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open until this forward momentum is overcome. Other methods involve delaying the opening until two rollers have been forced back into recesses in the receiver in which the bolt is carried. Simple blowback action is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, but is limited in the power it can handle, so it is seen on small caliber weapons such as
190:
Fafting rifle: In 1774 a rifle was invented by a
Norwegian colonel by the name of Fafting capable of firing 18 to 20 shots a minute and being used as an ordinary rifle by taking off a spring-loaded container attached to the gun's lock. It was also stated that the inventor was working on a gun capable
761:
In a gas-operated mechanism, a portion of the gases propelling the bullet from the barrel are extracted and used to operate a piston. The motion of this piston in turn unlocks and operates the bolt, which performs extraction of the spent cartridge and via spring action readies the next round. Almost
204:
1789 French rifle: In 1791 it was mentioned in a book published in France that there existed since at least 1789 a rifle that held 5 or 6 shots and was capable of being reloaded three times in a minute for a total of 15 or 18 shots a minute. A rifle similar in type to this was also stated to be kept
270:
Devisme guns: In 1844 a French gunsmith known as
Devisme presented a variety of repeating firearms for the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 including an 18 shot pistol with no visible hammer or lock, a 6 shot pistol, a rifle with 6 shots and a 'revolving thunder' and a four shot 'double acting'
320:
Porter self-loading gun: In
February 1851 a loose-powder-and-ball percussion magazine gun invented by a Parry W. Porter, better known for the turret rifle he invented and to which the magazine for his loose-powder-and-ball gun was to be attached, was reported on in American newspapers and later in
687:
In blowback operation, the bolt is not actually locked at the moment of firing. To prevent violent recoil, in most firearms using this mechanism the opening of the bolt is delayed in some way. In many small arms, the round is fired while the bolt is still travelling forward, and the bolt does not
529:
In a classic lever-action firearm of the Henry-Winchester type, rounds are individually loaded into a tubular magazine parallel to and below the barrel. A short bolt is held in place with an over center toggle action. Once closed, the over center action prevents opening solely by the force on the
278:
patented in
Britain a repeating rifle he called "the Volitional Repeater". He would patent it again in the United States in 1849. This rifle featured a tubular magazine beneath the barrel and a lever mechanism to raise cartridges into the chamber. Unable to finance the building of the rifle, Hunt
229:
Lepage guns: In 1819 a French gunsmith called Lepage invented and presented at the French industrial exposition of that year percussion 2-shot and 4-shot turn-over rifles. In 1823 he exhibited a volley rifle that fired seven rifled barrels simultaneously as well as a turning carbine. In 1827, the
477:
mechanism popular in handguns, these did not have longevity. Even though the revolver mechanism was fine for pistols, it posed a problem with long guns: without special sealing details, the cylinder produces a gas discharge close to the face when the weapon is fired from the shoulder, as was the
194:
The Belton flintlock was a repeating flintlock design using superposed loads, conceived by Joseph Belton of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania some time prior to 1777. The musket design was offered by Belton to the newly formed Continental Congress in 1777. Belton wrote that the musket could fire eight
587:
With a pump-action firearm, the action is operated by a movable fore-end that the shooter moves backwards and forwards to eject a spent round, and extract and chamber a fresh round of ammunition. Pump-actions are usually associated with shotguns, but one example of a pump-action rifle is the
333:
1854 Lindner revolving rifle: In 1854 the German Edward
Lindner patented in the United States and Britain a repeating rifle which used a revolving cylinder to elevate the cartridges, which were paper and could be either self-contained needlefire cartridges or use external percussion caps for
216:
Church and
Bartemy/Bartholomew gun: A repeating rifle designed by the Americans William Church and Chrostus Bartemy or Bartholomew in 1813 with three separate magazines for containing up to 42 charges of ammunition and capable of firing 25 shots a minute. It could be reloaded in one
230:
same inventor exhibited at another French industrial exposition eleven percussion and one flintlock firearms which included a 4-shot revolving rifle, a 'double rifle' with a cylinder with five charges and a 'single rifle' and a pair of pistols also with a cylinder with five charges.
316:
Perry 'faucet-breech' gun: A hinged or tilting breech repeating rifle patented in the US in
December 1849 by Alonzo Perry using paper cartridges contained in several gravity-operated tubular magazines in the stock and a separate magazine for fulminate pills which were used for
623:
The bolt is a mechanism that is operated by hand to extract a fired cartridge, move a fresh round into the chamber and reset the firing pin, readying the weapon to fire again. The bolt closes the breech end of the barrel and contains the
255:
Bailey, Ripley and Smith magazine rifle: In 1838 the
Americans Lebbeus Bailey, John B. Ripley and William B. Smith patented a percussion repeating rifle with a gravity-operated tubular magazine which could hold up to 15 re-useable steel
242:
Henry rifle: A French 14 shot flintlock rifle in the style of the
Kalthoff and Lorenzoni rifles patented in 1831 (granted in 1835) by François-Antoine Henry, though possibly based on an earlier design published in 1809 by the same
592:
series. Rifles with pump action are also called slide-action. This style of rifle is still popular with some local law enforcement branches as a rifle that is easy to train officers who are already familiar with the pump shotgun.
259:
Eaton rifle: In 1838 a percussion rifle invented in America by James Eaton was described as being capable of holding 24 rounds in a rotating magazine and discharging them all in four minutes for a rate of fire of 6 rounds per
226:
Leroy rifle: In 1815 (sometimes incorrectly dated as 1825) a French inventor called Julien Leroy patented a flintlock and percussion revolving rifle with a mechanically indexed cylinder and a priming magazine.
295:. The rifle did not sell well as the ammunition was a hollow based bullet containing gunpowder. Most of the guns were later converted to single shot rifles. Two employees working at Robbins & Lawrence:
303:
improved the design and sold it as the "Smith-Jennings Repeating Rifle". At first they used a slightly modified Flobert cartridge, patented in 1853, but later they would switch to a modified
926:"Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation dont la durée est expirée, et dans ceux dont la déchéance a été prononcée"
534:. When operated, a spring in the tubular magazine pushes a fresh round into position. Returning the operating lever to the home position chambers the round and closes the breach. An
732:
shotgun, the barrel and breechblock remain locked for the full recoil travel, and separate on the return; in short-recoil actions, typical of most semiautomatic handguns (e.g. the
557:. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "
628:. The bolt is held in place with a lever that fits into a notch. Moving this lever out of the notch will release the restraint on the bolt, allowing it to be drawn back. An
327:
Dixon self-loading and self-priming gun: A repeating gun demonstrated by a C. S. Dixon which won a silver award at the Annual Fair of the American Institute in October 1851.
310:
Cass repeating belt gun: A percussion repeating rifle patented in 1848 in the US using a chain or belt in the stock which carried paper cartridges to the breech of the gun.
1171:
648:
rifle of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is the most famous of the bolt-action types, with most similar weapons derived from this pioneering design, such as the
546:, use one or two vertical locking blocks instead of a toggle-link. There also exist lever-action rifles that feed from a box magazine, which allows them to use pointed
1490:
358:
in France a French gunsmith called Leroux demonstrated a repeating carbine with a magazine for 36 Flobert cartridges and which featured a novel cartridge extractor.
1123:"Archives des Decouvertes et des Inventions Nouvelles, Faites dans les Sciences, les Arts et les Manufactures, tant en France que dans les Pays etrangers"
280:
288:
233:
Pirmet-Baucheron revolving rifle: In 1822 a French gunsmith called Pirmet-Baucheron presented a revolving rifle with 7 shots and a single lock.
1137:"Description des machines et procedes specifies dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation, dont la duree est expirée"
728:
In a recoil-operated firearm, the breech is locked, and the barrel recoils as part of the firing cycle. In long-recoil actions, such as the
940:"Rapports du jury central, sur les produits de l'industrie française, admis aux expositions publiques de 1806, 1819, 1823, 1824, 1827, 1836"
236:
Hewson magazine gun: In 1824 an English gunsmith called W. P. Hewson advertised, amongst other firearms and one air gun, a magazine gun.
345:. Despite popularly being known as the Colette gravity pistol, its original inventor was actually a Belgian called Jean Nicolas Herman.
246:
Silas Day magazine gun: A percussion revolving rifle to which was attached a loose-powder-and-ball magazine patented in the US in 1837.
1136:
1011:
63:
for the following shot. In common usage, the term "repeating rifle" most often refers specifically to manual repeating rifles (e.g.
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884:
870:
1522:
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983:
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1279:
939:
1396:
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Buchel cartridge magazine gun: The first tubular cartridge magazine gun to be patented in the United States in February 1849.
1543:
912:
871:"Vie privée de Charles-Philippes de France, ci-devant comte d'Artois, frere du roi: Et sa correspondance avec ses complices"
1228:
954:
998:"Annales des mines ou Recueil de mémoires sur l'exploitation des mines et sur les sciences et les arts qui s'y rattachent"
856:
330:
The first slide action patent: Issued in Britain in 1854, to Alexander Bain who modified the mechanism of a harmonica gun.
640:. Pushing the bolt lever forward chambers this round and pushing the lever into the notch locks the bolt and enables the
554:
324:
Needham self-loading carbine: A self-loading carbine demonstrated in June 1851 at the Great Exhibition by Joseph Needham.
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899:
500:. The former loaded from a Henry-style underbarrel magazine; the latter fed from a tubular magazine in the buttstock.
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1361:
1289:
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830:
542:
is exemplary of this type. Later lever-action designs, such as Marlin leverguns and those designed for Winchester by
432:
492:
Although most falling-blocks were single-shot actions, some early repeaters used this design, notably the Norwegian
414:
406:
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Jobard rifle: a turret rifle with 14 shots patented in Belgium in 1826 and presented to the government in 1835.
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704:
assault rifle, can also handle more powerful cartridges but is more complicated and expensive to manufacture.
220:
Thomson rifle: A flintlock repeating rifle patented in 1814, using multiple breeches to obtain repeating fire.
355:
342:
997:
636:
pushes up the reserve rounds, positioning the topmost between the bolt and the chamber at the base of the
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removes the spent cartridge, which is then ejected through the lever slot. A spring at the bottom of the
1461:
Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements
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697:
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bolt when the weapon is fired. This toggle action is operated by a hand grip that forms part of the
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had invented a rifle capable of firing 30 times in a minute and being reloaded in one minute.
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208:
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348:
127:
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32:
1397:"Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851"
8:
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612:
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135:
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36:
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type of ammunition altered so as to function as a self-contained centerfire cartridge.
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900:"Rules and Regulations for Drill, Sabre Exercise ... And Field Movements of Cavalry"
736:), the barrel recoils only a short distance before decoupling from the breechblock.
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776:
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300:
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of the previous shot to cycle the action and load the next round, even though all
1229:"Rapport sur l'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française de 1844"
729:
682:
661:
514:
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placed the first order for the "Jennings Magazine rifle" for his hardware store:
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mechanism, while the act of chambering the round typically also recocks the
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509:
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Kratsch rifle: In 1839 it was reported that a mechanic called Kratsch from
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570:
553:
A one-off example of Lever action reloading on automatic firearms is the
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338:
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ignition, to the breech from a tubular magazine located under the barrel.
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of firing up to 30 times in a minute on more or less the same principles.
103:
72:
68:
1090:"Jean Baptiste Ambroise Marcellin Jobard - www.histoire-genealogie.com"
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625:
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60:
28:
24:
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mechanism. The complete cycle action also resets the firing pin. The
131:
110:
rifles when used for military combat, as they allowed a much greater
1465:. London, United Kingdom: The Great Seal Patent Office. p. 169.
1043:
The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser
656:
Kurz rifle (abbreviated often as Kar98k or simply K98). The Russian
384:
166:
474:
470:
456:
264:
1281:
Complete Book of the .22: A Guide to the World's Most Popular Guns
750:
607:
165:
Lagatz Rifle: a modification of the Lorenzoni System, designed by
1109:"Rapport sur l'exposition de 1839, [industrie française]"
119:
1411:"Transactions of the American Institute of the City of New-York"
1327:"Improved cartridge-tube-formingand conveyer repeating fire-arm"
754:
645:
547:
102:
Repeating rifles were a significant advance over the preceding
538:
prevents firing unless the toggle is fully closed. The famous
701:
40:
1456:
1129:
1306:"Improved self-loading and self-capping repeating fire-arm"
762:
all modern military rifles use mechanisms of this type.
718:
955:"Encyclopédie Méthodique. Dictionnaire de l'Artillerie"
906:
857:"Journal politique, ou Gazette des gazettes: 1775,1/6"
31:
reload. This is typically achieved by having multiple
1115:
321:
the same year a patent was procured by the inventor.
16:
Firearm that can fire multiple times between reloads
1151:"Improvement in self loading and priming fire-arms"
1082:
984:"Rapport sur les produits de l'industrie française"
1458:
1425:
27:rifle capable of repeated discharges between each
1432:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp.
561:" as the lever swung each time the weapon fired.
1555:
1207:"| RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF"
1477:"Improved magazine, repeating, and needle gun"
913:Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association
832:Rifles: An Illustrated History Of Their Impact
1248:
1246:
1027:Traité général des chasses à courre et à tir
206:
169:gunsmith Daniel Lagatz around the year 1700.
1417:
1376:"Improvement in revolving-breech fire-arms"
1048:https://www.newspapers.com/image/393011034/
969:"Annales des mines: Réalités industrielles"
413:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1255:The History of Smith & Wesson Firearms
1515:
1277:
1243:
433:Learn how and when to remove this message
1502:
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465:Circuit Judge revolver mechanism carbine
460:
1423:
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1544:"Rapports du jury mixte international"
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1012:"Traité complet de la chasse au fusil"
1457:Great Britain, Patent Office (1859).
952:
668:are examples of bolt-action designs.
43:) and then fed individually into the
897:
700:, as seen in for example the French
411:adding citations to reliable sources
378:
337:Colette gravity pistol: A repeating
1493:americansocietyofarmscollectors.org
1424:Simpson, Layne (15 December 2003).
1348:"Improvement in faucet-breech guns"
1257:. The Lyons Press. pp. 16–17.
51:, via either a manual or automatic
13:
1503:McCollum, Ian (1 September 2015).
707:
450:
141:
14:
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274:Jennings magazine rifle: in 1847
223:Collier flintlock revolver (1814)
95:are technically a subcategory of
1278:Van Zwoll, Wayne (August 2006).
383:
134:to see military service was the
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982:Migneron, Pierre-Henri (1824).
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555:M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun
503:
287:, improve the lever mechanism.
1489:David H. Hanes (October 2021)
953:Cotty, Gaspard Herman (1822).
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1:
1505:"RIA: Colette Gravity Pistol"
1216:– via www.retronews.fr.
797:
478:common approach with rifles.
374:
356:Exposition Universelle (1855)
283:who in turn had an employee,
1284:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1111:. Paris: Exposition de 1839.
1107:Jobard, J. B. A. M. (1841).
1046:. 1 January 1824. p. 4
835:. US: ABC-CLIO. p. 71.
816:Victoria & Albert Museum
354:Leroux magazine gun: At the
7:
1094:www.histoire-genealogie.com
1057:– via Newspapers.com.
915:bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es
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39:(within or attached to the
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1428:Shotguns & Shotgunning
1172:"Improvement in fire-arms"
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711:
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600:
568:
521:C lever-action carbine in
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485:
454:
130:, and the first repeating
1227:Halphen, Gustave (1845).
1193:"Army and Navy Chronicle"
812:"Flint-Lock Magazine Gun"
445:
829:Westwood, David (2005).
195:rounds with one loading.
898:Hoyt, Epaphras (1813).
368:Roper repeating shotgun
362:Spencer repeating rifle
75:, etc.), as opposed to
1253:Boorman, Dean (2002).
758:
746:Gas-operated reloading
725:
698:Lever-delayed blowback
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584:
526:
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293:Robbins & Lawrence
250:Colt ring lever rifles
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1491:The Incredible Linder
1362:"Scientific American"
885:"The Weekly Register"
753:
721:
610:
583:.22 pump action rifle
578:
540:Model 1873 Winchester
517:
464:
93:self-loading firearms
664:, and the Norwegian
590:Remington Model 7600
488:Falling-block action
482:Falling block action
473:were made using the
407:improve this section
349:Colt revolving rifle
128:American Indian Wars
723:M1941 Johnson rifle
660:rifle, the British
613:Winchester Model 70
279:sold the rights to
256:cartridge-chambers.
199:Girardoni air rifle
126:and the subsequent
77:self-loading rifles
47:by a reciprocating
873:(in French). 1791.
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615:. The bolt has an
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209:HĂ´tel de la Guerre
124:American Civil War
97:repeating firearms
1523:"Nouvelle page 0"
1509:Forgotten Weapons
1070:Missing or empty
787:Kalthoff repeater
772:Repeating firearm
650:M1903 Springfield
611:Opened bolt on a
519:Marlin Model 1894
469:While some early
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343:1855 World's Fair
341:premiered at the
281:George Arrowsmith
160:Chelembron system
148:Kalthoff repeater
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714:Recoil operation
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301:Daniel B. Wesson
289:Courtland Palmer
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185:Cookson repeater
154:Cookson repeater
136:WindbĂĽchse rifle
114:. The repeating
79:, which use the
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690:machine pistols
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683:Blowback (arms)
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496:and the U. S.
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423:December 2007
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179:Harmonica gun
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116:Spencer rifle
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108:breechloading
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1526:. Retrieved
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1102:
1096:(in French).
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757:battle rifle
740:Gas-operated
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658:Mosin–Nagant
654:Karabiner 98
622:
586:
552:
528:
510:Lever action
504:Lever action
491:
468:
429:
420:
405:Please help
393:
297:Horace Smith
156:(about 1650)
150:(about 1630)
112:rate of fire
101:
65:lever-action
35:stored in a
23:is a single-
20:
18:
1231:(in French)
672:Autoloading
662:Lee–Enfield
603:Bolt action
597:Bolt action
571:Pump action
565:Pump action
523:.357 Magnum
370:(1882/1885)
305:Rocket Ball
276:Walter Hunt
122:during the
118:saw use by
104:single-shot
73:bolt-action
69:pump-action
842:1851094016
798:References
734:Colt M1911
626:firing pin
375:Mechanisms
339:saloon gun
173:Puckle gun
33:cartridges
29:ammunition
1212:3 January
1177:3 January
1063:cite news
1053:3 January
630:extractor
536:interlock
471:long guns
394:does not
317:ignition.
132:air rifle
1558:Category
1528:14 March
1381:14 March
1332:14 March
1311:14 March
1156:14 March
766:See also
677:Blowback
652:and the
634:magazine
475:revolver
457:Revolver
265:Bayreuth
89:blowback
37:magazine
25:barreled
1546:. 1856.
1413:. 1852.
1399:. 1851.
1364:. 1850.
1235:20 June
1195:. 1838.
1139:. 1837.
1125:. 1809.
1030:. 1822.
1014:. 1823.
1000:. 1827.
971:. 1823.
942:. 1819.
928:. 1831.
887:. 1813.
859:. 1775.
818:. 1690.
642:trigger
548:bullets
525:caliber
415:removed
400:sources
260:minute.
243:author.
217:minute.
205:at the
120:cavalry
61:striker
45:chamber
1440:
1288:
1261:
839:
755:FN FAL
646:Mauser
638:barrel
619:finish
446:Manual
364:(1860)
351:(1855)
271:rifle.
252:(1837)
201:(1779)
187:(1750)
181:(1742)
175:(1718)
167:Danzig
162:(1668)
81:recoil
57:hammer
53:action
1434:23–24
702:FAMAS
87:, or
41:rifle
1530:2021
1438:ISBN
1383:2021
1334:2021
1313:2021
1286:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1237:2021
1214:2024
1179:2024
1158:2021
1076:help
1055:2024
837:ISBN
692:and
579:The
398:any
396:cite
299:and
49:bolt
409:by
85:gas
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213:.
59:/
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