Ancient history - Knowledge

3337: 3262: 5235: 4413: 63: 3895: 4564: 3392: 101: 3293:, and Babylon by 539 BC. The empire built on earlier Mesopotamian systems of government to govern their large empire. By building roads, they improved both the ability to send governmental instructions throughout their lands as well as improving the ability of their military forces to be deployed rapidly. Increased trade and upgraded farming techniques increased wealth, but also exacerbated inequalities between social classes. The empire's location at the centre of trading networks spread its intellectual and philosophical ideas throughout a wide area, and its religion, while not itself spreading far, had an impact on later religions such as 5915:

religion was often based on location, with cities or entire countries selecting a deity, that would grant them preferences and advantages over their competitors. Worship involved the construction of representation of deities, and the granting of sacrifices. Sacrifices could be material goods, food, or in extreme cases human sacrifice to please a deity. New philosophies and religions arose in both east and west, particularly about the 6th century BC. Over time, a great variety of religions developed around the world, with some of the earliest major ones being Hinduism (around 2000 BC),

139: 5895: 3046: 72: 3455: 3990:

were responsible for constructing such settlements. Around 300 BC, the region became more desiccated and the settlements began to decline, most likely relocating to Koumbi Saleh. From the type of architecture and pottery, it is believed that Tichit was related to the subsequent Ghana Empire. Old Jenne (Djenne) began to be settled around 300 BC, producing iron and with sizeable population, evidenced in crowded cemeteries. The inhabitants and creators of these settlements during these periods are thought to have been ancestors of the Soninke people.

121: 3383:, who by the time of his death in AD 272 had defeated Roman imperial armies and set up buffer states between the Sasanians and Roman Empires. After Shapur, the Sasanians were under more pressure from the Kushans to their east as well as the Roman then Byzantine Empire to its west. However, the Sasanians rebuilt and founded numerous cities and their merchants traveled widely and introduced crops such as sugar, rice, and cotton into the Iranian plateau. But in AD 651, the last Sassanid emperor was killed by the expanding Islamic Arabs. 92: 81: 130: 3844: 5666: 4812: 4987: 5581: 3801: 10674: 5011:

took power and ruled China for over four centuries with a brief interruption from AD 9 to 23. The Han dynasty promoted the spread of iron agricultural tools, which helped create a food surplus that led to a large growth of population during the Han period. Silk production also increased and the manufacture of paper was invented. Though the Han enjoyed great military and economic success, it was strained by the rise of aristocrats who disobeyed the central government. Public frustration provoked the

5423: 4916: 5332:. Monte Alban grew to around 25,000 residents in the period around AD 200, with the city having large stone temples and an expansive stone plaza. Like the Olmecs, they had a writing system and calendar. But by AD 900 Monte Alban was deserted for unknown reasons. Teotihuacan developed around AD 200 and centred on the city of Teotihuacan, which grew to perhaps as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height. Teotihuacan lasted until around AD 700, when it was burned and vandalized. 2042: 3656: 4353: 4578: 4051: 4040: 110: 10736: 10719: 10753: 5518: 5028: 10702: 10662: 3101:(2900–2350 BC) periods. The surplus of storable foodstuffs created by this economy allowed the population to settle in one place instead of migrating after crops and herds. It also allowed for a much greater population density, and in turn required an extensive labour force and division of labour. This organization led to the necessity of record keeping and the development of writing. 4690:. Estimates for when this occurred vary from the 1st century CE, to as late as the 6th to 7th centuries CE. It is likely that the Austronesians that settled Madagascar followed a coastal route through South Asia and East Africa, rather than directly across the Indian Ocean. Genetic evidence suggests that some individuals of Austronesian descent reached Africa and the 2660:, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. The start and end of the three ages vary between world regions. In many regions the Bronze Age is generally considered to begin a few centuries prior to 3000 BC, while the end of the Iron Age varies from the early first millennium BC in some regions to the late first millennium AD in others. 2675:, which was in full progress. While in 10,000 BC, the world population stood at 2 million, it rose to 45 million by 3000 BC. By the Iron Age in 1000 BC, the population had risen to 72 million. By the end of the ancient period in AD 500, the world population is thought to have stood at 209 million. In 10,500 years, the world population increased by 100 times. 5370:

that existed in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and was responsible for the creation of over 100 mound sites. The Mississippi River was a core area in the development of long-distance trade and culture. Following Poverty Point, successive complex cultures such as the Hopewell emerged in the Southeastern

4016:

area. By AD 1000 these groups had spread throughout all of southern Africa south of the equator. Iron metallurgy and agriculture spread along with these peoples, with the cultivation of millet, oil palms, sorghum, and yams as well as the use of domesticated cattle, pigs, and sheep. These technologies

3427:

in warfare. The Hittites introduced the casting of iron with molds and then hammering it which enabled weapons and tools to be made stronger and also cheaper. Although chariots had been used previously, the use of spoked wheels allowed the chariots to be much lighter and more maneuverable. In 1274 BC

3681:

Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilisation geographically located in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River, reaching its greatest extent during the 2nd millennium BC, which is referred to as the New Kingdom period. It reached broadly from

2733:

1.8 million years ago. Evidence for the use of fire has been dated as early as 1.8 million years ago, a date which is contested, with generally accepted evidence for the controlled use of fire dating to 780,000 years ago. Actual use of hearths first appears 400,000 years ago. Dates for the emergence

5914:

The rise of civilisation corresponded with the institutional sponsorship of belief in gods, supernatural forces and the afterlife. During the Bronze Age, many civilisations adopted their own form of polytheism. Usually, polytheistic Gods manifested human personalities, strengths and failings. Early

5296:

around 400 BC. These and other Olmec centres were groups of tombs, temples, and other ceremonial sites built of stone. Their construction testifies to the complexity of Olmec society, although the exact nature of how they were governed is not known. They also erected large stone sculptures of human

5010:

were launched southward to annex Vietnam. The Qin period also saw the standardization of the Chinese writing system and the government unified the legal systems as well as setting standardized units of measurement throughout the empire. After the emperor's death rebellions began and the Han dynasty

5497:

in Greece is generally considered to have lasted from around the 8th century BC to the invasion by Xerxes in 480 BC. This period saw the expansion of the Greek world around the Mediterranean, with the founding of Greek city-states as far afield as Sicily in the west and the Black Sea in the east.

3989:

Dhar Tichitt and Oualata were prominent among the early urban centres, dated to 2000 BC, in present-day Mauritania. About 500 stone settlements littered the region in the former savannah of the Sahara. Its inhabitants fished and grew millet. It has been found that the Soninke of the Mandé peoples

4377:

culture established a tradition of bronze production and the manufacture of evermore refined bronze and iron objects, such as plows, axes and sickles with shaft holes, socketed arrows and spearheads and small ornamented items. By about 500 BCE, large and delicately decorated bronze drums of

4962:

After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of the 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other is known as the Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held

4226:

around AD 320. Under his successors the empire spread to include much of India except for the Deccan Plateau and the very south of the peninsula. This was a period of relative peace, and the Gupta rulers generally left administration in local rulers. The Gupta Empire was weakened and ultimately

6064:

Ancient technological progress began before the recording of history, with tools, use of fire, domestication of animals, and agriculture all predating recorded history. The use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop. Medical knowledge,

6072:

are indicated by a set of artifacts and customs that lasted for thousands of years. The Egyptians invented and used many basic machines, such as the ramp and the lever, to aid construction processes. The Egyptians also played an important role in developing Mediterranean maritime technology,

4296:

Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterized as "agrarian kingdoms", developed an economy by around 500 BCE based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the Malayan-Indonesian

3867:, it existed from approximately AD 100 to 940, growing from the Iron Age proto-Aksumite period around the 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. The Kingdom of Aksum at its height by the early 6th-century AD extended through much of modern Ethiopia and across the 8440:

Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (26 April 2021). "Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population".

5164:

Ancient Andean civilisation began with the rise of organized fishing communities from 3500 BC onwards. Along with a sophisticated maritime society came the construction of large monuments, which likely existed as community centers. The peoples of this area grew beans, cotton,

3160:

was a city and its surrounding region near Babylon. Akkad also became the capital of the Akkadian Empire. Despite an extensive search, the precise site has never been found. Akkad reached the height of its power between about 2330 and 2150 BC, following the conquests of King

4539:

by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE. For a few centuries, the Polynesian islands were connected by bidirectional long-distance sailing, with the exception of Rapa Nui, which had limited further contact due to its isolated geographical location. Island groups like the

6065:

including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques, advanced during antiquity. An early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing, which allowed humans to record information for later use.

4615:

for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. The trade was established by links between the indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Philippines, and later included parts of Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and other areas in Southeast Asia (known as the

4382:

process. This industry of highly sophisticated metal processing was developed independent of Chinese or Indian influence. Historians relate these achievements to the presence of organized, centralized and hierarchical communities and a large population.

8380:

Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (21 January 2014).

4912:, near the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. Zhou administration was decentralised, with local elites responsible for collecting tribute and providing military support to the Zhou rulers. 5350:, but Mayan civilisation was based on city-states which often were at war with each other. This seems not to have restricted trade, which went on between the cities. A priestly elite kept astronomical and calendrical knowledge, recording it with a 10203: 3588:

has been sparse; indigenous written sources are limited to the many inscriptions and coins from southern Arabia. Existing material consists primarily of written sources from other traditions (such as Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, etc.) and

4112:. Harappan civilization grew out of the earlier agricultural communities as they evolved into cities. These communities created and traded jewelry, figurines, and seals that appear widely scattered throughout Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and Iran. 4873:. It was not until the later 20th century that many historians considered the Shang or Xia to be anything other than legendary. Little is yet known about the Xia, which appears to have begun around 2200 BC, and may have controlled parts of the 4343:

in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications.

6176:

K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on p. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The

5208:. These people left painted pottery depicting their society and culture with a wide range of varied subjects. Besides the Mochica, there were a number of other large states in the Andes after about AD 100. Included amongst these are the 8304:

Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".

5599:

was a civilisation that grew out of the city-state of Rome, originating as a small agricultural community founded on the Italian peninsula in the 8th century BC, with influences from Greece and other Italian civilisations, such as the

4147:

system which divided society into four broad castes, which were later elaborated. By the end of the Vedic period, this way of organizing society had become central to Indian society. Religion in the late Vedic period was evolving into

4979:. The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers, and further annexations to the south and southeast by 213 BC enabled him to proclaim himself the 5556:. After Alexander's death, a series of wars between his successors eventually led to three large states being formed from parts of Alexander's conquests, each ruled by a dynasty founded by one of the successors. These were the 3211:

was a Hurrian empire in northern Mesopotamia founded around 1500 BC. The Mitanians conquered and controlled Assyria until the 14th century BC while contending with Egypt for control of parts of modern Syria. Its capital was

3946:

and possibly the domestication of African rice. The site is believed to exceed 33 hectares (82 acres); however, this is yet to be confirmed with extensive survey work. With the help of archaeological excavations mainly by

4880:

The Shang dynasty traditionally is dated to 1766 to 1122 BC. Bronze was central to Shang culture and technology, with chariots and bronze weapons helping to expand Shang control over northern China. The cities at Ao and

3496:(853). Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BC, but the subject is one of considerable controversy. Israel came into conflict with the Assyrians, who conquered Israel in 722 BC. The 4939:. In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples, forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to 9225:

People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan

4394:. Ceramic jar burial sites that included grave goods have been discovered at various sites along the entire territory. Among large, thin-walled terracotta jars, ornamented and colorized cooking pots, glass items, 3721:. The civilisation of ancient Egypt was characterised primarily by intensive agricultural use of the fertile Nile Valley; the use of the Nile itself for transportation; the development of writing systems – first 3347:

was an Iranian civilisation situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran. Their power was based on a combination of military power based on heavy cavalry with a decentralised governing structure based on a

4120:, which is still mostly undeciphered. The exact structure of society and the way the cities were governed is not known. By about 1600 BC, the Indus Valley culture had abandoned many of their cities, including 5620:, that ended with the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. Rome then expanded into Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, while a series of internal conflicts led to the republic becoming an empire ruled by an 5551:

development of the first part of the Classical period. The period in Greek history from the death of Alexander the Great until the rise of the Roman empire and its conquest of Egypt in 30 BC is known as the

3410:

first came to Anatolia about 1900 BC and during the period 1600-1500 they expanded into Mesopotamia where they adopted the cuneiform script to their Indo-European language. By 1200 their empire stretched to

9265:

Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BC, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years

3910:

is thought to have been highly advanced. The Nok civilisation was considered to be the earliest sub-Saharan producer of life-sized Terracotta which have been discovered by archaeologists. The Nok also used

10186: 4763:

by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market. It emerged through the conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included

4448:

population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the

10211: 3951:, the site is known to have been occupied from 250 BC to AD 900. The city is believed to have been abandoned and moved where the current city is located due to the spread of Islam and the building of the 5481:

script. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, along with several other civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean, during the regional event known as the

9020: 2883:

were domesticated by about 4000 BC. All of these animals were used not only for food, but to carry and pull people and loads, greatly increasing human ability to do work. The invention of the simple

5358:. Mathematics was also studied, and they used the concept of zero in their calculations. The Mayan civilisation began to decline about AD 800, and most of its cities were deserted soon afterwards. 3477:

around 1209 BC. This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their

4519:

by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE, when there was another surge of island colonization. It reached the

4998:

Qin Shi Huangdi ruled the unified China directly with absolute power. In contrast to the decentralized and feudal rule of earlier dynasties the Qin ruled directly. Nationwide the philosophy of

4235:

emanating from Central Asia), and the empire broke up into smaller regional kingdoms by the end of the fifth century AD. India would remain fragmented into smaller states until the rise of the

8234:

Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).

7948: 5185:, emerged around 1000 BC and led to large temples and artworks as well as sophisticated textiles. Gold, silver, and copper were worked for jewelry and occasionally for small copper tools. 5543:, Athens was able to convert pan-hellenist sentiment and fear of the Persian threat into a powerful empire, and this, along with the conflict between Sparta and Athens culminating in the 8156:

Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde

3469:

were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant and had existed during the Iron Ages and the Neo-Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. The name Israel first appears in the

5469:

civilization, the first distinctively Greek civilization later emerged on the mainland (1600–1100 BC), consisting of a network of palace-centered states and writing the earliest

5612:. Rome expanded through the Italian peninsula through a series of wars in the fifth through the third centuries BC. This expansion brought the Roman republic into conflict with 4943:. In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. The 5721:, Germanic and Christian traditions formed the cultural foundations of Europe. There has been attempt by scholars to connect European late antiquity to other areas in Eurasia. 5568:. These three kingdoms, along with smaller kingdoms, spread Greek culture and lifestyles into Asia and Egypt. These varying states eventually were conquered by Rome or the 8154:

Bellwood, Peter; Hung, H.; Lizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannot, P. (ed.).

4908:

to legitimize their rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. The Zhou initially established their capital in the west near modern

3336: 5787:. By the early centuries AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the 10168: 5802:, they fought against both sections of the Roman Empire. However, after Attila's death, the state fell apart and the Huns' influence in history disappeared. The 4628:

artifacts are one of the notable archeological finds originating from the Maritime Jade Road. During the operation of the Maritime Jade Road, the Austronesian

572: 9028: 7569: 5498:

Politically, the Archaic period in Greece saw the collapse of the power of the old aristocracies, with democratic reforms in Athens and the development of

4889:, have been excavated and city walls, royal palaces, and archives as well as tombs and workshops were found. A system of writing developed, beginning with 7608: 5624:

by the first century AD. Throughout the first and second centuries AD, the Empire grew slightly while spreading Roman culture throughout its boundaries.

3500:

did the same to Judah in 586. After both conquests, the conquering forces deported many of the inhabitants to other regions of their respective empires.

3629:. At the height of the city's influence, its empire included most of the western Mediterranean. The empire was in a constant state of struggle with the 5273:. Settlements appeared around 3000 BC and by 2000 BC most of Mesoamerica was practicing agriculture. Although some animals were domesticated — notably 3169:

from the city, spread and replaced the Sumerian language in Mesopotamia and eventually by 1450 BC was the main language of diplomacy in the Near East.

8088: 7552: 4141:. Between 1500 and 500 BC these peoples spread throughout most of India and had begun to found small cities. Vedic society was characterized by the 7940: 2948:

developed separately in five different locations in human history: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Mesoamerica. By 3400 BC, "proto-literate"

2696:

is the period before written history. Most of our knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. Prehistory is often known as the

7739:

culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."

5366:

Organized societies, in the ancient United States or Canada, were often mound builder civilisations. One of the most significant of these was the

5002:

was enforced and publications promoting rival ideas such as Confucianism were prohibited. In his reign unified China created the first continuous

4647:

They also established early long-distance contacts with Africa, possibly as early as before 500 BCE, based on archaeological evidence like banana

5075:

in the second century BC, and this rule led to cultural influences on both areas for many centuries to come. Wudi also faced a threat from the

8592:"Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period" 4676: 5182: 1685: 867: 742: 6169: 6158: 3261: 5346:

period, more than 80 Mayan sites were built, with temples, pyramids, and palaces the focal point of each centre. The most influential was

4480:

migration was also unique in that it was the only Austronesian migration to the Pacific Islands to successfully retain rice cultivation.

1072: 4849:

were kept for food. Longshan potters may have used the pottery wheel to produce their wares. Ancient Chinese traditions described three

4721:. Prior to the 10th century, the eastern part of the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian Austronesian traders using distinctive 3942:. This archaeological site is located about 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) away from the modern town and is believed to have been involved in 6039: 3694:

of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient Egyptian civilisation included, at different times, areas of the southern

5234: 4160:. This faith also spread throughout Eastern and Southeastern Asia after his death. This period also saw the composition of the epics 2077: 7777:

Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). "Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement".

5007: 3419:. They improved two earlier technologies from Mesopotamia and spread these new techniques widely – improved iron working and light 3183:, which gave the state its name. Later, as a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of 1571: 5354:

based on the Olmec system of glyphs. History, poetry, and other records were recorded in books, most of which did not survive the

3819:

was conquered by Egyptian rulers around 3100 BC, but by 2500 BC the Nubians had created a new kingdom further south, known as the

10364: 8478:"Evidence of Austronesian Genetic Lineages in East Africa and South Arabia: Complex Dispersal from Madagascar and Southeast Asia" 8206:

Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

6034: 2637:

script. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC – AD 500, ending with the

2594: 8561: 3641:, Carthage was destroyed and then occupied by Roman forces. Nearly all of the territory held by Carthage fell into Roman hands. 2507: 2855:

were domesticated around 9000 BC in the Fertile Crescent, alongside the first evidence for agriculture. Other animals, such as

5985:, was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East in the 4th century BC by the conquests of Alexander the Great. After the 4104:, Pakistan, and western India. Another name for this civilisation is Harappan, after the first of its cities to be excavated, 3625:

was a city-state that ruled an empire through alliances and trade influence that stretched throughout North Africa and modern

3375:

began when the Parthian Empire ended in AD 224. Their rulers claimed the Achaemenids as ancestors and set up their capital at

10530: 10496: 10475: 10409: 10384: 10354: 10335: 10309: 10286: 10263: 10240: 10180: 10154: 10131: 10108: 10089: 10066: 10040: 10017: 9994: 9951: 9925: 9899: 9873: 9848: 9251: 9211: 8574: 8163: 7840: 7497: 7467: 7440: 6140: 6095:

with the concept of zero was developed in India, while modern forms of paper were invented in China in the first century AD.

5112:

which built large tombs by AD 200. In the 300s, a kingdom formed in the Yamato plain, perhaps influenced by Korean refugees.

4829:

valley is one of earliest civilisations in the world. Prior to the formation of civilisation, neolithic cultures such as the

4552:

were also formerly settled by Austronesians but later abandoned. There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the

4043: 3593:

later recorded by Islamic scholars. A number of small kingdoms existed in Arabia from around AD 100 to perhaps about AD 400.

8925: 4017:

helped increase population, and settled communities became common in sub-Saharan Africa except in deserts or heavy forests.

9174: 6004: 5355: 3329:

by 330 BC, and after Alexander's death, much of the area previously ruled by the Cyrus and his successors was ruled by the

3187:, the term "Assyria proper" referred to roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with 7633:

Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10 December 2011).

2398: 2310: 10690: 5146:. Beyond these areas, the use of agriculture expanded East of the Andes Mountains in South America particularly with the 4600: 3449: 3098: 1566: 1411: 387: 10486: 9282: 7680: 6073:

including ships. The Babylonians and Egyptians were early astronomers who recorded their observations of the night sky.

5312:

After the decline of the Olmecs, other civilisations in Mesoamerica either arose or emerged from the Olmec shadow - the

3191:

as its capital. The Assyrian kings controlled a large kingdom at three different times in history. These are called the

10615: 8215: 5861: 5639:, and Italy, eventually broke into independent kingdoms in the 5th century AD; the Eastern Roman Empire, governed from 4557: 3967:

flourished long before. Towns similar to that at Djenne-Jeno also developed at the site of Dia, also in Mali along the

3831:

period, Kush once more was conquered by Egypt. However, by 1100 BC a new kingdom of Kush had formed, with a capital at

3784:

around 1550 BC. This period lasted until about 1000 BC, and saw Egypt expand its borders into Palestine and Syria. The

3764:, which saw pyramid building on a large scale. After 2100 BC, the Old Kingdom dissolved into smaller states during the 8383:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" 5277:

and dogs — the lack of suitable large animals precluded the development of animals used for transportation or labour.

3368:. Parthia had many wars with the Romans, but it was rebellions within the empire that ended it in the 3rd century AD. 2484: 2393: 9184: 8190: 8037: 7982: 7831:

Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.).

5889: 5102:

and Silla alliance. Silla then drove out the Tang dynasty in 676 to control most of the Korean peninsula undisputed.

7515:"Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads" 5343: 4412: 1171: 577: 35: 5301:

jewelry and other Olmec objects are found throughout Mesoamerica, likely having travelled via trade networks. The

5031:

Gold stag with eagle's head, and ten more heads in the antlers. Inspired by Siberian Altai mountain art, possibly

4211:. An alliance existed between Devanampiya Tissa and Ashoka of India, who sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka. 3340:

Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG)

10426: 10296:

Stager, Lawrence E. (1998). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.).

9892:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume III, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C

7576: 6092: 5015:; though a failure it nonetheless accelerated the empire's downfall. After AD 208, the Han dynasty broke up into 4947:

of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism,

3027:, slavery, and organized warfare. It began the study of the stars and the sciences of astronomy and mathematics. 1469: 1166: 7601: 9292: 6054: 4780:, among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the 3894: 3396: 2548: 2301: 1194: 7735:

2011 Page 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the

10708: 9883: 5951: 4999: 4952: 4183:

Maurya, one of India's most legendary and famous emperors. During the reign of Ashoka, the four dynasties of

4116:

were domesticated in addition to the earlier crops and animals. They developed their own writing system, the

3503:

Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great allowed the rebuilding of the temple at

2848: 2070: 1954: 452: 42: 8010:

Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia,

5962:

not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. Confucianism would later spread into the

5833:, settled in Spain, founding a kingdom that lasted until it was conquered by Islamic rulers in the AD 700s. 5502:. The end of the Archaic period also saw the rise of Athens, which would come to be a dominant power in the 4837:

dating to 5000 BC produced sophisticated pottery, cultivated millet, and likely produced clothes woven from

4453:

and Borneo. From southwestern Borneo, Austronesians spread further west in a single migration event to both

2493: 10450: 9909: 5986: 5458: 4850: 2182: 587: 9981:

Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500–1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.).

7514: 5681:

The Roman Empire underwent considerable social, cultural and organizational change starting with reign of

4563: 4556:, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia, where they might have traded with the 2465: 2460: 6069: 6029: 5946:

In the east, three schools of thought were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were

5798:

were a nomadic people who formed a large state in Eastern Europe by about AD 400, and under their leader

5710: 5628: 5189: 4701:

Austronesian jade and spice trade networks in Southeast Asia connected with the maritime trade routes of

3462: 2852: 2587: 2346: 1431: 62: 5285: 1176: 10652: 10440: 10401: 10327: 10123: 10081: 10009: 9986: 9917: 8103: 6104: 5521:

Map of Alexander's short-lived empire (334–323 BC). After his death the lands were divided between the

5060: 4944: 4248: 4069:

have been discovered in India dating to 200,000 years ago, and neolithic sites are known from near the

3147: 2872: 2773: 2148: 1959: 1929: 180: 100: 7707: 3717:. It began with the incipient unification of Nile Valley polities around 3100 BC, traditionally under 9973: 5910:, 1st century AD. Gods were sometimes borrowed between civilisations and adapted to local conditions. 5869: 5865: 4633: 4252: 4089: 3785: 3765: 2957: 1909: 1698: 1635: 1201: 922: 168: 6131:(2017). "Periodization in World History: Challenges and Opportunities". In R. Charles Weller (ed.). 4156:, born around 560 BC in northern India, went on to found a new religion based on his ascetic life – 3952: 470: 10783: 10778: 6049: 6044: 5483: 5159: 5059:

The East Asian nations adjacent to China were all profoundly influenced by their interactions with

4935: 4930: 4588:

empire at its maximum extent in the 8th to 11th centuries, showing their control of the straits of

4469: 3575: 3391: 3325:, with expeditions in 490 and 480 BC eventually failing. The Achaemenid dynasty and empire fell to 2384: 2063: 2045: 1982: 1529: 1481: 1446: 1236: 442: 49: 9983:

The Cambridge World History: Volume III: Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE

9835:

Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past Volume I: From the Beginning to 1500

5806:

connection is controversial at best and is often disputed but is also not completely discredited.

5457:

in Crete (2700–1500 BC). The Minoans built large palaces decorated with frescoes and wrote in the

5082:

In 108 BC, the Han dynasty of China conquered much of Korea but when Han China began its decline,

4330: 4326: 3938:

and is considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers and the best-known archaeology site in

2902:, which happened around 6000 BC in western Asia and independently in eastern Asia before 2000 BC. 2479: 2474: 2291: 1739: 10376: 10301: 10255: 9865: 8179:

Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).

6166: 5411: 5188:

After the decline of Chavin culture, a number of cities formed after about 200 BC. The cities at

5121: 5083: 5012: 4266: 3769: 3663: 3247: 2356: 1719: 1476: 1329: 1161: 1060: 755: 612: 188: 164: 17: 4378:

remarkable quality, weighing more than 70 kg (150 lb), were produced in the laborious

4073:

dating to around 8000 BC. Agriculture began in the Indus Valley around 7000 BC, and reached the

3250:

and were mostly pastoralists with a tradition of horse archery. The Medes established their own

827: 10642: 9241: 6155: 6008: 5877: 5873: 5052: 4425: 4318: 4278: 3016: 3000: 2740:(modern humans) range from 250,000 to 160,000 years ago, with the varying dates being based on 2638: 2580: 2338: 2272: 2094: 2051: 2027: 1584: 1086: 457: 147:

Well-known ancient artworks, each representing a certain civilisation. From left to right: the

9201: 7881: 7864: 7430: 10600: 8082: 8025: 7835:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. 7702: 7546: 7487: 7457: 5851: 5690: 5531:

The Classical Greek world was dominated throughout the 5th century BC by the major powers of

5446: 5375:. Before AD 500 many mound builder societies retained a hunter gatherer form of subsistence. 5367: 5306: 5079:, a nomadic people from the Central Asian steppes. Wudi's invasions ended the Xiongnu state. 5016: 4270: 4026: 3497: 3131: 3024: 2942:

which could be used to carry loads further and easier than with human or animal power alone.

2844: 2716: 2170: 1266: 902: 537: 184: 10464: 9965: 9939: 9833: 9832: 4963:

little power. As neighboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern

2455: 1416: 8394: 8247: 7905: 7786: 5686: 5499: 5317: 4801: 4760: 4733:

traders also sailed the western parts of the routes. It allowed the exchange of goods from

4617: 4567: 4457:

and the coastal regions of southern Vietnam, becoming the ancestors of the speakers of the

4407: 4387: 4367: 4362:

The earliest known evidence of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia was found at

3828: 3781: 3667: 3045: 2977: 2840: 2688: 2672: 2445: 2375: 2296: 2282: 2158: 2154: 1944: 1714: 1391: 1356: 1154: 887: 807: 517: 512: 297: 212: 138: 5134:

In pre-Columbian times, several large, centralized ancient civilisations developed in the

3934:

The civilisation of Djenné-Djenno was located in the Niger River Valley in the country of

3003:. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; created one of the first 8: 10319: 10252:

Ancient Egyptian technology and Innovation: Transformations in Pharaonic Material Culture

5881: 5855: 5454: 5417: 4919: 4445: 4117: 4097: 4013: 3659: 3555: 3326: 3201: 2440: 2324: 2257: 1919: 1271: 880: 822: 477: 432: 156: 71: 10541: 8477: 8398: 8251: 7909: 7790: 5894: 4008:

began to spread throughout southern Africa, and by 2000 BC they were expanding past the

3835:. Nubian rulers conquered Egypt around 760 BC and retained control for about a century. 3246:

were peoples who had appeared in the Iranian plateau around 1500 BC. Both peoples spoke

2926:

developed independently throughout the world, with fired pots appearing first among the

10520: 9940: 8502: 8417: 8382: 8278: 8235: 7921: 7810: 7654: 6018: 5998: 5936: 5885: 5553: 5135: 5098:– emerged and expelled the Chinese. Goguryeo and Baekje were eventually destroyed by a 4976: 4815: 4718: 4604: 4179:

rose to prominence under a number of dynasties that peaked in power under the reign of

4153: 3939: 3571: 3454: 3400: 3094: 3004: 2973: 2965: 2668: 2615: 2498: 2370: 2201: 2017: 1949: 1934: 1924: 1904: 1869: 1844: 1819: 1702: 1261: 1226: 1136: 1091: 1047: 892: 552: 437: 10742: 10568: 10445: 7917: 7752:

Excavations at Gò Cầm, Quảng Nam, 2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms

5764: 5647:

after AD 476, the traditional date for the "fall of Rome" and subsequent onset of the

5288:

was founded, which remained the centre of Olmec civilisation until around 800 BC when

4207:). These kingdoms, while not part of Ashoka's empire, were in friendly terms with the 2976:

dating to the period 1600 to 1100 BC. Writing in Mesoamerica dates to 600 BC with the

30:

This article is about history from the beginning of writing. For earlier periods, see

10634: 10578: 10526: 10492: 10471: 10405: 10380: 10368: 10350: 10331: 10305: 10282: 10278: 10259: 10236: 10176: 10150: 10127: 10104: 10085: 10062: 10036: 10013: 9990: 9947: 9921: 9895: 9869: 9844: 9536: 9288: 9247: 9207: 9180: 8570: 8507: 8458: 8422: 8343:

Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".

8322: 8283: 8211: 8186: 8180: 8159: 8070: 8033: 7978: 7941:"'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia" 7836: 7802: 7658: 7634: 7493: 7463: 7436: 6136: 6088:

sometime in the early 1st millennium BC spread from there slowly west- and eastward.

6085: 5932: 5772: 5760: 5718: 5714: 5544: 5470: 5388: 5339: 5335: 5313: 5302: 5147: 5125: 4905: 4752: 4691: 4589: 4458: 4433: 4196: 4109: 4085:, and wheat were grown and the population had domesticated cattle, goats, and sheep. 3780:

around 1650 BC. The Hyksos were expelled from Egypt and the land was reunited in the

3734: 3585: 3282: 3266: 3229: 3166: 3139: 3008: 2994: 2935: 2796: 2720: 2631: 2361: 2315: 1939: 1839: 1665: 1640: 1441: 1351: 1341: 1316: 857: 817: 677: 667: 522: 422: 397: 257: 245: 7814: 5709:

disrupted Roman rule from the late 4th century onwards, culminating in the eventual

1486: 10164: 9966: 9935: 9887: 9828: 9528: 8603: 8536: 8497: 8489: 8450: 8412: 8402: 8360: 8352: 8314: 8273: 8263: 8255: 8062: 7913: 7876: 7794: 7646: 7526: 6133:

21st-Century Narratives of World History: Global and Multidisciplinary Perspectives

6128: 5963: 5740: 5706: 5702: 5670: 5644: 5503: 5466: 5384: 4834: 4830: 4545: 4504: 4462: 4379: 4374: 4143: 4030: 3856: 3622: 3550:, ruled an empire in the Western Mediterranean until being defeated by Rome in the 3512: 3493: 3466: 3429: 3330: 3310: 2788: 2664: 2645: 2627: 2526: 2187: 1879: 1630: 1615: 1595: 1536: 1421: 1381: 1281: 1249: 1181: 1116: 1017: 997: 907: 762: 662: 607: 562: 547: 91: 80: 8182:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

8053:

Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000). "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan".

8026:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 7896:

Bellwood, Peter (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".

5665: 5047:. Possibly from Huns of the Northern Chinese prairie. 4th to 3rd centuries BC, or 4811: 3929: 1645: 129: 10395: 10050: 9859: 8917: 7570:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong" 6173: 6162: 5744: 5592:'s control; the Imperial provinces were controlled directly by the Roman emperor. 5569: 5487: 5392: 5372: 5201: 5032: 4777: 4722: 4664: 4549: 4500: 4477: 4325:. Văn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE, endured until 258 BCE under the 4314: 4306: 4302: 4005: 3999: 3820: 3699: 3691: 3638: 3485: 3470: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3286: 3233: 3162: 3124: 3040: 2939: 2808: 2543: 2022: 1914: 1809: 1764: 1680: 1655: 1511: 1491: 1451: 1396: 1286: 1141: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1012: 737: 722: 657: 507: 447: 312: 196: 10673: 10612:– Academic Info: directory of online resources for the study of ancient history. 10076:

Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K.; et al., eds. (1992). "Preface".

8236:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA" 8129: 7489:

The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy

5445:

Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe beginning with the

5212:, who were mainly village-dwelling but left behind a large ceremonial centre at 3851:

records negus Ezana's conversion to Christianity and conquests of his neighbors.

3317:, creating the largest empire in the world to that date. But Darius and his son 2811:

in Western Africa perhaps dates to the same time period. Cultivation of millet,

2792: 120: 10666: 10572: 10146: 10058: 9325: 8608: 8590:

Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri; Masruroh, Noor Naelil; Rochwulaningsih, Yety (2018).

7728: 5928: 5756: 5752: 5698: 5694: 5660: 5640: 5609: 5605: 5585: 5580: 5532: 5494: 5474: 5407: 5178: 5170: 4781: 4765: 4730: 4641: 4582: 4492: 4473: 4398:

earrings and metal objects were deposited near the rivers and along the coast.

4262: 4223: 4055: 3948: 3859:

was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa centered in present-day

3843: 3800: 3772:

began around 2000 BC with the reunification of Egypt under pharoes ruling from

3760:

Ancient Egyptian history is divided across various periods, beginning with the

3746: 3630: 3590: 3584:

in the AD 630s is not known in great detail. Archaeological exploration in the

3516: 3508: 3484:

Israel had emerged by the middle of the 9th century BC, when the Assyrian King

3437: 3225: 3070: 2623: 2262: 2012: 1884: 1769: 1724: 1588: 1361: 1311: 1042: 812: 625: 482: 412: 332: 176: 148: 10008:. Translated by Foster, J. R.; Hartman, Charles (Second ed.). Cambridge: 8066: 7650: 5958:. The Confucian tradition, which would attain dominance, looked for political 10772: 10502: 10232: 9961: 9912:(2015). "The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.). 9540: 9284:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC

8559: 8074: 7530: 5788: 5621: 5540: 5325: 5281: 5274: 5209: 5143: 5109: 5105: 5036: 4986: 4980: 4923: 4915: 4874: 4866: 4846: 4819: 4714: 4683: 4682:, either directly from Southeast Asia or from preexisting mixed Austronesian- 4421: 4356: 4298: 4282: 4236: 4208: 4188: 4184: 4127:

Indo-European speaking peoples began to spread into India about 1500 BC. The

4074: 4034: 3963:. However, sites such as Djenné-Djenno disprove this, as these traditions in 3907: 3773: 3703: 3650: 3543: 3539: 3361: 3254:

by the 6th century BC, having defeated the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the

3251: 3179:, where a small state was created in the 19th century BC. The capital was at 3082: 2969: 2868: 2619: 2536: 2211: 2102: 1977: 1814: 1734: 1729: 1556: 1501: 1496: 1256: 1231: 1221: 1211: 1096: 1007: 1002: 972: 927: 897: 862: 672: 642: 262: 208: 200: 172: 160: 10618: : Ancient history research links for high school and college students. 9516: 8407: 8318: 7798: 5584:

Roman Empire AD 117. The Senatorial provinces were acquired first under the

4904:

valley to the west. The Zhou rulers at this time invoked the concept of the

4573:

and historic (Maritime Silk Road) maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean

1829: 1774: 1401: 1371: 10678: 10609: 10032: 9532: 9278: 8511: 8462: 8426: 8326: 8287: 7806: 7736: 5955: 5763:

period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age (

5748: 5730: 5674: 5596: 5589: 5351: 5293: 5258: 5099: 4994:

dominated the East Asia region at the beginning of the first millennium AD

4897: 4870: 4826: 4773: 4756: 4726: 4621: 4593: 4553: 4520: 4333:

that sustained a dense and organised population that produced an elaborate

4219: 4200: 4138: 4121: 4070: 4050: 3980: 3906:

around 1000 BC and mysteriously vanished around AD 200. The civilisation's

3687: 3424: 3379:

in Mesopotamia. Their period of greatest military expansion occurred under

3294: 3157: 3086: 3078: 2961: 2736: 2725: 2233: 2206: 1992: 1987: 1874: 1859: 1759: 1749: 1744: 1670: 1660: 1600: 1541: 1506: 1306: 1216: 1206: 967: 962: 632: 542: 282: 192: 10725: 10029:

Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)

8454: 5422: 4751:

in 682 CE, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits of

4436:

primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers settled in northern

9840: 8493: 8356: 5814: 5648: 5511: 5329: 5321: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5139: 5048: 4991: 4972: 4890: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4706: 4687: 4629: 4612: 4570: 4450: 4441: 4340: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4168: 4101: 4093: 4066: 4059: 4009: 3968: 3964: 3889: 3848: 3761: 3722: 3314: 3306: 3165:. Through the spread of Sargon's empire, the language of Akkad, known as 3151: 3090: 3036: 2919: 2911: 2836: 2780: 2701: 2611: 2412: 2407: 2277: 2127: 1799: 1754: 1709: 1650: 1620: 1610: 1516: 1436: 1106: 1022: 952: 912: 697: 567: 427: 277: 8365: 8259: 7925: 4896:

Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Shang were overrun by the

10627: 8268: 5899: 5822: 5682: 5617: 5450: 5197: 5003: 4702: 4679: 4668: 4625: 4496: 4363: 4334: 4301:" zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the 4290: 3742: 3730: 3683: 3655: 3634: 3551: 3349: 3213: 2953: 2899: 2828: 2705: 2693: 2684: 2653: 2428: 2238: 2191: 2166: 2112: 1997: 1804: 1625: 1301: 1101: 917: 797: 767: 647: 502: 236: 31: 4352: 3955:. Previously, it was assumed that advanced trade networks and complex 3788:

was marked by the rule of priests as well as the conquest of Egypt by

3776:. The Middle Kingdom ended with the conquest of northern Egypt by the 3753:

under the figure of a (semi)-divine ruler from a succession of ruling

3745:

religious tradition that included elaborate funeral customs including

3138:, was Babylonia from the 7th and 6th centuries BC. Under the reign of 2847:, which dates to at least 15,000 years ago, and perhaps even earlier. 10588: 9048: 9046: 8780: 8778: 8130:"Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar" 5982: 5847: 5830: 5767:

period), Celts had expanded over wide range of lands: as far west as

5601: 5565: 5557: 5548: 5435: 5427: 5403: 5129: 5108:

formed in Japan before 500 BC and under Chinese influence became the

4901: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4698: 4648: 4637: 4585: 4541: 4528: 4258: 4204: 3960: 3714: 3618: 3527: 3504: 3474: 3412: 3376: 3143: 3116: 3104: 3062: 2949: 2832: 2757: 2741: 2709: 2697: 2649: 2634: 2531: 2252: 2116: 2002: 1899: 1889: 1386: 1366: 777: 772: 527: 497: 487: 372: 357: 322: 10759: 8717: 8715: 8591: 8210:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 6712: 6710: 4039: 3216:, whose precise location has not been determined by archaeologists. 3081:

in the world. Agricultural communities emerged in the area with the

41:"Ancient" and "Ancient World" redirect here. For the TV series, see 7750: 7602:"Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium" 5974: 5959: 5916: 5826: 5809:

Migration of Germanic peoples to Britain from what is now northern

5784: 5780: 5632: 5613: 5523: 5478: 5462: 5289: 5213: 5091: 5072: 5040: 4968: 4909: 4672: 4660: 4652: 4577: 4536: 4395: 4310: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4134: 3912: 3864: 3726: 3612: 3559: 3547: 3478: 3458:

The Iron Age Kingdom of Israel (blue) and Kingdom of Judah (yellow)

3432:, where both sides claimed victory. In 1207 the Hittite capital of 3416: 3407: 3380: 3318: 3289:, who first became king of the Persians, then conquered the Medes, 3243: 3184: 3119:

created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of

3020: 2895: 2657: 2243: 2140: 2007: 1834: 1551: 1546: 1121: 1111: 957: 847: 842: 787: 782: 717: 712: 532: 392: 382: 377: 352: 287: 10522:

Decoding Ancient History: A Toolkit for the Historian as Detective

9154: 9094: 9058: 9043: 8952: 8940: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8850: 8775: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8589: 8439: 4975:, they were governed under the new local administrative system of 4959:

were founded, partly in response to the changing political world.

4495:, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern 3749:. Overseeing these activities were a socio-political and economic 109: 10583: 9651: 9649: 9474: 9472: 9203:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

8763: 8712: 8379: 8303: 6707: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6287: 6285: 5940: 5920: 5810: 5776: 5768: 5561: 5254: 5076: 5068: 4964: 4940: 4468:

Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the

4454: 4391: 4286: 4176: 4129: 4113: 4105: 3984: 3956: 3903: 3868: 3860: 3804: 3754: 3535: 3433: 3420: 3344: 3302: 3255: 3208: 3188: 3172: 3135: 3108: 3066: 3058: 3050: 2945: 2923: 2860: 2800: 2795:

began around 9500 BC and may have the world's oldest temple. The

2765: 2730: 1864: 1789: 1605: 1406: 1346: 1296: 1291: 1276: 1126: 1067: 992: 987: 982: 942: 832: 802: 792: 707: 692: 597: 592: 492: 417: 402: 347: 317: 307: 9301: 8560:

Franck Billé; Sanjyot Mehendale; James W. Lankton, eds. (2022).

6949: 6881: 6763: 6761: 5685:, who began the custom of splitting the empire into eastern and 5517: 4472:

by 1500 BCE or even earlier, becoming the first humans to reach

3538:, Syria and Israel. Phoenician civilisation was an enterprising 652: 10604: 10563: 9583: 7335: 7277: 7275: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7219: 7159: 7147: 7099: 7087: 7075: 6939: 6937: 6893: 6785: 6637: 6635: 6622: 6620: 6607: 6605: 5973:

In the west, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by

5947: 5799: 5536: 5439: 5431: 5270: 5193: 5174: 5166: 5087: 5027: 4956: 4948: 4886: 4738: 4710: 4656: 4608: 4532: 4524: 4429: 4322: 4192: 4180: 4082: 4078: 3832: 3777: 3695: 3531: 3322: 3176: 2915: 2907: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2864: 2816: 2804: 2784: 2761: 2753: 2745: 2567: 1894: 1824: 1784: 1779: 1675: 1561: 1456: 1426: 1336: 1081: 1077: 977: 932: 852: 727: 702: 407: 367: 362: 342: 337: 292: 216: 204: 9793: 9685: 9673: 9661: 9646: 9634: 9469: 9457: 9433: 9409: 9373: 9313: 9082: 9000: 8838: 8814: 8802: 8751: 8739: 8664: 8652: 8030:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

6592: 6590: 6575: 6493: 6491: 6466: 6464: 6379: 6345: 6309: 6282: 5200:

were all likely over 10,000 residents. From about AD 300, the

4137:, dates to this period and begins a period often known as the 3959:

did not exist in the region until the arrival of traders from

10684: 10373:

Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

10078:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume V: The Fifth Century B.C

7432:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One

7410: 7398: 6961: 6773: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6245: 6243: 6192: 6077: 5978: 5967: 5924: 5818: 5734: 5507: 5347: 5266: 5265:, and squashes were grown from about 7000 BC. Around 4000 BC 5262: 5095: 5064: 5044: 4929:

In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the

4882: 4789: 4785: 4769: 4516: 4512: 4481: 4437: 4274: 3943: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3789: 3750: 3738: 3718: 3707: 3626: 3581: 3546:

between the period of 1550 to 300 BC. One Phoenician colony,

3534:, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern-day 3530:

was an ancient civilisation centered in the north of ancient

3298: 3290: 3239: 3180: 3120: 3054: 3012: 2952:

spread in the Middle East. Egypt developed its own system of

2938:

was invented. By 3000 BC, the pottery wheel was adapted into

2927: 2880: 2820: 2769: 2641: 1849: 1794: 1376: 1131: 937: 837: 732: 687: 682: 637: 602: 557: 327: 302: 252: 152: 10143:

World History: From the Ancient World to the Information Age

9745: 9733: 9721: 9709: 9697: 9622: 9361: 8208:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

7323: 7311: 7299: 7272: 7231: 7207: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 6934: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6695: 6632: 6617: 6602: 6563: 5220:, a large number of huge designs set into the desert floor. 5019:. China would remain divided for almost the next 400 years. 2807:

cultivation starting around 8000 BC and agricultural use of

9942:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?

7111: 7063: 6587: 6527: 6515: 6488: 6461: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6369: 6367: 6321: 6081: 5907: 5825:

eventually settling in Italy before being conquered by the

5803: 5795: 5636: 5298: 4842: 4838: 4607:, a jade trade network, in Southeast Asia which existed in 4508: 3935: 3872: 3489: 3154:

as architectural embellishments of its capital at Babylon.

3112: 2931: 2903: 2856: 2824: 2812: 1854: 947: 582: 272: 267: 10075: 9805: 9781: 9769: 9484: 9421: 9397: 9331: 9106: 6993: 6991: 6978: 6976: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6260: 6258: 6240: 6228: 5173:, fished in the ocean, and by about 2000 BC had added the 4416:

Map showing the migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan

2630:

is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the development of

9600: 9598: 9337: 9236: 9234: 8640: 8233: 7733:

Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia

7386: 6833: 4485: 9757: 8790: 7352: 7350: 7171: 7003: 6683: 6671: 6551: 6449: 6420: 6364: 5309:, both of which influenced later Mesoamerican cultures. 27:

Human history between prehistory and the Medieval period

7632: 7183: 6988: 6973: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6503: 6476: 6391: 6270: 6255: 6216: 6204: 3792:

kings and then later Assyria, Persia, and Macedonians.

3713:

Ancient Egypt developed over at least three and a half

3115:), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when 9610: 9595: 9559: 9547: 9496: 9445: 9385: 9231: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9070: 8976: 8964: 8826: 6647: 6408: 5342:

and modern-day Guatemala. During the 600 years of the

3733:; the organisation of collective projects such as the 3481:, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state. 3077:

Mesopotamia is the site of some of the earliest known

2887:

by 6000 BC further increased agricultural efficiency.

10650: 10367:(2008). "Hydraulic Engineering and Water Supply". In 9571: 9349: 8988: 8727: 8628: 8616: 8104:"Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south" 7776: 7748: 7681:"How and When the Bronze Age Reached South East Asia" 7492:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 41. 7362: 7347: 6659: 5989:

formed, Christianity spread through the Roman world.

4971:, were annexed by the growing power of the rulers of 3580:

The history of Pre-Islamic Arabia before the rise of

2922:

and was developed independently in China by 2000 BC.

10575:'s website on various topics of ancient civilisation 9968:

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies

9246:. Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 1458. 7374: 7287: 7260: 7248: 7135: 7123: 6905: 6821: 6809: 6797: 6539: 6333: 6297: 4420:

Around 3000 to 1500 BCE, a large-scale migration of

3698:, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the 3515:

led to independence during Hellenistic period until

2863:, were later domesticated and used as food sources. 8898: 8055:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

7833:

Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis

7519:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

6180: 3511:, where they remained under Persian rule until the 3085:around 8000 BC and continued to expand through the 10488:Directory of Ancient Historians in the USA, 2nd ed 10463: 8153: 7772: 7770: 7455: 4124:. The exact reason for this decline is not known. 3633:, which led to a series of conflicts known as the 8147: 8121: 7991: 7678: 7635:"The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia" 5249:Agricultural cultivation began around 8000 BC in 4825:The Chinese civilisation that emerged within the 2968:were independently developed in China during the 10770: 10518: 10120:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity 7999:Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. 7195: 4058:, including notable cities, such as the capital 3205:(9th to 7th centuries BC) kingdoms, or periods. 2783:emerges in about 9000 BC in what is now eastern 9908: 9882: 9589: 9319: 9307: 8387:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7767: 4242: 3428:the Hittites clashed with the Egyptians at the 2663:During the time period of ancient history, the 10461: 9827: 9799: 9679: 9667: 9160: 9100: 9088: 9064: 9052: 9006: 8958: 8946: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8820: 8808: 8784: 8757: 8745: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8001:Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press 7889: 7826: 7824: 7416: 7404: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7281: 7242: 7225: 7213: 7165: 7153: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7021: 6967: 6899: 6875: 6851: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6701: 6641: 6611: 5724: 4737:and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to 4491:Another important migration branch was by the 4488:were settled by separate voyages by 1000 BCE. 4465:branches of the Austronesian language family. 4004:Peoples speaking precursors to the modern-day 3871:to Arabia. The capital city of the empire was 3823:, centred on the upper Nile with a capital at 10589:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman world 10318: 10226: 8844: 8769: 8721: 8299: 8297: 8087:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7551:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 7459:Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali 6955: 6943: 6887: 6863: 6626: 6596: 6581: 6533: 6521: 6497: 6385: 6358: 6327: 6315: 6291: 6249: 6234: 6198: 6121: 5673:in Europe was deeply detrimental to the late 4663:. An Austronesian group, originally from the 4265:was characterized by several migrations into 3838: 2764:about the same time, southeastern Europe and 2588: 2071: 10175:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 9914:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 8583: 8537:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 8172: 8017: 7485: 5817:is attested from the 5th century. Groups of 5697:the empire and established a new capital at 5631:. The western half of the empire, including 4390:flourished along the south-central coast of 3915:that may have been independently developed. 3111:state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern 10344: 9193: 8338: 8336: 8229: 8227: 8095: 8004: 7968: 7966: 7821: 7435:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. 7392: 6167:History Database of the Global Environment. 4784:, as well as maritime trade-routes between 4386:Between 1000 BCE and 100 CE, the 3974: 10349:. Kotte: Participatory Development Forum. 10275:Nigeria: Its Archaeology and Early History 10163: 10049: 9811: 9775: 9751: 9739: 9727: 9715: 9703: 9691: 9655: 9640: 9628: 9478: 9463: 9439: 9415: 9379: 9367: 9343: 8646: 8294: 8199: 8127: 8046: 7849: 7462:. Princeton University Press. p. 22. 7177: 7117: 7069: 7009: 6689: 6677: 6557: 6470: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6373: 6264: 6222: 6210: 5841: 5490:, from which written records are absent. 5324:. The Zapotecs began around 500 BC in the 4893:, of which over 100,000 are still extant. 4659:and remains of Neolithic chicken bones in 4503:and other parts of coastal New Guinea and 4370:of northern Vietnam around 2000 BCE. 4347: 4152:, which spread throughout Southeast Asia. 2595: 2581: 2078: 2064: 10525:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 10227:Roberts, J. M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). 10117: 9980: 9514: 9287:. Princeton University Press. p. 3. 8607: 8555: 8553: 8501: 8416: 8406: 8364: 8277: 8267: 8185:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 7882:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440 7880: 7865:"The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal" 7575:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. Archived from 7481: 7479: 7189: 6569: 5992: 4507:by 1200 BCE. They reached the islands of 4062:, and site of the Buddha's enlightenment. 10539: 10462:Hodges, Henry; Newcomer, Judith (1992). 10298:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 9018: 8530: 8528: 8373: 8333: 8224: 7977:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 54–57. 7963: 7932: 7895: 7564: 7562: 5893: 5664: 5627:A number of factors led to the eventual 5579: 5516: 5486:. This ushered in a period known as the 5421: 5233: 5150:, and in the continental United States. 5026: 4985: 4914: 4853:that predated the unification under the 4810: 4603:in Island Southeast Asia, including the 4576: 4562: 4411: 4351: 4049: 4038: 3893: 3842: 3799: 3654: 3492:the Israelite" among his enemies at the 3453: 3390: 3335: 3309:conquered Egypt, while a later emperor, 3260: 3044: 2999:The ancient Near East is considered the 2934:. Sometime between 5000 and 4000 BC the 9960: 9861:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 9857: 9172: 8475: 8433: 8342: 8178: 8023: 7972: 7428: 6665: 6653: 6414: 6127: 5821:migrated into western Europe, with the 5269:began to be grown, and soon after this 5153: 3093:(4000–3100 BC) and expanded during the 2910:use dates to between 6000 and 5000 BC. 14: 10771: 10393: 10363: 10295: 10201: 10140: 10098: 10026: 10003: 9787: 9616: 9604: 9577: 9565: 9553: 9502: 9490: 9451: 9427: 9403: 9391: 9355: 9200:Frucht, Richard C (31 December 2004). 9199: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9076: 8994: 8982: 8970: 8904: 8832: 8796: 8733: 8634: 8622: 8550: 8101: 8032:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 7830: 7512: 7506: 7476: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7293: 7266: 7254: 7141: 7129: 6997: 6982: 6928: 6916: 6839: 6815: 6803: 6545: 6509: 6482: 6402: 6339: 6303: 6276: 6186: 5604:. Traditionally Rome was founded as a 5022: 4599:Austronesians established prehistoric 3617:Carthage was founded around 814 BC by 3601: 3049:The core territory of 15th century BC 10519:Thomas, Carol G.; D. P. Wick (1994). 10484: 10204:"Design Systems in Early Chinese Art" 9934: 9277: 8596:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 8525: 8205: 8052: 7862: 7559: 6827: 6149: 5338:began to emerge around AD 300 in the 4366:in north-east Thailand and among the 3878: 3175:was originally a region on the Upper 2871:were domesticated around 7000 BC and 2760:about 45,000 years ago, southwestern 2748:respectively. Some 50,000 years ago, 10691: 10272: 10249: 10055:History: The Definitive Visual Guide 9763: 8928:from the original on 14 January 2021 8910: 8534: 7679:Daryl Worthington (1 October 2015). 7201: 6005:History of science in early cultures 5305:was mainly used for recording their 4845:. Rice was also farmed and pigs and 4747:, an Austronesian polity founded at 4717:, becoming what is now known as the 3768:, which lasted about 100 years. The 3507:, and some of the exiles from Judah 3089:around 6000 BC. Cities began in the 2983: 2648:periodizes ancient history into the 10491:. Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books. 10173:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 9021:"Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico" 8128:Everington, K. (6 September 2017). 7938: 7614:from the original on 9 October 2022 5717:. The resultant cultural fusion of 5689:halves ruled by multiple emperors. 5361: 5292:took over before losing primacy to 4697:By around the 2nd century BCE, the 3450:History of Ancient Israel and Judah 3023:and empires, as well as displaying 1412:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition 24: 10515:Web edition is constantly updated. 10420: 9517:"Late Antiquity and World History" 7951:from the original on 13 April 2019 5862:Religions of the ancient Near East 5739:The Celts were a diverse group of 5713:in 476, replaced by the so-called 5711:collapse of the empire in the West 4632:networks were also established by 4558:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3993: 3219: 2890:Metal use in the form of hammered 25: 10795: 10552: 10189:from the original on 30 July 2022 10171:. In Neil Asher Silberman (ed.). 10099:Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). 10006:A History of Chinese Civilization 7918:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 7863:Blust, Robert (14 January 2019). 6084:plateau and possibly also in the 5890:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism 5654: 4741:and eastern Africa on the other. 4444:, intermingling with the earlier 3199:(14th to 11th centuries BC), and 2956:by about 3200 BC. By 2800 BC the 2831:dates to about 7000 BC also with 10751: 10734: 10717: 10700: 10672: 10660: 10229:The Penguin History of the World 9508: 9271: 9166: 9012: 8469: 7742: 7731:, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor – 7722: 7695: 7672: 7626: 7594: 7449: 7422: 4195:were ruling in the South, while 4092:developed around 3000 BC in the 3923: 3898:Nok sculpture of a seated person 3741:with surrounding regions; and a 3729:and other derived scripts – and 3065:and downstream of the states of 2894:items predates the discovery of 2041: 2040: 813:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 137: 128: 119: 108: 99: 90: 79: 70: 61: 36:Ancient history (disambiguation) 10466:Technology in the Ancient World 10400:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: 10027:Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). 8918:"Shaanxi History Museum notice" 8307:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5836: 5356:Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica 5071:were brought under Han rule by 5006:with the use of forced labour. 3558:, the forerunner of the modern 3554:. The Phoenicians invented the 3360:, which by around 155 BC under 3146:. This empire also created the 2930:of Japan and in West Africa at 2772:about 30,000 years ago. Humans 10594: 10546:. University of Chicago Press. 10540:Toffteen, Olaf Alfred (1907). 10145:(Revised ed.). New York: 9831:; Ziegler, Herbert F. (2006). 8569:. Amsterdam University Press. 8012:The Journal of Pacific History 5223: 4933:, named after the influential 4401: 4341:Intensive wet-rice cultivation 3883: 3686:in the north, as far south as 3030: 2964:, which remains undeciphered. 13: 1: 10394:Wright, David Curtis (2011). 8024:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 7749:Ian Glover; Nguyễn Kim Dung. 7668:– via Researchgate.net. 6110: 5987:Bronze and Iron Age religions 4108:in the Pakistani province of 4044:Standing Buddha from Gandhara 4020: 3671: 3313:, expanded the empire to the 3271: 3195:(20th to 18th centuries BC), 2768:around 40,000 years ago, and 2678: 10451:Resources in other libraries 10324:Concise History of the World 10231:(Sixth ed.). New York: 9019:jseagard (2 February 2011). 8482:Genome Biology and Evolution 7997:Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. 7869:Annual Review of Linguistics 7513:Carter, Alison Kyra (2010). 6115: 6080:which likely emerged on the 5500:Sparta's unique constitution 5035:, unearthed at Nalinggaotu, 4795: 4440:, in the archipelago of the 4243:Southeast Asia & Oceania 3902:The Nok culture appeared in 3875:, now in northern Ethiopia. 3522: 3053:, with its two major cities 2988: 7: 10584:The Perseus digital library 10557: 10347:A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa 9320:Boardman & Hammond 1970 9308:Boardman & Hammond 1970 8028:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 7973:Freeman, Donald B. (2013). 7703:"history of Southeast Asia" 7639:Journal of World Prehistory 7607:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. 7456:J. Stephen Lansing (2012). 6098: 6093:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 6070:ancient Egyptian technology 5725:Nomads and Iron Age peoples 5629:decline of the Roman Empire 5115: 4644:by around 1000 to 600 BCE. 3971:, from around 900 BC. 3949:Susan and Roderick McIntosh 3606: 3386: 2839:perhaps sharing that date. 10: 10800: 10579:Ancient history sourcebook 10564:World History Encyclopedia 10328:Cambridge University Press 10124:Edinburgh University Press 10118:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). 10082:Cambridge University Press 10010:Cambridge University Press 9987:Cambridge University Press 9974:W. W. Norton & Company 9918:Cambridge University Press 9890:, eds. (1970). "Preface". 9820: 9800:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9680:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9668:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9176:Ancient Greek civilization 9161:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9101:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9089:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9065:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9053:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 9007:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8959:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8947:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8893:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8881:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8869:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8857:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8821:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8809:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8785:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8758:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8746:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8707:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8695:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8683:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8671:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8659:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 8609:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05 8240:Royal Society Open Science 8102:Turton, M. (17 May 2021). 8069:(inactive 12 April 2024). 7429:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 7417:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7405:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7342:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7330:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7318:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7306:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7282:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7243:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7226:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7214:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7166:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7154:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7106:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7094:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7082:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7058:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7046:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7034:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 7022:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6968:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6900:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6876:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6852:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6792:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6780:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6768:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6753:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6741:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6729:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6717:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6702:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6642:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6612:Bentley & Ziegler 2006 6105:Outline of ancient history 6002: 5996: 5859: 5845: 5728: 5658: 5415: 5401: 5382: 5297:heads and other subjects. 5227: 5157: 5119: 4945:Hundred Schools of Thought 4861:dynasties. These were the 4799: 4405: 4249:Peopling of Southeast Asia 4246: 4024: 3997: 3978: 3927: 3887: 3839:Aksum and ancient Ethiopia 3648: 3610: 3569: 3447: 3223: 3148:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3034: 2992: 2700:, and is divided into the 2682: 181:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 40: 29: 10639: 10632: 10624: 10616:Ancient History Resources 10485:Kinzl, Konrad H. (1998). 10446:Resources in your library 10103:. Kotte: Lakshmi Mendis. 10101:The Story of Anuradhapura 9858:Bertram, Stephen (2003). 9521:Studies in Late Antiquity 9206:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847. 8845:Roberts & Westad 2013 8770:Roberts & Westad 2013 8722:Roberts & Westad 2013 8067:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 7651:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 6956:Roberts & Westad 2013 6944:Roberts & Westad 2013 6888:Roberts & Westad 2013 6864:Roberts & Westad 2013 6627:Roberts & Westad 2013 6597:Roberts & Westad 2013 6534:Roberts & Westad 2013 6386:Roberts & Westad 2013 6199:Roberts & Westad 2013 5870:Historical Vedic religion 5866:Ancient Egyptian religion 5616:, leading to a series of 5397: 5378: 5280:Around 1200 BC the first 4634:Islander Southeast Asians 4253:History of Southeast Asia 4100:river valleys of eastern 4090:Indus Valley civilization 3786:Third Intermediate Period 3766:First Intermediate Period 3596: 3565: 3443: 3364:had mostly conquered the 2958:Indus Valley civilization 1202:Indus Valley Civilisation 10345:Wijesooriya, S. (2006). 10202:Rawson, Jessica (1999). 10004:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 9910:de la Vaissière, Étienne 9839:(3rd ed.). Boston: 9515:Humphries, Mark (2017). 8535:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 8443:Human Molecular Genetics 7533:(inactive 27 March 2024) 7531:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.9966 6172:27 February 2018 at the 6161:10 December 2019 at the 5829:. A related people, the 5643:, is referred to as the 5484:Late Bronze Age collapse 5453:around 3200 BC, and the 5430:, a temple dedicated to 5160:Norte Chico civilization 4936:Spring and Autumn Annals 4931:Spring and Autumn period 4806: 4759:and the South China Sea 4470:Northern Mariana Islands 4199:(250–210 BC) controlled 3975:Dhar Tichitt and Oualata 3918: 3795: 3706:(focused on the several 3644: 3576:Ancient history of Yemen 3540:maritime trading culture 3473:of the Egyptian pharaoh 3269:at its greatest extent, 3150:and the still-surviving 3005:coherent writing systems 2819:began around 7000 BC in 2776:about 15,000 years ago. 2774:migrated to the Americas 2669:exponentially increasing 1983:Ancient Maritime History 207:warrior in Keiko Armor ( 50:Ancient (disambiguation) 10377:Oxford University Press 10320:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. 10302:Oxford University Press 10273:Shaw, Thurstan (1978). 10256:Bristol Classical Press 10141:Parker, Philip (2017). 9866:Oxford University Press 9173:Sansone, David (2011). 8408:10.1073/pnas.1321860111 7799:10.1126/science.1166858 7708:Encyclopædia Britannica 6068:The characteristics of 5842:Religion and philosophy 5783:), and as far north as 5575: 5506:, after the reforms of 5412:Culture of ancient Rome 5122:History of the Americas 5084:three kingdoms in Korea 5013:Yellow Turban Rebellion 4601:maritime trade networks 4348:Mainland Southeast Asia 4227:ruined by the raids of 4218:was reunited under the 4054:A political map of the 3811:The Ta-Seti kingdom in 3542:that spread across the 3436:was sacked, ending the 3248:Indo-European languages 3017:centralized governments 3011:and then the vehicular 2787:and spread through the 2644:in late antiquity. The 189:Augustus of Prima Porta 10643:Post-classical history 10470:. Barnes & Noble. 9533:10.1525/sla.2017.1.1.8 8922:Shaanxi History Museum 8563:The Maritime Silk Road 8014:, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001 6009:History of mathematics 5993:Science and technology 5939:trace their origin to 5919:(5th century BC), and 5911: 5878:Hellenistic philosophy 5874:Ancient Greek religion 5751:culture formed in the 5678: 5593: 5528: 5449:on the islands of the 5442: 5246: 5056: 5053:Shaanxi History Museum 4995: 4926: 4822: 4596: 4574: 4426:Austronesian expansion 4417: 4359: 4063: 4047: 3953:Great Mosque of Djenné 3899: 3852: 3808: 3678: 3637:. After the third and 3459: 3403: 3341: 3321:failed to expand into 3278: 3074: 3001:cradle of civilization 2914:metallurgy began with 2717:early human migrations 2052:Post-classical History 2028:Cradle of Civilization 1087:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 788:Massylii Confederation 195:), a soldier from the 48:. For other uses, see 34:. For other uses, see 10569:Ancient Civilizations 9243:World and Its Peoples 8319:10.1093/molbev/msp120 7486:F. Tichelman (2012). 6003:Further information: 5897: 5860:Further information: 5852:History of philosophy 5729:Further information: 5693:began the process of 5691:Constantine the Great 5668: 5583: 5520: 5447:Cycladic civilization 5425: 5373:Early Woodland period 5371:United States in the 5368:Poverty Point culture 5237: 5228:Further information: 5158:Further information: 5120:Further information: 5030: 4989: 4918: 4814: 4624:Interaction Sphere). 4580: 4566: 4415: 4355: 4271:Island Southeast Asia 4053: 4042: 4027:History of South Asia 3897: 3846: 3803: 3658: 3498:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3457: 3395:Largest expansion of 3394: 3339: 3264: 3224:Further information: 3132:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3048: 3035:Further information: 3025:social stratification 2845:domestication of dogs 2183:Age of the human race 798:Kingdom of Mauretania 10397:The History of China 10379:. pp. 285–318. 10210:: 52. Archived from 9989:. pp. 253–278. 9920:. pp. 175–192. 9590:de la Vaissière 2015 9334:, pp. xiii–xiv. 9179:. Wiley. p. 5. 8476:Brucato, N. (2019). 8357:10.1353/ol.2012.0003 7582:on 23 September 2015 5923:(6th century BC) in 5303:Olmec writing system 5177:to their crops. The 5154:Andean civilisations 5061:Chinese civilisation 4802:History of East Asia 4408:Austronesian peoples 4368:Phùng Nguyên culture 3829:Egyptian New Kingdom 3668:Great Sphinx of Giza 3562:still in use today. 3015:, created the first 2978:Zapotec civilization 2918:in about 3500 BC in 2841:Animal domestication 2689:Neolithic Revolution 2673:Neolithic Revolution 2616:beginning of writing 1636:Senegambia Megaliths 888:Proto-Indo-Europeans 828:Kingdom of the Aurès 808:Kingdom of Ouarsenis 10505:on 15 February 2010 9790:, pp. 292–293. 9766:, pp. 117–119. 9694:, pp. 130–131. 9658:, pp. 144–147. 9643:, pp. 142–143. 9493:, pp. 110–111. 9481:, pp. 150–151. 9466:, pp. 198–199. 9442:, pp. 110–113. 9430:, pp. 104–105. 9418:, pp. 110–111. 9406:, pp. 102–103. 9382:, pp. 106–107. 9163:, pp. 137–141. 9115:, pp. 128–129. 9103:, pp. 136–138. 9067:, pp. 147–148. 9055:, pp. 146–147. 8961:, pp. 196–197. 8949:, pp. 195–196. 8895:, pp. 200–203. 8883:, pp. 197–198. 8871:, pp. 193–194. 8859:, pp. 190–192. 8787:, pp. 182–189. 8772:, pp. 133–135. 8724:, pp. 132–133. 8709:, pp. 115–116. 8697:, pp. 121–125. 8685:, pp. 113–114. 8455:10.1093/hmg/ddab018 8399:2014PNAS..111..936P 8345:Oceanic Linguistics 8260:10.1098/rsos.160787 8252:2017RSOS....460787H 7910:1991SciAm.265a..88B 7898:Scientific American 7791:2009Sci...323..479G 6958:, pp. 212–213. 6890:, pp. 248–249. 6842:, pp. 225–226. 6719:, pp. 160–161. 6572:, pp. 256–257. 6030:Egyptian technology 5937:Abrahamic religions 5882:Roman imperial cult 5856:History of religion 5608:that then became a 5588:and were under the 5510:and the tyranny of 5459:undeciphered script 5455:Minoan civilization 5418:Classical antiquity 5181:, based around the 5023:Neighbours of China 4983:(Qin Shi Huangdi). 4920:Terracotta Warriors 4446:Australo-Melanesian 4118:Indus Valley script 3944:long-distance trade 3677:or perhaps earlier) 3602:Afro-Asiatic Africa 3556:Phoenician alphabet 3327:Alexander the Great 3097:(3100–2900 BC) and 2972:in the form of the 2258:Classical antiquity 1272:Ancestral Puebloans 783:Kingdom of Blemmyes 478:Aegean Civilization 157:Mask of Tutankhamun 10543:Ancient Chronology 10369:Oleson, John Peter 10250:Shaw, Ian (2012). 10214:on 18 October 2020 8494:10.1093/gbe/evz028 6582:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6522:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6498:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6359:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6328:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6316:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6292:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6250:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6235:Wiesner-Hanks 2015 6055:Iranian technology 6040:Chinese technology 6019:Ancient technology 5999:Ancient technology 5943:, around 1700 BC. 5912: 5886:Early Christianity 5715:barbarian kingdoms 5679: 5594: 5554:Hellenistic period 5529: 5443: 5247: 5136:Western Hemisphere 5057: 4996: 4927: 4823: 4816:Oracle bone script 4719:Maritime Silk Road 4605:Maritime Jade Road 4597: 4575: 4418: 4360: 4154:Siddhartha Gautama 4064: 4048: 3940:sub-Saharan Africa 3900: 3879:Niger-Congo Africa 3853: 3809: 3679: 3572:Pre-Islamic Arabia 3460: 3404: 3401:Tigranes the Great 3397:Kingdom of Armenia 3342: 3279: 3075: 3061:, was upstream of 2974:Oracle Bone Script 2966:Chinese Characters 2960:had developed its 2018:Ancient Literature 1567:Indigenous Peoples 1227:Satavahana Dynasty 833:Kingdom of Makuria 803:Kingdom of Nobatia 793:Kingdom of Numidia 773:Nasamones Chiefdom 768:Garamantes Kingdom 553:Barbarian Kingdoms 10649: 10648: 10640:Succeeded by 10635:History by period 10532:978-0-13-200205-9 10498:978-0-941690-87-4 10477:978-0-88029-893-3 10427:Library resources 10411:978-0-313-37748-8 10386:978-0-19-973485-6 10356:978-955-9140-31-3 10337:978-1-107-69453-8 10311:978-0-19-513937-2 10288:978-0-500-02086-9 10279:Thames and Hudson 10265:978-1-4725-1959-7 10242:978-1-84614-443-1 10182:978-0-19-973921-9 10165:Phillipson, David 10156:978-1-4654-6240-4 10133:978-0-7486-0106-6 10110:978-955-96704-0-7 10091:978-0-521-23347-7 10068:978-0-7566-7609-4 10042:978-0-567-02726-9 10019:978-0-521-49781-7 9996:978-0-521-19008-4 9953:978-0-8028-0975-9 9927:978-1-107-63388-9 9901:978-0-521-23447-4 9888:Hammond, N. G. L. 9875:978-0-19-518364-1 9850:978-0-07-299827-6 9829:Bentley, Jerry H. 9754:, pp. 62–63. 9742:, pp. 52–53. 9730:, pp. 42–43. 9718:, pp. 36–37. 9706:, pp. 24–29. 9631:, pp. 40–41. 9370:, pp. 98–99. 9332:Lewis et al. 1992 9253:978-0-7614-7902-4 9213:978-1-57607-800-6 8799:, pp. 62–63. 8576:978-90-4855-242-9 8544:NSC Working Paper 8165:978-971-94292-0-3 7842:978-1-902937-20-5 7499:978-94-009-8896-5 7469:978-0-691-15626-2 7442:978-0-521-66369-4 7344:, pp. 96–97. 7228:, pp. 82–83. 7168:, pp. 67–69. 7156:, pp. 64–66. 7120:, pp. 56–57. 7108:, pp. 70–71. 7096:, pp. 77–78. 7084:, pp. 73–74. 7072:, pp. 72–73. 7000:, pp. 68–69. 6985:, pp. 62–63. 6902:, pp. 48–49. 6794:, pp. 53–54. 6512:, pp. 55–56. 6485:, pp. 54–55. 6473:, pp. 54–55. 6446:, pp. 60–61. 6405:, pp. 60–61. 6388:, pp. 59–60. 6361:, pp. 55–56. 6318:, pp. 48–49. 6294:, pp. 45–46. 6279:, pp. 36–37. 6201:, pp. 22–31. 6142:978-3-319-62077-0 6129:Stearns, Peter N. 6086:Arabian peninsula 6062: 6061: 6035:Indian technology 5775:, as far east as 5773:Iberian Peninsula 5671:Age of Migrations 5545:Peloponnesian War 5434:, located on the 5389:Bronze Age Europe 5340:Yucatan Peninsula 5148:Marajoara culture 5126:Pre-Columbian era 4922:from the time of 4906:Mandate of Heaven 4851:ancient dynasties 4692:Arabian Peninsula 4686:populations from 4434:Population growth 4329:, as part of the 4327:Hồng Bàng dynasty 4321:around the lower 4231:(a branch of the 4197:Devanampiya Tissa 4067:Paleolithic tools 4046:, 1st century AD. 3586:Arabian peninsula 3509:returned to Judea 3283:Achaemenid Empire 3267:Achaemenid Empire 3230:Achaemenid Empire 3140:Nebuchadnezzar II 2995:Ancient Near East 2984:History by region 2797:Nile River Valley 2721:Lower Paleolithic 2605: 2604: 2557: 2556: 2549:Political history 2174: 2162: 2132: 2128:Pleistocene epoch 2088: 2087: 1666:Sahelian Kingdoms 1641:Pre-Imperial Mali 1317:St. Johns culture 858:Kingdom of Altava 853:Kingdom of Alodia 823:Kingdom of Masuna 818:Kingdom of Capsus 668:Kingdom of Simien 423:Achaemenid Empire 44:The Ancient World 16:(Redirected from 10791: 10764: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10747: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10693: 10677: 10676: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10625:Preceded by 10622: 10621: 10547: 10536: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10501:. Archived from 10481: 10469: 10415: 10390: 10360: 10341: 10315: 10292: 10269: 10246: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10160: 10137: 10114: 10095: 10072: 10051:Hart-Davis, Adam 10046: 10023: 10000: 9977: 9971: 9957: 9945: 9931: 9905: 9879: 9854: 9838: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9031:on 10 March 2020 9027:. Archived from 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8568: 8557: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8505: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8410: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8313:(9): 2109–2124. 8301: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8271: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8078: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8021: 8015: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7860: 7847: 7846: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7785:(5913): 479–83. 7774: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7746: 7740: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7613: 7606: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7483: 7474: 7473: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7393:Wijesooriya 2006 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6980: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6932: 6931:, p. 49–51. 6926: 6920: 6914: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6630: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6600: 6594: 6585: 6584:, p. 79-80. 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6362: 6356: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6125: 6050:Roman technology 6045:Greek technology 6013: 6012: 5964:Korean peninsula 5741:tribal societies 5645:Byzantine Empire 5547:, was the major 5504:Classical Period 5385:Neolithic Europe 5362:Northern America 5204:arose along the 4725:ships, although 4546:Kermadec Islands 4505:Island Melanesia 4388:Sa Huỳnh culture 4380:lost-wax casting 4331:Đông Sơn culture 4311:Văn Lang kingdom 4222:beginning under 4031:History of India 3857:Kingdom of Aksum 3815:to the south of 3676: 3673: 3660:Khafre's Pyramid 3623:Ancient Carthage 3513:Maccabean revolt 3494:battle of Qarqar 3430:Battle of Kadesh 3350:federated system 3331:Seleucid dynasty 3311:Darius the Great 3277: 3276: 3273: 2940:wheeled vehicles 2799:has evidence of 2791:. Settlement at 2789:Fertile Crescent 2752:migrated out of 2665:world population 2646:three-age system 2628:recorded history 2597: 2590: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2527:Age of Discovery 2434: 2433: 2202:Earliest records 2188:Recorded history 2164: 2152: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2044: 2043: 1686:African Kingdoms 1537:Ortoiroid People 1250:Northern America 1073:Bactria–Margiana 868:African Kingdoms 843:Nemencha Kingdom 838:Kingdom of Hodna 743:African Kingdoms 643:Kingdom of Kerma 548:Migration Period 388:Israel and Judah 225: 224: 141: 132: 123: 112: 103: 94: 83: 74: 65: 21: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10784:Historical eras 10779:Ancient history 10769: 10768: 10767: 10757: 10752: 10750: 10740: 10735: 10733: 10723: 10718: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692:sister projects 10689:at Knowledge's 10687:Ancient history 10683: 10671: 10661: 10659: 10651: 10645: 10630: 10610:Ancient History 10601:Ancient_history 10597: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10533: 10508: 10506: 10499: 10478: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10435: 10434: 10432:Ancient history 10430: 10423: 10421:Further reading 10418: 10412: 10387: 10357: 10338: 10312: 10289: 10266: 10243: 10217: 10215: 10192: 10190: 10183: 10157: 10134: 10111: 10092: 10069: 10043: 10035:International. 10020: 9997: 9954: 9928: 9902: 9876: 9851: 9823: 9818: 9812:Hart-Davis 2012 9810: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9776:Hart-Davis 2012 9774: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9752:Hart-Davis 2012 9750: 9746: 9740:Hart-Davis 2012 9738: 9734: 9728:Hart-Davis 2012 9726: 9722: 9716:Hart-Davis 2012 9714: 9710: 9704:Hart-Davis 2012 9702: 9698: 9692:Hart-Davis 2012 9690: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9656:Hart-Davis 2012 9654: 9647: 9641:Hart-Davis 2012 9639: 9635: 9629:Hart-Davis 2012 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9513: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9485: 9479:Hart-Davis 2012 9477: 9470: 9464:Hart-Davis 2012 9462: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9440:Hart-Davis 2012 9438: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9416:Hart-Davis 2012 9414: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9380:Hart-Davis 2012 9378: 9374: 9368:Hart-Davis 2012 9366: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9344:Hart-Davis 2012 9342: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9310:, p. xiii. 9306: 9302: 9295: 9276: 9272: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9240: 9239: 9232: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9044: 9034: 9032: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8847:, p. 313-. 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8647:Hart-Davis 2012 8645: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8566: 8558: 8551: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8474: 8470: 8449:(R1): R72–R78. 8438: 8434: 8378: 8374: 8341: 8334: 8302: 8295: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8158:. ArtPostAsia. 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8100: 8096: 8080: 8079: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8022: 8018: 8009: 8005: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7971: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7937: 7933: 7894: 7890: 7861: 7850: 7843: 7829: 7822: 7775: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7683:. New Historian 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7534: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7178:Phillipson 2012 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7118:Hart-Davis 2012 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7070:Hart-Davis 2012 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7010:Hart-Davis 2012 7008: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6690:Hart-Davis 2012 6688: 6684: 6678:Hart-Davis 2012 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6558:Hart-Davis 2012 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6471:Hart-Davis 2012 6469: 6462: 6456:Hart-Davis 2012 6454: 6450: 6444:Hart-Davis 2012 6442: 6438: 6432:Hart-Davis 2012 6430: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6374:Hart-Davis 2012 6372: 6365: 6357: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6265:Hart-Davis 2012 6263: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6223:Hart-Davis 2012 6221: 6217: 6211:Hart-Davis 2012 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6174:Wayback Machine 6163:Wayback Machine 6154: 6150: 6143: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6101: 6076:Water managing 6011: 6001: 5995: 5892: 5858: 5846:Main articles: 5844: 5839: 5745:Iron Age Europe 5737: 5727: 5707:Germanic tribes 5663: 5657: 5578: 5570:Parthian Empire 5488:Greek Dark Ages 5420: 5414: 5402:Main articles: 5400: 5395: 5393:Iron Age Europe 5383:Main articles: 5381: 5364: 5328:at the site of 5232: 5226: 5216:as well as the 5202:Mochica culture 5162: 5156: 5132: 5118: 5025: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4665:Makassar Strait 4550:Norfolk Islands 4501:Solomon Islands 4424:, known as the 4410: 4404: 4350: 4315:Red River Delta 4307:Irrawaddy River 4303:Pyu city-states 4255: 4247:Main articles: 4245: 4175:The kingdom of 4037: 4025:Main articles: 4023: 4006:Bantu languages 4002: 4000:Bantu expansion 3996: 3994:Bantu expansion 3987: 3979:Main articles: 3977: 3932: 3926: 3921: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3841: 3821:Kingdom of Kush 3798: 3725:and then later 3700:Sinai Peninsula 3692:Fourth Cataract 3674: 3653: 3647: 3639:final Punic War 3615: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3591:oral traditions 3578: 3570:Main articles: 3568: 3525: 3486:Shalmaneser III 3452: 3446: 3389: 3373:Sasanian Empire 3366:Seleucid Empire 3358:Arsacid dynasty 3356:was led by the 3354:Parthian Empire 3287:Cyrus the Great 3285:was founded by 3274: 3270: 3236: 3234:History of Iran 3222: 3220:Iranian peoples 3163:Sargon of Akkad 3142:, it conquered 3043: 3041:History of Iraq 3033: 3007:, invented the 2997: 2991: 2986: 2843:began with the 2835:cultivation in 2827:cultivation in 2756:. They reached 2691: 2683:Main articles: 2681: 2608:Ancient history 2601: 2570: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2489: 2470: 2451: 2450: 2431: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2403: 2389: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2320: 2306: 2287: 2268: 2267: 2248: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2197: 2178: 2177: 2163: 2151: 2143: 2120: 2109: 2084: 2033: 2032: 2023:Ancient Warfare 1973: 1965: 1964: 1705: 1691: 1690: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1532: 1522: 1521: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1252: 1242: 1241: 1237:Middle Kingdoms 1197: 1187: 1186: 1157: 1147: 1146: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1038:Eurasian Nomads 1033:Five Barbarians 1028:Four Barbarians 1013:Pannonian Avars 883: 881:Eurasian Steppe 873: 872: 758: 748: 747: 738:Nilotic Peoples 663:Kingdom of Axum 658:Kingdom of Kush 653:Kingdom of Dʿmt 628: 618: 617: 473: 463: 462: 248: 229:Ancient history 223: 222: 221: 220: 197:Terracotta Army 144: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 115: 114: 113: 105: 104: 96: 95: 86: 85: 84: 76: 75: 67: 66: 53: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10797: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10766: 10765: 10748: 10746:from Wikibooks 10731: 10729:from Wikiquote 10714: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10669: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10638: 10631: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10573:British Museum 10566: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10553:External links 10551: 10549: 10548: 10537: 10531: 10516: 10497: 10482: 10476: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10410: 10391: 10385: 10365:Wilson, Andrew 10361: 10355: 10342: 10336: 10316: 10310: 10293: 10287: 10270: 10264: 10247: 10241: 10224: 10199: 10181: 10161: 10155: 10138: 10132: 10115: 10109: 10096: 10090: 10073: 10067: 10053:, ed. (2012). 10047: 10041: 10024: 10018: 10001: 9995: 9978: 9962:Diamond, Jared 9958: 9952: 9936:Dever, William 9932: 9926: 9906: 9900: 9884:Boardman, John 9880: 9874: 9855: 9849: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9814:, p. 129. 9804: 9802:, p. 225. 9792: 9780: 9778:, p. 104. 9768: 9756: 9744: 9732: 9720: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9682:, p. 397. 9672: 9670:, p. 396. 9660: 9645: 9633: 9621: 9619:, p. 162. 9609: 9607:, p. 163. 9594: 9592:, p. 188. 9582: 9570: 9568:, p. 111. 9558: 9556:, p. 114. 9546: 9507: 9505:, p. 112. 9495: 9483: 9468: 9456: 9454:, p. 113. 9444: 9432: 9420: 9408: 9396: 9394:, p. 101. 9384: 9372: 9360: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9293: 9270: 9252: 9230: 9212: 9192: 9185: 9165: 9153: 9151:, p. 130. 9141: 9139:, p. 128. 9129: 9127:, p. 129. 9117: 9105: 9093: 9091:, p. 135. 9081: 9079:, p. 131. 9069: 9057: 9042: 9011: 9009:, p. 548. 8999: 8987: 8985:, p. 144. 8975: 8973:, p. 150. 8963: 8951: 8939: 8909: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8861: 8849: 8837: 8835:, p. 106. 8825: 8823:, p. 190. 8813: 8811:, p. 119. 8801: 8789: 8774: 8762: 8760:, p. 118. 8750: 8748:, p. 128. 8738: 8726: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8673:, p. 112. 8663: 8661:, p. 111. 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8582: 8575: 8549: 8524: 8488:(3): 748–758. 8468: 8432: 8393:(3): 936–941. 8372: 8351:(1): 123–159. 8332: 8293: 8223: 8217:978-0415100540 8216: 8198: 8191: 8171: 8164: 8146: 8120: 8094: 8045: 8038: 8016: 8003: 7990: 7983: 7962: 7939:Gibbons, Ann. 7931: 7888: 7875:(1): 417–434. 7848: 7841: 7820: 7766: 7755:. Academia.edu 7741: 7729:John N. Miksic 7721: 7694: 7671: 7645:(4): 227–274. 7625: 7593: 7558: 7505: 7498: 7475: 7468: 7448: 7441: 7421: 7419:, p. 213. 7409: 7407:, p. 212. 7397: 7385: 7373: 7371:, p. 123. 7361: 7359:, p. 122. 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7190:Munro-Hay 1991 7182: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6987: 6972: 6970:, p. 264. 6960: 6948: 6946:, p. 338. 6933: 6921: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6866:, p. 156. 6856: 6844: 6832: 6830:, p. 206. 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6782:, p. 168. 6772: 6770:, p. 167. 6757: 6755:, p. 166. 6745: 6743:, p. 165. 6733: 6731:, p. 162. 6721: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6656:, p. 143. 6646: 6631: 6629:, p. 110. 6616: 6601: 6586: 6574: 6570:Emberling 2015 6562: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6487: 6475: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6419: 6417:, p. 218. 6407: 6390: 6378: 6363: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6281: 6269: 6254: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6148: 6141: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6097: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021: 5997:Main article: 5994: 5991: 5929:Zoroastrianism 5902:of ram-horned 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5757:Central Europe 5753:Early Iron Age 5726: 5723: 5699:Constantinople 5695:Christianizing 5661:Late antiquity 5659:Main article: 5656: 5655:Late antiquity 5653: 5641:Constantinople 5586:Roman Republic 5577: 5574: 5539:. Through the 5495:Archaic Period 5408:Ancient Greece 5399: 5396: 5380: 5377: 5363: 5360: 5352:writing system 5344:Classical Maya 5225: 5222: 5179:Chavin culture 5171:sweet potatoes 5155: 5152: 5117: 5114: 5024: 5021: 5017:rival kingdoms 4808: 4805: 4800:Main article: 4797: 4794: 4667:region around 4642:Southern India 4583:thalassocratic 4571:proto-historic 4493:Lapita culture 4474:Remote Oceania 4406:Main article: 4403: 4400: 4349: 4346: 4273:from southern 4263:Southeast Asia 4244: 4241: 4239:in the 1500s. 4224:Chandragupta I 4056:Mauryan Empire 4022: 4019: 3998:Main article: 3995: 3992: 3976: 3973: 3961:Southwest Asia 3928:Main article: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3888:Main article: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3840: 3837: 3797: 3794: 3770:Middle Kingdom 3704:Western Desert 3675: 2500 BC 3649:Main article: 3646: 3643: 3631:Roman Republic 3611:Main article: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3567: 3564: 3524: 3521: 3517:Roman conquest 3448:Main article: 3445: 3442: 3438:Hittite Empire 3388: 3385: 3226:Iranic peoples 3221: 3218: 3099:Early Dynastic 3032: 3029: 3009:potter's wheel 2993:Main article: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2936:potter's wheel 2729:spread across 2680: 2677: 2626:. The span of 2624:late antiquity 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2494:Southeast Asia 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2394:Southeast Asia 2390: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2311:Southeast Asia 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263:Late antiquity 2260: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013:Historiography 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1699:Southeast Asia 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1589:Central Africa 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1137:Fergana Valley 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1092:Yavana Kingdom 1089: 1084: 1075: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1043:Nomadic Empire 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 759: 754: 753: 750: 749: 746: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 626:Horn of Africa 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 244: 243: 240: 239: 232: 231: 149:Standard of Ur 146: 145: 136: 135: 127: 126: 118: 117: 116: 107: 106: 98: 97: 89: 88: 87: 78: 77: 69: 68: 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10796: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10763:from Wikidata 10762: 10761: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10732: 10728: 10727: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10688: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10644: 10637: 10636: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10517: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10460: 10459: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10329: 10326:. Cambridge: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10233:Penguin Books 10230: 10225: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10122:. Edinburgh: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033:T&T Clark 10030: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9985:. Cambridge: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9969: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9944: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9919: 9916:. Cambridge: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9813: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9777: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9741: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9669: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9642: 9637: 9630: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9591: 9586: 9580:, p. 60. 9579: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9441: 9436: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9358:, p. 98. 9357: 9352: 9346:, p. 99. 9345: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9322:, p. xv. 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9296: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9279:Drews, Robert 9274: 9267: 9255: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9235: 9227: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9186:9781444358773 9182: 9178: 9177: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8997:, p. 78. 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8771: 8766: 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8736:, p. 53. 8735: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8649:, p. 60. 8648: 8643: 8637:, p. 76. 8636: 8631: 8625:, p. 52. 8624: 8619: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8578: 8572: 8565: 8564: 8556: 8554: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8529: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8246:(3): 160787. 8245: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8192:9781588395245 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8039:9783319338224 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7984:9781136604157 7980: 7976: 7969: 7967: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7825: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7771: 7754: 7753: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7682: 7675: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7610: 7603: 7597: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7554: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7482: 7480: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7395:, p. 34. 7394: 7389: 7383:, p. 11. 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7332:, p. 95. 7331: 7326: 7320:, p. 94. 7319: 7314: 7308:, p. 92. 7307: 7302: 7296:, p. 75. 7295: 7290: 7284:, p. 89. 7283: 7278: 7276: 7269:, p. 74. 7268: 7263: 7257:, p. 43. 7256: 7251: 7245:, p. 87. 7244: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7222: 7216:, p. 81. 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7192:, p. 57. 7191: 7186: 7180:, p. 48. 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7144:, p. 66. 7143: 7138: 7132:, p. 62. 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7060:, p. 75. 7059: 7054: 7048:, p. 73. 7047: 7042: 7036:, p. 62. 7035: 7030: 7024:, p. 63. 7023: 7018: 7012:, p. 64. 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6925: 6919:, p. 58. 6918: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6878:, p. 48. 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6854:, p. 47. 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6818:, p. 91. 6817: 6812: 6806:, p. 57. 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6704:, p. 55. 6703: 6698: 6692:, p. 78. 6691: 6686: 6680:, p. 80. 6679: 6674: 6668:, p. 10. 6667: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6644:, p. 36. 6643: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6614:, p. 38. 6613: 6608: 6606: 6599:, p. 63. 6598: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6560:, p. 54. 6559: 6554: 6548:, p. 54. 6547: 6542: 6536:, p. 65. 6535: 6530: 6524:, p. 73. 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6500:, p. 74. 6499: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6465: 6458:, p. 63. 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6434:, p. 58. 6433: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6382: 6376:, p. 38. 6375: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6342:, p. 45. 6341: 6336: 6330:, p. 54. 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6306:, p. 44. 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6267:, p. 19. 6266: 6261: 6259: 6252:, p. 26. 6251: 6246: 6244: 6237:, p. 19. 6236: 6231: 6225:, p. 17. 6224: 6219: 6213:, p. 18. 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6189:, p. 16. 6188: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5904:Jupiter Ammon 5901: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5813:and southern 5812: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5789:British Isles 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541:Delian League 5538: 5534: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326:Oaxaca Valley 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259:chili peppers 5256: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5238:The ruins of 5236: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210:Nazca culture 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144:South America 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5110:Yayoi culture 5107: 5106:Jomon culture 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037:Shenmu County 5034: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4981:First Emperor 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4924:Qin Shi Huang 4921: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4875:Yangtze River 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:water buffalo 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4820:Shang dynasty 4817: 4813: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782:Spice Islands 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715:Mediterranean 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675:, eventually 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4499:and into the 4498: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4422:Austronesians 4414: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4357:Đông Sơn drum 4354: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283:Austroasiatic 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4237:Mughal Empire 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209:Maurya Empire 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:Ghaggar-Hakra 4095: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:Ganges Valley 4072: 4068: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4035:Ancient India 4032: 4028: 4018: 4015: 4012:and into the 4011: 4007: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3930:Djenné-Djenno 3924:Djenné-Djenno 3916: 3914: 3913:iron smelting 3909: 3908:social system 3905: 3896: 3891: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863:and northern 3862: 3858: 3850: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747:mummification 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3651:Ancient Egypt 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544:Mediterranean 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3425:spoked wheels 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362:Mithradates I 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305:. Cyrus' son 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3275: 500 BC 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3252:Median Empire 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:Halaf culture 3080: 3079:civilisations 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Shang dynasty 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:water buffalo 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779:Evidence for 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:human history 2618:and recorded 2617: 2613: 2609: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2537:Postmodernity 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2466:South America 2464: 2462: 2461:North America 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2339:Postclassical 2335: 2334: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283:South America 2281: 2279: 2278:North America 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2212:Proto-writing 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103:Human history 2101: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1978:Human History 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1870:Mueang Pahang 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815:Gangga Negara 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715:Austronesians 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:Djenné-Djenno 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1267:Mississippian 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:Sangam Period 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1222:Maurya Empire 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:Mahajanapadas 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:Kushan Empire 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 973:Proto-Mongols 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 898:Indo-Iranians 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 882: 877: 876: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 757: 752: 751: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673:Harla Kingdom 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 627: 622: 621: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:British Isles 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 472: 467: 466: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 247: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 230: 227: 226: 218: 214: 213:colossal head 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Venus de Milo 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 140: 131: 122: 111: 102: 93: 82: 73: 64: 55: 51: 47: 45: 37: 33: 19: 10758: 10741: 10724: 10712:from Commons 10707: 10686: 10633: 10542: 10521: 10507:. Retrieved 10503:the original 10487: 10465: 10441:Online books 10431: 10396: 10372: 10346: 10323: 10297: 10274: 10251: 10228: 10216:. Retrieved 10212:the original 10208:Orientations 10207: 10191:. Retrieved 10172: 10142: 10119: 10100: 10077: 10057:. New York: 10054: 10028: 10005: 9982: 9972:. New York: 9967: 9946:. Eerdmans. 9941: 9913: 9891: 9860: 9834: 9807: 9795: 9783: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9711: 9699: 9687: 9675: 9663: 9636: 9624: 9612: 9585: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9459: 9447: 9435: 9423: 9411: 9399: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9339: 9327: 9315: 9303: 9283: 9273: 9264: 9257:. Retrieved 9242: 9224: 9217:. Retrieved 9202: 9195: 9175: 9168: 9156: 9144: 9132: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9033:. Retrieved 9029:the original 9025:Field Museum 9024: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8966: 8954: 8942: 8930:. Retrieved 8921: 8912: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8765: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8618: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8562: 8543: 8515:. Retrieved 8485: 8481: 8471: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8390: 8386: 8375: 8366:11343/121829 8348: 8344: 8310: 8306: 8243: 8239: 8207: 8201: 8181: 8174: 8155: 8149: 8137:. Retrieved 8133: 8123: 8111:. Retrieved 8108:Taipei Times 8107: 8097: 8083:cite journal 8058: 8054: 8048: 8029: 8019: 8011: 8006: 7998: 7993: 7974: 7953:. Retrieved 7944: 7934: 7904:(1): 88–93. 7901: 7897: 7891: 7872: 7868: 7832: 7782: 7778: 7757:. Retrieved 7751: 7744: 7732: 7724: 7712:. Retrieved 7706: 7697: 7685:. Retrieved 7674: 7662:. Retrieved 7642: 7638: 7628: 7616:. Retrieved 7596: 7584:. Retrieved 7577:the original 7547:cite journal 7535:. Retrieved 7522: 7518: 7508: 7488: 7458: 7451: 7431: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7262: 7250: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6963: 6951: 6924: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6666:Bertram 2003 6661: 6654:Bertram 2003 6649: 6577: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6478: 6451: 6439: 6415:Diamond 1999 6410: 6381: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6272: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6177:Netherlands. 6151: 6135:. Palgrave. 6132: 6123: 6090: 6075: 6067: 6063: 5972: 5956:Confucianism 5945: 5913: 5906:, a form of 5903: 5837:Developments 5808: 5793: 5749:Proto-Celtic 5738: 5731:Anglo-Saxons 5680: 5675:Roman Empire 5626: 5597:Ancient Rome 5595: 5590:Roman Senate 5530: 5522: 5492: 5444: 5365: 5336:Maya culture 5334: 5311: 5294:Tres Zapotes 5279: 5248: 5240:Mesoamerican 5187: 5163: 5142:and western 5133: 5104: 5100:Tang dynasty 5081: 5058: 4997: 4990:The Chinese 4961: 4934: 4928: 4898:Zhou dynasty 4895: 4891:oracle bones 4879: 4827:Yellow River 4824: 4774:Tarumanagara 4743: 4696: 4646: 4598: 4568:Austronesian 4554:sweet potato 4521:Cook Islands 4490: 4467: 4419: 4385: 4372: 4361: 4339: 4309:valley, the 4295: 4279:Austronesian 4256: 4233:Hephthalites 4220:Gupta Empire 4213: 4201:Anuradhapura 4174: 4167: 4161: 4142: 4139:Vedic period 4128: 4126: 4122:Mohenjo-Daro 4087: 4077:by 3000 BC. 4071:Indus Valley 4065: 4003: 3988: 3981:Dhar Tichitt 3933: 3901: 3854: 3810: 3759: 3743:polytheistic 3712: 3688:Jebel Barkal 3680: 3616: 3579: 3526: 3502: 3483: 3461: 3415:and eastern 3405: 3370: 3343: 3295:Christianity 3280: 3265:The Persian 3237: 3207: 3202:Neo-Assyrian 3200: 3196: 3192: 3171: 3156: 3129: 3103: 3087:Ubaid period 3076: 2998: 2962:Indus script 2944: 2889: 2793:Göbekli Tepe 2778: 2750:Homo sapiens 2749: 2737:Homo sapiens 2735: 2726:Homo erectus 2724: 2714: 2704:(earliest), 2692: 2667:was already 2662: 2639:expansion of 2607: 2606: 2571: 2446:Contemporary 2441:Early modern 2225: 2207:Protohistory 2159:Contemporary 2153: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2050:Followed by 1988:Protohistory 1860:Tarumanagara 1750:Singhanavati 1745:Suvarnabhumi 1671:Ghana Empire 1601:Dhar Tichitt 1542:Guanahatabey 1482:Casma–Sechin 1307:Thule people 1217:Nanda Empire 1207:Vedic Period 1061:Central Asia 968:Hephthalites 963:Iranian Huns 756:North Africa 633:Land of Punt 235:Preceded by 228: 169:Indus Valley 54: 43: 10595:Directories 10509:24 February 9841:McGraw Hill 9788:Wilson 2008 9617:Parker 2017 9605:Parker 2017 9578:Wright 2011 9566:Parker 2017 9554:Parker 2017 9527:(1): 8–37. 9503:Parker 2017 9491:Parker 2017 9452:Parker 2017 9428:Parker 2017 9404:Parker 2017 9392:Parker 2017 9356:Parker 2017 9149:Parker 2017 9137:Parker 2017 9125:Parker 2017 9113:Parker 2017 9077:Parker 2017 8995:Parker 2017 8983:Parker 2017 8971:Parker 2017 8905:Rawson 1999 8833:Gernet 1996 8797:Gernet 1996 8734:Gernet 1996 8635:Parker 2017 8623:Parker 2017 8546:(23): 1–30. 8269:2440/104470 8139:24 December 8134:Taiwan News 8113:24 December 8061:: 153–158. 7975:The Pacific 7759:12 February 7714:11 February 7664:11 February 7618:12 February 7586:11 February 7537:12 February 7381:Mendis 1999 7369:Parker 2017 7357:Parker 2017 7294:Parker 2017 7267:Parker 2017 7255:Parker 2017 7142:Parker 2017 7130:Parker 2017 6998:Parker 2017 6983:Parker 2017 6929:Parker 2017 6917:Parker 2017 6840:Grabbe 2008 6816:Stager 1998 6804:Parker 2017 6546:Parker 2017 6510:Parker 2017 6483:Parker 2017 6403:Parker 2017 6340:Parker 2017 6304:Parker 2017 6277:Parker 2017 6187:Parker 2017 5898:Roman cast 5815:Scandinavia 5804:Hun-Xiongnu 5719:Greco-Roman 5649:Middle Ages 5512:Pisistratus 5330:Monte Alban 5322:Teotihuacan 5286:San Lorenzo 5251:Mesoamerica 5244:Teotihuacan 5230:Mesoamerica 5224:Mesoamerica 5218:Nazca lines 5206:Moche River 5183:Chavin cult 5140:Mesoamerica 5086:– those of 5049:Han Dynasty 4992:Han dynasty 4707:Middle East 4688:East Africa 4630:spice trade 4613:Philippines 4535:by 900 CE; 4531:by 700 CE; 4451:Celebes Sea 4442:Philippines 4428:began from 4402:Austronesia 4293:-speakers. 4216:North India 4169:Mahabharata 4102:Afghanistan 4060:Pataliputra 4014:Great Lakes 4010:Congo River 3969:Niger River 3965:West Africa 3890:Nok culture 3884:Nok culture 3849:Ezana Stone 3782:New Kingdom 3762:Old Kingdom 3723:hieroglyphs 3664:4th dynasty 3315:Indus River 3307:Cambyses II 3258:in 614 BC. 3152:Ishtar Gate 3095:Jemdet Nasr 3091:Uruk period 3037:Mesopotamia 3031:Mesopotamia 2954:hieroglyphs 2920:Mesopotamia 2900:copper ores 2837:Mesoamerica 2781:agriculture 2742:DNA studies 2702:Paleolithic 2671:due to the 2612:time period 2413:Renaissance 1955:Philippines 1800:Tambralinga 1755:Sungai Batu 1710:Melanesians 1651:Igodomigodo 1585:West Africa 1437:Teotihuacan 1330:Mesoamerica 1142:Tarim Basin 1107:Transoxiana 458:Mesopotamia 428:Sea Peoples 165:Priest-King 46:(TV series) 10773:Categories 10726:Quotations 10628:Prehistory 10375:. Oxford: 10277:. London: 10254:. London: 10218:18 October 9864:. Oxford: 9294:0691025916 9259:5 December 9219:5 December 8932:18 October 6828:Dever 2003 6111:References 5900:terracotta 5823:Ostrogoths 5703:Migrations 5683:Diocletian 5618:Punic Wars 5564:, and the 5558:Antigonids 5451:Aegean Sea 5416:See also: 5284:center of 5198:Tiahuanaco 5138:, both in 5004:Great Wall 4977:commandery 4869:, and the 4723:lashed-lug 4713:, and the 4709:, eastern 4703:South Asia 4680:Madagascar 4669:Kalimantan 4649:phytoliths 4626:Lingling-o 4548:, and the 4527:, and the 4497:New Guinea 4364:Ban Chiang 4337:industry. 4335:Bronze Age 4299:thalassian 4291:Hmong-Mien 4261:period of 4021:South Asia 3731:literature 3702:, and the 3684:Nile Delta 3635:Punic Wars 3621:settlers. 3619:Phoenician 3552:Punic Wars 3214:Washukanni 2829:New Guinea 2706:Mesolithic 2694:Prehistory 2685:Prehistory 2679:Prehistory 2656:, and the 2654:Bronze Age 2544:Futurology 2485:South Asia 2385:South Asia 2302:South Asia 2239:Bronze Age 2234:Copper Age 2192:Common Era 2167:10,000 BCE 2113:Prehistory 1998:Bronze Age 1993:Copper Age 1905:Shailendra 1820:Sri Ksetra 1805:Langkasuka 1725:Micronesia 1626:Senegambia 1477:Caral-Supe 1417:Teuchitlán 1402:Chupícuaro 1372:Gran Coclé 1302:Pre-Dorset 1195:South Asia 1102:Badakhshan 918:Tocharians 893:Afanasievo 503:Pelasgians 453:The Levant 237:prehistory 32:Prehistory 10743:Textbooks 10402:Greenwood 9764:Shaw 2012 9541:2470-2048 8075:1835-1794 7659:162300712 7202:Shaw 1978 6116:Citations 5983:Aristotle 5848:Axial Age 5831:Visigoths 5779:(central 5761:Hallstatt 5602:Etruscans 5566:Ptolemies 5549:political 5477:with the 5467:Mycenaean 5461:known as 5436:Acropolis 5428:Parthenon 5404:Etruscans 5257:, beans, 5130:New World 5008:Invasions 4902:Wei River 4900:from the 4818:from the 4796:East Asia 4749:Palembang 4745:Srivijaya 4699:Neolithic 4638:Sri Lanka 4586:Srivijaya 4542:Pitcairns 4529:Marquesas 4259:Neolithic 4205:Sri Lanka 3957:societies 3827:. In the 3755:dynasties 3715:millennia 3528:Phoenicia 3523:Phoenicia 3505:Jerusalem 3475:Merneptah 3413:Phoenicia 3377:Ctesiphon 3256:Chaldeans 3144:Jerusalem 3117:Hammurabi 3105:Babylonia 3063:Babylonia 3021:law codes 2989:West Asia 2950:cuneiform 2758:Australia 2710:Neolithic 2698:Stone Age 2650:Stone Age 2635:cuneiform 2614:from the 2532:Modernity 2499:West Asia 2480:East Asia 2399:West Asia 2376:East Asia 2316:West Asia 2297:East Asia 2253:Axial Age 2155:Neolithic 2149:Timelines 2117:Stone Age 2003:Axial Age 1960:Singapore 1945:Indonesia 1900:Srivijaya 1890:Dvaravati 1740:Hồng Bàng 1735:Polynesia 1730:Melanesia 1720:Australia 1572:Seafaring 1530:Caribbean 1387:Cuicuilco 1367:Xochipala 1342:Epi-Olmec 1155:East Asia 563:Germanics 538:Etruscans 528:Tartessos 523:Talaiotic 498:Illyrians 488:Thracians 373:Phoenicia 358:Phrygians 323:Babylonia 246:Near East 10571: – 10558:Websites 10322:(2015). 10187:Archived 10167:(2012). 9964:(1999). 9938:(2003). 9281:(1995). 9035:14 March 8926:Archived 8512:30715341 8463:33481023 8427:24395773 8327:19535740 8288:28405364 7955:23 March 7949:Archived 7926:24936983 7815:29838345 7807:19164742 7737:Sa Huỳnh 7609:Archived 6170:Archived 6159:Archived 6099:See also 5975:Socrates 5960:morality 5952:Legalism 5917:Buddhism 5827:Lombards 5785:Scotland 5781:Anatolia 5771:and the 5633:Hispania 5614:Carthage 5610:republic 5606:monarchy 5562:Selucids 5524:Diadochi 5479:Linear B 5473:form of 5471:attested 5463:Linear A 5318:Zapotecs 5307:calendar 5290:La Venta 5271:tomatoes 5255:avocados 5253:, where 5214:Cahuachi 5116:Americas 5092:Goguryeo 5073:Han Wudi 5051:period. 5000:legalism 4969:Liaoning 4953:Legalism 4877:valley. 4835:Yangshao 4831:Longshan 4761:emporium 4673:Sulawesi 4661:Zanzibar 4653:Cameroon 4618:Sa Huynh 4611:and the 4537:Rapa Nui 4478:Chamorro 4375:Đông Sơn 4267:Mainland 4214:Most of 4163:Ramayana 4158:Buddhism 4150:Hinduism 4135:Sanskrit 4114:Chickens 3865:Ethiopia 3807:of Nubia 3805:Pharaohs 3735:pyramids 3727:hieratic 3613:Carthage 3607:Carthage 3560:alphabet 3548:Carthage 3479:hegemony 3421:chariots 3417:Anatolia 3408:Hittites 3387:Hittites 3381:Shapur I 3319:Xerxes I 3244:Persians 3185:Anatolia 3167:Akkadian 2896:smelting 2658:Iron Age 2632:Sumerian 2622:through 2518:See also 2362:Americas 2347:Timeline 2244:Iron Age 2141:Holocene 2095:a series 2093:Part of 2046:Category 2008:Iron Age 1972:See also 1930:Thailand 1920:Malaysia 1910:Cambodia 1880:Kalingga 1835:Quduqian 1596:Kintampo 1552:Kalinago 1547:Saladoid 1512:Tiwanaku 1447:Veracruz 1422:Veraguas 1382:Tlatilco 1282:Mogollon 1262:Hopewell 1177:Mongolia 1122:Margiana 1117:Khorasan 1112:Khwarazm 958:Xionites 908:Tungusic 848:Laguatan 763:Carthage 718:Sarapion 713:Avalites 678:Barbaria 648:Macrobia 613:Caucasus 533:Guanches 433:Anatolia 383:Arameans 378:Alashiya 353:Hittites 211:) and a 209:Japanese 185:Etruscan 161:Egyptian 153:Sumerian 10667:History 10653:Portals 10371:(ed.). 10193:11 June 10169:"Aksum" 9821:Sources 8503:6423374 8418:3903192 8395:Bibcode 8279:5383821 8248:Bibcode 7945:Science 7906:Bibcode 7787:Bibcode 7779:Science 7687:9 March 6082:Iranian 5941:Judaism 5921:Jainism 5811:Germany 5777:Galatia 5769:Ireland 5765:La Tène 5687:western 5622:emperor 5275:turkeys 5167:peanuts 5077:Xiongnu 5069:Vietnam 5039:, near 5033:Pazyryk 4965:Sichuan 4941:Luoyang 4885:, near 4778:Mataram 4753:Malacca 4731:Persian 4677:settled 4622:Kalanay 4590:Malacca 4459:Malayic 4455:Sumatra 4392:Vietnam 4313:in the 4305:in the 4287:Kra-Dai 4177:Magadha 4130:Rigveda 4106:Harappa 3985:Oualata 3904:Nigeria 3869:Red Sea 3861:Eritrea 3690:at the 3536:Lebanon 3488:named " 3434:Hattusa 3345:Parthia 3303:Judaism 3209:Mitanni 3189:Nineveh 3173:Assyria 3136:Chaldea 3109:Amorite 3107:was an 3067:Mitanni 3059:Nineveh 3051:Assyria 2946:Writing 2924:Pottery 2877:donkeys 2861:poultry 2817:legumes 2801:sorghum 2766:Siberia 2746:fossils 2731:Eurasia 2719:in the 2475:Oceania 2371:Oceania 2292:Oceania 2226:Ancient 2171:Present 1935:Vietnam 1925:Myanmar 1865:Kantoli 1840:Pan Pan 1810:Tagaung 1790:Tun Sun 1703:Oceania 1681:Pygmies 1606:Oualata 1492:Paracas 1452:Totonac 1432:Cholula 1407:Quelepa 1397:Mezcala 1392:Zapotec 1357:Huastec 1347:Capacha 1297:Sinagua 1292:Patayan 1287:Fremont 1277:Hohokam 1127:Parthia 1068:Bactria 1048:Siberia 993:Tuyuhun 988:Xianbei 983:Kumo Xi 943:Xiongnu 903:Scythia 708:Aromata 693:Mosylon 598:Thracia 593:Illyria 518:Nuragic 513:Torrean 508:Argaric 493:Dacians 418:Phrygia 403:Chaldea 348:Mitanni 318:Assyria 308:Berbers 203:), the 201:Chinese 187:), the 179:), the 171:), the 163:), the 155:), the 18:Ancient 10605:Curlie 10529: 10495: 10474: 10429:about 10408: 10383: 10353: 10334: 10308: 10285: 10262: 10239: 10179: 10153: 10130: 10107: 10088: 10065: 10039: 10016: 9993: 9950: 9924: 9898: 9872: 9847: 9539: 9291: 9250: 9210: 9183: 8573: 8517:23 May 8510: 8500: 8461: 8425: 8415: 8325: 8286: 8276: 8214: 8189: 8162: 8073: 8036: 7981: 7924: 7839: 7813: 7805: 7657: 7496: 7466: 7439: 6139: 6078:Qanats 5981:, and 5948:Taoism 5935:. The 5933:Persia 5927:, and 5888:, and 5854:, and 5800:Attila 5560:, the 5537:Sparta 5533:Athens 5465:. The 5440:Athens 5432:Athena 5410:, and 5398:Greece 5391:, and 5379:Europe 5320:, and 5316:, the 5314:Mayans 5263:gourds 5196:, and 5194:Pucara 5175:potato 5169:, and 5128:, and 5088:Baekje 4957:Mohism 4949:Taoism 4887:Anyang 4865:, the 4776:, and 4766:Melayu 4739:Europe 4711:Africa 4705:, the 4657:Uganda 4609:Taiwan 4544:, the 4533:Hawaii 4525:Tahiti 4515:, and 4476:. The 4463:Chamic 4430:Taiwan 4323:Mekong 4193:Pandya 4191:, and 4181:Ashoka 4110:Punjab 4083:cotton 4079:Barley 4033:, and 3833:Napata 3790:Nubian 3778:Hyksos 3774:Thebes 3696:Levant 3666:) and 3597:Africa 3566:Arabia 3532:Canaan 3463:Israel 3444:Israel 3399:under 3352:. The 3323:Greece 3301:, and 3232:, and 3197:Middle 3177:Tigris 2916:bronze 2908:silver 2892:copper 2885:plough 2881:camels 2879:, and 2873:horses 2865:Cattle 2833:squash 2815:, and 2805:millet 2785:Turkey 2762:Europe 2754:Africa 2708:, and 2652:, the 2568:Future 2508:Europe 2456:Africa 2429:Modern 2408:Europe 2357:Africa 2325:Europe 2273:Africa 1940:Brunei 1895:Chenla 1885:Melayu 1845:Arakan 1830:Lâm Ấp 1825:Champa 1785:Chi Tu 1780:Nanyue 1775:Âu Lạc 1770:Thaton 1676:Takrur 1562:Arawak 1557:Kalina 1487:Chavín 1457:Toltec 1442:Nicoya 1427:Diquis 1362:Mixtec 1337:Olmecs 1312:Glades 1082:Kangju 1078:Sogdia 1008:Shiwei 1003:Khitan 998:Rouran 978:Wuhuan 933:Yuezhi 928:Donghu 778:Cyrene 728:Essina 703:Toniki 698:Mundus 573:Iberia 483:Greece 471:Europe 438:Arabia 408:Urartu 398:Himyar 368:Canaan 363:Ugarit 343:Urkesh 338:Yamhad 333:Amurru 293:Dilmun 205:Haniwa 10709:Media 10679:World 9266:later 9226:Crete 8602:(2). 8567:(PDF) 8540:(PDF) 7922:JSTOR 7811:S2CID 7655:S2CID 7612:(PDF) 7605:(PDF) 7580:(PDF) 7573:(PDF) 6165:from 5979:Plato 5968:Japan 5925:India 5819:Goths 5735:Celts 5508:Solon 5475:Greek 5348:Tikal 5282:Olmec 5267:maize 5242:city 5190:Huari 5096:Silla 5065:Korea 5045:China 5041:Xi'an 4910:Xi'an 4883:Yinxu 4867:Shang 4807:China 4790:China 4786:India 4770:Kedah 4757:Sunda 4727:Tamil 4684:Bantu 4636:with 4594:Sunda 4517:Tonga 4513:Samoa 4482:Palau 4438:Luzon 4319:Funan 4275:China 4229:Hunas 4203:(now 4189:Chera 4185:Chola 4144:varna 4133:, in 4094:Indus 3919:Sahel 3873:Aksum 3825:Kerma 3817:Egypt 3813:Nubia 3796:Nubia 3751:elite 3739:trade 3719:Menes 3708:oases 3645:Egypt 3627:Spain 3582:Islam 3471:stele 3467:Judah 3423:with 3299:Islam 3291:Lydia 3240:Medes 3181:Assur 3158:Akkad 3134:, or 3125:Akkad 3121:Sumer 3071:Hatti 3055:Assur 3013:wheel 2928:Jomon 2912:Alloy 2853:goats 2849:Sheep 2821:China 2770:Japan 2642:Islam 2610:is a 1950:Timor 1850:Kutai 1795:Funan 1656:Bantu 1631:Serer 1502:Moche 1497:Nazca 1470:Andes 1377:Izapa 1257:Adena 1182:Tibet 1172:Korea 1167:Japan 1162:China 1132:Dahae 1018:Turks 953:Hunas 938:Wusun 923:Qiang 863:Libya 733:Rauso 723:Nicon 688:Malao 683:Opone 638:Nubia 608:Malta 603:Dacia 578:Italy 568:Slavs 558:Celts 443:Egypt 413:Media 393:Sabaʾ 328:Qatna 313:Akkad 303:Nubia 298:Magan 288:Hatti 263:Egypt 253:Sumer 217:Olmec 193:Roman 177:Greek 10760:Data 10527:ISBN 10511:2008 10493:ISBN 10472:ISBN 10406:ISBN 10381:ISBN 10351:ISBN 10332:ISBN 10306:ISBN 10283:ISBN 10260:ISBN 10237:ISBN 10220:2020 10195:2022 10177:ISBN 10151:ISBN 10128:ISBN 10105:ISBN 10086:ISBN 10063:ISBN 10037:ISBN 10014:ISBN 9991:ISBN 9948:ISBN 9922:ISBN 9896:ISBN 9870:ISBN 9845:ISBN 9537:ISSN 9289:ISBN 9261:2012 9248:ISBN 9221:2012 9208:ISBN 9181:ISBN 9037:2019 8934:2020 8571:ISBN 8519:2024 8508:PMID 8459:PMID 8423:PMID 8323:PMID 8284:PMID 8212:ISBN 8187:ISBN 8160:ISBN 8141:2021 8115:2021 8089:link 8071:ISSN 8034:ISBN 7979:ISBN 7957:2019 7837:ISBN 7803:PMID 7761:2017 7716:2017 7689:2018 7666:2017 7620:2017 7588:2017 7553:link 7539:2017 7494:ISBN 7464:ISBN 7437:ISBN 6156:Data 6137:ISBN 6091:The 6007:and 5966:and 5954:and 5908:Zeus 5796:Huns 5794:The 5733:and 5669:The 5637:Gaul 5576:Rome 5535:and 5493:The 5426:The 5299:Jade 5094:and 5067:and 4967:and 4955:and 4871:Zhou 4857:and 4843:silk 4841:and 4839:hemp 4833:and 4788:and 4755:and 4735:East 4729:and 4671:and 4655:and 4640:and 4592:and 4581:The 4509:Fiji 4484:and 4461:and 4396:jade 4373:The 4317:and 4289:and 4269:and 4257:The 4251:and 4166:and 4096:and 4088:The 3983:and 3936:Mali 3855:The 3847:The 3682:the 3574:and 3490:Ahab 3465:and 3406:The 3371:The 3281:The 3242:and 3238:The 3130:The 3123:and 3113:Iraq 3069:and 3057:and 3039:and 2932:Mali 2906:and 2904:Gold 2867:and 2859:and 2857:pigs 2851:and 2825:Taro 2813:rice 2809:yams 2803:and 2744:and 2723:saw 2715:The 2687:and 1915:Laos 1875:Lavo 1855:Xitu 1701:and 1661:Bura 1621:Ekoi 1587:and 1517:Wari 1507:Lima 1352:Maya 948:Huns 913:Mohe 583:Gaul 543:Rome 448:Iran 283:Armi 278:Mari 273:Ebla 268:Elam 258:Kish 10603:at 9529:doi 8604:doi 8498:PMC 8490:doi 8451:doi 8413:PMC 8403:doi 8391:111 8361:hdl 8353:doi 8315:doi 8274:PMC 8264:hdl 8256:doi 8063:doi 7914:doi 7902:265 7877:doi 7795:doi 7783:323 7647:doi 7527:doi 5931:in 5755:in 5743:in 5705:of 5438:in 4973:Qin 4863:Xia 4859:Han 4855:Qin 4651:in 4486:Yap 4277:by 3710:). 3193:Old 2898:of 2734:of 1765:Pyu 1760:Mon 1616:Sao 1611:Nok 10775:: 10404:. 10330:. 10304:. 10300:. 10281:. 10258:. 10235:. 10206:. 10185:. 10149:. 10147:DK 10126:. 10084:. 10080:. 10061:. 10059:DK 10031:. 10012:. 9894:. 9886:; 9868:. 9843:. 9648:^ 9597:^ 9535:. 9523:. 9519:. 9471:^ 9263:. 9233:^ 9223:. 9045:^ 9023:. 8924:. 8920:. 8777:^ 8714:^ 8598:. 8594:. 8552:^ 8542:. 8527:^ 8506:. 8496:. 8486:11 8484:. 8480:. 8457:. 8447:30 8445:. 8421:. 8411:. 8401:. 8389:. 8385:. 8359:. 8349:51 8347:. 8335:^ 8321:. 8311:26 8309:. 8296:^ 8282:. 8272:. 8262:. 8254:. 8242:. 8238:. 8226:^ 8132:. 8106:. 8085:}} 8081:{{ 8059:20 8057:. 7965:^ 7947:. 7943:. 7920:. 7912:. 7900:. 7871:. 7867:. 7851:^ 7823:^ 7809:. 7801:. 7793:. 7781:. 7769:^ 7705:. 7653:. 7643:24 7641:. 7637:. 7561:^ 7549:}} 7545:{{ 7525:. 7523:30 7521:. 7517:. 7478:^ 7349:^ 7274:^ 7233:^ 6990:^ 6975:^ 6936:^ 6907:^ 6760:^ 6709:^ 6634:^ 6619:^ 6604:^ 6589:^ 6490:^ 6463:^ 6422:^ 6393:^ 6366:^ 6347:^ 6284:^ 6257:^ 6242:^ 5977:, 5970:. 5950:, 5884:, 5880:, 5876:, 5872:, 5868:, 5864:, 5850:, 5791:. 5747:. 5701:. 5651:. 5635:, 5572:. 5514:. 5406:, 5387:, 5261:, 5192:, 5124:, 5090:, 5063:. 5043:, 4951:, 4792:. 4772:, 4768:, 4694:. 4560:. 4523:, 4511:, 4432:. 4285:, 4281:, 4187:, 4172:. 4081:, 4029:, 3757:. 3737:; 3672:c. 3519:. 3440:. 3333:. 3297:, 3272:c. 3228:, 3127:. 3019:, 2980:. 2875:, 2823:. 2712:. 2169:– 2157:– 2119:) 2097:on 1023:Hu 10695:: 10655:: 10535:. 10513:. 10480:. 10414:. 10389:. 10359:. 10340:. 10314:. 10291:. 10268:. 10245:. 10222:. 10197:. 10159:. 10136:. 10113:. 10094:. 10071:. 10045:. 10022:. 9999:. 9976:. 9956:. 9930:. 9904:. 9878:. 9853:. 9543:. 9531:: 9525:1 9297:. 9189:. 9039:. 8936:. 8907:. 8612:. 8606:: 8600:7 8579:. 8521:. 8492:: 8465:. 8453:: 8429:. 8405:: 8397:: 8369:. 8363:: 8355:: 8329:. 8317:: 8290:. 8266:: 8258:: 8250:: 8244:4 8220:. 8195:. 8168:. 8143:. 8117:. 8091:) 8077:. 8065:: 8042:. 7987:. 7959:. 7928:. 7916:: 7908:: 7885:. 7879:: 7873:5 7845:. 7817:. 7797:: 7789:: 7763:. 7718:. 7691:. 7649:: 7622:. 7590:. 7555:) 7541:. 7529:: 7502:. 7472:. 7445:. 7204:. 6145:. 5759:( 5677:. 5527:. 5055:. 4620:- 4297:" 3670:( 3662:( 3073:. 2596:e 2589:t 2582:v 2565:↓ 2194:) 2190:( 2173:) 2165:( 2133:) 2123:( 2115:( 2110:↑ 2079:e 2072:t 2065:v 1080:/ 219:) 215:( 199:( 191:( 183:( 175:( 167:( 159:( 151:( 52:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index