8 March
2203:7480344
2147:6794984
2040:1445282
2031:1132080
1991:5871805
1956:9178091
1921:8678307
1621:Bibcode
1554:8049008
1450:4975157
1309:6563526
1260:5562730
1239:Bibcode
1203:4157443
1154:3969299
1133:Bibcode
1086:Bibcode
1022:7873577
834:insects
807:quinone
724:quinone
700:apricot
680:Apricot
579:tritium
461:in the
438:). The
422:Enzyme
398:octamer
390:monomer
368:lettuce
366:), and
242:and/or
231:, is a
219:; also
123:profile
106:MetaCyc
3636:Portal
3578:Lyases
3137:flavin
3016:ALKBH1
2897:
2887:
2869:Planta
2848:
2838:
2789:
2754:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2652:
2609:
2599:
2552:
2542:
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2485:
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2375:
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2194:157616
2191:
2145:
2038:
2028:
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1805:549964
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1267:
1257:
1210:
1200:
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1151:
1104:
1061:
1020:
985:
977:
856:steric
688:latent
686:. The
547:Assays
456:copper
430:) and
348:apples
278:phenol
225:enzyme
223:), an
170:PubMed
152:Search
142:PDBsum
82:ExPASy
70:BRENDA
58:IntEnz
33:EC no.
3530:Types
3306:HMOX1
3041:NADPH
2999:P4HTM
2992:EGLN3
2987:EGLN2
2982:EGLN1
2953:1.14)
2724:(PDF)
2702:S2CID
2259:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1364:S2CID
983:S2CID
842:worms
838:crabs
815:cells
795:from
764:, as
716:tuber
704:color
569:with
118:PRIAM
3622:list
3615:EC7
3609:list
3602:EC6
3596:list
3589:EC5
3583:list
3576:EC4
3570:list
3563:EC3
3557:list
3550:EC2
3544:list
3537:EC1
3322:21A2
3317:17A1
3191:11A1
3186:11B2
3181:11B1
3149:19A1
3096:NOS3
3091:NOS2
3086:NOS1
3074:FMO5
3069:FMO4
3064:FMO3
3059:FMO2
3054:FMO1
3037:NADH
3011:AlkB
2895:PMID
2846:PMID
2787:PMID
2752:PMID
2694:PMID
2686:ISSN
2650:ISSN
2607:PMID
2550:PMID
2493:PMID
2444:PMID
2399:2016
2373:PMID
2308:ISSN
2267:2020
2237:ISSN
2199:PMID
2143:PMID
2036:PMID
1987:PMID
1952:PMID
1917:PMID
1881:PMID
1846:PMID
1810:PMID
1761:PMID
1637:PMID
1559:PMID
1541:ISSN
1473:PMID
1446:PMID
1405:PMID
1356:PMID
1314:PMID
1265:PMID
1208:PMID
1159:PMID
1102:PMID
1059:PMID
1018:PMID
1006:1247
975:PMID
943:2011
893:and
840:and
809:and
535:and
523:and
459:ions
446:and
318:The
182:NCBI
139:PDBe
94:KEGG
3159:2E1
3154:2D6
3139:or
3113:3A4
3039:or
3021:FTO
2885:PMC
2877:doi
2873:242
2836:PMC
2826:doi
2814:113
2779:doi
2744:doi
2732:275
2678:doi
2642:doi
2597:PMC
2589:doi
2540:PMC
2532:doi
2483:PMC
2475:doi
2434:PMC
2426:doi
2365:doi
2338:doi
2298:hdl
2290:doi
2229:doi
2189:PMC
2181:doi
2177:109
2135:doi
2095:doi
2091:100
2063:doi
2026:PMC
2018:doi
2014:288
1979:doi
1944:doi
1909:doi
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1873:doi
1869:312
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