2265:
193:
certain recurrent patterns that set them apart from other languages. This likely indicates that "one language, or a group of closely related dialects or languages" was the source of another, possibly earlier, layer of pre-Indo-European loanwords in the region. Of the few words of secure
Anatolian origin, most are cultural items or commodities which are likely the result of commercial exchange, not of a substratum. Some of the relevant vocabulary can also be explained as linguistic exchange between Greek and Anatolian languages across the
206:
3417:, p. 112: "Arthur Evans would live to repent of his suggestion to the British School that they reopen the excavations at Mycenae. He had expected that his theory of Minoan dominance over the mainland would be borne out, but instead he encountered stout resistance... Evans could never bring himself to believe any story except that of Minoan colonisation of the mainland from the beginning to the end of Mycenaean history."
2732:
2741:, pp. 47–48, "Our knowledge of Indo-European has expanded so much, especially in the last thirty years (notably because of the laryngeal theory) that in some cases we can say almost with certainty that an Indo-European reconstruction is impossible. In my EDG, I marked with >PG< all words which, in my view, were of Pre-Greek origin. I found 1106 words.".
2544:
However, many Minoan loanwords found in
Mycenaean Greek (e.g., words for architecture, metals and metallurgy, music, use of domestic species, social institutions, weapons, weaving) may be the result of socio-cultural and economic interactions between the Minoans and Mycenaeans during the Bronze Age,
192:
While the correlations between
Anatolian and Greek placenames may be a strong indication of a common early phase of Indo-European – possibly Anatolian – influence in the area, some pre-Greek loanwords still remain incompatible with Indo-European phonology while showing
237:
that other archaeological excavations in Greece suggested were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes. Coleman estimates that the entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC
5161:
232:
II to Early
Helladic III (c. 2400−2200/2100 BC), with the diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700 BC. This has been criticized by John E. Coleman, who argues that this estimate is based on stratigraphic discontinuities at
112:
One substrate language, whose influence is observable on
Ancient Greek and Anatolian languages, is taken by a number of scholars to be an Indo-European language related to the Anatolian Luwian language, and to be responsible for the widespread place-names ending in
2595:, with no significant relationship to or interaction with speakers of pre-Greek or ancient Greek, since, in the words of C. De Simone, there are no Etruscan words that can be "etymologically traced back to a single, common ancestral form with a Greek equivalent".
3157:); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (
185:'lump, clod') with no other attested Indo-European cognate, suggesting that they were borrowed from the same probably non-Indo-European source. Some scholars have thus proposed that at least part of the pre-Greek substrate was brought to Greece by
258:
have been partially reconstructed from the many words borrowed into Greek; such words often show a type of variation not found in inherited Indo-European Greek terms, and certain recurrent patterns that can be used to identify pre-Greek elements.
166:
However, since many clusters of sounds are possible in both pre-Greek and Indo-European, it is difficult in most cases to distinguish between possible "Parnassian" loanwords and shared pre-Indo-European substrate words. For instance, terms like
276:, with either three or five monophthongs. This system consisted of either /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, or most likely just /a/, /i/, /u/, in which /a/ varied between /a/~/e/~/o/ as a result of palatalization for /e/ and labialization for /o/.
4417:
Beattie, A.J. (1963). "Before Greek Alfred
Heubeck: Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechischindogermanischen Substrat. (Erlanger Forschungen, Reihe A, Band 12.) Pp. 90. Erlangen: Universitätsbibliothek, 1961. Paper".
342:/w/ and /j/ can be safely inferred from common motifs in inherited words (e.g. the ἰα‑ from *ja- in ἴαμβος, Ἰάσων) or even retained in early and dialectal forms (e.g. *wa- in the cases of ἄναξ-ϝάναξ, Ὀαξός-ϝαξός, ὑάκινθος-ϝάκινθος),
279:
Additionally, it had at least one diphthong (/au/), and it may also have had /ou/, although this is also often explained as the sequence -arʷ- adapted in Greek as -ουρ-, since /ou/ is often seen with an /r/.
2837:, which a hundred years ago gave rise to the hypothesis of the non-Indo-European pre-Hellenic substratum, can now be accounted for as typically Anatolian or, to be more precise, Luwian."
3816:
Mihaylova, Biliana (2012). "The Pre-Greek
Substratum Revisited". In Hejl, Christina Løye; Jacquet, Janus Bahs; Heide, Marie; Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen; Olsen, Birgit Anette (eds.).
5871:
189:
settlers from Asia Minor, and that we should distinguish between different layers of loanwords coming successively or concurrently from different families of languages.
89:
Based upon toponymic and lexical evidence, it is generally assumed that one or several languages were once spoken in both the Greek peninsula and western
713:
associated with pre-Greek phonology as reflected in words inherited into Greek, as listed by Beekes according to their frequency in the PIE language:
179:; 'clew, ball of wool ready for spinning') show typical pre-Greek features while being related to Anatolian words (in this case Luwian and Hittite
3233:
2984:
Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die
Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". In Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (eds.).
3096:
4222:
Schrijver, Peter (2011). "La langue hattique et sa pertinence possible pour les contacts linguistiques préhistoriques en Europe occidentale".
4140:"The Greek-Anatolian area in the 2nd millennium BC: between language contact, Indo-European inheritance and typologically natural tendencies"
327:
were distinctive features, as pre-Greek loanwords in Greek vary freely between plain, voiced and aspirated stops (e.g. ἀσφάραγος/ἀσπάραγος,
5204:
5100:
3854:
Renfrew, Colin (1998). "Word of Minos: The Minoan
Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean".
6066:
5921:
316:/), which was different from Indo-European languages at the time and is generally considered a rare feature characteristic of pre-Greek.
4288:
4932:
4163:
Hanjal, Ivo (2014). "Die griechisch-anatolischen
Sprachkontakte zur Bronzezeit – Sprachbund oder loser Sprachkontakt?".
209:
Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)
3923:
335:, 'asparagus'). The observation of such variants for a particular word is often a strong indication of substrate-derived etymology.
5861:
5171:
4537:
4036:"Anatolian linguistic influences in Early Greek (1500–800 BC)? Critical observations against sociolinguistic and areal background"
5136:
221:, searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks
4361:
4212:
4193:
4128:
4078:
3943:
3897:
3844:
3806:
3769:
3705:
3661:
3638:
3553:
3508:
3164:
3152:
3067:
3040:
3013:
2264:
6091:
3030:
4070:
Change, continuity, and connectivity: North-eastern Mediterranean at the turn of the Bronze Age and in the early Iron Age
695:
655:
3282:
151:
has proposed to name this unattested Anatolian language "Parnassian", and has argued for "a parallel movement down from
4277:
4233:
4174:
4101:
4024:
3997:
3684:
3598:
3577:
5944:
5197:
4007:
Bianconi, Michele (2021-06-29). ""There and Back Again": A Hundred Years of Graeco-Anatolian Comparative Studies".
3914:
5090:
186:
5786:
5774:
4203:
García Ramón, José Luis (2011). "Sprachen in Kontakt im Griechenland und Kleinasien im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.".
3057:
68:
period. About 1,000 words of Greek vocabulary cannot be adequately explained as derivatives from Proto-Greek or
3737:
2990:(in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 136.
6001:
5991:
5986:
5851:
5679:
5463:
5458:
5095:
5000:
3727:
2698:
2693:
6006:
5976:
5831:
4829:
4530:
2708:
575:
155:
by a branch of the same people as entered Anatolia, the people who were to appear 1,500 years later as the
2522:) substratum, based on an assumption of widespread Minoan colonisation of the Aegean, policed by a Minoan
688:
679:
666:
661:
626:
621:
586:
581:
546:
541:
529:
523:
503:
498:
482:
477:
465:
460:
349:
The initial consonant σ- /s/ or /z/ is very common in pre-Greek and characteristic when it shows up as an
313:
109:) became predominant in the region. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given by scholars.
5954:
5856:
5295:
5190:
4759:
3718:
Die Wichtigsten Konsonantischen Erscheinungen Des Vorgriechischen: Mit Einem Appendix Über Den Vokalismus
46:
6086:
5623:
672:
454:
293:
6081:
6021:
6016:
6011:
5879:
5801:
5796:
5452:
5438:
5213:
5146:
4801:
615:
17:
746:-σβ- /sb/, very rare and problematic identification in PIE, common in pre-Greek probably from *-sgʷ-
217:
into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of
5846:
5791:
5562:
5392:
5281:
5064:
4904:
3954:
2666:
2638:
758:
word-initial ψ- /ps/, extremely common in pre-Greek loans (most words beginning with ψ- being such)
752:
non word-initial -σκ- /sk/ and -στ- /st/, rare in PIE, somehow common in pre-Greek derivative words
471:
3792:
3747:
García-Ramón, José Luís (2004). "Greece, Languages". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmut (eds.).
3242:, pp. 244–245 (see Tables 1 and 2 for all loanwords except personal names, toponyms and theonyms).
2603:
In 1979, Edzard J. Furnée proposed a theory by which a pre-Greek substrate is associated with the
6076:
5660:
5555:
5505:
5484:
5475:
5357:
5274:
5234:
5126:
5074:
5005:
4924:
4523:
4139:
1914:
492:
2562:
6071:
5816:
5811:
5576:
5548:
5539:
5498:
5035:
4943:
4852:
4681:
3883:
2703:
148:
4260:
Hawkins, Shane (2010-03-12). "Greek and the languages of Asia Minor to the classical period".
4244:
4120:
3003:
5968:
5841:
5821:
5569:
5364:
5302:
5151:
5039:
4959:
4938:
4889:
4303:
2661:
643:
516:
73:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5779:
5633:
5446:
5330:
5141:
5121:
5069:
4969:
4928:
4598:
4350:
Duhoux, Yves (2007). "Pre-Greek Languages: Indirect Evidence". In Christidis, A.-F. (ed.).
2604:
214:
159:". From the distribution of the names, it appears that this language was spoken during the
54:
31:
8:
5769:
5754:
5689:
5491:
5413:
5323:
5316:
5267:
5225:
5116:
4964:
4744:
4702:
3563:
3518:
3274:
2558:
2349:
2319:
793:
Various categories of words have been suggested to be pre-Greek (or "Aegean") loanwords:
563:
535:
346:
probably did not exist, with /h/ considered by Beekes a non-native phoneme in pre-Greek.
324:
229:
160:
98:
69:
3795:(2017). "The Lexicon of Greek". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
5730:
5684:
5599:
5594:
5589:
4894:
4791:
4580:
4512:(N.B.: Click the "Pre-Greek loanwords in Greek" tab found below the introductory text.)
4475:
4435:
4151:
4055:
3976:
3871:
3716:
3124:
3116:
2541:), and Tyrsenian, inventing the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family.
710:
374:
50:
964:
5934:
5911:
5906:
5884:
5826:
5604:
5527:
5420:
5020:
4985:
4847:
4823:
4488:
4467:
4439:
4405:
4401:
4376:
4357:
4338:
4273:
4229:
4208:
4189:
4170:
4124:
4097:
4074:
4020:
3993:
3939:
3935:
3893:
3875:
3840:
3802:
3765:
3758:
3733:
3701:
3680:
3657:
3634:
3594:
3573:
3549:
3504:
3128:
3108:
3063:
3036:
3009:
2798:
2676:
2648:
2573:
2495:
2382:
2374:
2356:
1698:
940:
379:
5896:
5889:
5836:
5764:
5759:
5716:
5709:
5639:
5583:
5521:
5427:
5399:
5385:
5371:
5288:
5260:
5248:
5241:
5056:
5025:
4899:
4768:
4590:
4427:
4397:
4330:
4265:
4116:
4047:
4012:
3966:
3931:
3863:
3530:
3100:
2654:
2643:
2622:
2616:
2592:
2565:: four pottery sherds inscribed in Etruscan that were found in 1885 at Ephestia in
2534:
2475:
2297:
1938:
369:
364:
320:
305:
297:
102:
4450:
Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechisch-indogermanischen Substrat
2502:) have been proposed but have not been adopted by the broader academic community.
5723:
5674:
5628:
5511:
5406:
5378:
5337:
5254:
5166:
5156:
4862:
4697:
4611:
4575:
4565:
4448:
4351:
3887:
3834:
3796:
3695:
3672:
3649:
3628:
3588:
3567:
3543:
3498:
3286:
2633:
2515:
2491:
2438:
1167:, 'an inner room or chamber', 'the lowest, darkest part of the ship', 'the hold';
603:
510:
384:
343:
130:
106:
94:
4874:
4334:
5901:
5669:
5182:
5015:
5010:
4995:
4879:
4867:
4650:
4546:
4269:
4245:"The Pre-Greek linguistic substratum. A critical assessment of recent theories"
3624:
2805:
might be Luwian, though other Anatolian interpretations have also been offered.
2681:
2160:, 'mass of olives from which the oil has been pressed, mass of pressed grapes'.
2049:
1007:
228:
The majority of scholars date the coming of Proto-Greek to the transition from
65:
4431:
4051:
4016:
3971:
3867:
6060:
5131:
5030:
4857:
4842:
4810:
4754:
4749:
4724:
4624:
4471:
4409:
4380:
4342:
4155:
4059:
3980:
3830:
3817:
3534:
3277:
3112:
2523:
2019:
289:
4507:
4035:
769:-κτ- /kt/, common in PIE but in pre-Greek also with variants -χθ-, -χτ- etc.
312:
as well (presumably including even the rare modified approximants /jʷ/ and /
205:
5806:
5614:
5348:
4884:
4837:
4817:
4692:
4663:
4560:
4458:
Kretschmer, Paul (1940). "Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten".
3089:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
2529:
Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from
2511:
2499:
2061:
1405:
273:
3104:
2970:, p. 697; citing Strunk 85−98, Panagl 99−103, and Lindner 105−108 in
250:
Although no written texts exist or have been identified as pre-Greek, the
242:
with pre-Greek spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period.
4786:
4778:
4736:
4719:
4714:
4637:
4371:
Ivanov Georgiev, Vladimir (1966). "Was stellt die Pelasgertheorie dar?".
3825:. Copenhagen: Roots of Europe (University of Copenhagen). pp. 80–81.
3610:"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."
2628:
2585:
1597:
339:
4479:
4356:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–228.
3120:
3084:
2992:
Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001.
5981:
5700:
5650:
5516:
4096:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 2037–2055.
2538:
2519:
1743:
1484:
194:
90:
3955:"People, Sounds and the Environment. The Aegean-Daghestani Connection"
5046:
1868:
1849:
1668:
1514:
927:
251:
4508:"Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek"
4164:
4068:
3590:
Evidence for Pre-Greek Speech on Crete from Greek Alphabetic Sources
755:-χμ- /kʰm/ and -χν- /kʰn/, rare in PIE, sometimes in substrate words
723:-πφ- /ppʰ/, not possible in PIE, though still very rare in pre-Greek
4990:
4388:
Hester, D. A. (1965). ""Pelasgian"—A new Indo-European language?".
4223:
4089:
3780:
3697:
Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition
3609:
3269:
2985:
2886:
2802:
2546:
2132:
2037:
1899:
1713:
1441:
1390:
1345:
1319:
1150:
309:
301:
218:
3785:
Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen
3675:. In Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (eds.).
3652:. In Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (eds.).
2591:
If Etruscan was spoken in Greece, it must have been effectively a
2272:
cup, 23rd century BC; its name is believed to be a Luwian loanword
778:-ρν- /rn/, when pre-Greek usually also with variants -ρδ- and -νδ-
5217:
4515:
4353:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
3677:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
3654:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
2670:
2103:
2088:
1977:
1965:
1926:
1837:
1758:
1653:
1587:
1423:
1293:
903:
448:
255:
156:
5658:
4094:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
4009:
Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia
3990:
Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia
3798:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2898:
2576:, which suggested that the author had emigrated from Etruria in
743:-ρκν- /rkn/, very rare overall and found only in pre-Greek loans
5309:
4166:
Strategies of translation: Language contact and poetic language
3396:
2566:
2073:
2031:
1953:
1887:
1728:
1683:
1623:
1504:
1497:
1375:
1360:
1306:
784:-φθ- /pʰtʰ/, possible in PIE but also common in pre-Greek loans
781:-στλ- /stl/, possible in PIE but more common in substrate words
749:-σγ- /sg/, rare in PIE, common in pre-Greek perhaps from *-tʲg-
152:
2939:
2937:
2687:
1178:, 'heap of sand, beach, shore, sand at the bottom of the sea';
775:-ρδ- /rd/, possible in PIE, also found in some pre-Greek words
3149:, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2581:
2577:
2530:
2464:
2449:
2423:
2408:
2393:
2367:
2341:
2334:
2308:
2247:
2236:
2225:
2214:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2154:
2143:
2130:
2119:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2024:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1861:
1842:
1830:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1751:
1736:
1721:
1706:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1595:
1580:
1566:
1555:
1544:
1525:
1512:
1495:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1449:
1434:
1421:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1317:
1304:
1291:
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1265:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1202:
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1148:
1137:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1047:
1040:
1029:
1018:
1005:
994:
983:
962:
951:
938:
925:
914:
901:
890:
873:
861:
850:
839:
828:
817:
805:
720:-κχ- /kkʰ/, not possible in PIE, only in pre-Greek (but rare)
329:
234:
174:
168:
4225:
Contacts linguistiques dans l'Occident méditerranéen antique
3085:"The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered"
2572:
However, the Lemnos funerary stele was written in a form of
357:
Consonant phonemes of Pre-Greek as posited by Beekes (2014)
288:
The phonology of pre-Greek likely featured a series of both
4184:
Rose, Sarah (2014-10-22). "Greek and Anatolian languages".
3679:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–222.
3656:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 786–791.
3464:
3462:
3449:
3447:
3292:
2934:
1638:
1569:
1283:
197:
without necessarily originating from a change of language.
3432:
3176:
2867:
3503:(in German). Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter GmBH.
3321:
3319:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2808:
2720:
772:-μν- /mn/, common in PIE and also in many pre-Greek words
143:. Both Hittite and Luwian texts also attest a place-name
3630:
The Origin of the Albanians: Linguistically Investigated
3459:
3444:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3188:
129:
in mainland Greece. For instance, the name of the mount
2910:
2820:
4186:
Encyclopedia of ancient Greek language and linguistics
4067:
Simon, Zsolt (2018). "Anatolian influences on Greek".
3316:
3304:
3212:
2949:
2561:/Etruscan substratum was proposed on the basis of the
2276:
Possible Anatolian or "Parnassian" loanwords include:
4490:
Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache
3496:
3384:
3367:
3350:
3331:
2971:
2857:
2855:
1561:, 'maltreat' or 'to be bereft or cheated of a thing';
4111:
Chadwick, John (2016-03-07). "Pre-Greek languages".
3497:
Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo, eds. (2003).
3420:
2922:
726:-τθ- /ttʰ/, not possible in PIE, common in pre-Greek
4090:"Graeco-Anatolian contacts in the Mycenaean period"
3781:"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period"
3408:
3200:
2840:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
1069:, 'crest of a hill', 'raised edge or protuberance';
3757:
3474:
3245:
2852:
2533:, suggests a relation between Minoan, Eteocretan,
4453:(in German). Erlangen: Universitätsbund Erlangen.
4321:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (2007). "Pre-Greek".
3059:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
338:Furthermore, while the existence of word-initial
6058:
5212:
3928:Oxford Bibliographies: Your Research Starts Here
3173:by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
2772:
766:-γν- /gn/, not as rare in both PIE and pre-Greek
734:-βδ- /bd/, rare in PIE, not as much in pre-Greek
4370:
3673:"8 Greek and pre-Greek Languages: Introduction"
2801:, go so far as to suggest that the language of
2455:'vessel for refining gold', related to Hittite
3921:
3141:A comprehensive overview is in J. T. Hooker's
3097:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
2987:Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden
5198:
4531:
3791:
3764:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
3263:If the substratum is actually Indo-European,
3163:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRenfrew1973 (
2967:
2829:, p. 52: "As we have seen, the suffixes
180:
135:in Greece has been interpreted as the Luwian
6042:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5101:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
4202:
3922:García Trabazo, José Virgilio (2022-07-26).
3746:
3151:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHooker1976 (
2904:
2485:
139:('house') attached to the possessive suffix
3778:
3008:. Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
2943:
2688:Substrates of other Indo-European languages
1473:kolokýnthē/kolokýntha/kolokýnthos/kolokýntē
5205:
5191:
4538:
4524:
4486:
4457:
4242:
3693:
3633:. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania.
3035:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
2826:
2758:
2669:(also called Paleosardinian, Protosardic,
2545:and may therefore be part of a linguistic
2490:There are other substrate proposals. Some
2079:other geographical features e.g. Σούνιον,
1469:κολοκύνθη/κολοκύνθα/κολοκύνθος/κολοκύντη,
4262:A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language
4221:
4073:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 376–418.
3970:
3815:
3700:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3647:
3523:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
3468:
3453:
3062:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19–20.
2880:
5172:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
4110:
4006:
3987:
3569:Pre-Greek Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon
3055:
2580:, rather than the Greek sphere, and the
2552:
2263:
1767:Tools related to agricultural activities
740:-δν- /dn/, rare in PIE, not in pre-Greek
737:-γδ- /gd/, rare in PIE, not in pre-Greek
304:. These features were found not only in
204:
200:
4446:
4416:
4289:"Préstamos anatolios en griego antiguo"
4286:
4259:
4228:. Casa de Velázquez. pp. 241–255.
4137:
4121:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5318
4033:
3952:
3853:
3732:(in German). Leuven: Editions Peeters.
3670:
3623:
3607:
3438:
3402:
3239:
3194:
3182:
3158:
3028:
2955:
2892:
2814:
2754:
2726:
2381:'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from
84:
14:
6059:
4505:
4387:
4349:
4320:
4162:
4087:
3725:
3714:
3562:
3541:
3517:
3480:
3390:
3378:
3361:
3344:
3325:
3310:
3298:
3251:
3227:
3206:
3146:
3082:
2983:
2928:
2916:
2861:
2846:
2766:
2750:
2738:
2259:
1550:, 'contest, trial, sporting activity';
213:Estimates for the introduction of the
147:, which could be related. Philologist
27:Extinct language of prehistoric Greece
5186:
4519:
4287:Delgado, José Miguel Jiménez (2008).
4066:
3988:Bianconi, Michele, ed. (2021-06-29).
3586:
3426:
3161:, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267
2094:mythological locations e.g. Ἠλύσιον,
704:
361:
4183:
3882:
3829:
3779:Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia (2009).
3755:
3613:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
3414:
3001:
2785:
2762:
2598:
2505:
272:The pre-Greek language had a simple
163:period, which began around 2800 BC.
3892:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2470:'ball of wool', related to Hittite
976:Architecture and building materials
24:
6067:Aegean languages in the Bronze Age
4545:
3908:
3819:Etymology and the European Lexicon
3801:. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter.
3076:
3049:
3022:
3005:Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
2995:
2977:
2549:in Greek rather than a substrate.
25:
6103:
4499:
3953:Tardivo, Giampaolo (2021-08-02).
2972:Bammesberger & Vennemann 2003
1537:Social practices and institutions
1024:, 'stone (as building material)';
694:
671:
654:
614:
574:
534:
515:
491:
470:
453:
245:
4040:Journal of Language Relationship
3915:Pre-Greek substrate bibliography
3856:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
3836:Albanian Etymological Dictionary
3545:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
3521:(2003). "The Origin of Apollo".
5091:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
4113:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
3721:(in German). The Hague: Mouton.
3593:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
3500:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
3257:
3135:
3032:The Ancient Languages of Europe
2961:
2418:'wooden percussion instrument';
1189:, 'to steer, to be a steerman'.
4506:Beekes, Roberts S. P. (2010).
3936:10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0381
2791:
2744:
2348:(itself from Mesopotamia; cf.
2325:'sky; bowl, cup' (cf. Hittite
2314:'cup; pot, vessel', Mycenaean
1237:tánkhouros/tánkharas/ánkhouros
319:It is, however, unlikely that
53:prior to the emergence of the
13:
1:
5096:Center for the Greek Language
4654:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4602:
3889:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
3726:Furnée, Edzard Johan (1979).
3694:Finkelberg, Margalit (2006).
3542:Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009).
2699:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
2694:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2494:ranging from the mild (e.g.,
2414:'cymbal', related to Hittite
2399:'helmet', related to Hittite
1233:τάγχουρος/τάγχαρας/ἄγχουρος,
1124:, 'torrent, riverbed, gorge';
283:
58:
4402:10.1016/0024-3841(64)90035-X
4243:Verhasselt, Gertjan (2011).
4205:Historische Mehrsprachigkeit
3839:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
3548:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
2895:, pp. 253–254, 256–257.
2714:
2709:Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
2465:
2450:
2424:
2409:
2394:
2368:
2335:
2309:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2196:
2185:
2174:
2155:
2144:
2131:
2120:
2097:
2082:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2025:
2013:
2010:mountain names e.g.Ὄλυμπος,
1998:
1986:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1893:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1831:
1808:
1797:
1786:
1775:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1596:
1581:
1567:
1556:
1545:
1526:
1513:
1496:
1483:
1472:
1461:
1450:
1435:
1422:
1399:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1277:
1266:
1247:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1149:
1138:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1080:, 'edge of a trench, cliff';
1075:
1064:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1006:
995:
984:
963:
952:
939:
926:
915:
902:
891:
862:
851:
840:
829:
818:
806:
330:
296:consonants, as indicated by
262:
181:
175:
7:
6092:Pre-Indo-European languages
4335:10.13109/glot.2007.83.14.13
4034:Oreshko, Rostislav (2018).
3729:Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches
3056:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
2610:
121:in western Asia Minor, and
79:
47:Pre-Indo-European languages
10:
6108:
5862:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
4270:10.1002/9781444317398.ch15
4207:. Shaker. pp. 23–45.
4138:Romagno, Domenica (2014).
4088:Hanjal, Ivo (2018-06-11).
3912:
3715:Furnée, Edzard J. (1972).
3587:Brown, Raymond A. (1985).
3489:
3029:Woodard, Roger D. (2008).
3002:Hall, Jonathan M. (1997).
2510:The English archaeologist
981:ἄργῐλλος/ἄργῑλος/ἄργῐλλα,
788:
169:
45:) consists of the unknown
29:
6030:
5967:
5920:
5870:
5750:
5743:
5698:
5649:
5613:
5538:
5474:
5437:
5347:
5224:
5109:
5083:
5055:
4978:
4952:
4917:
4800:
4777:
4680:
4673:
4589:
4553:
4493:. Göttingen, Vandenhoech.
4487:Kretschmer, Paul (1896).
4432:10.1017/s0009840x00215370
4188:. Brill. pp. 27–31.
4144:Studi e Saggi Linguistici
4052:10.31826/jlr-2018-161-209
4017:10.1163/9789004461598_003
3972:10.17759/langt.2021080201
3868:10.1017/S0959774300001852
3749:Brill's New Pauly, Vol. 5
3608:Coleman, John E. (2000).
2486:Other substratum theories
1905:region names e.g. Ἀχαΐα,
642:
602:
562:
509:
447:
383:
378:
368:
363:
267:
4447:Heubeck, Alfred (1961).
3535:10.1163/1569212031960384
3405:, pp. 241, 253–254.
3083:Parker, Holt N. (2008).
2667:Paleo-Sardinian language
2639:Hurro-Urartian languages
2625:(probably Indo-European)
2498:) to the extreme (e.g.,
1944:city names e.g. Δωδώνη,
1143:, 'small dinghy, skiff'.
1056:Geography and topography
992:καλύβη/καλυβός/κολυβός,
985:árgillos/árgīlos/árgilla
62: 3200–2200 BC
30:Not to be confused with
6039:have no living members.
5922:East and Southeast Asia
5127:Greek language question
2944:Hajnal & Posch 2009
2797:Some scholars, such as
2375:dark blue glaze; enamel
2112:Use of domestic species
1331:Mythological characters
946:, 'whale, sea monster';
709:Certain characteristic
344:word-initial aspiration
4302:: 7–32. Archived from
3793:Meier-Brügger, Michael
3650:"9 Greek and Etruscan"
3648:De Simone, C. (2007).
3273:might be connected to
2704:Old European hydronymy
2584:makes no mention of a
2377:', related to Hittite
2344:', related to Hittite
2273:
996:kalýbē/kalybós/kolybós
989:, 'white clay, argil';
325:consonantal aspiration
210:
4249:Les Études Classiques
3924:"Greek and Anatolian"
3760:The Tomb of Agamemnon
3301:, pp. xvii, 183.
3171:Bronze Age Migrations
3105:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431
2662:North Picene language
2563:Lemnos funerary stele
2553:Tyrrhenian substratum
2267:
1195:Metals and metallurgy
848:σπόνδυλος/σφόνδυλος,
208:
201:Coming of Proto-Greek
5137:Morphemes in English
5122:Eteocypriot language
4554:Origin and genealogy
4420:The Classical Review
4264:. pp. 213–227.
4169:. pp. 105–116.
3756:Gere, Cathy (2006).
3671:Duhoux, Y. (2007a).
3564:Beekes, Robert S. P.
3519:Beekes, Robert S. P.
2907:, pp. 999–1000.
2757:, pp. 253–254;
2605:Kartvelian languages
2588:presence on Lemnos.
2231:, 'slip knot, mesh';
852:spóndylos/sphóndylos
716:Not possible in PIE
331:aspháragos/aspáragos
215:Proto-Greek language
85:Linguistic situation
55:Proto-Greek language
32:Proto-Greek language
5680:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5464:Northwest Caucasian
5459:Northeast Caucasian
5142:Terms of endearment
5117:Eteocretan language
5084:Promotion and study
4571:Pre-Greek substrate
3441:, pp. 239–264.
3275:Proto-Indo-European
3185:, pp. 106−107.
2817:, pp. 253–254.
2729:, pp. 220–222.
2320:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2260:Anatolian loanwords
1819:Toponyms/placenames
1603:, 'absolute ruler'.
1258:Musical instruments
1130:Maritime vocabulary
912:βόλινθος/βόνασσος,
863:sphákelos/sphákēlos
859:σφάκελος/σφάκηλος,
358:
99:Anatolian languages
70:Proto-Indo-European
39:pre-Greek substrate
5945:Austronesian–Ongan
5744:Proposed groupings
5162:Greek Language Day
4792:Jewish Koine Greek
4581:Hellenic languages
3285:2008-10-15 at the
2968:Meier-Brügger 2017
2474:'lump'/'clod' (or
2429:'lead', Mycenaean
2274:
1983:isles e.g. Κρήτη,
1802:, 'mattock, pick';
1780:, 'adze, pickaxe';
1340:Akhilleús/Akhileús
1336:Ἀχιλλεύς/Ἀχιλεύς,
916:bólinthos/bónassos
867:, 'middle finger';
711:consonant clusters
705:Consonant clusters
356:
211:
51:prehistoric Greece
6087:Linguistic strata
6054:
6053:
5963:
5962:
5955:Sino-Austronesian
5739:
5738:
5214:Language families
5180:
5179:
4986:Cypriot syllabary
4913:
4912:
4787:Hellenistic Koine
4363:978-0-521-83307-3
4296:Estudios Clásicos
4214:978-3-8322-9888-3
4195:978-90-04-22597-8
4130:978-0-19-938113-5
4080:978-3-447-10969-7
4011:. pp. 8–39.
3959:Language and Text
3945:978-0-19-538966-1
3899:978-0-19-928075-9
3846:978-90-04-11024-3
3831:Orel, Vladimir E.
3808:978-3-11-054243-1
3771:978-0-674-02170-9
3707:978-0-521-85216-6
3663:978-0-521-83307-3
3640:978-99943-817-1-5
3572:. Leiden: Brill.
3555:978-90-04-17418-4
3510:978-3-8253-1449-1
3069:978-1-4443-1892-0
3042:978-1-139-46932-6
3015:978-0-521-78999-8
2919:, pp. 1, 45.
2905:García-Ramón 2004
2883:, pp. 80–81.
2799:Leonard R. Palmer
2677:Sicanian language
2649:Urartian language
2619:(probably Raetic)
2599:Kartvelian theory
2582:Homeric tradition
2506:Minoan substratum
2166:Weapons and armor
1859:(e.g. Παρνασσός,
1813:, 'bridle, rein'.
1590:, Bacchic revel';
1477:, 'bottle gourd';
1440:, 'wormwood' or '
1120:kharádra/kharádrē
1116:χαράδρα/χαράδρη,
1113:, 'cave, cavern';
1091:, 'mountain top';
845:, 'jaw, jawbone';
823:, 'neck, throat';
702:
701:
187:pre-Indo-European
161:Early Helladic II
97:and the attested
72:, leading to the
16:(Redirected from
6099:
6082:Language contact
6022:Proto-Euphratean
5748:
5747:
5656:
5655:
5624:Great Andamanese
5207:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
4905:Greco-Australian
4678:
4677:
4659:
4656:
4646:
4643:
4633:
4630:
4620:
4617:
4607:
4604:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4494:
4483:
4466:(3–4): 231–278.
4454:
4443:
4413:
4384:
4367:
4346:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4283:
4256:
4239:
4218:
4199:
4180:
4159:
4134:
4115:(5th ed.).
4107:
4084:
4063:
4030:
4003:
3984:
3974:
3949:
3903:
3879:
3850:
3826:
3824:
3812:
3788:
3775:
3763:
3752:
3751:. Leiden: Brill.
3743:
3722:
3711:
3690:
3667:
3644:
3620:
3604:
3583:
3559:
3538:
3514:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3348:
3342:
3329:
3328:, pp. 1–21.
3323:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3230:, pp. 6–10.
3225:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:, p. 139ff.
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3156:
3143:Mycenaean Greece
3139:
3133:
3132:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:, pp. 1–21.
2941:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2655:Kassite language
2644:Hurrian language
2623:Elymian language
2617:Camunic language
2593:language isolate
2574:ancient Etruscan
2476:Cuneiform Luwian
2468:
2453:
2444:'the dark ones';
2427:
2412:
2397:
2371:
2338:
2312:
2268:Anatolian-style
2251:
2240:
2229:
2218:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2158:
2147:
2136:
2123:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2028:
2016:
2001:
1989:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1834:
1828:(e.g. Κόρινθος,
1811:
1800:
1789:
1778:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1601:
1584:
1573:
1559:
1548:
1529:
1518:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1464:
1453:
1438:
1427:
1402:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1280:
1269:
1250:
1239:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1141:
1122:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1078:
1067:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
998:
987:
968:
955:
944:
931:
918:
907:
894:
865:
854:
843:
834:, 'nose, snout';
832:
821:
809:
762:Possible in PIE
698:
690:
681:
675:
668:
663:
658:
628:
623:
618:
588:
583:
578:
548:
543:
538:
531:
525:
519:
505:
500:
495:
484:
479:
474:
467:
462:
457:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
359:
355:
333:
315:
300:inscriptions in
241:
224:
184:
178:
172:
171:
63:
60:
21:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6026:
6017:Paleo-Laplandic
6012:Pre-Finno-Ugric
5959:
5916:
5880:Greater Siangic
5866:
5852:Uralic–Yukaghir
5802:Ibero-Caucasian
5797:Elamo-Dravidian
5735:
5694:
5645:
5609:
5534:
5470:
5453:North Caucasian
5433:
5343:
5282:Paleo-Sardinian
5220:
5211:
5181:
5176:
5167:Trojan language
5157:Minoan language
5105:
5079:
5051:
4979:Writing systems
4974:
4970:Standard Modern
4948:
4944:Standard Modern
4909:
4863:Greco/Calabrian
4796:
4773:
4669:
4657:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4612:Mycenaean Greek
4605:
4585:
4576:Graeco-Phrygian
4566:Graeco-Armenian
4549:
4544:
4502:
4497:
4396:(13): 335–384.
4375:(16): 263–273.
4364:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4291:
4280:
4255:(3–4): 257–283.
4236:
4215:
4196:
4177:
4131:
4104:
4081:
4046:(1–2): 93–118.
4027:
4000:
3946:
3917:
3911:
3909:Further reading
3906:
3900:
3884:West, Martin L.
3847:
3822:
3809:
3772:
3740:
3708:
3687:
3664:
3641:
3625:Demiraj, Shaban
3619:(1–2): 101–153.
3601:
3580:
3556:
3511:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3360:
3351:
3343:
3332:
3324:
3317:
3313:, p. 1048.
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3287:Wayback Machine
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3162:
3150:
3140:
3136:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2982:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2827:Finkelberg 2006
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2759:Finkelberg 2006
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2690:
2634:Hattic language
2613:
2601:
2555:
2508:
2492:fringe theories
2488:
2262:
1575:, 'lord, king';
1455:, 'olive tree';
1000:, 'hut, cabin';
791:
707:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
373:
286:
270:
265:
248:
239:
222:
203:
95:Mycenaean Greek
87:
82:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6105:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6077:Greek language
6074:
6069:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5847:Uralo-Siberian
5844:
5839:
5834:
5832:Serbi–Mongolic
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:Dravido-Korean
5789:
5787:Dené–Yeniseian
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5775:Dené–Caucasian
5772:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5720:
5713:
5705:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5393:Hurro-Urartian
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5275:Paleo-Corsican
5271:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:Greek numerals
5013:
5011:Attic numerals
5008:
5003:
4996:Greek alphabet
4993:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4853:Constantinople
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4651:Medieval Greek
4648:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4547:Greek language
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:External links
4498:
4496:
4495:
4484:
4455:
4444:
4426:(2): 177–178.
4414:
4385:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4329:(1–4): 13–17.
4318:
4284:
4278:
4257:
4240:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4200:
4194:
4181:
4175:
4160:
4150:(2): 429–446.
4135:
4129:
4108:
4102:
4085:
4079:
4064:
4031:
4025:
4004:
3998:
3985:
3950:
3944:
3918:
3913:Main article:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3880:
3862:(2): 239–264.
3851:
3845:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3789:
3776:
3770:
3753:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3712:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3668:
3662:
3645:
3639:
3621:
3605:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3560:
3554:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3471:, p. 787.
3469:De Simone 2007
3458:
3456:, p. 786.
3454:De Simone 2007
3443:
3431:
3429:, p. 289.
3419:
3407:
3395:
3393:, p. 527.
3383:
3381:, p. 162.
3366:
3364:, p. 161.
3349:
3347:, p. 160.
3330:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3134:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3021:
3014:
2994:
2976:
2960:
2958:, p. 104.
2948:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2881:Mihaylova 2012
2866:
2851:
2839:
2819:
2807:
2790:
2771:
2761:, p. 52;
2753:, p. 35;
2743:
2731:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:Sicel language
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2554:
2551:
2507:
2504:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2460:
2445:
2437:'dark', as in
2419:
2404:
2389:
2363:
2330:
2304:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2232:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2139:
2138:, 'oil-flask';
2126:
2125:, 'olive oil';
2109:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2040:e.g. Ἀχελῷος,
2035:
2008:
1981:
1942:
1903:
1878:(e.g. Ἀττική,
1872:
1853:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1791:, 'vine pole';
1781:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1627:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1591:
1576:
1562:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1508:
1491:
1478:
1467:
1456:
1445:
1430:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1272:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1144:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1105:σπέος/σπεῖος,
1103:
1102:, 'riverbank';
1092:
1081:
1070:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1013:, 'labyrinth';
1001:
990:
973:
972:
971:
958:
947:
934:
921:
910:
897:
880:
879:
878:
868:
857:
846:
835:
824:
813:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
728:
727:
724:
721:
706:
703:
700:
699:
692:
685:
683:
676:
669:
664:
659:
652:
650:
648:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
624:
619:
612:
610:
608:
606:
600:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
584:
579:
572:
570:
568:
566:
560:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
544:
539:
532:
527:
520:
513:
507:
506:
501:
496:
489:
487:
485:
480:
475:
468:
463:
458:
451:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
382:
377:
367:
362:
285:
282:
269:
266:
264:
261:
247:
246:Reconstruction
244:
230:Early Helladic
202:
199:
149:Martin L. West
86:
83:
81:
78:
66:Early Helladic
57:in the region
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6104:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6072:Ancient Greek
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Eskimo–Uralic
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:Paleosiberian
5657:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5556:Austroasiatic
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:Austroasiatic
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:Indo-European
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:Indo-European
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5235:Indo-European
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:Cyrillization
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Archaic forms
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:Griko/Apulian
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:Arcadocypriot
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4652:
4649:
4645: 300 BC
4639:
4636:
4626:
4625:Ancient Greek
4623:
4613:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4309:on 2017-03-04
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4279:9781444317398
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:9788496820616
4231:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4176:9788862277266
4172:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4103:9783110542431
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4026:9789004461598
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:9789004461598
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3686:9780521833073
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3600:9789025608767
3596:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3579:9789004279445
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2931:, p. xv.
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2849:, p. 35.
2848:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2765:, p. 8;
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:thalassocracy
2521:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:, related to
2317:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2179:, 'corselet';
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2149:, 'pack-ass';
2148:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:σῦκον/τῦκον,
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
997:
991:
988:
986:
980:
979:
977:
974:
969:
967:
966:
959:
956:
954:
948:
945:
943:
942:
935:
932:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
911:
908:
906:
905:
898:
895:
893:
887:
886:
884:
881:
877:
875:
869:
866:
864:
858:
856:, 'vertebra';
855:
853:
847:
844:
842:
836:
833:
831:
825:
822:
820:
814:
811:
808:
802:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
764:
763:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
731:
725:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
712:
697:
693:
686:
684:
677:
674:
670:
665:
660:
657:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
641:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
625:
620:
617:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
585:
580:
577:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
561:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
545:
540:
537:
533:
528:
521:
518:
514:
512:
508:
502:
497:
494:
490:
488:
486:
481:
476:
473:
469:
464:
459:
456:
452:
450:
446:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
389:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
332:
326:
322:
317:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
277:
275:
260:
257:
253:
243:
236:
231:
226:
220:
216:
207:
198:
196:
190:
188:
183:
177:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
77:
75:
71:
67:
64:, during the
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6043:
6036:
6035:Families in
5996:
5992:Pre-Goidelic
5987:Pre-Germanic
5817:Indo-Semitic
5812:Indo-Pacific
5807:Indo-Hittite
5722:
5715:
5708:
5638:
5615:Indian Ocean
5582:
5577:Austronesian
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5549:Sino-Tibetan
5547:
5526:
5504:
5499:Sino-Tibetan
5497:
5490:
5483:
5451:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5303:North Picene
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5040:Romanization
4890:Romano-Greek
4880:Mariupolitan
4828:
4818:Katharevousa
4816:
4809:
4666:(since 1453)
4664:Modern Greek
4570:
4561:Graeco-Aryan
4489:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4423:
4419:
4393:
4389:
4372:
4352:
4326:
4322:
4311:. Retrieved
4304:the original
4299:
4295:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4224:
4204:
4185:
4165:
4147:
4143:
4112:
4093:
4069:
4043:
4039:
4008:
3989:
3962:
3958:
3927:
3888:
3859:
3855:
3835:
3818:
3797:
3784:
3759:
3748:
3728:
3717:
3696:
3676:
3653:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3589:
3568:
3544:
3526:
3522:
3499:
3476:
3439:Renfrew 1998
3434:
3422:
3410:
3403:Renfrew 1998
3398:
3386:
3306:
3294:
3278:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3247:
3240:Renfrew 1998
3235:
3209:, p. 1.
3202:
3195:Coleman 2000
3190:
3183:Coleman 2000
3178:
3170:
3159:Renfrew 1973
3142:
3137:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3058:
3051:
3031:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2986:
2979:
2963:
2956:Coleman 2000
2951:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2893:Renfrew 1998
2888:
2864:, p. 3.
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2815:Renfrew 1998
2810:
2793:
2788:, p. 8.
2769:, p. 3.
2755:Renfrew 1998
2746:
2734:
2727:Duhoux 2007a
2722:
2602:
2590:
2571:
2556:
2543:
2528:
2512:Arthur Evans
2509:
2500:Proto-Turkic
2489:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:mariwda(ś)-k
2441:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2333:
2329:'sky; cup');
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2246:
2242:, 'spindle';
2235:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2201:, 'javelin'.
2194:
2183:
2172:
2165:
2153:
2142:
2129:
2118:
2111:
2095:
2080:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2023:
2011:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1929:; Μαγνησία,
1918:
1906:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1841:
1840:; Ζάκυνθος,
1829:
1825:
1818:
1806:
1795:
1784:
1773:
1766:
1750:
1735:
1720:
1705:
1690:
1675:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1579:
1565:
1564:ϝάναξ/ἄναξ,
1554:
1543:
1536:
1524:
1511:
1494:
1490:, 'cypress';
1481:
1480:κυπάρισσος,
1470:
1459:
1448:
1433:
1420:
1413:
1406:Rhadamanthus
1400:Rhadámanthys
1397:
1396:Ῥαδάμανθυς,
1382:
1367:
1352:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1303:
1299:, 'trumpet';
1290:
1275:
1264:
1257:
1245:
1234:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1200:κασσίτερος,
1194:
1182:
1171:
1160:
1147:
1136:
1129:
1117:
1109:spéos/speîos
1106:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1062:
1061:ἄμβων/ἄμβη,
1055:
1039:
1028:
1017:
1004:
1003:λαβύρινθος,
993:
982:
975:
961:
957:, 'pelican';
950:
937:
924:
920:, 'wild ox';
913:
900:
889:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
816:
804:
797:
792:
761:
730:Rare in PIE
729:
715:
708:
350:
348:
340:approximants
337:
328:
318:
287:
278:
274:vowel system
271:
249:
240:(c. 3200 BC)
227:
212:
191:
165:
144:
140:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
88:
76:hypothesis.
42:
38:
36:
5842:Ural-Altaic
5822:Indo-Uralic
5634:Sentinelese
5365:Afroasiatic
5331:Eteocypriot
5147:Place names
5021:Orthography
4830:Misthiotika
4824:Cappadocian
4638:Koine Greek
4619: 1600
4606: 2900
4599:Proto-Greek
3965:(2): 4–20.
3529:(1): 1–21.
3481:Furnée 1979
3391:Beekes 2009
3379:Beekes 2014
3362:Beekes 2014
3345:Beekes 2014
3326:Beekes 2003
3311:Beekes 2009
3299:Beekes 2009
3267:as well as
3252:Beekes 2014
3228:Beekes 2014
3207:Beekes 2014
3147:Hooker 1976
3099:: 443–444.
2929:Beekes 2009
2917:Beekes 2014
2862:Beekes 2009
2847:Furnée 1972
2767:Beekes 2009
2751:Furnée 1972
2739:Beekes 2014
2629:Eteocypriot
2514:proposed a
2431:mo-ri-wo-do
2403:'headgear';
2288:, Cypriot:
2212:ἀρύβαλλος,
2152:στέμφυλον,
1968:; Κυδωνία,
1956:; Κνωσσός,
1917:; Λακωνία,
1890:; Ὑμηττός,
1659:Ἀσκληπιός,
1527:sŷkon/tŷkon
1271:, 'zither';
1252:, 'copper'.
1008:labýrinthos
949:πελεκῖνος,
933:, 'beetle';
909:, 'spider';
644:Approximant
294:palatalized
6061:Categories
5982:Pre-Celtic
5950:East Asian
5940:Austro-Tai
5930:Andamanese
5780:Eurasiatic
5701:North Asia
5651:North Asia
5563:Hmong–Mien
5517:Burushaski
5476:South Asia
5447:Kartvelian
5414:Philistine
5324:Eteocretan
5268:Tartessian
5057:Literature
5026:Diacritics
4769:Pamphylian
4760:Macedonian
4741:Northwest
4658: 330
4632: 800
4313:2017-09-22
3739:2801701149
3427:Brown 1985
2586:Tyrrhenian
2520:Eteocretan
2421:μόλυβδος,
2406:κύμβαλον,
2391:κύμβαχος,
2350:Phoenician
2301:Appaliunaš
2245:μύρινθος,
2220:, 'purse';
2156:stémphylon
2064:; Ἰλισός,
2022:; Πίνδος,
1744:Hephaestus
1738:Hḗphaistos
1734:Ἥφαιστος,
1704:Διόνῡσος,
1593:τύραννος,
1520:, 'grape';
1485:kypárissos
1436:apsínthion
1432:ἀψίνθιον,
1381:Ὀδυσσεύς,
1312:, 'flute';
1211:μόλυβδος,
1204:kassíteros
1181:κυβερνάω,
1065:ámbōn/ámbē
1035:, 'brick';
970:, 'mouse'.
923:κάνθαρος,
888:αἴλουρος,
290:labialized
284:Consonants
195:Aegean Sea
182:taluppa/i-
91:Asia Minor
74:substratum
49:spoken in
43:substratum
6007:Pre-Vedic
5997:Pre-Greek
5969:Substrata
5872:Arunachal
5770:Nostratic
5755:Alarodian
5690:Yeniseian
5540:East Asia
5492:Dravidian
5349:West Asia
5317:Tyrsenian
5070:Byzantine
5047:Greeklish
4918:Phonology
4895:Tsakonian
4848:Himariote
4698:Mycenaean
4674:Varieties
4621:–1100 BC)
4608:–1600 BC)
4472:0017-1298
4440:163062347
4410:0024-3841
4381:0024-3841
4343:0017-1298
4156:2281-9142
4060:2219-4029
3992:. BRILL.
3981:2312-2757
3876:162191366
3415:Gere 2006
3129:161497388
3113:0018-098X
2786:West 2007
2763:West 2007
2715:Citations
2673:language)
2559:Tyrsenian
2539:Pelasgian
2479:taluppa/i
2459:'vessel';
2435:morkʷ-io-
2395:kýmbachos
2379:kuwannan-
2292:), from *
2280:Ἀπόλλων,
2253:, 'cord'.
2249:mýrinthos
2234:ἠλακάτη,
2216:arýballos
2190:, 'whip';
2128:λήκυθος,
2052:; Γέλας,
2044:Akhelôios
2038:hydronyms
1995:; Νάξος,
1869:Parnassus
1863:Parnassós
1850:Zakynthos
1844:Zákynthos
1832:Kórinthos
1805:χαλινός,
1794:μάκελλα,
1772:δίκελλα,
1749:Ἰαπετός,
1669:Asclepius
1663:Asklēpiós
1644:Ἄρτεμις,
1614:Ἀπόλλων,
1510:σταφυλή,
1429:, 'vine';
1419:ἄμπελος,
1325:, 'lyre'.
1315:φόρμιγξ,
1289:σάλπιγξ,
1263:κίθαρις,
1241:, 'gold';
1230:, 'iron';
1222:σίδηρος,
1219:, 'lead';
1159:θάλαμος,
1146:θάλασσα,
1072:κρημνός,
1027:πλίνθος,
960:σμίνθος,
953:pelekînos
928:kántharos
564:Fricative
353:-mobile.
310:resonants
308:, but in
298:Mycenaean
263:Phonology
252:phonology
132:Parnassos
18:Pre-Greek
6002:Vasconic
5977:Atlantic
5731:Eskaleut
5685:Yukaghir
5600:Koreanic
5595:Tungusic
5590:Mongolic
5528:Harappan
5439:Caucasus
5421:Sumerian
5296:Ligurian
5152:Proverbs
4991:Linear B
4933:teaching
4689:Central
4647:–AD 330)
4634:–300 BC)
4510:. Brill.
4480:40265554
3886:(2007).
3833:(1998).
3627:(2006).
3566:(2014).
3283:Archived
3279:*bhergh-
3270:Pergamos
3121:40205757
2803:Linear A
2671:Nuraghic
2611:See also
2547:adstrate
2496:Egyptian
2462:τολύπη,
2457:ḫuprušḫi
2447:ὄβρυζα,
2433:, from *
2425:mólybdos
2410:kýmbalon
2383:Sumerian
2365:κύανος,
2357:Egyptian
2332:ἐλέφας,
2296:, as in
2284:(Doric:
2223:βρόχος,
2182:μάστιξ,
2141:κάνθων,
2133:lḗkythos
2117:ἔλαιον,
2050:Achelous
1939:Magnesia
1933:Magnēsíā
1900:Hymettus
1894:Hymēttós
1809:khalīnós
1714:Dionysus
1708:Diónȳsos
1609:Theonyms
1598:týrannos
1578:θίασος,
1553:ἀτέμβω,
1542:ἅμιλλα,
1531:, 'fig'.
1515:staphylḗ
1466:, 'ivy';
1458:κισσός,
1442:absinthe
1391:Odysseus
1385:Odysseús
1366:Κάδμος,
1351:Δαναός,
1346:Achilles
1320:phórminx
1302:σύριγξ,
1267:kítharis
1244:χαλκός,
1215:mólybdos
1208:, 'tin';
1185:kybernáō
1163:thálamos
1156:, 'sea'.
1151:thálassa
1135:ἄκατος,
1083:κορυφή,
1038:πύργος,
1031:plínthos
965:smínthos
899:ἀράχνη,
896:, 'cat';
892:aílouros
872:ikhṓr, '
837:σιαγών,
815:λαιμός,
375:Alveolar
302:Linear B
219:Linear B
145:Parnassa
80:Overview
6037:italics
5935:Austric
5912:Kho-Bwa
5907:Hrusish
5885:Siangic
5827:Karasuk
5727: ?
5640:Kenaboi
5605:Japonic
5570:Kra–Dai
5531: ?
5522:Kusunda
5428:Elamite
5400:Kassite
5386:Kaskian
5289:Camunic
5261:Iberian
5218:Eurasia
5132:Exonyms
5065:Ancient
5031:Braille
5001:History
4960:Ancient
4953:Grammar
4925:Ancient
4900:Yevanic
4858:Italiot
4843:Cypriot
4811:Demotic
4755:Locrian
4750:Epirote
4745:Achaean
4725:Homeric
4682:Ancient
4591:Periods
3490:Sources
2535:Lemnian
2472:taluppa
2416:ḫuḫupal
2336:eléphās
2323:ti-pa-s
2306:δέπας,
2298:Hittite
2294:Apeljōn
2290:Apeílōn
2286:Apéllōn
2282:Apóllōn
2238:ēlakátē
2227:brókhos
2207:Weaving
2193:ὑσσός,
2171:θώραξ,
2145:kánthōn
2104:Elysium
2098:Ēlýsion
2089:Sounion
2083:Soúnion
2020:Olympus
2014:Ólympos
1978:Cydonia
1972:Kydōníā
1966:Knossos
1960:Knōssós
1927:Laconia
1921:Lakōníā
1838:Corinth
1798:mákella
1783:κάμαξ,
1776:díkella
1759:Iapetus
1753:Īapetós
1719:Ἑρμῆς,
1689:Ἄτλας,
1674:Ἀθήνη,
1654:Artemis
1648:Ártemis
1618:Apóllōn
1588:thiasus
1582:thíasos
1546:hámilla
1493:μίνθη,
1447:ἐλαία,
1424:ámpelos
1294:sálpinx
1248:chalkós
1226:sídēros
1087:koruphḗ
1076:krēmnós
1016:πέτρα,
936:κῆτος,
904:arákhnē
883:Animals
812:'neck';
803:αὐχήν,
798:Anatomy
789:Lexicon
449:Plosive
437:palatal
412:palatal
397:palatal
380:Palatal
321:voicing
256:lexicon
157:Luwians
103:Hittite
93:before
5897:Mijiic
5890:Digaro
5837:Pontic
5765:Borean
5760:Altaic
5724:Rouran
5717:Turkic
5710:Uralic
5699:Other
5584:Turkic
5512:Nihali
5407:Gutian
5379:Hattic
5372:Turkic
5338:Minoan
5310:Sicani
5255:Basque
5249:Turkic
5242:Uralic
5226:Europe
5075:Modern
4929:accent
4885:Pontic
4875:Maniot
4838:Cretan
4802:Modern
4693:Aeolic
4660:–1453)
4478:
4470:
4460:Glotta
4438:
4408:
4390:Lingua
4379:
4373:Lingua
4360:
4341:
4323:Glotta
4276:
4232:
4211:
4192:
4173:
4154:
4127:
4100:
4077:
4058:
4023:
3996:
3979:
3942:
3896:
3874:
3843:
3805:
3768:
3736:
3704:
3683:
3660:
3637:
3597:
3576:
3552:
3507:
3265:pyrgos
3127:
3119:
3111:
3066:
3039:
3012:
2567:Lemnos
2516:Minoan
2466:tolýpē
2451:óbryza
2439:Lydian
2401:kupaḫi
2369:kýanos
2197:hyssós
2186:mástīx
2175:thṓrax
2121:élaion
2074:Ilisos
2068:Īlīsós
2032:Pindus
2026:Píndos
1954:Dodona
1948:Dōdṓnē
1915:Achaea
1909:Achaíā
1888:Attica
1882:Attikḗ
1874:-ττ-,
1855:-σσ-,
1824:-νθ-,
1729:Hermes
1723:Hermês
1684:Athena
1678:Athḗnē
1629:Ἄρης,
1624:Apollo
1568:wánax/
1557:atémbō
1498:mínthē
1462:kissós
1414:Plants
1376:Cadmus
1370:Kádmos
1361:Danaus
1355:Danaós
1307:sýrinx
1274:λύρα,
1139:ákatos
1098:ókhthē
1094:ὄχθη,
1042:pýrgos
870:ἰχώρ,
841:siagṓn
819:laimós
807:aukhḗn
442:labial
427:labial
417:labial
402:labial
370:Dental
365:Labial
268:Vowels
176:tolúpē
170:τολύπη
153:Thrace
137:parna-
127:-nthos
107:Luwian
5675:Nivkh
5629:Ongan
5110:Other
4965:Koine
4939:Koine
4779:Koine
4737:Doric
4733:West
4720:Ionic
4715:Attic
4711:East
4476:JSTOR
4436:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
4292:(PDF)
4152:eISSN
4056:eISSN
3977:eISSN
3872:S2CID
3823:(PDF)
3169:) in
3125:S2CID
3117:JSTOR
3095:(3).
2831:-nth-
2578:Italy
2531:Crete
2386:kù-an
2346:laḫpa
2342:ivory
2327:nēpis
2316:di-pa
2310:dépas
2270:depas
2056:Gélās
2005:Naxos
1999:Náxos
1993:Crete
1987:Krḗtē
1826:-nth-
1787:kámax
1699:Atlas
1693:Átlās
1451:elaía
1174:thī́s
1170:θίς,
1048:tower
1020:pétrā
941:kêtos
874:Ichor
830:rhī́s
826:ῥίς,
604:Trill
511:Nasal
432:plain
422:plain
407:plain
392:plain
385:Velar
306:stops
235:Lerna
141:-ssa-
123:-ssos
6044:bold
5902:Miju
5670:Ainu
5038:and
4468:ISSN
4406:ISSN
4377:ISSN
4358:ISBN
4339:ISSN
4274:ISBN
4230:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4171:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3994:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3165:help
3153:help
3109:ISSN
3064:ISBN
3037:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2835:-ss–
2833:and
2653:(?)
2062:Gela
1876:-tt-
1857:-ss-
1639:Ares
1633:Arēs
1570:ánax
1505:mint
1284:lyre
1278:lýra
292:and
254:and
125:and
119:-nda
117:and
115:-ssa
105:and
41:(or
37:The
5617:rim
5216:of
4428:doi
4398:doi
4331:doi
4300:133
4266:doi
4117:doi
4048:doi
4013:doi
3967:doi
3932:doi
3864:doi
3531:doi
3101:doi
2360:ꜣbw
2353:ʾlp
1586:, '
1503:, '
1282:, '
1046:, '
323:or
225:".
6063::
4655:c.
4642:c.
4629:c.
4616:c.
4603:c.
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662:lʲ
627:rʷ
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587:sʷ
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547:nʷ
542:nʲ
530:mʷ
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524:mʲ
504:kʷ
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483:tʷ
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