Ancient Greece - Knowledge

4745: 5200: 4953: 47: 5340: 4873:, part of the Museum, had the previously unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek. Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry, and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual, blending different genres and traditions, and avoiding linear narratives. The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed—while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance, in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately. At the same time, Hellenistic poets began to write for private, rather than public, consumption. 4599: 4443:, a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day. Classes were held in teachers' private houses and included reading, writing, mathematics, singing, and playing the lyre and flute. When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling, running, and throwing discus and javelin. In Athens, some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture, sciences, music, and the arts. The schooling ended at age 18, followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years. 4407: 2812: 5137: 3810: 3825: 4305: 4791: 4564:, which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta, the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale and allowed the diversification of warfare. Set-piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies, naval battles and blockades and sieges. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society. 3601: 3008: 4140: 3274:, the last Macedonian ruler of Egypt, is known as the Hellenistic period. In the early part of this period, a new form of kingship developed based on Macedonian and Near Eastern traditions. The first Hellenistic kings were previously Alexander's generals, and took power in the period following his death, though they were not part of existing royal lineages and lacked historic claims to the territories they controlled. The most important of these rulers in the decades after Alexander's death were 2364: 2996: 4540:

reduced the potential duration of campaigns, as citizens would need to return to their own professions (especially in the case of, for example, farmers). Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer. When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, rarely amounting to more than five percent of the losing side, but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front.

3260: 4034: 10932: 2315: 5326: 10942: 3173: 4524: 10952: 2956: 457: 4432:. Only wealthy families could afford a teacher. Boys learned how to read, write and quote literature. They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service. They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen. Girls also learned to read, write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household. They almost never received education after childhood. 2834:(city-state) becoming the most important unit of political organisation in Greece. The absence of powerful states in Greece after the collapse of Mycenaean power, and the geography of Greece, where many settlements were separated from their neighbours by mountainous terrain, encouraged the development of small independent city-states. Several Greek states saw tyrants rise to power in this period, most famously at 5354: 3302: 4284:, social prominence did not allow special rights. Sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. In Athens, the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. In Sparta, all male citizens were called 3141:, with almost the entire army killed, and the ships destroyed. Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse, Athens' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league, while Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side. Initially the Athenian position continued relatively strong, with important victories at 3027:. The city-states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance, but a coalition of 31 Greek city states, including Athens and Sparta, determined to resist the Persian invaders. At the same time, Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force. In 480 BC, the first major battle of the invasion was fought at 3209:. In the aftermath of Mantinea, none of the major Greek states were able to dominate. Though Thebes had won the battle, their general Epaminondas was killed, and they spent the following decades embroiled in wars with their neighbours; Athens, meanwhile, saw its second naval alliance, formed in 377, collapse in the mid-350s. 4083:, same basic culture, and same language. Furthermore, the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins; Herodotus was able to extensively categorise the city-states by tribe. Yet, although these higher-level relationships existed, they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics. The independence of the 3205:, and invading Laconia. Further Theban successes against Sparta in 369 led to Messenia gaining independence; Sparta never recovered from the loss of Messenia's fertile land and the helot workforce it provided. The rising power of Thebes led Sparta and Athens to join forces; in 362 they were defeated by Thebes at the 3165:

Peloponnesian war, Sparta attempted to extend their own power, leading Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes to join against them. Aiming to prevent any single Greek state gaining the dominance that would allow it to challenge Persia, the Persian king initially joined the alliance against Sparta, before imposing the

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was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of city-states (the exact composition changing over time), allowing the pooling of resources and division of labor. Although alliances between city-states occurred before this

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represented perhaps the most prosperous society in the ancient world, some economic historians considering Greece one of the most advanced pre-industrial economies. In terms of wheat, wages reached an estimated 7–12 kg daily for an unskilled worker in urban Athens, 2–3 times the 3.75 kg of

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Thus, the major peculiarities of the ancient Greek political system were its fragmentary nature (and that this does not particularly seem to have tribal origin), and the particular focus on urban centers within otherwise tiny states. The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the

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The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic

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As the Athenian fight against the Persian empire waned, conflict grew between Athens and Sparta. Suspicious of the increasing Athenian power funded by the Delian League, Sparta offered aid to reluctant members of the League to rebel against Athenian domination. These tensions were exacerbated in 462

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Ancient Greek music was primarily vocal, sung either by a solo singer or a chorus, and usually accompanied by an instrument; purely instrumental music was less common. The Greeks used stringed instruments, including lyres, harps, and lutes; and wind instruments, of which the most important was the

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After the rise of democracy in Athens, other city-states founded democracies. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. This

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was inconclusive, the Romans, in typical fashion, continued to fight Macedon until it was completely absorbed into the Roman Republic (by 149 BC). In the east, the unwieldy Seleucid Empire gradually disintegrated, although a rump survived until 64 BC, whilst the Ptolemaic Kingdom continued in Egypt

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developed around the end of the archaic period, taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry. Towards the beginning of the classical period, comedy began to develop—the earliest date associated with the genre is 486 BC, when a competition for comedy became an official

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At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare. Unable to maintain professional armies, the city-states relied on their own citizens to fight. This inevitably

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came to Rome. The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately 80 AD to around 230 AD. This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both

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The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were prominent features of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between

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While slave conditions varied widely, the institution served to sustain the incomes of the free citizenry: an estimate of economic development drawn from the latter (or derived from urban incomes alone) is therefore likely to overstate the true overall level despite widespread evidence for high

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The first half of the fourth century saw the major Greek states attempt to dominate the mainland; none were successful, and their resulting weakness led to a power vacuum which would eventually be filled by Macedon under Philip II and then Alexander the Great. In the immediate aftermath of the

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and burnt the city before being driven back by a Persian counterattack. The revolt continued until 494, when the rebelling Ionians were defeated. Darius did not forget that Athens had assisted the Ionian revolt, and in 490 he assembled an armada to retaliate. Though heavily outnumbered, the

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was left to fulfil his father's ambitions. After campaigns against Macedon's western and northern enemies, and those Greek states that had broken from the League of Corinth following the death of Philip, Alexander began his campaign against Persia in 334 BC. He conquered Persia, defeating

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In the sixth century, Greek city-states began to develop formal relationships with one another, where previously individual rulers had relied on personal relationships with the elites of other cities. Towards the end of the archaic period, Sparta began to build a series of alliances, the

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In Ancient Greek society, music was ever-present and considered a fundamental component of civilisation. It was an important part of public religious worship, private ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, and household entertainment. Men sang and played music at the

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Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome,

2779:. Most were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of many other cities. Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic and social history. 3058:

gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire, as Athens' growing naval power intimidated the other league states. Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450, after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454, and the death of

4760:, although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry. Homer's poetry, though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing, would have been composed orally; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was 4116:

would be compelled to join under threat of war (or as part of a peace treaty). Even after Philip II of Macedon "conquered" the heartlands of ancient Greece, he did not attempt to annex the territory or unify it into a new province, but compelled most of the

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In the early part of the Hellenistic period, the exact borders of the Hellenistic kingdoms were not settled. Antigonus attempted to expand his territory by attacking the other successor kingdoms until they joined against him, and he was killed at the

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from the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The Classical Period is characterized by a "classical" style, i.e. one which was considered exemplary by later observers, most famously in the

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1050 BC; by 753 BC this had become a decennial, elected archonship; and finally by 683 BC an annually elected archonship. Through each stage, more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole, and away from a single individual.

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The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by

3157:, and began to blockade Athens' harbour; driven by hunger, Athens sued for peace, agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League. Following the Athenian surrender, Sparta installed an oligarchic regime, the 4111:

grouped themselves into leagues, membership of which was in a constant state of flux. Later in the Classical period, the leagues would become fewer and larger, be dominated by one city (particularly Athens, Sparta and Thebes); and often

5087:, previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century, and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts, comparable to a clock made in the 18th century. The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the 4833:

Like poetry, Greek prose had its origins in the archaic period, and the earliest writers of Greek philosophy, history, and medical literature all date to the sixth century BC. Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the

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City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for

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was fiercely defended; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, the vast majority of

4850:, considered the first Greek philosopher, apparently wrote nothing. Prose as a genre reached maturity in the classical era, and the major Greek prose genres—philosophy, history, rhetoric, and dialogue—developed in this period. 2850:

in the west by 775. Increasing contact with non-Greek peoples in this period, especially in the Near East, inspired developments in art and architecture, the adoption of coinage, and the development of the Greek alphabet.

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by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as

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began to develop. Greek religion was influenced by the practices of the Greeks' near eastern neighbours at least as early as the archaic period, and by the Hellenistic period this influence was seen in both directions.

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Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports.

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each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oarsmen—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves.

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aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the Western world.

4189:(not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. In a system wracked with 4079:—divided and sub-divided by hills, mountains, and rivers—contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were "one people"; they had the same 5297:

inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of Classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted a strong influence on the

4010:). These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the 3616:, consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). These names survive to the present day as 5414: 3772:

was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the

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Greeks settled outside of Greece in two distinct ways. The first was in permanent settlements founded by Greeks, which formed as independent poleis. The second form was in what historians refer to as

4744: 3891:; trading posts which were occupied by both Greeks and non-Greeks and which were primarily concerned with the manufacture and sale of goods. Examples of this latter type of settlement are found at 4869:

respectively into cultural centres. It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings, and especially the Museum at Alexandria, that so much ancient Greek literature has survived. The

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The Hellenistic period saw the literary centre of the Greek world move from Athens, where it had been in the classical period, to Alexandria. At the same time, other Hellenistic kings such as the

5199: 3161:, in Athens, one of a number of Spartan-backed oligarchies which rose to power after the Peloponnesian war. Spartan predominance did not last: after only a year, the Thirty had been overthrown. 5397: 4392:' liberation of Messenia from Spartan rule, the helot system there came to an end and the helots won their freedom. However, it did continue to persist in Laconia until the 2nd century BC. 5103: 3241:

in 331 BC proclaimed himself king of Asia. From 329 BC he led expeditions to Bactria and then India; further plans to invade Arabia and North Africa were halted by his death in 323 BC.

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Slaves had no power or status. Slaves had the right to have a family and own property, subject to their master's goodwill and permission, but they had no political rights. By 600 BC,

3484:; when the Romans were victorious, the league was effectively absorbed into the Republic. Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon 2561:

in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.

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saw a series of fruitless annual invasions of Attica by Sparta, while Athens successfully fought the Corinthian empire in northwest Greece and defended its own empire, despite a

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Neither reason nor inquiry began with the ancient Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the

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were slaves. Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize. However, unlike later

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elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as

3118:' successes in northern Greece in 424 improved Sparta's position after Sphakteria. After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the strongest proponents of war on each side, 2830:

The archaic period, lasting from approximately 800 to 500 BC, saw the culmination of political and social developments which had begun in the Greek dark age, with the

5233:, most commonly of sheep and goats. Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer, and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life. 5152:

The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day, particularly in the areas of

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Only free, land-owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike the situation in

12659: 4218:(early 6th century), but the poorest citizens could not address the assembly or run for office. With the establishment of the democracy, the assembly became the 5247:

The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. It became the

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was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and

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Initially many Greek city-states seem to have been petty kingdoms; there was often a city official carrying some residual, ceremonial functions of the king (

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was given the authority to enact another set of reforms, which attempted to balance the power of the rich and the poor. In the middle of the sixth century,

4952: 3468:(including Sparta and Athens). For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the 12649: 2893:

developed over the course of the eighth and seventh century. According to Spartan tradition, this constitution was established by the legendary lawgiver

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Athens developed its democratic system over the course of the archaic period. Already in the seventh century, the right of all citizen men to attend the

5106:" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized 2740:. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, Herodotus' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as 3031:, where a small rearguard of Greeks, led by three hundred Spartans, held a crucial pass guarding the heart of Greece for several days; at the same time 12524: 4320:

had spread in Greece. By the 5th century BC, slaves made up one-third of the total population in some city-states. Between 40–80% of the population of

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until 30 BC when it too was conquered by the Romans. The Aetolian league grew wary of Roman involvement in Greece, and sided with the Seleucids in the

4167:. It is unclear exactly how this change occurred. For instance, in Athens, the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary, lifelong chief magistracy ( 7423:

Grammaticos, P.C.; Diamantis, A. (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus".

6442: 4918:. Percussion instruments played a relatively unimportant role supporting stringed and wind instruments, and were used in certain religious cults. 6773: 4680:

whose ideas, despite being known by second-hand accounts instead of writings of his own, laid the basis of Western philosophy. Socrates' disciple

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This excludes the Greek city-states free from Macedonian jurisdiction in the western Mediterranean, around the Black Sea, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica.

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Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many

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worshipped similar gods, religious practices were not uniform and the gods were thought of differently in different places. The Greeks were

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The earliest Greek literature was poetry and was composed for performance rather than private consumption. The earliest Greek poet known is

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was appointed to establish a code of laws in 621. This failed to reduce the political tension between the poor and the elites, and in 594

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With Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BC, Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature, as important Greek authors such as

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an unskilled rural labourer in Roman Egypt, though Greek farm incomes too were on average lower than those available to urban workers.

4290:, meaning "peers". However, Spartan kings, who served as the city-state's dual military and religious leaders, came from two families. 4107:

might be dominated by larger neighbors, but conquest or direct rule by another city-state appears to have been quite rare. Instead the

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The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative

2350: 3410:, only reclaimed the Macedonian throne around 276. Meanwhile, the Seleucid kingdom gave up territory in the east to the Indian king 11878: 5088: 1844: 7011: 11518: 11361: 11095: 7845:

Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible

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For most of Greek history, education was private, except in Sparta. During the Hellenistic period, some city-states established

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city states under Persian rule rebelled against their Persian-supported tyrant rulers. Supported by troops sent from Athens and

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culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.

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Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period (323–146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the

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in the west. From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the

12544: 8035: 8024: 7852: 7824: 7751: 7669: 7606: 7496: 7060: 6849: 6809: 6725: 6705: 6460: 5705: 5619: 5523: 5496: 5469: 4694:, who wrote extensively about nature and ethics, are also immensely influential in Western philosophy to this day. The later 3852: 5033: 9067: 5067:, a device for calculating the movements of planets, dates from about 80 BC and was the first ancestor of the astronomical 3110:, and Sparta sued for peace, but the Athenians rejected the proposal. The Athenian failure to regain control of Boeotia at 3075:

and Corinth. However, Athens failed to win a decisive victory, and in 447 lost Boeotia again. Athens and Sparta signed the

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Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century BC. When this tyranny was ended, the Athenians founded

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in Athens. However, by the Archaic period and the first historical consciousness, most had already become aristocratic

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were not, as Roman colonies were, dependent on their mother-city, but were independent city-states in their own right.

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revolt, but this aid was rejected by the Spartans. In the 450s, Athens took control of Boeotia, and won victories over

4579:, Greek city-states faced approximately a one-in-three chance of destruction during the archaic and classical period. 4346:, which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state. 12709: 10981: 9077: 9052: 7893: 6869: 6748: 6684: 6621: 5550: 5110:, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably 5038:"the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, while the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle" 4429: 3020: 2687: 7050: 6959: 1444: 12539: 11900: 11144: 10886: 9635: 9062: 9057: 4927: 850: 423: 403: 2933:, the other major power in the Peloponnese. Other alliances in the sixth century included those between Elis and 12639: 12574: 11619: 9529: 9389: 9384: 8661: 7976: 1742: 1439: 478: 2598:, beginning around the 8th century BC, which saw early developments in Greek culture and society leading to the 11830: 10913: 9554: 8968: 8065: 5402: 4947: 3829: 1467: 349: 4028: 11983: 11080: 10908: 10465: 9958: 9474: 9394: 9092: 8802: 5367: 4487: 3475:

The Antigonid Kingdom became involved in a war with the Roman Republic in the late 3rd century. Although the

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McGlew, James (2016). "Literature in the Classical Age of Greece". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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but from 477 by Athens, and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean. During this long campaign, the

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The carved busts of four ancient Greek philosophers, on display in the British Museum. From left to right:

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mechanism of government; all citizens had equal privileges in the assembly. However, non-citizens, such as

3217: 860: 8000: 3752:, regions settled by Thracian tribes. To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the 12000: 11511: 11416: 11386: 11310: 11287: 11137: 9936: 9544: 9420: 9082: 9036: 8991: 8767: 8456: 4401: 4329: 3685: 3250: 3206: 3130: 1704: 10475: 8010: 3129:

The peace did not last, however. In 418 BC allied forces of Athens and Argos were defeated by Sparta at

1449: 11871: 11594: 11371: 10597: 10470: 9603: 9598: 9574: 9484: 9001: 8099: 8051: 6770: 5131: 5107: 5045: 4881: 4809: 4672:, who attempted to provide naturalistic, non-mythical descriptions of the world. They were followed by 4096:

colonies that they set up throughout the Mediterranean, which, though they might count a certain Greek

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Mori, Anatole (2016). "Literature in the Hellenistic World". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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as their 'mother' (and remain sympathetic to her), were completely independent of the founding city.

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Angus Konstam: "Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece", pp. 94–95. Thalamus publishing, UK, 2003,

2383:, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks. 743: 12619: 12347: 12109: 12069: 12059: 12007: 11346: 11118: 9652: 9615: 9549: 9215: 9102: 5377: 4943: 4731: 4639: 4593: 3800: 3617: 3306: 2620: 2461: 2336: 2318: 2255: 1802: 1754: 1719: 1509: 715: 327: 275: 8047: 7449: 6612:

edited by D.M. Lewis et al. I E S Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D.M. Lewis, John Boardman,

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Power, Timothy (2016). "Literature in the Archaic Age". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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Antonaccio, Carla M. (2007). "Colonization: Greece on the Move 900–480". In Shapiro, H.A. (ed.).

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Despite the treaty, Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s, and in 431 BC the

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W. Schiedel, "Real slave prices and the relative cost of slave labor in the Greco-Roman world",

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and established a radical difference between ideas and the concrete world, and Plato's disciple

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from 657 BC. The period also saw the founding of Greek colonies around the Mediterranean, with

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König, Jason (2016). "Literature in the Roman World". In Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (eds.).

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ruler. However, the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders (the

12679: 12654: 12584: 12267: 11995: 11768: 11726: 11696: 11468: 11460: 11410: 11402: 11160: 10945: 10174: 10164: 10154: 10139: 9829: 9569: 9539: 9494: 9489: 9120: 9087: 8889: 8794: 8780: 8436: 8307: 8271: 7788:

Noegel, Scott B. (2007). "Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

7616:

Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L. (1982). "Preface". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L (eds.).

6548: 5513: 5459: 5331: 5213:

Religion was a central part of ancient Greek life. Though the Greeks of different cities and

5064: 4985: 4957: 4870: 4843: 4703: 4514: 4362:

slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions.

3620:, though with somewhat different boundaries. Mainland Greece to the north, nowadays known as 3536:

and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC, and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general

3154: 3028: 2732: 1539: 1175: 810: 7651:

Bulloch, A.W. (1985). "Hellenistic Poetry". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

7488: 7482: 6801: 6795: 5486: 4067:). This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies, which were either 2535:

and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of

1689: 12674: 12429: 12342: 12320: 12243: 12239: 12168: 12084: 12029: 12024: 11847: 11691: 11580: 11406: 11398: 11333: 11186: 10417: 10411: 10397: 9881: 9839: 9811: 9696: 9509: 8739: 8535: 7904:

Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece

5392: 5345: 5214: 5094:

The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field. Hippocrates was a

5025: 5017: 4735: 4686: 4677: 4651: 4634:, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and 4598: 4092:

remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting.

3887: 3476: 3213: 3107: 2914: 2902: 2501: 2493: 2217: 1987: 1664: 1629: 1427: 1160: 1080: 790: 785: 570: 418: 336: 282: 3224:. Philip planned to lead the League to invade Persia, but was murdered in 336 BC. His son 8: 12699: 12564: 12434: 12224: 12153: 11910: 11883: 11866: 11854: 11676: 11632: 11234: 11176: 10997: 10548: 10518: 9906: 9801: 9796: 9233: 8548: 8461: 8431: 8385: 8148: 5099: 5021: 4989: 4543:

The scale and scope of warfare in ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the

4376: 4351: 4076: 3765: 3717: 3669: 3411: 3238: 3225: 3166: 3146: 3134: 3051: 2898: 2894: 2558: 2532: 2489: 2419: 2192: 1544: 1153: 1095: 750: 705: 433: 233: 105: 83: 76: 8030: 5056:

and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of

4439:

Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a

4406: 3604:

Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece and adjacent "barbarian" lands.

3042:

The Persians were decisively defeated at sea by a primarily Athenian naval force at the

2811: 2720:

is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic

12419: 12335: 12325: 12158: 12121: 12051: 11990: 11973: 11927: 11837: 11751: 11565: 11320: 11219: 11085: 11075: 10765: 10662: 10568: 10212: 10129: 10017: 9519: 9343: 8859: 8839: 8696: 8567: 8451: 8246: 8173: 7863: 6521: 5303: 5281:

Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic

5169: 5057: 4544: 4451: 4197: 4050: 3877:-10 million. This was not simply for trade, but also to found settlements. These 3860: 3813: 3790: 3454: 3394: 3346: 3254: 3000: 2989: 2930: 2741: 2691: 2636: 2587: 2509: 2485: 2473: 2438: 2290: 2222: 2207: 2197: 2177: 2142: 2117: 2092: 1975: 1534: 1499: 1409: 1364: 1320: 1165: 825: 710: 178: 8041: 5098:

of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the

12549: 12451: 12439: 12424: 12404: 12315: 12262: 12234: 12216: 12019: 11895: 11888: 11701: 11649: 11627: 11555: 11431: 11254: 11244: 11108: 10941: 10840: 10427: 9976: 9824: 9776: 9620: 9589: 9534: 9451: 9328: 9200: 9021: 8854: 8807: 8747: 8621: 8603: 8579: 8561: 8516: 8471: 8466: 8117: 7995: 7889: 7848: 7820: 7747: 7665: 7602: 7492: 7432: 7056: 6938: 6865: 6845: 6805: 6744: 6721: 6701: 6680: 6638: 6617: 6456: 6390: 5701: 5615: 5546: 5519: 5492: 5465: 5274: 5127: 5084: 5013: 4993: 4935: 4847: 4561: 4548: 4134: 4122: 4042: 4038: 3824: 3556: 3545: 3426: 3221: 3212:

The power vacuum in Greece after the Battle of Mantinea was filled by Macedon, under

3198: 3142: 3083: 3047: 3043: 3012: 2795: 2640: 2628: 2524: 2505: 2497: 2446: 2411: 2212: 2112: 1938: 1913: 1714: 1624: 1614: 1589: 1130: 1090: 950: 940: 795: 695: 670: 530: 518: 309: 240: 35: 12694: 7697:

Hammond, N.G.L (1982). "The Peloponnese". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L (eds.).

7642:

Bremmer, Jan M. (2007). "Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

4304: 3809: 1759: 12310: 12300: 12126: 12074: 11978: 11842: 11731: 11681: 11659: 11654: 11585: 11486: 11456: 11441: 11366: 11295: 11211: 11196: 11113: 10770: 10302: 10267: 10084: 9941: 9819: 9706: 9701: 9026: 8981: 8812: 8719: 8335: 8168: 8153: 8143: 7944: 7626: 6448: 5294: 5230: 5222: 5207: 5136: 4790: 4497: 4463: 4422: 4321: 4211: 4201: 4169: 3833: 3701: 3503: 3263: 3190: 3178: 3138: 3111: 3091: 2950: 2934: 2878:

inherited his position; by the end of the sixth century he had been overthrown and

2863: 2616: 2608: 2599: 2583: 2508:

by Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization across the Middle East. The

2481: 2457: 2450: 2152: 1903: 1888: 1868: 1809: 1694: 1654: 1554: 1522: 1454: 1389: 1290: 1270: 1180: 1035: 935: 880: 835: 820: 438: 210: 169: 121: 89: 56: 4968:

Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of

3600: 3406:

in 301 BC. His son Demetrius spent many years in Seleucid captivity, and his son,

3290:

in Syria and the former Persian empire; smaller Hellenistic kingdoms included the

2690:

during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD, consummated by the closure of the

1918: 12684: 12624: 12509: 12357: 12352: 12330: 12250: 12204: 11961: 11915: 11813: 11790: 11773: 11746: 11531: 11394: 11275: 11062: 10785: 10543: 10331: 10144: 9886: 9752: 9684: 9011: 8609: 8591: 8585: 8499: 8476: 8350: 8261: 8221: 8158: 6777: 6738: 6613: 5695: 5540: 5290: 5044:, using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions, estimated the 4961: 4931: 4904:; both men and women sang at work; and children's games involved song and dance. 4643: 4385: 4325: 4317: 4241: 4159: 3967: 3947: 3713: 3689: 3541: 3465: 3434: 3415: 3403: 3390: 3319: 3283: 3234: 3119: 3103: 3087: 2859: 2835: 2644: 2624: 2565: 2536: 2513: 2415: 2295: 2187: 2082: 2037: 1953: 1928: 1784: 1764: 1724: 1669: 1559: 1414: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1285: 1010: 995: 930: 780: 720: 585: 501: 363: 318: 203: 151: 10966: 10810: 10523: 7706:

Handley, E.W. (1985). "Comedy". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

7679:

Dowden, Ken (2007). "Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

6508: 3007: 12714: 12634: 12589: 12529: 12494: 12286: 12199: 12104: 12012: 11803: 11637: 11376: 11264: 11259: 11168: 10667: 10607: 10602: 10558: 10339: 10287: 10277: 10257: 10247: 9991: 9986: 9981: 8834: 8633: 8627: 8615: 8415: 8390: 8163: 8019: 5359: 5258: 4964:

from 150 to 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.

4915: 4707: 4190: 4139: 4080: 3939: 3916: 3878: 3848: 3817: 3709: 3665: 3637: 3529: 3517: 3461: 3365: 3158: 2806: 2713: 2683: 2595: 2517: 2469: 2285: 2157: 2042: 1997: 1861: 1634: 1584: 1315: 1085: 898: 685: 605: 258: 160: 6452: 4567:

Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200

4496:

At its economic height in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the free citizenry of

4470:

of Athens). The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called

3270:

The period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC until the death of

2429:), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related 12729: 12669: 12554: 12469: 12414: 12274: 12194: 12089: 11939: 11932: 11825: 11778: 11671: 11527: 11474: 11224: 11201: 11181: 11103: 11047: 10903: 10820: 10795: 10485: 10407: 10089: 10032: 9931: 9921: 9891: 9873: 9747: 8899: 8681: 8573: 8529: 8491: 8330: 8251: 5415:

List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region

5311: 5203: 4981: 4774: 4769: 4658: 3963: 3959: 3943: 3837: 3796: 3565: 3552: 3485: 3259: 3202: 3055: 2816: 2675: 2612: 2591: 2442: 2250: 2087: 2007: 2002: 1829: 1774: 1769: 1529: 1504: 1494: 1484: 1369: 1280: 1275: 1245: 1200: 1170: 1135: 945: 915: 535: 461: 11496: 7724:

Kirk, G.S. (1985). "Homer". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, Bernard M.W. (eds.).

5221:, worshipping many gods, but as early as the sixth century BC a pantheon of 4033: 3169:("King's Peace") which restored Persia's control over the Anatolian Greeks. 2995: 2102: 2047: 1674: 1644: 12704: 12504: 12409: 12255: 12229: 12138: 11820: 11808: 11756: 11716: 11711: 11575: 11570: 11436: 11426: 11269: 10720: 10672: 10538: 10392: 10262: 9901: 9737: 9243: 9205: 8904: 7630: 7436: 5254: 5218: 5161: 5157: 5041: 5029: 4977: 4817: 4778: 4719: 4669: 4281: 3896: 3609:

mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them.

3414:

in exchange for war elephants, and later lost large parts of Persia to the

3407: 3384: 2717: 2679: 2659: 2528: 2265: 2260: 2147: 2132: 2032: 2022: 2017: 1943: 1933: 1873: 1814: 1779: 1579: 1489: 1479: 1240: 1235: 905: 815: 555: 216: 7947:, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. 2008. 2540: 2363: 12644: 12392: 12387: 12379: 12364: 12189: 12094: 11905: 11741: 11706: 11686: 11666: 11644: 11609: 11451: 11381: 11356: 11351: 11300: 11017: 10740: 10632: 10612: 10440: 9948: 9926: 9916: 9911: 9834: 9791: 9338: 9248: 9238: 9125: 9115: 8879: 8256: 8231: 5307: 5177: 5072: 5040:. Otherwise, only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus' idea survive. 4969: 4839: 4835: 4765: 4761: 4699: 4647: 4607: 4576: 4389: 4340:

did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of

4257: 4253: 4245: 4144: 3856: 3733: 3613: 3560: 3442: 3275: 2879: 2871: 2768: 2749: 2745: 2695: 2655: 2512:

is considered to have ended in 30 BC, when the last Hellenistic kingdom,

2072: 2027: 1982: 1923: 1893: 1883: 1789: 1709: 1379: 1295: 1225: 1185: 970: 840: 700: 550: 372: 10445: 7701:. Vol. III.iii (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7688:

Furley, William D. (2007). "Prayers and Hymns". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

5024:

proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. In the 3rd century BC,

4244:

belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids, descendants respectively of

3508:

The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of

12175: 12163: 12133: 12099: 12039: 11721: 11328: 11249: 10677: 10647: 10642: 10627: 10513: 10480: 10149: 10119: 9786: 9514: 9348: 9190: 9185: 9175: 9160: 9145: 9135: 9110: 8486: 8241: 8196: 5249: 5115: 5053: 5049: 5005: 4997: 4854: 4783: 4631: 4611: 4210:), for the discussion of city policy, had existed since the reforms of 4058: 3926:

Eventually, Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present-day

3900: 3774: 3769: 3422: 3337: 3287: 3230: 2760: 2270: 2077: 1898: 1574: 1374: 1190: 1070: 1040: 920: 775: 509: 63: 4266:) and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings (the 4214:

in 621 BC; all citizens were permitted to attend after the reforms of

3460:

The city-states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues; the

3137:

to dominate Sicily; the expedition ended in disaster at the harbor of

3050:. The alliance against Persia continued, initially led by the Spartan 12609: 12446: 12181: 12143: 11736: 11550: 11129: 10652: 10578: 10563: 10533: 10528: 10460: 10384: 10369: 10354: 10297: 10197: 9849: 9781: 9353: 9333: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9258: 9253: 9223: 9170: 9130: 8909: 8775: 8729: 8709: 8340: 8211: 7911:

Money, labour and land: Approaches to the economies of ancient Greece

7452:, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Microsoft Corporation. 5153: 5145: 5095: 4901: 4691: 4662: 4523: 4455: 4359: 4164: 4001: 3975: 3920: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3729: 3721: 3629: 3328: 3271: 3172: 2776: 2753: 2727: 2721: 2671: 2651: 2604: 2376: 2368: 2275: 2172: 2162: 1659: 1639: 1050: 1045: 800: 770: 760: 645: 630: 595: 413: 7620:. Vol. III (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5071:. It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of 4200:

as a radical solution to prevent the aristocracy regaining power. A

2955: 2874:

established himself as a tyrant, and after his death in 527 his son

12599: 12295: 12116: 11944: 11859: 11798: 11761: 11052: 11042: 10702: 10692: 10682: 10657: 10435: 10402: 10364: 10307: 10222: 10207: 10064: 10054: 9971: 9966: 9363: 9358: 9318: 9313: 9288: 9268: 9195: 9150: 9140: 8996: 8894: 8829: 8757: 8365: 7883: 5270:

Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio

5242: 5181: 5068: 5052:

made a number of contributions, including the first measurement of

4973: 4866: 4858: 4820: 4805: 4715: 4711: 4673: 4615: 4603: 4459: 4337: 4262: 4153: 4057:

Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent

4046: 3979: 3931: 3904: 3778: 3745: 3741: 3681: 3657: 3528:

managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation. The

3469: 3446: 3374: 3310: 3150: 3115: 3095: 3024: 2906: 2886: 2764: 2280: 2107: 1824: 1819: 1394: 1384: 1230: 1120: 1115: 1060: 1055: 990: 985: 805: 665: 655: 650: 625: 560: 10455: 7012:"Did sons and daughters get the same education in ancient Greece?" 4388:

against their masters several times. In 370/69 BC, as a result of

12514: 12369: 12281: 11070: 11037: 11032: 10845: 10835: 10780: 10775: 10760: 10750: 10735: 10730: 10617: 10505: 10495: 10374: 10349: 10344: 10317: 10312: 10292: 10282: 10272: 10237: 10227: 10217: 10169: 10159: 10134: 10099: 10094: 10069: 9722: 9504: 9165: 9155: 8914: 8884: 8874: 8869: 8849: 8844: 8724: 8671: 8380: 8370: 8360: 8355: 8345: 8057: 8015: 5511: 5310:. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the 5111: 5076: 4627: 4568: 4528: 4471: 4414: 4381: 4286: 4249: 4237: 4220: 3951: 3935: 3927: 3892: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3693: 3677: 3653: 3645: 3625: 3521: 3520:

while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia's

3430: 3291: 3197:

By 371 BC, Thebes was in the ascendancy, defeating Sparta at the

2985: 2976: 2938: 2918: 2875: 2843: 2737: 2663: 2632: 2445:, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the 2137: 2062: 1878: 1679: 1619: 1569: 1564: 1549: 1399: 1340: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1215: 1105: 1075: 1065: 980: 965: 870: 865: 765: 690: 675: 620: 590: 580: 10790: 10104: 7958:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3035:, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the 925: 12534: 10815: 10745: 10725: 10687: 10553: 10359: 10252: 10189: 10179: 10124: 9742: 9727: 9323: 9308: 9283: 9278: 9263: 8924: 8919: 8686: 8666: 8410: 8400: 8395: 8266: 8226: 8216: 8201: 5538: 5289:

Via the Roman Empire, Greek culture came to be foundational to

5282: 5262: 5001: 4877: 4801: 4665:, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization. 4623: 4560:

as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the

4557: 4553: 4447: 4410: 4367: 4186: 4147:, Crete, fragment of the 11th column. Limestone, 5th century BC 4063: 3971: 3912: 3661: 3649: 3633: 3540:. The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further, until 3533: 3509: 3441:

cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day

3355: 3123: 3072: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2929:, isolating Messenia and reinforcing Sparta's position against 2926: 2890: 2847: 2839: 2465: 2437:, most of these regions were officially unified once under the 2380: 2372: 2167: 2097: 2057: 2052: 1948: 1834: 1729: 1699: 1609: 1354: 1350: 1250: 1205: 1125: 1000: 975: 680: 640: 635: 615: 610: 565: 8011:

The Canadian Museum of Civilization—Greece Secrets of the Past

7834:

Shapiro, H.A. (2007). "Introduction". In Shapiro, H.A. (ed.).

7797:

Ogden, Daniel (2007). "Introduction". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.).

6906: 4552:

time, nothing on this scale had been seen before. The rise of

3684:(center), and Thesprotia (south). In the northeast corner was 3551:

Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the

2858:

appears to have been established. After a failed coup led by

2607:

of Athens. Politically, the Classical Period was dominated by

12499: 12489: 12484: 11956: 11951: 11027: 10825: 10800: 10697: 10637: 10622: 10490: 10450: 10202: 10114: 10109: 10079: 10074: 10049: 9732: 9273: 9228: 9180: 8752: 8704: 8405: 8375: 8322: 8297: 8236: 8206: 5557:

for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...

5299: 5173: 5165: 5080: 4996:. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including 4862: 4796: 4757: 4681: 4532: 4467: 4418: 4342: 4268: 4225: 4215: 4072: 4068: 4005: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3955: 3841: 3574: 3301: 3099: 3068: 3060: 2972: 2867: 2772: 2430: 2122: 2067: 1649: 1404: 1210: 1110: 1005: 960: 955: 910: 875: 830: 600: 575: 525: 7939:

Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies

5314:

movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas.

4252:. Both dynasties' founders were believed to be twin sons of 12629: 11022: 10830: 10805: 10755: 10242: 10232: 7625:

Bowersock, G.W. (1985). "The literature of the Empire". In

7541: 5141: 4813: 4193:, government by a 'strongman' was often the best solution. 4075:

ruling over relatively large territories. Undoubtedly, the

3673: 3578: 3032: 2967:

on the obverse and her owl on the reverse – 5th century BC.

2922: 2752:, and alluding to some 8th century BC persons such as 2405: 2127: 1220: 855: 545: 540: 5697:

Greek and Roman historians: information and misinformation

4698:, also originating in Greece, is defined by names such as 3067:

BC when Athens sent a force to aid Sparta in overcoming a

3011:

Delian League ("Athenian Empire"), immediately before the

7949:

Ancient Greece: A political, social, and cultural history

7909:

Cartledge, Paul, Edward E. Cohen, and Lin Foxhall. 2002.

6338: 5484: 3389:

The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC. The

2619:

during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to

8038:, an ancient Greek ports database (archived 11 May 2011) 7529: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6355: 6353: 4777:

in Athens, though the first preserved ancient comedy is

4630:. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern 4354:, while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's 12614: 5229:

The most important religious act in ancient Greece was

4676:, one of the first philosophers based in Athens during 3805:

List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia § Greek

2594:

of designs on pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the

7565: 7553: 7470:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 92–93. 7330: 7270: 6609:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The fourth century B.C.

4308:

Gravestone of a woman with her slave child-attendant,

3982:

had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae (

3861:

resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies

2658:

from the death of Alexander until the Roman conquest.

7965:. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 7941:. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 7763:

Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times

7517: 6365: 6350: 6326: 4531:

and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient

2527:, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on 2468:

began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the

7422: 7378: 6645: 5321: 4909: 4861:

were patrons of scholarship and literature, turning

7918:

Athenian economy and society: A banking perspective

7597:Asheri, David; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). 7596: 7505: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 5670: 4446:Some of Athens' greatest such schools included the 4049:political figure in the development of the radical 2662:is usually counted from the Roman victory over the 7956:A history of the Classical Greek world: 478–323 BC 7925:The art and culture of early Greece, 1100–480 B.C. 6160: 6158: 3488:in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end. 2564:Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the 10996: 5008:, are still used in mathematical teaching today. 4384:. Their masters treated them harshly, and helots 3216:. In 338 BC, he defeated a Greek alliance at the 3098:. The war turned after Athenian victories led by 3063:in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450. 2941:in southern Italy, its allies, and the Serdaioi. 2937:in the Peloponnese; and between the Greek colony 12727: 7902:Brock, Roger, and Stephen Hodkinson, eds. 2000. 7618:The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, part 3 6924: 6073: 6071: 6058: 6056: 5505: 5478: 4668:The first known philosophers of Greece were the 4622:Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of 3664:lay to the northwest. Epirus stretched from the 3457:survived until the end of the first century BC. 2885:In Sparta, a political system with two kings, a 2730:is widely known as the "father of history": his 8293: 7765:(2 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 7615: 6960:"Plato's Academy: The World's First University" 6800:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 6651: 6155: 5457: 4328:, the ancient Greeks did not think in terms of 3768:were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. 3421:The great capitals of Hellenistic culture were 3122:was negoitiated in 421 by the Athenian general 2905:, Sparta subjugated the neighbouring region of 2756:. The accuracy of Herodotus' works is debated. 2531:, which carried a version of it throughout the 7185: 7183: 6556:American School of Classical Studies at Athens 3472:(the successor states to Alexander's empire). 2999:Map showing events of the first phases of the 11526: 11512: 11145: 10982: 8073: 7726:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7708:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7653:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7635:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature 7459: 7055:. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–2. 6844:. Malden, MA: Willey-Blackwell. p. 305. 6616:, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 2000, 6441:Chrubasik, Boris (2024). "Seleucid Antioch". 6068: 6053: 5899: 5897: 5532: 4654:, to the secular sciences of the modern day. 3079:in the winter of 446/5, ending the conflict. 2500:. The unification of Greece by Macedon under 2344: 479: 7260: 7258: 7134: 7132: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5512:John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (2004). 5083:. The device became famous for its use of a 4029:History of citizenship § Ancient Greece 3094:which killed the leading Athenian statesman 7180: 6937:. University of Chicago Press. p. 70. 5515:Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement 5048:with great accuracy. In the 2nd century BC 4365:Sparta had a special type of slaves called 3544:organized the peninsula as the province of 2882:carried out further democratising reforms. 2759:Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as 2418:of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of 11519: 11505: 11152: 11138: 10989: 10975: 8959: 8080: 8066: 7906:. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 7714: 7587: 6663: 6569: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6149: 6125: 6089: 6077: 6062: 5894: 5614:. Columbia University Press. p. 273. 5545:. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 337. 5539:Wayne C. Thompson; Mark H. Mullin (1983). 5518:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. 2988:allies—defeated the Persian hordes at the 2819:, or the beginning of the Archaic period, 2351: 2337: 486: 472: 9466: 9446: 8644: 8302: 8050:, Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, 7836:The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece 7741: 7624: 7590:The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece 7255: 7249: 7129: 6957: 6824: 6440: 6010: 5933: 5634: 5491:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. 5451: 4921: 4725: 3266:, National Archaeological Museum, Naples. 2615:during the 5th century, but displaced by 16:Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD 7932:A companion to the Classical Greek world 7838:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7728:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7710:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7655:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7637:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7592:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7474: 7465: 6983: 6930: 6585:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. 5198: 5135: 5089:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 4951: 4789: 4743: 4597: 4522: 4405: 4303: 4138: 4032: 3855:grew beyond the capacity of the limited 3823: 3808: 3599: 3532:were added to this territory in 133 BC. 3300: 3258: 3171: 3006: 2994: 2954: 2810: 2362: 7920:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 7833: 7814: 7705: 7696: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7547: 7237: 7201: 7189: 7123: 6839: 6793: 6549:"CORINTH, ARGOS, AND THE IMPERIAL CULT" 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5681: 5646: 5595: 5583: 5568: 5488:Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide 5121: 4992:, and approached close to establishing 4017: 3573:, and many Greek intellectuals such as 3393:occupied some of this area. Not shown: 12728: 11159: 10013: 8044:, Greek and Roman theatre architecture 7951:. 2d ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 7881: 7842: 7787: 7769: 7760: 7687: 7678: 7571: 7559: 7535: 7523: 7480: 7162: 7150: 7138: 6743:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. 6736: 6388: 6376: 6359: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6164: 6137: 6113: 6101: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5888: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5658: 5118:), thus making medicine a profession. 4547:. To fight the enormous armies of the 4045:, Vatican Museums; Pericles was a key 4022: 3958:. Greek colonies were also founded in 3464:(including Corinth and Argos) and the 3133:. In 415 Athens launched an ambitious 11500: 11133: 10970: 10870: 10012: 9441: 8945: 8292: 8112: 8061: 7805: 7796: 7732: 7511: 7264: 7111: 7075: 7009: 6635:"Population of the Greek city-states" 6546: 5693: 5607: 5257:to the point of marginalizing native 5036:revives Aristarchus' hypothesis that 4128: 3676:river in the north, and consisted of 3644:in the center, while in the east lay 3282:in Macedonia and the rest of Greece, 3244: 2992:, and the Persian fleet turned tail. 2456:Three centuries after the decline of 11362:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 10481:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 8113: 7861: 7817:Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction 7778: 7723: 7662:Greek Mythography in the Roman World 7599:A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4 7425:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7225: 7213: 7174: 7099: 7087: 7048: 6589:from the original on 8 December 2008 5485:Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004). 3577:would perform most of their work in 3149:in 406. However, in 405 the Spartan 2846:in the east as early as 800 BC, and 2433:and other territories. Prior to the 7934:. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell. 6958:Kampouris, Nick (26 October 2023). 6911:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5671:Asheri, Lloyd & Corcella (2007) 5032:system. Archimedes in his treatise 4275: 3486:defeated and absorbed by the Romans 2944: 2716:, while earlier ancient history or 1685:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition 13: 11342:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 9442: 8087: 8025:Economic history of ancient Greece 7874: 7719:(4 ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. 6509:Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered 5573:. London: Routledge. p. xvii. 5410:Modern influence of Ancient Greece 4888: 4232:, had no political rights at all. 4041:, Roman copy of a Greek original, 2670:in 146 BC to the establishment of 2492:in 323 BC, and which included the 2480:. This was followed by the age of 14: 12747: 12710:Western European and Others Group 7970: 7963:The archaeology of ancient Greece 7913:. London and New York: Routledge. 6934:The Beginnings of Western Science 6389:Werner, Robert (22 August 2024). 5571:Greece in the Making: 1200–479 BC 4768:from the mid-seventh century BC. 4228:(foreigners living in Athens) or 3907:was colonized first, followed by 3716:, lands inhabited by independent 2800: 2701: 10950: 10940: 10931: 10930: 7927:Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 7847:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 7443: 7416: 7403: 7390: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7195: 7168: 7156: 7144: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7010:López, Raquel (28 August 2019). 6842:A Companion to Ancient Education 5398:Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity 5352: 5338: 5324: 4928:List of Graeco-Roman geographers 2635:. This period was shaped by the 2414:civilization, existing from the 2314: 2313: 1086:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 455: 45: 10951: 7885:Classical Archaeology of Greece 7808:A Companion to Greek Literature 7781:A Companion to Greek Literature 7772:A Companion to Greek Literature 7735:A Companion to Greek Literature 7580: 7081: 7069: 7042: 7029: 7003: 6977: 6951: 6899: 6874: 6858: 6833: 6818: 6787: 6782:Britannica Student Encyclopædia 6764: 6730: 6710: 6690: 6669: 6657: 6627: 6601: 6540: 6514: 6502: 6476: 6434: 6408: 6382: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6041: 6029: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5921: 5909: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5687: 5675: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5172:, with ramifications as far as 4972:, including the basic rules of 4037:Marble bust of Pericles with a 3618:regional units of modern Greece 3491: 3046:, and on land in 479 BC at the 2787:For a chronological guide, see 2551:For a chronological guide, see 2504:and subsequent conquest of the 7466:Garrison, Fielding H. (1966). 6447:. Cambridge University Press. 5601: 5589: 5577: 5562: 5427: 5403:Science in classical antiquity 5160:. In the West, the art of the 4948:Science in classical antiquity 3220:, and subsequently formed the 2909:, enserfing the population. 1: 8552: 8539: 8520: 8503: 7815:Roberts, Jennifer T. (2011). 7799:A Companion to Greek Religion 7790:A Companion to Greek Religion 7699:The Cambridge Ancient History 7690:A Companion to Greek Religion 7681:A Companion to Greek Religion 7644:A Companion to Greek Religion 6984:Woodruff, Paul (March 2006). 6827:The Spartans: An Epic History 6679:. Hackett Publishing, p. 80. 5611:A History of Greek Literature 5440: 5368:List of ancient Greek writers 5020:. Their younger contemporary 4824: 4587: 4488:Agriculture in ancient Greece 4375:enslaved en masse during the 4309: 4174: 4143:Inheritance law, part of the 3946:") were settled, followed by 3934:). To the west the coasts of 3512:after the Battle of Corinth. 3189:) is a rare, water-preserved 3183: 2984:Athenians—supported by their 2820: 2576: 2569: 2546: 2423: 126: 110: 94: 9680:Funeral and burial practices 8865:Military of Mycenaean Greece 8001:Resources in other libraries 6829:. Pan Macmillan. p. 67. 6444:Chapter 3 - Seleucid Antioch 5388:Outline of classical studies 5102:. He is referred to as the " 5091:, accompanied by a replica. 4910: 4750:ancient Theatre of Epidaurus 4395: 3732:and to the west, beyond the 3584: 3023:was launched by Darius' son 2963:coin, depicting the head of 2736:are eponymous of the entire 2406: 7: 11311:Wars of Alexander the Great 8042:The Ancient Theatre Archive 7819:. Oxford University Press. 7746:. Oxford University Press. 7717:The Greek World: 479–323 BC 7664:. Oxford University Press. 7601:. Oxford University Press. 7481:Nuland, Sherwin B. (1988). 7411:Early Physics and Astronomy 7398:Early Physics and Astronomy 6931:Lindberg, David C. (2007). 6840:Bloomer, W. Martin (2016). 6797:The History of White People 6652:Boardman & Hammond 1982 5317: 5188: 5028:was the first to suggest a 4402:Education in ancient Greece 4198:the world's first democracy 3784: 3251:Wars of Alexander the Great 3201:, killing the Spartan king 10: 12752: 9604:Greek Revival architecture 8946: 8031:The Greek currency history 7868:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7843:Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). 7761:Martin, Thomas R. (2013). 7715:Hornblower, Simon (2011). 6986:"Nine Education (Paideia)" 6511:. BBC News. 7 August 2007. 5445: 5240: 5192: 5132:Ancient Greek architecture 5125: 5108:medicine in ancient Greece 5046:circumference of the Earth 4925: 4892: 4882:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4729: 4591: 4582: 4512: 4508: 4481: 4477: 4399: 4297: 4293: 4132: 4026: 4006: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3794: 3788: 3760:to the northeast, and the 3593: 3589: 3501: 3495: 3248: 2979:, they advanced as far as 2948: 2897:. Over the course of the 2804: 2793: 2789:Timeline of ancient Greece 2786: 2782: 2705: 2553:Timeline of ancient Greece 2550: 2395: 12480:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 12460: 12378: 12215: 12050: 11921:Standard Average European 11789: 11618: 11538: 11483: 11319: 11230:Wars of the Delian League 11210: 11167: 11094: 11061: 11005: 10926: 10877: 10871: 10866: 10711: 10588: 10577: 10504: 10426: 10383: 10330: 10188: 10040: 10031: 10027: 10008: 9957: 9872: 9810: 9772: 9765: 9715: 9675: 9666: 9588: 9465: 9461: 9437: 9403: 9372: 9214: 9101: 9045: 9012:Attalid kings of Pergamon 8967: 8958: 8954: 8941: 8820:Antigonid Macedonian army 8793: 8766: 8738: 8695: 8652: 8643: 8485: 8424: 8321: 8317: 8288: 8187: 8136: 8132: 8108: 8095: 8048:Illustrated Greek History 7996:Resources in your library 7930:Kinzl, Konrad, ed. 2006. 6771:Slavery in Ancient Greece 6453:10.1017/9781108988988.005 5700:. Routledge. p. 74. 5464:. Brill. pp. 27–50. 5461:Paths from ancient Greece 5373:Outline of ancient Greece 5306:and the Western European 5236: 4978:formal mathematical proof 4740:Theatre of ancient Greece 4492:Slavery in ancient Greece 4484:Economy of ancient Greece 4300:Slavery in ancient Greece 4012:economy of ancient Greece 3692:and its regions, such as 3596:Regions of ancient Greece 3237:in 333 BC, and after the 2815:Dipylon Vase of the late 2682:in 330 AD. Finally, 1475:Indus Valley Civilisation 217:Frankish and Latin states 12620:Lancaster House Treaties 12110:Christian existentialism 12070:Ancient Roman philosophy 12060:Ancient Greek philosophy 11255:Second Peloponnesian War 7882:Shanks, Michael (1996). 7810:. John Wiley & Sons. 7783:. John Wiley & Sons. 7774:. John Wiley & Sons. 7742:Marincola, John (2001). 7737:. John Wiley & Sons. 6825:Cartledge, Paul (2002). 5458:Carol G. Thomas (1988). 5420: 5378:Outline of ancient Egypt 4944:Ancient Greek technology 4812:from the battlefield of 4732:Ancient Greek literature 4636:Hellenistic philosophers 4594:Ancient Greek philosophy 3801:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 3688:, originally consisting 2917:, with cities including 2686:refers to the period of 2371:, a temple dedicated to 2256:Ancient Maritime History 328:Second Hellenic Republic 12398:Equality before the law 11605:Romano-Germanic culture 11240:First Peloponnesian War 7954:Rhodes, Peter J. 2006. 7937:Morris, Ian, ed. 1994. 7923:Hurwit, Jeffrey. 1987. 7052:Democracy and Knowledge 6776:1 December 2008 at the 6582:Encyclopædia Britannica 6547:SPAWFORTH, ANroNyJ. S. 6416:"The Ptolemaic Kingdom" 5694:Grant, Michael (1995). 5569:Osborne, Robin (2009). 5383:Outline of ancient Rome 5168:cultures, resulting in 4895:Music of ancient Greece 4885:dating to this period. 4816:; detail from an Attic 4519:Ancient Macedonian army 3919:and south coast of the 3712:started to expand into 3710:Argead kings of Macedon 3498:Greece in the Roman era 3359:Also shown on the map: 3153:defeated Athens in the 2478:the Mediterranean Basin 2441:from 338 to 323 BC. In 382:Third Hellenic Republic 350:Collaborationist regime 301:First Hellenic Republic 250:Venetian Ionian Islands 12560:Eastern European Group 12149:Continental philosophy 12080:Judeo-Christian ethics 12065:Hellenistic philosophy 11546:Cradle of civilization 11447:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 11372:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 11306:Expansion of Macedonia 11081:Levant (Greater Syria) 9046:Artists & scholars 8961:List of ancient Greeks 8598:Second Athenian League 8447:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 8272:Ancient Greek colonies 8052:Hampden–Sydney College 7961:Whitley, James. 2001. 7660:Cameron, Alan (2004). 7039:, vol. 35, 2005, p 12. 6794:Painter, Nell (2010). 6737:Powell, Anton (2017). 5210: 5195:Ancient Greek religion 5149: 4965: 4940:Ancient Greek medicine 4922:Science and technology 4830: 4753: 4726:Literature and theatre 4696:Hellenistic philosophy 4619: 4536: 4425: 4313: 4148: 4054: 3844: 3821: 3814:Ancient Greek colonies 3706:Alexander I of Macedon 3605: 3555:had long been in fact 3524:; however, some Greek 3451:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3398: 3296:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 3267: 3194: 3088:first phase of the war 3016: 3004: 2968: 2827: 2708:Greek historiographers 2678:as the capital of the 2384: 2325:Post-classical History 2301:Cradle of Civilization 1360:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1061:Massylii Confederation 313:(1832-1924, 1935-1973) 12680:Three Seas Initiative 12655:Pacific Islands Forum 12520:British–Irish Council 12268:Greek Orthodox Church 11727:Industrial Revolution 11697:Scientific Revolution 10165:Sybaris on the Traeis 8890:Sacred Band of Thebes 8630:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 8144:Cycladic civilization 8027:(archived 2 May 2006) 7916:Cohen, Edward. 1992. 7888:. London: Routledge. 7049:Ober, Josiah (2010). 6740:A Companion to Sparta 6700:, Abacus, pp. 363–70 6675:Ruden, Sarah (2003). 5608:Hadas, Moses (1950). 5332:Ancient Greece portal 5241:Further information: 5202: 5139: 5065:Antikythera mechanism 4986:mathematical analysis 4980:, and discoveries in 4958:Antikythera mechanism 4955: 4871:Library of Alexandria 4808:carrying the body of 4793: 4747: 4601: 4526: 4515:Ancient Greek warfare 4409: 4307: 4142: 4036: 4027:Further information: 3827: 3812: 3795:Further information: 3704:. Around the time of 3612:In the south lay the 3603: 3502:Further information: 3304: 3262: 3175: 3155:Battle of Aegospotami 3010: 2998: 2958: 2903:second Messenian wars 2814: 2794:Further information: 2586:characterised by the 2516:, was annexed by the 2410:) was a northeastern 2366: 1071:Kingdom of Mauretania 12675:Special Relationship 12085:Christian philosophy 12030:Western Christianity 11692:Age of Enlightenment 11566:Hellenistic Kingdoms 11347:Seleucid–Mauryan war 11187:Second Messenian War 9690:mythological figures 9411:Ancient Greek tribes 8536:Peloponnesian League 7862:West, M. L. (1994). 5542:Western Europe, 1983 5393:Classical demography 5346:Civilizations portal 5122:Art and architecture 5026:Aristarchus of Samos 5018:Callippus of Cyzicus 4736:Ancient Greek comedy 4018:Politics and society 3668:in the south to the 3477:First Macedonian War 3309:realms included the 3294:in Anatolia and the 3193:from ancient Greece. 2915:Peloponnesian League 2537:Western civilization 2494:Golden Age of Athens 1909:Senegambia Megaliths 1161:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1101:Kingdom of the Aurès 1081:Kingdom of Ouarsenis 337:4th of August Regime 283:Septinsular Republic 12700:West Nordic Council 12565:Eastern Partnership 12154:Analytic philosophy 11855:Classical tradition 11677:Early modern period 11633:Classical antiquity 11628:European Bronze Age 11235:Third Messenian War 11192:Lydian–Milesian War 11177:First Messenian War 10998:Classical antiquity 9802:Tunnel of Eupalinos 9797:Theatre of Dionysus 9421:Ancient Macedonians 9037:Tyrants of Syracuse 8549:Amphictyonic League 8149:Minoan civilization 7865:Ancient Greek Music 7550:, pp. 132–134. 7468:History of Medicine 7016:National Geographic 6391:"Ptolemaic dynasty" 6347:, pp. 254–255. 6215:, pp. 221, 226 5100:history of medicine 5058:apparent magnitudes 5050:Hipparchus of Nicea 5022:Heraclides Ponticus 4990:applied mathematics 4787:, produced in 425. 4640:Muslim philosophers 4352:counterfeit coinage 4185:. In many cities a 4103:Inevitably smaller 4077:geography of Greece 4023:Political structure 3954:, and even eastern 3830:Temple of Concordia 3670:Ceraunian Mountains 3569:in the East and in 3412:Chandragupta Maurya 3239:Battle of Gaugamela 3226:Alexander the Great 3218:Battle of Chaeronea 3167:Peace of Antalcidas 3077:Thirty Years' Peace 3019:Ten years later, a 2627:and finally to the 2559:Classical antiquity 2490:Alexander the Great 2462:Bronze Age Collapse 2420:classical antiquity 1545:Ancestral Puebloans 1056:Kingdom of Blemmyes 751:Aegean Civilization 292:War of Independence 234:Early modern Greece 84:Helladic chronology 12159:Post-structuralism 12122:Christian humanism 11752:Universal suffrage 11422:Roman–Seleucid War 11281:Theban–Spartan War 11220:Greco-Persian Wars 11161:Ancient Greek wars 10476:Menestheus's Limin 10130:Pandosia (Lucania) 10018:Greek colonisation 9380:Athenian statesmen 9141:Diogenes of Sinope 9002:Kings of Macedonia 8992:Kings of Commagene 8860:Macedonian phalanx 8840:Hellenistic armies 8588:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 8452:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8174:Hellenistic Greece 7631:Knox, Bernard M.W. 6624:, pp. 723–24. 6422:. 16 February 2023 6299:, pp. 245–247 6287:, pp. 243–245 6251:, pp. 225–226 6239:, pp. 224–225 5807:, pp. 112–113 5795:, pp. 109–110 5304:Islamic Golden Age 5211: 5170:Greco-Buddhist art 5150: 5104:father of medicine 4966: 4831: 4754: 4646:, to the European 4644:Islamic scientists 4620: 4545:Greco-Persian Wars 4537: 4505:living standards. 4452:Peripatetic school 4426: 4314: 4202:citizens' assembly 4149: 4145:Law Code of Gortyn 4129:Government and law 4055: 4051:Athenian democracy 3911:and the coasts of 3859:of Greece proper, 3845: 3822: 3791:Greek colonisation 3606: 3482:Roman–Seleucid War 3455:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3399: 3395:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3347:Seleucus I Nicator 3268: 3255:Hellenistic period 3245:Hellenistic Greece 3207:Battle of Mantinea 3195: 3017: 3005: 3001:Greco-Persian Wars 2990:Battle of Marathon 2969: 2828: 2742:Darius I of Persia 2637:Greco-Persian Wars 2510:Hellenistic Period 2486:Greco-Persian Wars 2439:Kingdom of Macedon 2385: 2291:Ancient Literature 1840:Indigenous Peoples 1500:Satavahana Dynasty 1106:Kingdom of Makuria 1076:Kingdom of Nobatia 1066:Kingdom of Numidia 1046:Nasamones Chiefdom 1041:Garamantes Kingdom 826:Barbarian Kingdoms 179:Hellenistic Greece 12723: 12722: 12550:Council of Europe 12452:International law 12405:Constitutionalism 12263:Eastern Orthodoxy 11769:Post–Cold War era 11702:Age of Revolution 11556:Greco-Roman world 11494: 11493: 11432:War against Nabis 11245:Second Sacred War 11127: 11126: 10964: 10963: 10922: 10921: 10862: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10428:Iberian Peninsula 10360:Lipara/Meligounis 10326: 10325: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9977:Cypriot syllabary 9868: 9867: 9777:Athenian Treasury 9761: 9760: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9022:Ptolemaic dynasty 8982:Archons of Athens 8937: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8808:Athenian military 8789: 8788: 8622:League of Corinth 8604:Thessalian League 8580:Chalcidian League 8562:Acarnanian League 8472:Ptolemaic Kingdom 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8018:website from the 7977:Library resources 7854:978-1-57506-033-0 7826:978-0-19-957599-2 7753:978-0-19-922501-9 7671:978-0-19-803821-4 7608:978-0-19-814956-9 7538:, pp. 21–22. 7498:978-0-394-55130-2 7487:. Knopf. p. 7339:, pp. 27–28. 7279:, pp. 1, 13. 7252:, pp. 642–43 7204:, pp. 542–43 7062:978-0-691-14624-9 6851:978-1-118-99741-3 6811:978-0-393-04934-3 6726:978-0-349-11717-1 6706:978-0-349-11717-1 6528:. 12 October 2020 6462:978-1-108-98898-8 6152:, pp. 186–89 6140:, pp. 202–03 6104:, pp. 198–99 6007:, pp. 137–41 5983:, pp. 137–38 5971:, pp. 134–36 5959:, pp. 131–33 5930:, pp. 128–29 5891:, pp. 126–27 5707:978-0-415-11770-8 5621:978-0-231-01767-1 5525:978-0-313-32278-5 5498:978-0-8239-3999-2 5471:978-90-04-08846-7 5302:and later on the 5128:Ancient Greek art 5085:differential gear 5034:The Sand Reckoner 5014:Eudoxus of Cnidus 4994:integral calculus 4936:Greek mathematics 4848:Thales of Miletus 4794:A scene from the 4659:ancient Egyptians 4562:Peloponnesian War 4549:Achaemenid Empire 4535:, 5th century BC. 4135:Ancient Greek law 4123:Corinthian League 4043:Museo Chiaramonti 4039:Corinthian helmet 3840:, in present-day 3427:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3345: Kingdom of 3336: Kingdom of 3327: Kingdom of 3318: Kingdom of 3311:Diadochi kingdoms 3222:League of Corinth 3199:Battle of Leuctra 3084:Peloponnesian War 3048:Battle of Plataea 3044:Battle of Salamis 3013:Peloponnesian War 2887:council of elders 2796:History of Greece 2692:Academy of Athens 2668:Battle of Corinth 2641:Peloponnesian War 2629:League of Corinth 2506:Achaemenid Empire 2498:Peloponnesian War 2447:Early Middle Ages 2404: 2375:, located on the 2361: 2360: 1939:Sahelian Kingdoms 1914:Pre-Imperial Mali 1590:St. Johns culture 1131:Kingdom of Altava 1126:Kingdom of Alodia 1096:Kingdom of Masuna 1091:Kingdom of Capsus 941:Kingdom of Simien 696:Achaemenid Empire 496: 495: 462:Greece portal 386: 377: 368: 359: 341: 332: 323: 314: 310:Kingdom of Greece 305: 296: 287: 263: 254: 245: 221: 192: 183: 174: 165: 156: 133: 117: 101: 12743: 12595:EU Customs Union 12127:Secular humanism 12075:Christian ethics 12025:East–West Schism 12008:Physical culture 11732:Great Divergence 11682:Age of Discovery 11521: 11514: 11507: 11498: 11497: 11487:Military history 11457:Mithridatic Wars 11442:Maccabean Revolt 11390: 11367:Chremonidean War 11296:Third Sacred War 11291: 11197:First Sacred War 11154: 11147: 11140: 11131: 11130: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10968: 10967: 10954: 10953: 10944: 10934: 10933: 10868: 10867: 10586: 10585: 10085:Heraclea Lucania 10038: 10037: 10029: 10028: 10010: 10009: 9770: 9769: 9702:Twelve Olympians 9673: 9672: 9463: 9462: 9439: 9438: 9027:Seleucid dynasty 9007:Kings of Paionia 8956: 8955: 8943: 8942: 8813:Scythian archers 8720:Graphe paranomon 8650: 8649: 8557: 8554: 8544: 8541: 8525: 8522: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8319: 8318: 8290: 8289: 8169:Classical Greece 8154:Mycenaean Greece 8134: 8133: 8110: 8109: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8058: 7899: 7869: 7858: 7839: 7830: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7775: 7766: 7757: 7744:Greek Historians 7738: 7729: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7627:Easterling, P.E. 7621: 7612: 7593: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7457: 7456:31 October 2009. 7447: 7441: 7440: 7420: 7414: 7413:, pp. 45–47 7407: 7401: 7400:, pp. 55–56 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6878: 6872: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6791: 6785: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6734: 6728: 6714: 6708: 6694: 6688: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6641:on 5 March 2007. 6637:. Archived from 6631: 6625: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6522:"Achaean League" 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6490:. 16 August 2024 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6363: 6357: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5759:, pp. 69–70 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735:, pp. 67–68 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5635:Marincola (2001) 5632: 5626: 5625: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5455: 5434: 5431: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5295:Byzantine Empire 5293:in general. The 5231:animal sacrifice 5223:twelve Olympians 5208:Twelve Olympians 5176:. Following the 4913: 4829: 4826: 4752:, 4th century BC 4498:Classical Greece 4464:Platonic Academy 4322:Classical Athens 4311: 4276:Social structure 4176: 4121:to join his own 4009: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3895:in the east and 3876: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3834:Valle dei Templi 3764:, with whom the 3720:tribes like the 3656:. Northeast lay 3504:Byzantine Greece 3382: 3372: 3363: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3264:Alexander Mosaic 3191:bronze sculpture 3188: 3185: 3179:Victorious Youth 3135:naval expedition 3037:Battle of Himera 2951:Classical Greece 2945:Classical Greece 2825: 2822: 2817:Geometric period 2688:Christianization 2617:Spartan hegemony 2600:Classical Period 2592:geometric styles 2584:archaeologically 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2488:to the death of 2482:Classical Greece 2474:the colonization 2458:Mycenaean Greece 2428: 2425: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2353: 2346: 2339: 2317: 2316: 1959:African Kingdoms 1810:Ortoiroid People 1523:Northern America 1346:Bactria–Margiana 1141:African Kingdoms 1116:Nemencha Kingdom 1111:Kingdom of Hodna 1016:African Kingdoms 916:Kingdom of Kerma 821:Migration Period 661:Israel and Judah 498: 497: 488: 481: 474: 460: 459: 458: 398:History by topic 384: 375: 366: 357: 339: 330: 321: 312: 303: 294: 285: 261: 252: 243: 219: 211:Byzantine Greece 190: 181: 172: 170:Classical Greece 163: 155:(1100 BC–750 BC) 154: 131: 130: 1750–1050 128: 124: 115: 114: 3100–1100 112: 108: 99: 98: 3100–1000 96: 92: 77:Greek Bronze Age 57:Neolithic Greece 49: 39: 21: 20: 12751: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12685:UKUSA Agreement 12625:Lublin Triangle 12510:Baltic Assembly 12462: 12456: 12374: 12211: 12046: 11916:Eurolinguistics 11785: 11774:Information age 11747:Interwar period 11614: 11534: 11525: 11495: 11490: 11479: 11395:Macedonian Wars 11388: 11315: 11289: 11276:Theban hegemony 11206: 11163: 11158: 11128: 11123: 11090: 11057: 11001: 10995: 10965: 10960: 10918: 10873: 10850: 10713: 10707: 10590: 10581: 10573: 10544:Melaina Korkyra 10500: 10422: 10379: 10332:Aeolian Islands 10322: 10184: 10042: 10023: 10022: 9996: 9953: 9864: 9806: 9757: 9711: 9662: 9584: 9575:Wedding customs 9457: 9456: 9425: 9416:Thracian Greeks 9399: 9390:Olympic victors 9368: 9210: 9097: 9041: 9032:Kings of Sparta 9017:Kings of Pontus 8987:Kings of Athens 8963: 8950: 8929: 8825:Army of Macedon 8785: 8762: 8734: 8691: 8639: 8612:(370–c. 230 BC) 8610:Arcadian League 8594:(c. 400–188 BC) 8592:Aetolian League 8586:Boeotian League 8568:Hellenic League 8555: 8542: 8532:(c. 650–404 BC) 8523: 8517:Italiote League 8510: 8506: 8500:Doric Hexapolis 8490: 8481: 8477:Seleucid Empire 8420: 8313: 8312: 8276: 8183: 8159:Greek Dark Ages 8128: 8127: 8104: 8091: 8086: 8007: 8006: 8005: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7896: 7877: 7875:Further reading 7872: 7855: 7827: 7754: 7672: 7609: 7583: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7479: 7475: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7444: 7421: 7417: 7408: 7404: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7037:Ancient Society 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6990:Oxford Academic 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6838: 6834: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6792: 6788: 6778:Wayback Machine 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6674: 6670: 6664:Antonaccio 2007 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6614:Cyril John Gadd 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6366: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6201:Hornblower 2011 6199: 6195: 6189:Hornblower 2011 6187: 6183: 6177:Hornblower 2011 6175: 6171: 6163: 6156: 6150:Hornblower 2011 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6126:Hornblower 2011 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6090:Hornblower 2011 6088: 6084: 6078:Hornblower 2011 6076: 6069: 6063:Hornblower 2011 6061: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5771:, pp. 73–4 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5291:Western culture 5261:traditions. As 5245: 5239: 5197: 5191: 5180:in Europe, the 5134: 5126:Main articles: 5124: 4962:analog computer 4950: 4932:Greek astronomy 4926:Main articles: 4924: 4916:reed instrument 4897: 4891: 4889:Music and dance 4827: 4742: 4730:Main articles: 4728: 4596: 4590: 4585: 4521: 4513:Main articles: 4511: 4494: 4482:Main articles: 4480: 4450:(the so-called 4404: 4398: 4326:Western culture 4318:chattel slavery 4302: 4296: 4278: 4242:Kings of Sparta 4160:archon basileus 4137: 4131: 4031: 4025: 4020: 3948:Southern France 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3807: 3793: 3787: 3756:due north, the 3714:Upper Macedonia 3690:Lower Macedonia 3624:, consisted of 3598: 3592: 3587: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3466:Aetolian League 3435:Seleucid Empire 3416:Parthian Empire 3404:Battle of Ipsus 3391:Attalid dynasty 3388: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3320:Ptolemy I Soter 3315: 3257: 3249:Main articles: 3247: 3235:Battle of Issus 3186: 3021:second invasion 2971:In 499 BC, the 2953: 2947: 2862:around 636 BC, 2860:Cylon of Athens 2842:settlements at 2823: 2809: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2710: 2704: 2645:Rise of Macedon 2625:Boeotian League 2579: 2572: 2566:Greek Dark Ages 2556: 2549: 2514:Ptolemaic Egypt 2443:Western history 2426: 2416:Greek Dark Ages 2357: 2306: 2305: 2296:Ancient Warfare 2246: 2238: 2237: 1978: 1964: 1963: 1864: 1850: 1849: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1745: 1735: 1734: 1605: 1595: 1594: 1525: 1515: 1514: 1510:Middle Kingdoms 1470: 1460: 1459: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1336: 1326: 1325: 1311:Eurasian Nomads 1306:Five Barbarians 1301:Four Barbarians 1286:Pannonian Avars 1156: 1154:Eurasian Steppe 1146: 1145: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1011:Nilotic Peoples 936:Kingdom of Axum 931:Kingdom of Kush 926:Kingdom of Dʿmt 901: 891: 890: 746: 736: 735: 521: 502:Ancient history 492: 456: 454: 449: 448: 399: 391: 390: 387: 378: 369: 360: 346:Axis occupation 342: 333: 324: 319:National Schism 315: 306: 297: 288: 278: 268: 267: 264: 255: 246: 236: 226: 225: 222: 213: 206: 204:Medieval Greece 196: 195: 191:(146 BC–330 AD) 184: 175: 173:(500 BC–323 BC) 166: 164:(800 BC–480 BC) 157: 152:Greek Dark Ages 147: 137: 136: 129: 118: 113: 102: 97: 86: 79: 69: 68: 59: 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12749: 12739: 12738: 12736:Ancient Greece 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12715:Westernization 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12695:Visegrád Group 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12635:Nordic Council 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12530:Bucharest Nine 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12495:Arctic Council 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12466: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12407: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12390: 12384: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12221: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12105:Existentialism 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11881: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11864: 11863: 11862: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11795: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11669: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11638:Late antiquity 11630: 11624: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11524: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11392: 11384: 11379: 11377:Cleomenean War 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11272: 11267: 11265:Corinthian War 11262: 11260:Phyle Campaign 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11216: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11173: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10994: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10948: 10938: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10389: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10278:Megara Hyblaea 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10258:Hybla Gereatis 10255: 10250: 10248:Heraclea Minoa 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10035: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10014: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9992:Attic numerals 9989: 9987:Greek numerals 9984: 9982:Greek alphabet 9979: 9974: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9636:Musical system 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9595: 9593: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Mathematicians 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8977:Kings of Argos 8973: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8952: 8951: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8835:Cretan archers 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8634:Achaean League 8631: 8628:Euboean League 8625: 8619: 8616:Epirote League 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8564:(c. 500–31 BC) 8559: 8546: 8533: 8527: 8514: 8496: 8494: 8492:Confederations 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8416:Lissus (Crete) 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8164:Archaic Greece 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8114: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8089:Ancient Greece 8085: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8020:British Museum 8016:Ancient Greece 8013: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7982:Ancient Greece 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971:External links 7969: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945:Pomeroy, Sarah 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7859: 7853: 7840: 7831: 7825: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7752: 7739: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7670: 7657: 7648: 7639: 7622: 7613: 7607: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7574:, p. 117. 7564: 7562:, p. 121. 7552: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7497: 7473: 7458: 7442: 7415: 7402: 7389: 7387:, p. 122. 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7254: 7250:Bowersock 1985 7242: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7179: 7167: 7155: 7143: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7061: 7041: 7028: 7002: 6976: 6964:Greek Reporter 6950: 6944:978-0226482057 6943: 6923: 6898: 6873: 6857: 6850: 6832: 6817: 6810: 6786: 6763: 6749: 6729: 6709: 6689: 6668: 6656: 6654:, p. xiii 6644: 6626: 6600: 6568: 6539: 6513: 6501: 6475: 6461: 6433: 6407: 6381: 6379:, p. 255. 6364: 6362:, p. 256. 6349: 6337: 6335:, p. 253. 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6067: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5682:Cameron (2004) 5674: 5663: 5651: 5647:Roberts (2011) 5639: 5627: 5620: 5600: 5598:, pp. 2–3 5588: 5576: 5561: 5551: 5531: 5524: 5504: 5497: 5477: 5470: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5360:History portal 5349: 5335: 5319: 5316: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5238: 5235: 5206:, home of the 5193:Main article: 5190: 5187: 5140:The Temple of 5123: 5120: 4976:, the idea of 4923: 4920: 4893:Main article: 4890: 4887: 4727: 4724: 4708:Zeno of Citium 4678:its golden age 4638:, to medieval 4592:Main article: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4510: 4507: 4479: 4476: 4430:public schools 4400:Main article: 4397: 4394: 4377:Messenian Wars 4371:. Helots were 4298:Main article: 4295: 4292: 4277: 4274: 4236:was a form of 4191:class conflict 4133:Main article: 4130: 4127: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 3940:Southern Italy 3917:Sea of Marmara 3879:Greek colonies 3849:Archaic period 3818:archaic period 3789:Main article: 3786: 3783: 3666:Ambracian Gulf 3622:Central Greece 3594:Main article: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3561:Greek language 3530:Aegean Islands 3518:Roman province 3496:Main article: 3493: 3490: 3462:Achaean League 3379: 3369: 3366:Greek colonies 3360: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3286:in Egypt, and 3246: 3243: 3159:Thirty Tyrants 3120:a peace treaty 2949:Main article: 2946: 2943: 2807:Archaic Greece 2805:Main article: 2802: 2801:Archaic period 2799: 2784: 2781: 2714:historiography 2706:Main article: 2703: 2702:Historiography 2700: 2684:Late Antiquity 2596:Archaic Period 2588:protogeometric 2548: 2545: 2518:Roman Republic 2470:Archaic period 2464:, Greek urban 2388:Ancient Greece 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2286:Historiography 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1972:Southeast Asia 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1862:Central Africa 1856: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1410:Fergana Valley 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365:Yavana Kingdom 1362: 1357: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1316:Nomadic Empire 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 902: 899:Horn of Africa 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 747: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505: 504: 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 476: 468: 465: 464: 451: 450: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 379: 373:Military Junta 370: 361: 343: 334: 325: 322:(1914/15-1917) 316: 307: 298: 289: 279: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 259:Ottoman Greece 256: 247: 241:Venetian Crete 237: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 214: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 185: 182:(323 BC–31 BC) 176: 167: 161:Archaic Greece 158: 148: 145:Ancient Greece 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 119: 103: 87: 80: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 66: 60: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 32: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12748: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12660:PROSUR/PROSUL 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12555:Craiova Group 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12470:ABCANZ Armies 12468: 12467: 12465: 12459: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12275:Protestantism 12273: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12214: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12195:Sovereigntism 12193: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12115: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12090:Scholasticism 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11780: 11779:War on terror 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11672:Modern period 11670: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11528:Western world 11522: 11517: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11489: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11475:War of Actium 11473: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11225:Aeginetan War 11223: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11202:Sicilian Wars 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11182:Lelantine War 11180: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11143: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10992: 10987: 10985: 10980: 10978: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10957: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10937: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10869: 10865: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10456:Hemeroscopion 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10033:Magna Graecia 10030: 10026: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10011: 10007: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Arcadocypriot 9905: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9861: 9860:Zeus, Olympia 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9845:Hera, Olympia 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9748:Mount Olympus 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716:Sacred places 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540:Olympic Games 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9530:Homosexuality 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8900:Seleucid army 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8574:Delian League 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8550: 8547: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8530:Ionian League 8528: 8518: 8515: 8511: 560 BC 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8252:Magna Graecia 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7895:0-203-17197-7 7891: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7867: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7526:, p. 41. 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7477: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7375:, p. 81. 7374: 7369: 7363:, p. 48. 7362: 7357: 7351:, p. 39. 7350: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7327:, p. 25. 7326: 7321: 7315:, p. 24. 7314: 7309: 7303:, p. 21. 7302: 7297: 7291:, p. 14. 7290: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7267:, p. 113 7266: 7261: 7259: 7251: 7246: 7240:, p. 543 7239: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7192:, p. 542 7191: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7159: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7126:, p. 355 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7038: 7032: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6870:1-904668-16-X 6867: 6861: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6752: 6750:9781119072379 6746: 6742: 6741: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6685:0-87220-603-3 6682: 6678: 6672: 6666:, p. 203 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6622:0-521-23348-8 6619: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6323:, p. 250 6322: 6317: 6311:, p. 248 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6275:, p. 221 6274: 6269: 6263:, p. 226 6262: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6227:, p. 224 6226: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6203:, p. 219 6202: 6197: 6191:, p. 203 6190: 6185: 6179:, p. 189 6178: 6173: 6167:, p. 205 6166: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6128:, p. 177 6127: 6122: 6116:, p. 200 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6092:, p. 163 6091: 6086: 6080:, p. 162 6079: 6074: 6072: 6065:, p. 160 6064: 6059: 6057: 6050:, p. 149 6049: 6044: 6038:, p. 142 6037: 6032: 6026:, p. 147 6025: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6001: 5995:, p. 140 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5947:, p. 131 5946: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5929: 5924: 5918:, p. 128 5917: 5912: 5906:, p. 127 5905: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5879:, p. 271 5878: 5873: 5867:, p. 275 5866: 5861: 5855:, p. 356 5854: 5849: 5843:, p. 270 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5783:, p. 108 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5747:, p. 103 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5684:, p. 156 5683: 5678: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5659:Sparks (1998) 5655: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5554: 5552:9780943448114 5548: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5350: 5347: 5336: 5333: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5312:Neoclassicism 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5204:Mount Olympus 5201: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982:number theory 4979: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838:philosophers 4837: 4828: 440 BC 4822: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4775:City Dionysia 4773:event at the 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4670:pre-Socratics 4666: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4652:Enlightenment 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4580: 4578: 4575:According to 4573: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4306: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157:), e.g., the 4156: 4155: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4015: 4013: 4003: 3994:), Massalia ( 3988:), Neapolis ( 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3944:Magna Graecia 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3838:Magna Graecia 3835: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Magna Graecia 3792: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3632:in the west, 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3566:lingua franca 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:Roman culture 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203:Cleombrotus I 3200: 3192: 3187: 310 BC 3181: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3056:Delian League 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2824: 750 BC 2818: 2813: 2808: 2797: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Delian League 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 800 BC 2567: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Mediterranean 2530: 2526: 2525:Greek culture 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 600 AD 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:Mediterranean 2408: 2402: 2393: 2392:Ancient Greek 2389: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251:Human History 2249: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2143:Mueang Pahang 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088:Gangga Negara 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1988:Austronesians 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1919:Djenné-Djenno 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540:Mississippian 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:Sangam Period 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:Maurya Empire 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485:Mahajanapadas 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Kushan Empire 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246:Proto-Mongols 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Indo-Iranians 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 946:Harla Kingdom 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 895: 894: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 861:British Isles 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 740: 739: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 520: 515: 514: 511: 507: 506: 503: 500: 499: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 469: 467: 466: 463: 453: 452: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 383: 380: 374: 371: 365: 362: 355: 351: 347: 344: 338: 335: 329: 326: 320: 317: 311: 308: 302: 299: 293: 290: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276:Modern Greece 272: 271: 260: 257: 251: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 230: 229: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 189: 186: 180: 177: 171: 168: 162: 159: 153: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 123: 120: 107: 104: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 78: 73: 72: 65: 62: 61: 58: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 34: 33: 28: 23: 22: 19: 12705:Western Bloc 12505:AUSCANNZUKUS 12461:Contemporary 12410:Human rights 12256:Latin Church 12230:Christianity 12180: 12139:Conservatism 11984:contemporary 11821:Architecture 11757:World War II 11717:Emancipation 11712:Abolitionism 11600:Romanization 11595:Roman legacy 11576:Roman Empire 11560: 11485: 11437:Galatian War 11427:Aetolian War 11389:(220–217 BC) 11335: 11334:Wars of the 11290:(357–355 BC) 11274:Wars of the 11270:Boeotian War 11012: 10751:Dionysopolis 10721:Abonoteichos 10673:Pantikapaion 10263:Hybla Heraea 9599:Architecture 9555:Prostitution 9244:Aristophanes 9103:Philosophers 9073:Philosophers 8905:Spartan army 8636:(280–146 BC) 8624:(338–322 BC) 8618:(370–168 BC) 8606:(374–196 BC) 8600:(378–355 BC) 8582:(430–348 BC) 8576:(478–404 BC) 8570:(499–449 BC) 8257:Peloponnesus 8179:Roman Greece 8088: 7991:Online books 7981: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7884: 7864: 7844: 7835: 7816: 7807: 7801:. Blackwell. 7798: 7792:. Blackwell. 7789: 7780: 7771: 7762: 7743: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7692:. Blackwell. 7689: 7683:. Blackwell. 7680: 7661: 7652: 7646:. Blackwell. 7643: 7634: 7617: 7598: 7589: 7581:Bibliography 7567: 7555: 7548:Bremmer 2007 7543: 7531: 7519: 7514:, p. 1. 7507: 7483: 7476: 7467: 7461: 7445: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7410: 7405: 7397: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7245: 7238:Bulloch 1985 7233: 7228:, p. 98 7221: 7216:, p. 99 7209: 7202:Bulloch 1985 7197: 7190:Bulloch 1985 7177:, p. 93 7170: 7165:, p. 84 7158: 7153:, p. 81 7146: 7141:, p. 79 7124:Handley 1985 7119: 7114:, p. 60 7107: 7102:, p. 45 7095: 7090:, p. 44 7083: 7078:, p. 58 7071: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7031: 7019:. Retrieved 7015: 7005: 6993:. Retrieved 6989: 6979: 6967:. Retrieved 6963: 6953: 6933: 6926: 6914:. Retrieved 6910: 6907:"The Lyceum" 6901: 6889:. Retrieved 6885: 6876: 6860: 6841: 6835: 6826: 6820: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6766: 6754:. Retrieved 6739: 6732: 6718:Persian Fire 6717: 6712: 6698:Persian Fire 6697: 6696:Holland, T. 6692: 6676: 6671: 6659: 6647: 6639:the original 6629: 6608: 6603: 6591:. Retrieved 6580: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6555: 6542: 6530:. Retrieved 6525: 6516: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6487: 6478: 6466:. Retrieved 6443: 6436: 6424:. Retrieved 6419: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6394: 6384: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6043: 6031: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5923: 5911: 5884: 5877:Osborne 2009 5872: 5865:Osborne 2009 5860: 5853:Hammond 1982 5848: 5841:Osborne 2009 5836: 5831:, p. 98 5824: 5819:, p. 96 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5723:, p. 65 5716: 5696: 5689: 5677: 5666: 5661:, p. 58 5654: 5642: 5637:, p. 59 5630: 5610: 5603: 5596:Shapiro 2007 5591: 5584:Shapiro 2007 5579: 5570: 5564: 5556: 5541: 5534: 5514: 5507: 5487: 5480: 5460: 5453: 5429: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5255:Roman Empire 5248: 5246: 5228: 5219:polytheistic 5212: 5162:Roman Empire 5158:architecture 5151: 5093: 5062: 5042:Eratosthenes 5037: 5030:heliocentric 5010: 4967: 4906: 4898: 4875: 4852: 4832: 4818:white-ground 4795: 4782: 4779:Aristophanes 4755: 4720:Neoplatonism 4687:The Republic 4685: 4684:, who wrote 4667: 4656: 4621: 4574: 4566: 4542: 4538: 4503: 4495: 4466:(founded by 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4366: 4364: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4315: 4285: 4279: 4267: 4261: 4234: 4219: 4205: 4195: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4062: 4056: 3930:and Russia ( 3925: 3897:Pithekoussai 3886: 3883: 3851:, the Greek 3846: 3611: 3607: 3564: 3563:served as a 3550: 3525: 3507: 3492:Roman Greece 3474: 3459: 3449:, where the 3439: 3420: 3408:Antigonus II 3400: 3278:and his son 3269: 3211: 3196: 3177: 3163: 3128: 3081: 3065: 3041: 3018: 2970: 2911: 2884: 2853: 2831: 2829: 2758: 2731: 2726: 2718:protohistory 2711: 2680:Roman Empire 2660:Roman Greece 2649: 2563: 2557: 2529:ancient Rome 2522: 2455: 2435:Roman period 2387: 2386: 2323:Followed by 2261:Protohistory 2133:Tarumanagara 2023:Singhanavati 2018:Suvarnabhumi 1944:Ghana Empire 1874:Dhar Tichitt 1815:Guanahatabey 1755:Casma–Sechin 1580:Thule people 1490:Nanda Empire 1480:Vedic Period 1334:Central Asia 1241:Hephthalites 1236:Iranian Huns 1029:North Africa 906:Land of Punt 755: 508:Preceded by 424:Constitution 188:Roman Greece 144: 18: 12645:Open Balkan 12463:integration 12393:Rule of law 12388:Natural law 12365:Agnosticism 12343:Hellenistic 12321:Anglo-Saxon 12251:Catholicism 12190:Atlanticism 12095:Rationalism 11901:Immigration 11884:Esotericism 11742:World War I 11707:Romanticism 11687:Reformation 11667:Renaissance 11645:Middle Ages 11610:Christendom 11539:Foundations 11452:Achaean War 11387:Social War 11382:Lyttian War 11357:Syrian Wars 11352:Pyrrhic War 11321:Hellenistic 11301:Foreign War 11288:Social War 10899:Place names 10811:Salmydessus 10633:Kalos Limen 10613:Chersonesus 10603:Borysthenes 10308:Tauromenion 10120:Metapontion 9882:Proto-Greek 9835:Erechtheion 9830:Athena Nike 9792:Philippeion 9621:Mathematics 9592:and science 9475:Agriculture 9339:Stesichorus 9249:Bacchylides 9239:Archilochus 9126:Antisthenes 9116:Anaximander 9088:Seven Sages 9078:Playwrights 9058:Geographers 9053:Astronomers 8880:Pezhetairos 8507: 1100 8487:Federations 8386:Megalopolis 8323:City states 8298:City states 8036:Limenoscope 7572:Furley 2007 7560:Furley 2007 7536:Noegel 2007 7524:Dowden 2007 7450:Hippocrates 7163:McGlew 2016 7151:McGlew 2016 7139:McGlew 2016 6716:Holland T. 6577:"Macedonia" 6420:World Atlas 6377:Martin 2013 6360:Martin 2013 6345:Martin 2013 6333:Martin 2013 6321:Martin 2013 6309:Martin 2013 6297:Martin 2013 6285:Martin 2013 6273:Martin 2013 6261:Martin 2013 6249:Martin 2013 6237:Martin 2013 6225:Martin 2013 6213:Martin 2013 6165:Martin 2013 6138:Martin 2013 6114:Martin 2013 6102:Martin 2013 6048:Martin 2013 6036:Martin 2013 6024:Martin 2013 6005:Martin 2013 5993:Martin 2013 5981:Martin 2013 5969:Martin 2013 5957:Martin 2013 5945:Martin 2013 5928:Martin 2013 5916:Martin 2013 5904:Martin 2013 5889:Martin 2013 5829:Martin 2013 5817:Martin 2013 5805:Martin 2013 5793:Martin 2013 5781:Martin 2013 5769:Martin 2013 5757:Martin 2013 5745:Martin 2013 5733:Martin 2013 5721:Martin 2013 5649:, p. 2 5586:, p. 1 5308:Renaissance 5178:Renaissance 5073:Antikythera 4970:mathematics 4840:Anaximander 4836:presocratic 4762:Archilochus 4700:Antisthenes 4663:Babylonians 4648:Renaissance 4608:Antisthenes 4577:Josiah Ober 4454:founded by 4390:Epaminondas 4254:Aristodemus 4246:Eurysthenes 4165:oligarchies 4059:city-states 3857:arable land 3847:During the 3766:Macedonians 3734:Axius river 3614:Peloponnese 3557:Greco-Roman 3443:Afghanistan 3387:(non-Greek) 3377:(non-Greek) 3307:Hellenistic 3276:Antigonus I 3145:in 410 and 3086:began. The 3029:Thermopylae 2889:, and five 2880:Cleisthenes 2872:Pisistratus 2769:Demosthenes 2750:Psamtik III 2746:Cambyses II 2696:Justinian I 2676:Constantine 2664:Corinthians 2656:Middle East 2573: 1200 2484:, from the 2460:during the 2431:city-states 2228:Philippines 2073:Tambralinga 2028:Sungai Batu 1983:Melanesians 1924:Igodomigodo 1858:West Africa 1710:Teotihuacan 1603:Mesoamerica 1415:Tarim Basin 1380:Transoxiana 731:Mesopotamia 701:Sea Peoples 404:Agriculture 376:(1967-1974) 367:(1946-1949) 358:(1941-1944) 354:Free Greece 340:(1936-1941) 331:(1924-1935) 304:(1822-1832) 295:(1821-1829) 286:(1800-1807) 262:(1371-1912) 253:(1363-1797) 244:(1205-1667) 220:(1204-1579) 36:History of 12665:Rio Treaty 12176:Relativism 12134:Liberalism 12100:Empiricism 12052:Philosophy 12040:Secularism 11991:Philosophy 11928:Literature 11722:Capitalism 11417:Cretan War 11329:Lamian War 11250:Samian War 10801:Polemonion 10678:Phanagoria 10648:Kimmerikon 10643:Kerkinitis 10628:Hermonassa 10618:Dioscurias 10514:Aspalathos 10461:Kalathousa 10436:Akra Leuke 10365:Phoenicusa 10150:Scylletium 10135:Poseidonia 10055:Brentesion 9942:Pamphylian 9937:Macedonian 9855:Samothrace 9840:Hephaestus 9787:Long Walls 9766:Structures 9707:Underworld 9653:Technology 9616:Literature 9550:Philosophy 9515:Euergetism 9404:By culture 9349:Thucydides 9191:Pythagoras 9186:Protagoras 9176:Parmenides 9161:Heraclitus 9146:Empedocles 9136:Democritus 9121:Anaximenes 9111:Anaxagoras 9063:Historians 8556: 595 8543: 550 8524: 800 8509: – c. 8437:Cappadocia 8242:Ionian Sea 8232:Hellespont 8197:Aegean Sea 8054:, Virginia 7512:Ogden 2007 7431:(1): 2–4. 7409:Pedersen, 7396:Pedersen, 7265:König 2016 7112:Power 2016 7076:Power 2016 6886:Britannica 6677:Lysistrata 6593:3 November 6526:Livius.org 6488:Britannica 6395:Britannica 5441:References 5278:2.1.156f.) 5250:Leitkultur 5116:philosophy 5075:, between 5054:precession 5006:Archimedes 4998:Pythagoras 4855:Antigonids 4844:Anaximenes 4784:Acharnians 4766:lyric poet 4632:philosophy 4612:Chrysippus 4588:Philosophy 4462:) and the 4441:paidagogos 4417:depicting 4373:Messenians 3985:Συράκουσαι 3905:Asia Minor 3853:population 3770:Chalcidice 3718:Macedonian 3548:in 27 BC. 3423:Alexandria 3338:Lysimachus 3305:The major 3288:Seleucus I 3231:Darius III 3108:Sphakteria 3015:in 431 BC. 2761:Thucydides 2643:, and the 2547:Chronology 2523:Classical 2271:Bronze Age 2266:Copper Age 2178:Shailendra 2093:Sri Ksetra 2078:Langkasuka 1998:Micronesia 1899:Senegambia 1750:Caral-Supe 1690:Teuchitlán 1675:Chupícuaro 1645:Gran Coclé 1575:Pre-Dorset 1468:South Asia 1375:Badakhshan 1191:Tocharians 1166:Afanasievo 776:Pelasgians 726:The Levant 510:prehistory 64:Pelasgians 12610:Five Eyes 12605:EU–UK TCA 12447:Democracy 12336:Old Norse 12225:Abrahamic 12182:Peritrope 12164:Tolerance 12144:Socialism 11974:Mythology 11962:Classical 11911:Languages 11889:Astrology 11737:Modernism 11551:Old World 11212:Classical 11119:Igbo-Ukwu 11048:Britannia 11000:by region 10887:in Epirus 10836:Trapezous 10781:Mesambria 10766:Eupatoria 10736:Apollonia 10731:Anchialos 10693:Theodosia 10663:Nymphaion 10653:Myrmekion 10623:Gorgippia 10579:Black Sea 10564:Tragurion 10549:Nymphaion 10534:Epidauros 10529:Epidamnos 10519:Apollonia 10496:Zacynthos 10418:Ptolemais 10412:Apollonia 10385:Cyrenaica 10375:Therassía 10370:Strongyle 10350:Ereikousa 10273:Leontinoi 10213:Apollonia 10090:Hipponion 9887:Mycenaean 9850:Parthenon 9782:Lion Gate 9685:Mythology 9648:Sculpture 9611:Astronomy 9545:Pederasty 9520:Festivals 9505:Education 9385:Lawgivers 9354:Timocreon 9334:Sophocles 9329:Simonides 9304:Philocles 9299:Panyassis 9294:Mimnermus 9259:Herodotus 9254:Euripides 9224:Aeschylus 9171:Leucippus 9131:Aristotle 8910:Strategos 8776:Synedrion 8730:Ostracism 8710:Areopagus 8662:Free city 8457:Macedonia 8341:Byzantion 8247:Macedonia 8212:Cyrenaica 8189:Geography 8123:Geography 7385:West 1994 7373:West 1994 7361:West 1994 7349:West 1994 7337:West 1994 7325:West 1994 7313:West 1994 7301:West 1994 7289:West 1994 7277:West 1994 7226:Mori 2016 7214:Mori 2016 7175:Mori 2016 7100:Kirk 1985 7088:Kirk 1985 7021:21 August 6995:21 August 6969:21 August 6916:21 August 6891:21 August 6561:25 August 6532:25 August 6494:25 August 6484:"Antioch" 6468:25 August 6426:24 August 6400:25 August 5275:Epistulae 5154:sculpture 5146:Selinunte 5096:physician 4902:symposium 4692:Aristotle 4456:Aristotle 4396:Education 4007:Βυζάντιον 4002:Byzantion 3976:Marseille 3966:. Modern 3942:(called " 3921:Black Sea 3903:coast of 3762:Illyrians 3758:Thracians 3754:Paeonians 3730:Elimiotae 3722:Lyncestae 3686:Macedonia 3680:(north), 3630:Acarnania 3585:Geography 3516:became a 3514:Macedonia 3329:Cassander 3280:Demetrius 3272:Cleopatra 3214:Philip II 3147:Arginusae 3052:Pausanias 2777:Aristotle 2754:Candaules 2733:Histories 2728:Herodotus 2722:epigraphy 2672:Byzantium 2605:Parthenon 2502:Philip II 2451:Byzantine 2401:romanized 2377:Acropolis 2369:Parthenon 2276:Axial Age 2233:Singapore 2218:Indonesia 2173:Srivijaya 2163:Dvaravati 2013:Hồng Bàng 2008:Polynesia 2003:Melanesia 1993:Australia 1845:Seafaring 1803:Caribbean 1660:Cuicuilco 1640:Xochipala 1615:Epi-Olmec 1428:East Asia 836:Germanics 811:Etruscans 801:Tartessos 796:Talaiotic 771:Illyrians 761:Thracians 646:Phoenicia 631:Phrygians 596:Babylonia 519:Near East 434:Ethnonyms 364:Civil War 12730:Category 12670:Schengen 12600:Eurozone 12440:Property 12435:Religion 12326:Frankish 12316:Germanic 12296:Paganism 12217:Religion 12205:European 12117:Humanism 12020:Religion 11979:Painting 11945:Internet 11896:Folklore 11867:Clothing 11838:Calendar 11814:Cyrillic 11799:Alphabet 11762:Cold War 11336:Diadochi 11114:Carthage 11109:Aegyptus 11076:Anatolia 11053:Germania 11043:Hispania 10936:Category 10914:Theatres 10841:Tripolis 10776:Kerasous 10771:Heraclea 10703:Tyritake 10658:Nikonion 10569:Thronion 10491:Salauris 10446:Emporion 10403:Berenice 10393:Balagrae 10345:Euonymos 10318:Tyndaris 10303:Syracuse 10298:Selinous 10268:Kamarina 10223:Casmenae 10208:Akrillai 10125:Neápolis 10060:Caulonia 10041:Mainland 9972:Linear B 9967:Linear A 9897:Dialects 9874:Language 9668:Religion 9626:Medicine 9560:Religion 9525:Folklore 9510:Emporium 9485:Clothing 9480:Calendar 9364:Xenophon 9359:Tyrtaeus 9344:Theognis 9319:Polybius 9314:Plutarch 9289:Menander 9269:Hipponax 9196:Socrates 9151:Epicurus 8997:Diadochi 8895:Sciritae 8855:Hetairoi 8830:Ballista 8795:Military 8758:Gerousia 8748:Ekklesia 8715:Ecclesia 8697:Athenian 8645:Politics 8558:–279 BC) 8545:–366 BC) 8526:–389 BC) 8462:Pergamon 8432:Bithynia 8425:Kingdoms 8366:Pergamon 8308:Military 8303:Politics 8100:Timeline 7633:(eds.). 7454:Archived 7437:18392218 6882:"Lyceum" 6774:Archived 6720:, p. 94 6587:Archived 5318:See also 5265:put it, 5243:Classics 5189:Religion 5182:humanist 5148:, Sicily 5069:computer 4974:geometry 4867:Pergamon 4859:Attalids 4857:and the 4846:—though 4821:lekythos 4810:Sarpedon 4806:Thanatos 4716:Plotinus 4712:stoicism 4704:cynicism 4674:Socrates 4616:Epicurus 4604:Socrates 4569:triremes 4460:Stageira 4386:revolted 4382:hoplites 4360:Scythian 4338:freedmen 4263:Gerousia 4258:Heraclid 4207:Ecclesia 4154:basileus 4081:religion 4073:kingdoms 4047:populist 3997:Μασσαλία 3991:Νεάπολις 3980:Istanbul 3968:Syracuse 3932:Taganrog 3785:Colonies 3779:Anatolia 3746:Mygdonia 3742:Bottiaea 3728:and the 3682:Molossia 3672:and the 3660:, while 3658:Thessaly 3542:Augustus 3470:Diadochi 3453:and the 3447:Pakistan 3375:Carthage 3292:Attalids 3151:Lysander 3139:Syracuse 3131:Mantinea 3116:Brasidas 3096:Pericles 2986:Plataean 2961:Athenian 2907:Messenia 2895:Lycurgus 2856:assembly 2765:Xenophon 2698:in 529. 2623:and the 2611:and the 2496:and the 2453:period. 2449:and the 2319:Category 2281:Iron Age 2245:See also 2203:Thailand 2193:Malaysia 2183:Cambodia 2153:Kalingga 2108:Quduqian 1869:Kintampo 1825:Kalinago 1820:Saladoid 1785:Tiwanaku 1720:Veracruz 1695:Veraguas 1655:Tlatilco 1555:Mogollon 1535:Hopewell 1450:Mongolia 1395:Margiana 1390:Khorasan 1385:Khwarazm 1231:Xionites 1181:Tungusic 1121:Laguatan 1036:Carthage 991:Sarapion 986:Avalites 951:Barbaria 921:Macrobia 886:Caucasus 806:Guanches 706:Anatolia 656:Arameans 651:Alashiya 626:Hittites 444:Military 439:Language 409:Alphabet 122:Mycenean 90:Cycladic 27:a series 25:Part of 12515:Benelux 12420:Thought 12370:Atheism 12311:Finnish 12287:Culture 12282:Judaism 12244:Eastern 12240:Western 12235:Culture 12169:Paradox 12035:Decline 11996:Science 11872:History 11860:Studies 11843:Cuisine 11831:Periods 11791:Culture 11620:History 11586:Eastern 11581:Western 11532:culture 11459: ( 11397: ( 11169:Archaic 11071:Scythia 11038:Illyria 11033:Thracia 11013:Graecia 10956:Outline 10909:Temples 10846:Zaliche 10826:Thèrmae 10816:Sesamus 10786:Odessos 10761:Cytorus 10756:Cotyora 10506:Illyria 10471:Mainake 10466:Kypsela 10355:Hycesia 10313:Thermae 10293:Segesta 10283:Messana 10238:Helorus 10218:Calacte 10198:Akragas 10160:Sybaris 10145:Rhegion 10100:Krimisa 10050:Alision 9959:Writing 9932:Locrian 9922:Epirote 9892:Homeric 9825:Artemis 9812:Temples 9753:Olympia 9723:Eleusis 9658:Theatre 9643:Pottery 9570:Warfare 9565:Slavery 9500:Economy 9495:Cuisine 9490:Coinage 9467:Society 9452:Culture 9447:Society 9395:Tyrants 9234:Alcaeus 9216:Authors 9166:Hypatia 9156:Gorgias 9093:Writers 8915:Toxotai 8885:Sarissa 8875:Peltast 8870:Phalanx 8850:Hoplite 8845:Hippeis 8768:Macedon 8740:Spartan 8725:Heliaia 8672:Proxeny 8381:Larissa 8376:Kerkyra 8371:Eretria 8361:Miletus 8356:Ephesus 8351:Corinth 8346:Chalcis 8267:Taurica 8137:Periods 8118:History 7484:Doctors 5253:of the 5112:theurgy 5077:Kythera 4960:was an 4770:Tragedy 4628:inquiry 4583:Culture 4529:hoplite 4509:Warfare 4478:Economy 4472:Paideia 4423:Academy 4415:Pompeii 4294:Slavery 4287:homoioi 4250:Procles 4238:diarchy 4221:de jure 3952:Corsica 3936:Illyria 3928:Ukraine 3893:Al Mina 3888:emporia 3872:⁄ 3816:in the 3750:Almopia 3738:Eordaia 3736:, into 3726:Orestae 3702:Orestis 3694:Elimeia 3678:Chaonia 3654:Megaris 3646:Boeotia 3626:Aetolia 3590:Regions 3522:prefect 3433:in the 3431:Antioch 3425:in the 3284:Ptolemy 3233:at the 3143:Cyzicus 2977:Eretria 2939:Sybaris 2919:Corinth 2876:Hippias 2844:Al-Mina 2840:Euboean 2836:Corinth 2783:History 2666:at the 2633:Macedon 2631:led by 2541:seminal 2403:: 2208:Vietnam 2198:Myanmar 2138:Kantoli 2113:Pan Pan 2083:Tagaung 2063:Tun Sun 1976:Oceania 1954:Pygmies 1879:Oualata 1765:Paracas 1725:Totonac 1705:Cholula 1680:Quelepa 1670:Mezcala 1665:Zapotec 1630:Huastec 1620:Capacha 1570:Sinagua 1565:Patayan 1560:Fremont 1550:Hohokam 1400:Parthia 1341:Bactria 1321:Siberia 1266:Tuyuhun 1261:Xianbei 1256:Kumo Xi 1216:Xiongnu 1176:Scythia 981:Aromata 966:Mosylon 871:Thracia 866:Illyria 791:Nuragic 786:Torrean 781:Argaric 766:Dacians 691:Phrygia 676:Chaldea 621:Mitanni 591:Assyria 581:Berbers 429:Economy 385:(1974-) 12535:CANZUK 12425:Speech 12353:Slavic 12331:Gothic 12306:Celtic 12301:Baltic 12200:Values 12001:Values 11561:Greece 11465:Second 11411:Fourth 11403:Second 11096:Africa 11086:Arabia 11023:Gallia 11018:Italia 11006:Europa 10946:Portal 10894:People 10882:Cities 10821:Sinope 10806:Rhizos 10796:Phasis 10746:Bathus 10741:Athina 10726:Amisos 10688:Tanais 10683:Pityus 10608:Charax 10559:Pharos 10554:Orikon 10451:Helike 10441:Alonis 10408:Cyrene 10340:Didyme 10253:Himera 10228:Catana 10190:Sicily 10180:Thurii 10175:Terina 10140:Pixous 10095:Hydrus 10070:Croton 9902:Aeolic 9820:Aphaea 9743:Dodona 9728:Delphi 9697:Temple 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