646:), which are found in both marine and freshwater environments. The BF are macroalgae, seaweed that usually do not grow to more than about 50 cm in length, but a few species can reach lengths of 2 m. In the SCRP clade the class Compsopogonophyceae is multicellular, with forms varying from microscopic filaments to macroalgae. Stylonematophyceae have both unicellular and small simple filamentous species, while Rhodellophyceae and Porphyridiophyceae are exclusively unicellular. Most rhodophytes are marine with a worldwide distribution, and are often found at greater depths compared to other seaweeds. While this was formerly attributed to the presence of pigments (such as
650:) that would permit red algae to inhabit greater depths than other macroalgae by chromatic adaption, recent evidence calls this into question (e.g. the discovery of green algae at great depth in the Bahamas). Some marine species are found on sandy shores, while most others can be found attached to rocky substrata. Freshwater species account for 5% of red algal diversity, but they also have a worldwide distribution in various habitats; they generally prefer clean, high-flow streams with clear waters and rocky bottoms, but with some exceptions. A few freshwater species are found in black waters with sandy bottoms and even fewer are found in more
81:
2673:
2564:
2631:
118:
538:
2585:
2610:
2543:
2652:
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1753:
photosynthetic products are altered by the environmental conditions like change in pH, the salinity of medium, change in light intensity, nutrient limitation etc. When the salinity of the medium increases the production of floridoside is increased in order to prevent water from leaving the algal cells.
5714:
JunMo Lee, Eun Chan Yang, Louis Graf, Ji Hyun Yang, Huan Qiu, Udi
Zelzion, Cheong Xin Chan, Timothy G Stephens, Andreas P M Weber, Ga Hun Boo, Sung Min Boo, Kyeong Mi Kim, Younhee Shin, Myunghee Jung, Seung Jae Lee, Hyung-Soon Yim, Jung-Hyun Lee, Debashish Bhattacharya, Hwan Su Yoon, "Analysis of the
2279:
Two kinds of fossils resembling red algae were found sometime between 2006 and 2011 in well-preserved sedimentary rocks in
Chitrakoot, central India. The presumed red algae lie embedded in fossil mats of cyanobacteria, called stromatolites, in 1.6 billion-year-old Indian phosphorite – making them the
1806:
After a pit connection is formed, tubular membranes appear. A granular protein called the plug core then forms around the membranes. The tubular membranes eventually disappear. While some orders of red algae simply have a plug core, others have an associated membrane at each side of the protein mass,
654:
waters. Both marine and freshwater taxa are represented by free-living macroalgal forms and smaller endo/epiphytic/zoic forms, meaning they live in or on other algae, plants, and animals. In addition, some marine species have adopted a parasitic lifestyle and may be found on closely or more distantly
685:
or
Chloroplastida). The authors use a hierarchical arrangement where the clade names do not signify rank; the class name Rhodophyceae is used for the red algae. No subdivisions are given; the authors say, "Traditional subgroups are artificial constructs, and no longer valid." Many subsequent studies
2520:
predicted the industry could be worth ~$ 1.1 billion by 2030. As of 2024, preparation included three stages of cultivation and drying. Australia's first commercial harvest was in 2022. Agriculture accounts for 37% of the world’s anthropogenic methane emissions. One cow produces between 154 to 264
1793:
Connections that exist between cells not sharing a common parent cell are labelled secondary pit connections. These connections are formed when an unequal cell division produced a nucleated daughter cell that then fuses to an adjacent cell. Patterns of secondary pit connections can be seen in the
446:, which give them their red color. Despite their name, red algae can vary in color from bright green, soft pink, resembling brown algae, to shades of red and purple, and may be almost black at greater depths. Unlike green algae, red algae store sugars as food reserves outside the chloroplasts as
1752:
The major photosynthetic products include floridoside (major product), D‐isofloridoside, digeneaside, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol etc. Floridean starch (similar to amylopectin in land plants), a long-term storage product, is deposited freely (scattered) in the cytoplasm. The concentration of
1706:
Red algae do not have flagella and centrioles during their entire life cycle. The distinguishing characters of red algal cell structure include the presence of normal spindle fibres, microtubules, un-stacked photosynthetic membranes, phycobilin pigment granules, pit connection between cells,
2361:
Red algae have a long history of use as a source of nutritional, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical substances. They are a source of antioxidants including polyphenols, and phycobiliproteins and contain proteins, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and essential fatty acids.
1823:
The reproductive cycle of red algae may be triggered by factors such as day length. Red algae reproduce sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction can occur through the production of spores and by vegetative means (fragmentation, cell division or propagules production).
1959:
The spores of a sporophyte produce either tetrasporophytes. Monospores produced by this phase germinates immediately, with no resting phase, to form an identical copy of the parent. Tetrasporophytes may also produce a carpospore, which germinates to form another
1743:
contain evenly spaced and ungrouped thylakoids and contain the pigments chlorophyll a, α- and β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin. Their chloroplasts are enclosed in a double membrane, lack grana and phycobilisomes on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane.
3990:
Burki, Fabien; Inagaki, Yuji; Bråte, Jon; Archibald, John M.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Sakaguchi, Miako; Hashimoto, Tetsuo; Horak, Ales; Kumar, Surendra; Klaveness, Dag; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Pawlowski, Jan; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2009).
3607:
1993:, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus. This too can reproduce via monospores, which are produced inside the thallus itself. They can also reproduce via spermatia, produced internally, which are released to meet a prospective carpogonium in its
1953:
Carpospores germinate into gametophytes, which produce sporophytes. Both of these are very similar; they produce monospores from monosporangia "just below a cross-wall in a filament" and their spores are "liberated through the apex of sporangial
2429:) and have protein content up to 47% of total biomass. Where a big portion of world population is getting insufficient daily iodine intake, a 150 ug/day requirement of iodine is obtained from a single gram of red algae. Red algae, like
1984:
phase, a carpospore can germinate to form a filamentous "conchocelis stage", which can also self-replicate using monospores. The conchocelis stage eventually produces conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny
4200:
Nozaki, H.; Maruyama, S.; Matsuzaki, M.; Nakada, T.; Kato, S.; Misawa, K. (2009). "Phylogenetic positions of
Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes".
2529:
Other algae-based markets include construction materials, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs, bioplastics, biofuels and fabric. Red algae also provides ecosystem services such as filtering water and carbon sequestration.
411:. Red algae are abundant in marine habitats. Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations in warmer areas. Except for two coastal cave dwelling species in the asexual class
6209:
Manivannan, K., Thirumaran, G., Karthikai, D.G., Anantharaman. P., Balasubramanian, P. (2009). "Proximate
Composition of Different Group of Seaweeds from Vedalai Coastal Waters (Gulf of Mannar): Southeast Coast of India".
5919:
Wang, T., Jónsdóttir, R., Kristinsson, H. G., Hreggvidsson, G. O., Jónsson, J. Ó., Thorkelsson, G., & Ólafsdóttir, G. (2010). "Enzyme-enhanced extraction of antioxidant ingredients from red algae
Palmaria palmata".
693:
Below are other published taxonomies of the red algae using molecular and traditional alpha taxonomic data; however, the taxonomy of the red algae is still in a state of flux (with classification above the level of
4588:
Scott, J.; Cynthia, B.; Schornstein, K.; Thomas, J. (1980). "Ultrastructure of Cell
Division and Reproductive Differentiation of Male Plants in the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta): Cell Division in Polysiphonia1".
3197:
5511:
1566:
Over 7,000 species are currently described for the red algae, but the taxonomy is in constant flux with new species described each year. The vast majority of these are marine with about 200 that live only in
6090:
Gressler, V., Yokoya, N. S., Fujii, M. T., Colepicolo, P., Filho, J. M., Torres, R. P., & Pinto, E. (2010). "Lipid, fatty acid, protein, amino acid and ash contents in four
Brazilian red algae species".
3491:
Rossoni, Alessandro W; Price, Dana C; Seger, Mark; Lyska, Dagmar; Lammers, Peter; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Weber, Andreas PM (May 31, 2019). Tautz, Diethard; Rainey, Paul B; Fournier, Gregory (eds.).
1815:
The pit connections have been suggested to function as structural reinforcement, or as avenues for cell-to-cell communication and transport in red algae, however little data supports this hypothesis.
1865:
Upon their collision, the walls of the spermatium and carpogonium dissolve. The male nucleus divides and moves into the carpogonium; one half of the nucleus merges with the carpogonium's nucleus.
1533:
Some sources (such as Lee) place all red algae into the class "Rhodophyceae". (Lee's organization is not a comprehensive classification, but a selection of orders considered common or important.)
1807:
called cap membranes. The pit plug continues to exist between the cells until one of the cells dies. When this happens, the living cell produces a layer of wall material that seals off the plug.
2465:
are primarily known for their industrial use for phycocolloids (agar, algin, furcellaran and carrageenan) as thickening agent, textiles, food, anticoagulants, water-binding agents, etc. Dulse (
1780:. In red algae, cytokinesis is incomplete. Typically, a small pore is left in the middle of the newly formed partition. The pit connection is formed where the daughter cells remain in contact.
415:, no terrestrial species exist, which may be due to an evolutionary bottleneck in which the last common ancestor lost about 25% of its core genes and much of its evolutionary plasticity.
4444:
Goff, L. J.; Coleman, A. W. (1986). "A Novel
Pattern of Apical Cell Polyploidy, Sequential Polyploidy Reduction and Intercellular Nuclear Transfer in the Red Alga Polysiphonia".
4767:
Karsten, U.; West, J. A.; Zuccarello, G. C.; Engbrodt, R.; Yokoyama, A.; Hara, Y.; Brodie, J. (2003). "Low
Molecular Weight Carbohydrates of the Bangiophycidae (Rhodophyta)1".
2227:
1948:
In the carposporophyte: a spermatium merges with a trichogyne (a long hair on the female sexual organ), which then divides to form carposporangia – which produce carpospores.
1965:
The gametophyte may replicate asexually using monospores, but also produces nonmotile sperm in spermatangia, and a lower, nucleus-containing "egg" region of the carpogonium.
5787:
Grant, S. W. F.; Knoll, A. H.; Germs, G. J. B. (1991). "Probable Calcified Metaphytes in the Latest Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia: Origin, Diagenesis, and Implications".
1783:
Shortly after the pit connection is formed, cytoplasmic continuity is blocked by the generation of a pit plug, which is deposited in the wall gap that connects the cells.
4970:
3170:
4809:
Lee, R. E. (1974). Chloroplast structure and starch grain production as phylogenetic indicators in the lower Rhodophyceae. British Phycological Journal, 9(3), 291–295.
2894:
Frey, Wolfgang; Engler, Adolf; Jaklitsch, Walter M.; Kamiya, Mitsunobu; Begerow, Dominik; McTaggart, Alistair; Agerer, R.; Fischer, Eberhard; Müller, Kai, eds. (2017).
2469:) is one of the most consumed red algae and is a source of iodine, protein, magnesium and calcium. Red algae's nutritional value is used for the dietary supplement of
4094:"Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont–Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes"
1920:
gametophytes, or the carposporophytes may produce a tetraspore without going through a (free-living) tetrasporophyte phase. Tetrasporangia may be arranged in a row (
3931:
Fabien Burki; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Marianne Minge; Åsmund Skjæveland; Sergey I. Nikolaev; Kjetill S. Jakobsen; Jan Pawlowski (2007). Butler, Geraldine (ed.).
2189:
5099:
Chen, Fei; Zhang, Jiawei; Chen, Junhao; Li, Xiaojiang; Dong, Wei; Hu, Jian; Lin, Meigui; Liu, Yanhui; Li, Guowei; Wang, Zhengjia; Zhang, Liangsheng (2018-01-01).
2238:
1913:– this produces spore tetrads, which dissociate and germinate into gametophytes. The gametophyte is typically (but not always) identical to the tetrasporophyte.
604:. In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids.
8631:
5846:
Yun, Z.; Xun-lal, Y. (1992). "New data on multicellular thallophytes and fragments of cellular tissues from Late Proterozoic phosphate rocks, South China".
3993:"Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal That Two Enigmatic Protist Lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, Are Related to Photosynthetic Chromalveolates"
2216:
6228:
3272:
686:
provided evidence that is in agreement for monophyly in the Archaeplastida (including red algae). However, other studies have suggested Archaeplastida is
8619:
1406:
4241:
G. W. Saunders & M. H. Hommersand (2004). "Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data".
8625:
4868:
Clinton JD, Scott FM, Bowler E (November–December 1961). "A Light- and Electron-Microscopic Survey of Algal Cell Walls. I. Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta".
2796:
1039:
2672:
7499:
1732:
864:
2630:
9255:
8435:
7504:
5658:"Genome Survey Sequencing and Genetic Background Characterization of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) Based on Next-Generation Sequencing"
3028:
2152:, 27 complete transcriptomes and 10 complete genomes sequences of red algae are available. Listed below are the 10 complete genomes of red algae.
8637:
3032:
1500:
3477:
8767:
7600:
7362:
3024:
887:
9886:
1862:; once it has been fertilized, the cell wall at its base progressively thickens, separating it from the rest of the carpogonium at its base.
1508:
1425:
916:
4510:"Evolution of Red Algal Plastid Genomes: Ancient Architectures, Introns, Horizontal Gene Transfer, and Taxonomic Utility of Plastid Markers"
8447:
2563:
961:
3786:
Vis, M.L.; Sheath, R.G.; Chiasson, W.B. (2008). "A survey of Rhodophyta and associated macroalgae from coastal streams in French Guiana".
2737:
n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"
2549:
8563:
4508:
Janouškovec, Jan; Liu, Shao-Lun; Martone, Patrick T.; Carré, Wilfrid; Leblanc, Catherine; Collén, Jonas; Keeling, Patrick J. (2013).
4290:
2443:
9847:
6283:
5568:"Unraveling the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of an agar producing red macroalga, Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales)"
2149:
2101:
from those below the lowest tide line, which are never exposed to atmospheric carbon. The latter group uses the more C-negative CO
9873:
8961:
2897:
Syllabus of plant families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Part 2/2: Photoautotropic eukaryotic algae, Rhodophyta
9991:
4834:, Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol. 13, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 443–456,
3621:"PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE STYLONEMATALES (STYLONEMATOPHYCEAE, RHODOPHYTA): BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS DO NOT APPLY TO
3426:
Ciniglia, C.; Yoon, H.; Pollio, A.; Bhattacharya, D. (2004). "Hidden biodiversity of the extremophilic Cyanidiales red algae".
3302:
6075:
4919:
4847:
4692:
4575:
4372:
3207:
3180:
3153:
2973:
2905:
2878:
2365:
Traditionally, red algae are eaten raw, in salads, soups, meal and condiments. Several species are food crops, in particular
2105:
dissolved in sea water, whereas those with access to atmospheric carbon reflect the more positive signature of this reserve.
9878:
4682:
2584:
5738:"Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae"
5384:"Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida"
3298:
6310:
6262:
3493:"The genomes of polyextremophilic cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions"
3169:
Reece, Jane B.; Meyers, Noel; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V. (May 20, 2015).
3088:"Extreme environments as potential drivers of convergent evolution by exaptation: the Atacama Desert Coastal Range case"
7593:
3814:
3729:
2609:
1851:. Animals also help with the dispersal and fertilization of the gametes. The first species discovered to do so is the
5043:
3000:
2340:. According to this theory, over time these endosymbiont red algae have evolved to become chloroplasts. This part of
9958:
7643:
6344:
80:
9891:
7638:
6339:
6029:
3746:
2762:
2651:
349:
6274:
6120:
4485:
4397:"The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known"
3276:
2965:
1772:
Pit connections and pit plugs are unique and distinctive features of red algae that form during the process of
1698:
by boiling. The internal walls are mostly cellulose. They also have the most gene-rich plastid genomes known.
7722:
7712:
7695:
7586:
6423:
6413:
6396:
366:
4395:
Muñoz-Gómez, SA; Mejía-Franco, FG; Durnin, K; Colp, M; Grisdale, CJ; Archibald, JM; Ch, Slamovits (2017).
1934:
The two following case studies may be helpful to understand some of the life histories algae may display:
9795:
8954:
5062:
Maberly, S. C.; Raven, J. A.; Johnston, A. M. (1992). "Discrimination between C and C by marine plants".
2422:
1662:
722:
588:
eukaryote resulted in the evolution and diversification of several other photosynthetic lineages such as
9800:
2542:
6067:
5715:
Draft Genome of the Red Seaweed Gracilariopsis chorda Provides Insights into Genome Size Evolution" in
4243:
3620:
3145:
2072:
values of red algae reflect their lifestyles. The largest difference results from their photosynthetic
1927:
The carposporophyte may be enclosed within the gametophyte, which may cover it with branches to form a
1890:
622:
from prokaryotes, with about 1% of their genome having this origin, and two sister clades called SCRP (
467:
117:
94:
17:
9901:
9098:
6131:
Dhargalkar VK, Verlecar XN. "Southern Ocean Seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs".
4736:"Ultrastructure and supramolecular organization of photosynthetic membranes of some marine red algae"
2732:
1647:
5607:
Qiu, H.; Price, D. C.; Weber, A. P. M.; Reeb, V.; Yang, E. C.; Lee, J. M.; Bhattacharya, D. (2013).
4720:
705:
If Plantae are defined more narrowly, to be the Viridiplantae, then the red algae might be excluded.
618:
found in sulphuric hot springs and other acidic environments, an adaptation partly made possible by
7578:
6164:
4828:"Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates in Red Algae – an Ecophysiological and Biochemical Perspective"
3930:
702:
If the kingdom Plantae is defined as the Archaeplastida, then red algae will be part of that group.
619:
9963:
9787:
4935:
1790:
is the norm in red algae, most cells have two primary pit connections, one to each adjacent cell.
1786:
Connections between cells having a common parent cell are called primary pit connections. Because
9183:
7727:
6428:
6303:
5991:
5609:"Adaptation through horizontal gene transfer in the cryptoendolithic red alga Galdieria phlegrea"
3478:"Plants and animals sometimes take genes from bacteria, study of algae suggests - Sciencemag.org"
2500:
2157:
1639:
1579:
844:
6165:"Safety and toxicological evaluation of AlgaeCal ® (AC), a novel plant-based calcium supplement"
9927:
9735:
8947:
5211:"A 100%-complete sequence reveals unusually simple genomic features in the hot-spring red alga
3805:
Sheath, R.G.; Hambrook, J.A. (1990). "Freshwater Ecology". In Cole, K.M.; Sheath, R.G. (eds.).
2741:
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China, Japan, Republic of Korea are the top producers of seaweeds. In East and Southeast Asia,
2264:
1587:
342:
9950:
9922:
9411:
9061:
7690:
6391:
5266:"Gene transfer from bacteria and archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote"
4040:
3884:"The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists"
3340:
2165:
1632:
1617:
1380:
1221:
1024:
565:
431:
101:
9914:
8928:
6146:"On the human consumption of the red seaweed dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.) Weber & Mohr)"
3373:
McFadden, G.I. (2001). "Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Plastids".
580:, which together make up the oldest evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic eukaryotes, the
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Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (April 2000). "Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution".
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8:
8088:
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6229:"Cattle Are A Major Source Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Hawaii Seaweed Could Change That"
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4158:
3948:
3747:"Indicator value of freshwater red algae in running waters for water quality assessment"
3687:
3670:
Norris, J. N.; Olsen, J. L. (1991). "Deep-water green algae from the Bahamas, including
3640:
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3439:
3408:
2814:
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algae (e.g., chrysophytes, diatoms, phaeophytes, dinophytes) seem to have evolved from
2208:
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forms to complex parenchymatous and non- parenchymatous thallus. Red algae have double
1549:
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1536:
A subphylum - Proteorhodophytina - has been proposed to encompass the existing classes
1465:
994:
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635:
623:
229:
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Kim, E.; Graham, L.E. & Graham, Linda E. (2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.).
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2801:
2797:"Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis"
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crusts that have been interpreted as the remains of coralline red algae, date to the
2173:
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1102:
506:
475:
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173:
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4971:"In a First, Tiny Crustaceans Are Found to 'Pollinate' Seaweed like Bees of the Sea"
4796:
4618:
4327:
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3394:
3356:
2778:
9474:
9353:
9245:
9188:
9128:
9123:
9051:
9036:
8743:
8737:
8701:
8384:
8246:
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Marone, Palma Ann; Yasmin, Taharat; Gupta, Ramesh C.; Bagchi, Manashi (July 2010).
6100:
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5759:
5749:
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5538:
5528:
5470:
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5413:
5403:
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5305:
5285:
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5181:
5128:
5112:
5101:"realDB: a genome and transcriptome resource for the red algae (phylum Rhodophyta)"
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4645:
4606:
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4272:
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4113:
4105:
4064:
4056:
4012:
4004:
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3862:
3691:
3644:
3580:
3570:
3514:
3504:
3443:
3382:
3336:
3244:
3236:
3109:
3099:
3068:
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2758:
2591:
2482:
2426:
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may have long, delicate appendages, which increase their chances of "hooking up".
9813:
9647:
9552:
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9469:
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9158:
9118:
9103:
8996:
8835:
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in the amorphous sections of their cell walls, although red algae from the genus
1910:
1902:
1720:
1545:
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1397:
1364:
1330:
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1245:
1212:
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4827:
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1552:. This proposal was made on the basis of the analysis of the plastid genomes.
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9303:
9239:
9225:
9173:
9168:
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9071:
9066:
9046:
9041:
9016:
8845:
8689:
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8609:
8522:
8498:
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8012:
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2337:
2254:
One of the oldest fossils identified as a red alga is also the oldest fossil
2243:
2232:
2121:
2116:
2110:
1787:
1728:
1492:
1273:
1160:
1135:
767:
682:
647:
639:
585:
553:
514:
459:
400:
197:
9940:
5724:
5533:
5408:
5289:
4045:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
3575:
537:
9627:
9622:
9597:
9572:
9562:
9489:
9358:
9232:
9193:
9178:
9153:
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8489:
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7184:
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7089:
7056:
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6196:
6015:
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5903:
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5773:
5701:
5642:
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5552:
5484:
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5250:
5231:
5195:
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3528:
3455:
3348:
3258:
3240:
3123:
2990:
2895:
2642:
2600:
2455:
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period. Other algae of different origins filled a similar role in the late
2137:
1939:
1878:
1496:
1484:
1421:
1368:
1322:
761:
714:
698:
having received little scientific attention for most of the 20th century).
687:
615:
573:
5786:
5321:"The first symbiont-free genome sequence of marine red alga, Susabi-nori (
5100:
4649:
3867:
3850:
1843:
to the female organs – although their sperm are capable of "gliding" to a
1707:
filamentous genera, and the absence of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum.
418:
Red algae form a distinct group characterized by eukaryotic cells without
9860:
9767:
9682:
9657:
9602:
9577:
9499:
9494:
9459:
9449:
9143:
9056:
8713:
8707:
8502:
8483:
8441:
8391:
8198:
8141:
8082:
8027:
7960:
7910:
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7862:
7854:
7451:
7377:
7229:
7193:
7173:
7121:
7095:
6985:
6933:
6906:
6888:
6861:
6628:
6497:
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Zuccarello, Giuseppe C.; West, John A.; Kikuchi, Norio (April 11, 2008).
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Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, Second Edition (page 27)
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1994:
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584:. A secondary endosymbiosis event involving an ancestral red alga and a
395:
amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. The majority of species (6,793) are
9715:
9677:
9607:
9587:
9582:
9567:
9537:
9509:
9464:
9454:
9426:
9421:
9363:
9338:
9031:
9006:
8913:
8840:
8808:
8794:
8777:
8325:
8002:
7791:
7782:
7532:
7356:
7347:
7332:
7200:
7137:
6996:
6957:
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1859:
1795:
1716:
1512:
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1326:
853:
794:
709:
A major research initiative to reconstruct the Red Algal Tree of Life (
597:
593:
561:
498:
479:
380:
9865:
9834:
9782:
9632:
9612:
9504:
9383:
9318:
9308:
9293:
9288:
9269:
9021:
8578:
8474:
8340:
8224:
8022:
7771:
7431:
7372:
7080:
7045:
7003:
6980:
6962:
6849:
6785:
6660:
6537:
6480:
6467:
6319:
6037:
5735:
5064:
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2822:
2658:
2637:
2417:
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2325:
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2296:
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2133:
1928:
1869:
1687:
1437:
1342:
1318:
1177:
977:
601:
435:
423:
372:
355:
9729:
7608:
6271:
5012:
4881:
9935:
9852:
9752:
9687:
9667:
9662:
9637:
9617:
9592:
9557:
9547:
9542:
9373:
9348:
9328:
8988:
8850:
8283:
8266:
7702:
7438:
7400:
7301:
7278:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6742:
6617:
6492:
6475:
6453:
6403:
2570:
2449:
2437:
2375:
2345:
2313:
resembling coralline red algae are known from the late Proterozoic
2292:
2129:
1971:
1872:
1833:
1524:
1354:
1195:
928:
493:
419:
9839:
9692:
9672:
9368:
9343:
9333:
9323:
9279:
9216:
8803:
8506:
8305:
7762:
7554:
7289:
7126:
6972:
6879:
6868:
6732:
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3809:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–453.
3724:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–423.
3049:
Sheath, Robert G. (1284). "The biology of freshwater red algae".
2505:
2302:
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oldest plant-like fossils ever found by about 400 million years.
1990:
1981:
1917:
1852:
1777:
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1601:
718:
455:
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59:
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6518:
5497:
2513:
2509:
2333:
2269:
1921:
1840:
1190:
710:
651:
384:
66:
8197:
5038:. W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York. p. 324.
4734:
Tsekos, I.; Reiss, H.-D.; Orfanidis, S.; Orologas, N. (1996).
4240:
3425:
9441:
9313:
8789:
8202:
7900:
7614:
7514:
4766:
4587:
4199:
2366:
2259:
1836:
1694:
and agaropectin that can be extracted from the cell walls as
690:. As of January 2011, the situation appears unresolved.
404:
392:
388:
105:
4733:
2995:. Whiles, Matt R. (Third ed.). London, United Kingdom.
9479:
8971:
8574:
8293:
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Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
2763:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2
2487:
2477:
2381:
2097:. An additional difference of about 1.71‰ separates groups
1858:
The trichogyne will continue to grow until it encounters a
1695:
518:
502:
391:, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900
333:
327:
318:
312:
292:
271:
7902:
4507:
3989:
2490:
cultivation in Japan goes back more than three centuries.
2143:
280:
8969:
3830:
Goff, L.J. (1982). "The biology of parasitic red algae".
3744:
2893:
286:
5158:"Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga
1839:. Hence, they rely on water currents to transport their
6162:
4291:"Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta)"
4091:
3225:"The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae"
2989:
Dodds, Walter K. (Walter Kennedy), 1958- (7 May 2019).
2486:. These rhodophytes are easily grown and, for example,
2108:
Photosynthetic pigments of Rhodophyta are chlorophylls
7616:
3851:"Are all red algal parasites cut from the same cloth?"
3754:
International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology
3490:
2276:
and occurs in rocks dating to 1.05 billion years ago.
1574:
Some examples of species and genera of red algae are:
6111:
Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995).
6057:
3933:"Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups"
3618:
2392:
2136:. They also produce a specific type of tannin called
324:
306:
283:
5061:
2498:
Researchers in Australia discovered that limu kohu (
725:
as part of the Assembling the Tree of Life Program.
450:, a type of starch that consists of highly branched
379: 'plant'), make up one of the oldest groups of
330:
315:
309:
289:
277:
268:
3326:
3222:
3172:
Campbell Biology Australian and New Zealand Edition
3168:
1875:is produced, which triggers carpospore production.
383:algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest
321:
274:
8424:
5845:
5719:, Volume 35, Issue 8, August 2018, pp. 1869–1886,
5033:
4907:
4867:
4570:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 1–6.
4356:
2866:
1715:The presence of the water-soluble pigments called
8373:
8097:
5606:
4354:
4033:
3785:
3139:
3135:
3133:
2730:
1739:, gives red algae their distinctive color. Their
470:that may have three generations rather than two.
9978:
9256:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
7926:
4994:
4992:
4990:
3368:
3366:
3196:Morrissey, John; Sumich, James (June 11, 2012).
1756:
466:. The life history of red algae is typically an
8605:
7467:
5443:"Genome of the red alga Porphyridium purpureum"
5098:
4684:The Fine Structure of Algal Cells - 1st Edition
4348:
4140:
3195:
1690:. The outer layers contain the polysaccharides
8555:
8204:
5881:
5057:
5055:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4039:
3804:
3130:
2320:
2287:reefs. The earliest such coralline algae, the
8955:
7746:
7594:
6304:
4998:
4987:
4825:
4134:
3363:
3044:
3042:
2397:
2140:, but in a lower amount than brown algae do.
1916:Carpospores may also germinate directly into
1682:Red algal morphology is diverse ranging from
6318:
5440:
4914:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3848:
3738:
3229:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
3223:Viola, R.; Nyvall, P.; Pedersén, M. (2001).
2929:
2927:
2925:
2873:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
728:
7183:
5717:Rhodophyta, Molecular Biology and Evolution
5655:
5263:
5052:
4478:The structure and reproduction of the algae
4464:
4443:
4236:
4234:
4232:
3669:
3027:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2794:
2516:experiment, the reduction reached 77%. The
2124:. They contain the sulfated polysaccharide
1658:, with freshwater as well as marine species
556:event between an ancestral, photosynthetic
552:Chloroplasts probably evolved following an
8962:
8948:
8919:
7601:
7587:
6311:
6297:
5915:
5913:
5566:Ho, C.-L.; Lee, W.-K.; Lim, E.-L. (2018).
4901:
4899:
3716:
3199:Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life
3069:"Huan Qiu Red Algae DEENR at Rutgers SEBS"
3039:
3031:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2933:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2724:
2425:(eicopentaenoic acid, docohexaenoic acid,
2049:−20.8‰ to −10.5‰
2039:−34.5‰ to −29.9‰
1924:), in a cross (cruciate), or in a tetrad.
1643:, became extinct in the early 20th century
673:2005, the red algae are classified in the
79:
8473:
8222:
6561:
6115:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5958:
5780:
5763:
5753:
5691:
5681:
5632:
5583:
5542:
5532:
5474:
5417:
5407:
5358:
5348:
5240:
5230:
5185:
5155:
5132:
5027:
4751:
4657:
4543:
4533:
4420:
4176:
4166:
4117:
4068:
4016:
3983:
3966:
3956:
3924:
3899:
3866:
3710:
3584:
3574:
3518:
3508:
3248:
3113:
3103:
2959:
2922:
2864:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2272:, strongly resembles the modern red alga
2059:−20.3‰ to −8.8‰
6466:
5565:
5318:
4229:
3372:
3341:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915
2953:
2790:
2788:
2027:−22.5‰ to −9.6‰
536:
8987:
6451:
5910:
5839:
5264:Schönknecht; et al. (March 2013).
4896:
4363:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4284:
4282:
3875:
3541:
3296:
2344:is supported by various structural and
2144:Genomes and transcriptomes of red algae
1561:
14:
9979:
9215:
7569:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
6226:
6058:T. F. Mumford & A. Muira (1988). "
5989:
5943:"Nutritional Value of Edible Seaweeds"
5381:
5208:
4905:
3303:National University of Ireland, Galway
3275:. autocww.colorado.edu. Archived from
3048:
2829:
2083:as a carbon source have less negative
681:and the green algae plus land plants (
517:and are used to make products such as
9734:
9733:
8943:
8196:
7582:
6292:
6222:
6220:
5156:Matsuzaki; et al. (April 2004).
4680:
4631:
4203:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3290:
3216:
2785:
2268:, a multicellular fossil from arctic
9902:38cbf85b-c36c-418c-a0fe-2f3bccbe7561
5992:"Micro-algae as a source of protein"
4968:
4480:, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press,
4279:
3855:Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
3829:
3745:Eloranta, P.; Kwandrans, J. (2004).
2356:
2283:Red algae are important builders of
669:In the classification system of Adl
3881:
3849:Salomaki, E.D.; Lane, C.E. (2014).
3202:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1747:
598:Stramenopiles (or Heterokontophyta)
576:which emerged within them) and the
24:
6217:
6113:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
5960:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00278.x
5868:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1992.tb01788.x
5441:Bhattacharya; et al. (2013).
4753:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01923.x
4681:Dodge, John David (January 1973).
4611:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1980.tb03068.x
4458:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb08558.x
3888:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3882:Adl, Sina M.; et al. (2005).
2258:that belongs to a specific modern
1767:
741:Classification system according to
736:Classification system according to
568:) is at the origin of the red and
478:and play a major role in building
25:
10003:
6248:
6169:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
6036:. Quality Sea Veg. Archived from
5922:LWT – Food Science and Technology
2934:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2016).
1701:
8918:
6008:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002
4789:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02192.x
4320:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x
3901:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
3649:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00467.x
3448:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02180.x
3387:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01126.x
2671:
2650:
2629:
2608:
2583:
2562:
2541:
2336:that have acquired red algae as
2249:
2090:values than those that only use
1827:
302:
264:
116:
43:
6203:
6156:
6138:
6125:
6105:
6084:
6051:
6022:
5983:
5934:
5874:
5729:
5708:
5649:
5600:
5559:
5491:
5434:
5375:
5312:
5257:
5202:
5149:
5092:
4962:
4949:
4928:
4861:
4819:
4803:
4760:
4727:
4674:
4625:
4581:
4560:
4501:
4437:
4388:
4193:
4085:
3842:
3823:
3798:
3779:
3663:
3612:
3601:
3535:
3484:
3470:
3419:
3401:
3320:
3265:
3189:
3175:. Pearson Higher Education AU.
3162:
3079:
2480:is most commonly produced from
2351:
1818:
1710:
607:Red algae are divided into the
8929:Current definitions of Plantae
7048:
7044:
6804:
6800:
6212:Middle-East J. Scientific Res.
6101:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.028
5319:Nakamura; et al. (2013).
3832:Progress Phycological Research
3329:Annual Review of Plant Biology
3061:
3051:Progress Phycological Research
2982:
2887:
2493:
1969:A rather different example is
572:(including the land plants or
407:algae, including many notable
13:
1:
9992:Proterozoic first appearances
6227:Heaton, Thomas (2024-06-03).
5896:10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01598-3
3696:10.2216/i0031-8884-30-4-315.1
2718:
1884:
1757:Pit connections and pit plugs
1677:
738:Saunders and Hommersand 2004
611:, a class of unicellular and
6181:10.3109/15376516.2010.490966
5755:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735
5683:10.1371/journal.pone.0069909
5507:(Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)"
5382:Collen; et al. (2013).
5350:10.1371/journal.pone.0057122
5209:Nozaki; et al. (2007).
4840:10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_24
4832:Red Algae in the Genomic Age
4535:10.1371/journal.pone.0059001
4168:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621
4098:Genome Biology and Evolution
3997:Genome Biology and Evolution
3958:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790
3551:(Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)"
2299:, and in more recent reefs.
2228:Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis
2001:
1801:
1735:), which are localized into
532:
509:) are a traditional part of
7:
5990:Becker, E.W. (March 2007).
5585:10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.09.003
4215:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015
3674:sp. nov. (Cladophorales)".
3148:, Cambridge. pp. 1–6.
2688:
2682:when not covered with water
2423:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2393:
2373:) and members of the genus
2321:Relationship to other algae
2120:. Red algae are red due to
1810:
1663:Polysiphonia ceramiaeformis
723:National Science Foundation
658:
10:
10008:
6068:Cambridge University Press
4870:American Journal of Botany
4446:American Journal of Botany
4355:Robert Edward Lee (2008).
4244:American Journal of Botany
3146:Cambridge University Press
2731:N. J. Butterfield (2000).
2574:sp., haploid and diploid (
2533:
2409:Red algal species such as
1937:In a simple case, such as
1897:generation, many have two
1891:alternation of generations
1760:
1557:Eukaryote § Phylogeny
1554:
885:
792:
759:
721:approach is funded by the
662:
468:alternation of generations
365:
348:
9742:
9705:
9523:
9440:
9392:
9277:
9268:
9211:
8983:
8979:
8974:phyla/divisions by domain
8901:
8817:
8776:
8665:
8650:
8601:
8592:
8551:
8531:
8520:
8469:
8460:
8420:
8405:
8401:
8361:
8357:
8292:
8265:
8233:
8218:
8214:
8192:
8140:
8124:
8106:
8060:
8056:
7990:
7969:
7957:
7953:
7922:
7893:
7871:
7853:
7801:
7781:
7761:
7757:
7742:
7626:
7545:
7513:
7490:
7417:
7386:
7346:
7317:
7297:
7288:
7276:
7272:
7117:
7108:
7079:
7064:
7055:
7042:
7038:
6971:
6943:
6928:
6919:
6878:
6857:
6848:
6811:
6798:
6794:
6781:
6768:
6764:
6741:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6659:
6646:
6637:
6604:
6591:
6557:
6546:
6528:
6515:
6462:
6447:
6443:
6327:
5930:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.05.010
5809:10.1017/S002233600002014X
5634:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.046
4815:10.1080/00071617400650351
4422:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054
3212:– via Google Books.
3185:– via Google Books.
2398:
1909:, which germinate into a
1648:Acrochaetium efflorescens
1235:
860:
851:
743:Hwan Su Yoon et al. 2006
740:
735:
729:Classification comparison
655:related red algal hosts.
620:horizontal gene transfers
543:Botryocladia occidentalis
362: 'rose' and
186:
181:
113:Scientific classification
111:
87:
78:
34:
6774:
6770:
6272:Tree of Life: Rhodophyta
6260:Seaweed Site: Rhodophyta
5036:Biology of Plants 7th ed
4957:Handbook of the protists
4568:Biology of the Red Algae
3807:Biology of the Red Algae
3722:Biology of the Red Algae
3142:Biology of the Red Algae
3105:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00426
2524:
560:and an early eukaryotic
399:, and mostly consist of
9184:Thermodesulfobacteriota
6064:Algae and Human Affairs
5884:Trends in Plant Science
5789:Journal of Paleontology
5534:10.1073/pnas.1703088114
5409:10.1073/pnas.1221259110
5290:10.1126/science.1231707
5213:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
5160:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
5117:10.1093/database/bay072
4476:Fritsch, F. E. (1945),
3672:Cladophora vandenhoekii
3576:10.1073/pnas.1703088114
3413:The Scientist Magazine®
3299:"Rhodophyta: red algae"
2501:Asparagopsis taxiformis
2158:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
1640:Vanvoorstia bennettiana
1580:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
845:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
41:Mesoproterozoic–present
5996:Biotechnology Advances
5232:10.1186/1741-7007-5-28
4257:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494
4061:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
4041:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
3241:10.1098/rspb.2001.1644
2966:Natural History Museum
2735:Bangiomorpha pubescens
2662:sp. (Florideophyceae:
2641:sp. (Florideophyceae:
2620:sp. (Florideophyceae:
2521:pounds of methane/yr.
2265:Bangiomorpha pubescens
2190:Porphyridium purpureum
1588:Atractophora hypnoides
1583:, a primitive red alga
1082:Saunders et Hommersand
1055:Saunders et Hommersand
665:Wikispecies:Rhodophyta
549:
434:or unstacked (stroma)
27:Division of plant life
9923:Paleobiology Database
9412:Neocallimastigomycota
6255:AlgaeBase: Rhodophyta
5725:10.1093/molbev/msy081
5447:Nature Communications
4650:10.1104/pp.44.11.1629
3868:10.5586/asbp.2014.047
3788:Cryptogamie Algologie
3659:– via CrossRef.
2638:Corallina officinalis
2379:, variously known as
2291:, are known from the
2239:Gracilariopsis chorda
2166:Galdieria sulphuraria
1633:Mastocarpus stellatus
1618:Schmitzia hiscockiana
1381:Corallina officinalis
1222:Hildenbrandiophycidae
1025:Porphyridium cruentum
663:Further information:
566:primary endosymbiosis
564:. This event (termed
540:
458:. Most red algae are
432:endoplasmic reticulum
102:Mastocarpus stellatus
9077:Coprothermobacterota
8924:List of plant orders
8804:Pinopsida (conifers)
8790:Cycadopsida (cycads)
8782:(living gymnosperms)
8279:Leiosporocerotopsida
7998:Nephroselmidophyceae
5924:, 43(9), 1387–1393.
5505:Porphyra umbilicalis
4769:Journal of Phycology
4591:Journal of Phycology
4299:Journal of Phycology
3629:Journal of Phycology
3549:Porphyra umbilicalis
3375:Journal of Phycology
2795:T.M. Gibson (2018).
2705:History of phycology
2342:endosymbiotic theory
2315:Doushantuo formation
2201:Porphyra umbilicalis
1666:, banded siphon weed
1605:, a freshwater genus
1595:Gelidiella calcicola
1562:Species of red algae
8632:Archaeopteridopsida
8365:Polysporangiophytes
8089:Klebsormidiophyceae
8072:Mesostigmatophyceae
8018:Chlorodendrophyceae
7982:Pyramimonadophyceae
7936:Prasinodermophyceae
7830:Compsopogonophyceae
7446:Gunflint microbiota
7207:Klebsormidiophyceae
6991:Hyphochytriomycetes
6233:Honolulu Civil Beat
6135:2009; 287: 229–242.
6095:, 120(2), 585–590.
5860:1992Letha..25....1Y
5801:1991JPal...65....1G
5674:2013PLoSO...869909Z
5625:2013CBio...23.R865Q
5525:2017PNAS..114E6361B
5519:(31): E6361–E6370.
5459:2013NatCo...4.1941B
5400:2013PNAS..110.5247C
5341:2013PLoSO...857122N
5282:2013Sci...339.1207S
5276:(6124): 1207–1210.
5187:10.1038/nature02398
5178:2004Natur.428..653M
4975:Scientific American
4938:. FHL Marine Botany
4781:2003JPcgy..39..584K
4603:1980JPcgy..16..507S
4526:2013PLoSO...859001J
4413:2017CBio...27E1677M
4312:2006JPcgy..42..482Y
4159:2008PLoSO...3.2621K
3949:2007PLoSO...2..790B
3688:1991Phyco..30..315N
3641:2008JPcgy..44..384Z
3567:2017PNAS..114E6361B
3561:(31): E6361–E6370.
3510:10.7554/eLife.45017
3440:2004MolEc..13.1827C
3409:"Steal My Sunshine"
3235:(1474): 1417–1422.
2815:2018Geo....46..135G
2755:2000Pbio...26..386B
2678:Some red algae are
1893:. In addition to a
1671:Vertebrata simulans
1538:Compsopogonophyceae
1079:Compsopogonophyceae
1052:Compsopogonophyceae
628:Compsopogonophyceae
462:, macroscopic, and
215:Compsopogonophyceae
9407:Blastocladiomycota
8823:(flowering plants)
8744:Lyginopteridopsida
8537:Eophyllophytopsida
8490:Zosterophyllopsida
8428:Paratracheophytes*
8206:sensu strictissimo
8116:Coleochaetophyceae
8099:Phragmoplastophyta
7941:Palmophyllophyceae
7863:Glaucocystophyceae
7825:Stylonematophyceae
7820:Porphyridiophyceae
7609:Classification of
7217:Coleochaetophyceae
6597:
6593:
6521:
6517:
6284:Monterey Bay Flora
6277:2012-05-02 at the
6265:2012-07-09 at the
5467:10.1038/ncomms2931
5078:10.1007/BF00650320
4687:. Academic Press.
4110:10.1093/gbe/evp011
4009:10.1093/gbe/evp022
2960:D. Thomas (2002).
2865:Lee, R.E. (2008).
2217:Galdieria phlegrea
2209:Gracilaria changii
2195:Porphyridiophyceae
1550:Stylonematophyceae
1542:Porphyridiophyceae
1466:Rhodymeniophycidae
995:Porphyridiophyceae
946:Stylonematophyceae
636:Porphyridiophyceae
624:Stylonematophyceae
550:
485:Red algae such as
464:reproduce sexually
444:accessory pigments
230:Stylonematophyceae
220:Porphyridiophyceae
210:Proteorhodophytina
9974:
9973:
9910:Open Tree of Life
9736:Taxon identifiers
9727:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9701:
9700:
9264:
9263:
9207:
9206:
9199:Verrucomicrobiota
8937:
8936:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8831:Basal angiosperms
8732:Gigantopteridales
8681:seed plant groups
8679:and other extinct
8646:
8645:
8620:Noeggerathiopsida
8588:
8587:
8543:Trimerophytopsida
8516:
8515:
8456:
8455:
8412:(vascular plants)
8377:Protracheophytes*
8353:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8316:Andreaeobryopsida
8257:Jungermanniopsida
8188:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8077:Chlorokybophyceae
8052:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8008:Chloropicophyceae
7949:
7948:
7928:Prasinodermophyta
7889:
7888:
7576:
7575:
7541:
7540:
7477:Spironematellidae
7458:Meteora sporadica
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7342:
7341:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7168:Prasinodermophyta
7104:
7103:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
6915:
6914:
6751:Centroplasthelida
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6587:
6586:
6511:
6510:
6077:978-0-521-32115-0
5947:Nutrition Reviews
5619:(19): R865–R866.
5394:(13): 5247–5252.
5323:Pyropia yezoensis
5172:(6983): 653–657.
4921:978-0-521-63883-8
4849:978-90-481-3795-4
4694:978-0-12-219150-3
4644:(11): 1629–1638.
4632:Gantt, E (1969).
4576:978-0-521-34301-5
4407:(11): 1677–1684.
4374:978-0-521-68277-0
4251:(10): 1494–1507.
3623:STYLONEMA ALSIDII
3428:Molecular Ecology
3209:978-0-7637-8160-6
3182:978-1-4860-1229-9
3155:978-0-521-34301-5
3073:deenr.rutgers.edu
2975:978-0-565-09175-0
2940:www.algaebase.org
2907:978-3-443-01094-2
2880:978-0-521-63883-8
2406:(British Isles).
2357:Human consumption
2185:, Florideophyceae
2174:Pyropia yezoensis
2169:, Cyanidiophyceae
2161:, Cyanidiophyceae
2076:: algae that use
2074:metabolic pathway
2063:
2062:
2036:-using red algae
1901:generations, the
1855:Idotea balthica.
1725:phycoerythrobilin
1531:
1530:
1461:
1407:Ahnfeltiophycidae
1402:
1315:Batrachospermales
1295:
1250:
1217:
1165:
1140:
1103:Erythropeltidales
1083:
1056:
907:
877:
858:
823:
799:
784:
677:, along with the
613:thermoacidophilic
547:
482:, belong there.
476:calcium carbonate
440:phycobiliproteins
430:without external
253:
252:
177:
16:(Redirected from
9999:
9967:
9966:
9954:
9953:
9944:
9943:
9931:
9930:
9918:
9917:
9905:
9904:
9895:
9894:
9882:
9881:
9869:
9868:
9856:
9855:
9843:
9842:
9830:
9829:
9817:
9816:
9804:
9803:
9791:
9790:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9731:
9730:
9475:Anthocerotophyta
9354:Hemimastigophora
9275:
9274:
9246:Nitrososphaerota
9213:
9212:
9189:Thermomicrobiota
9129:Kiritimatiellota
9124:Ignavibacteriota
9089:Deferribacterota
9052:Campylobacterota
9037:Bdellovibrionota
8985:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8941:
8940:
8922:
8921:
8836:Core angiosperms
8824:
8783:
8778:Acrogymnospermae
8756:Peltaspermopsida
8738:Glossopteridales
8720:Corystospermales
8702:Callistophytales
8682:
8674:
8668:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8626:Aneurophytopsida
8608:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8553:
8552:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8484:Barinophytopsida
8471:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8385:Horneophytopsida
8376:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8359:
8358:
8299:
8284:Anthocerotopsida
8272:
8267:Anthocerotophyta
8247:Haplomitriopsida
8240:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8208:
8194:
8193:
8147:
8138:
8137:
8132:Zygnematophyceae
8122:
8121:
8104:
8103:
8095:
8094:
8065:
8058:
8057:
8033:Trebouxiophyceae
8003:Picocystophyceae
7967:
7966:
7963:
7955:
7954:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7906:
7808:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7744:
7743:
7655:
7635:
7620:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7580:
7579:
7523:Collodictyonidae
7469:Hemimastigophora
7465:
7464:
7424:
7295:
7294:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7274:
7273:
7223:Zygnematophyceae
7181:
7180:
7161:
7145:
7144:
7115:
7114:
7062:
7061:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7040:
7039:
6926:
6925:
6855:
6854:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6796:
6795:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6739:
6738:
6726:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6669:Choanoflagellata
6644:
6643:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6356:
6336:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6224:
6215:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6152:. December 2013.
6150:researchgate.net
6142:
6136:
6129:
6123:
6109:
6103:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6032:Palmaria palmata
6026:
6020:
6019:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5962:
5938:
5932:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5733:
5727:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5685:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5536:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5031:
5025:
5024:
4996:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4969:Tamisiea, Jack.
4966:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4913:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4823:
4817:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4638:Plant Physiology
4629:
4623:
4622:
4585:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4452:(8): 1109–1130.
4441:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4362:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4330:. Archived from
4295:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4238:
4227:
4226:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:. Archived from
3751:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3616:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3578:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3434:(7): 1827–1838.
3423:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3305:. Archived from
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3022:
3014:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2862:
2827:
2826:
2823:10.1130/G39829.1
2792:
2783:
2782:
2728:
2675:
2654:
2633:
2612:
2592:Chondrus crispus
2587:
2566:
2545:
2483:Gelidium amansii
2467:Palmaria palmata
2427:arachidonic acid
2401:
2400:
2396:
2371:Palmaria palmata
2182:Chondrus crispus
2086:
2069:
2006:
2005:
1960:tetrasporophyte.
1748:Storage products
1625:Chondrus crispus
1610:Palmaria palmata
1481:Bonnemaisoniales
1459:
1400:
1293:
1262:Hildenbrandiales
1248:
1215:
1163:
1138:
1081:
1054:
1040:Metarhodophytina
905:
875:
856:
821:
797:
782:
733:
732:
545:
488:Palmaria palmata
474:, which secrete
448:floridean starch
376:
369:
359:
352:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
172:
121:
120:
91:Chondrus crispus
83:
73:
69:
62:
55:
48:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
10007:
10006:
10002:
10001:
10000:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9962:
9957:
9949:
9947:
9939:
9934:
9926:
9921:
9913:
9908:
9900:
9898:
9890:
9885:
9877:
9872:
9864:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9838:
9833:
9825:
9820:
9812:
9807:
9799:
9794:
9786:
9781:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9738:
9728:
9719:
9697:
9648:Gnathostomulida
9553:Xenacoelomorpha
9519:
9515:Flowering plant
9470:Marchantiophyta
9436:
9402:Chytridiomycota
9388:
9260:
9203:
9159:Planctomycetota
9119:Gemmatimonadota
9104:Elusimicrobiota
8997:Acidobacteriota
8975:
8968:
8938:
8933:
8857:
8822:
8821:
8813:
8781:
8780:
8772:
8726:Czekanowskiales
8680:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8666:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8642:
8606:
8593:
8584:
8556:Moniliformopses
8547:
8521:
8512:
8462:Eutracheophytes
8461:
8452:
8425:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8397:
8374:
8362:
8345:
8336:Polytrichopsida
8331:Tetraphidopsida
8297:
8296:
8288:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8252:Marchantiopsida
8238:
8237:
8235:Marchantiophyta
8223:
8210:
8156:
8145:
8144:
8136:
8120:
8093:
8061:
8044:
7986:
7977:Mamiellophyceae
7958:
7945:
7914:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7885:
7867:
7849:
7845:Florideophyceae
7835:Rhodellophyceae
7815:Cyanidiophyceae
7806:
7805:
7797:
7777:
7747:
7738:
7737:
7653:
7631:
7622:
7607:
7577:
7572:
7537:
7509:
7500:Ancyromonadidae
7486:
7463:
7418:
7405:
7396:Malawimonadidae
7382:
7338:
7313:
7277:
7236:
7179:
7152:
7151:
7143:
7100:
7075:
7043:
7014:
6967:
6939:
6911:
6874:
6844:
6799:
6790:
6769:
6760:
6737:
6722:
6681:
6655:
6633:
6592:
6583:
6547:
6542:
6516:
6507:
6452:
6439:
6438:
6354:
6332:
6323:
6317:
6279:Wayback Machine
6267:Wayback Machine
6251:
6246:
6237:
6235:
6225:
6218:
6208:
6204:
6161:
6157:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6130:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6056:
6052:
6043:
6041:
6028:
6027:
6023:
5988:
5984:
5953:(12): 535–543.
5939:
5935:
5918:
5911:
5879:
5875:
5844:
5840:
5785:
5781:
5748:(3): e2000735.
5734:
5730:
5713:
5709:
5654:
5650:
5613:Current Biology
5605:
5601:
5564:
5560:
5496:
5492:
5439:
5435:
5380:
5376:
5317:
5313:
5262:
5258:
5207:
5203:
5154:
5150:
5097:
5093:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5032:
5028:
5013:10.2307/1297108
4997:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4967:
4963:
4954:
4950:
4941:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4906:Lee RE (2008).
4904:
4897:
4882:10.2307/2439535
4876:(10): 925–934.
4866:
4862:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4824:
4820:
4808:
4804:
4765:
4761:
4740:New Phytologist
4732:
4728:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4630:
4626:
4586:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4506:
4502:
4488:
4474:
4465:
4442:
4438:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4239:
4230:
4198:
4194:
4139:
4135:
4090:
4086:
4049:Biology Letters
4038:
4034:
3988:
3984:
3929:
3925:
3880:
3876:
3847:
3843:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3803:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3715:
3711:
3668:
3664:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3540:
3536:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3424:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3371:
3364:
3325:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3138:
3131:
3092:Front Microbiol
3084:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3047:
3040:
3016:
3015:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2964:. Life Series.
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2932:
2923:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2863:
2830:
2793:
2786:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2655:
2646:
2634:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2597:Florideophyceae
2588:
2579:
2567:
2558:
2555:Cyanidiophyceae
2546:
2536:
2527:
2496:
2471:algas calcareas
2359:
2354:
2323:
2252:
2222:Cyanidiophytina
2212:, Gracilariales
2204:, Bangiophyceae
2177:, Bangiophyceae
2148:As enlisted in
2146:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2067:
2035:
2020:
2004:
1911:tetrasporophyte
1903:carposporophyte
1887:
1832:Red algae lack
1830:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1770:
1768:Pit connections
1765:
1759:
1750:
1733:phycobiliviolin
1721:phycocyanobilin
1713:
1704:
1680:
1564:
1559:
1546:Rhodellophyceae
1457:Florideophyceae
1398:Florideophyceae
1365:Rhodogorgonales
1331:Colaconematales
1300:Nemaliophycidae
1291:Florideophyceae
1246:Florideophyceae
1213:Florideophyceae
1095:Compsopogonales
903:Rhodellophyceae
891:subphylum novus
873:Rhodellophyceae
865:Rhodellophytina
819:Cyanidiophyceae
807:subphylum novus
804:Cyanidiophytina
780:Cyanidiophyceae
749:Multicellular?
742:
737:
731:
667:
661:
644:Florideophyceae
632:Rhodellophyceae
609:Cyanidiophyceae
548:
546:scale bar: 2 cm
535:
472:Coralline algae
413:Cyanidiophyceae
397:Florideophyceae
305:
301:
267:
263:
244:Cyanidiophyceae
239:Cyanidiophytina
225:Rhodellophyceae
203:Florideophyceae
171:
115:
98:
74:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10005:
9995:
9994:
9989:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9955:
9945:
9932:
9919:
9906:
9896:
9883:
9870:
9857:
9844:
9831:
9818:
9805:
9792:
9779:
9764:
9748:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9725:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9713:
9711:
9708:Incertae sedis
9703:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9653:Micrognathozoa
9650:
9645:
9643:Acanthocephala
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9485:Lycopodiophyta
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9398:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9299:Ancyromonadida
9296:
9291:
9285:
9283:
9272:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9251:Thermoproteota
9248:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9221:
9219:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9164:Pseudomonadota
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9139:Mycoplasmatota
9136:
9134:Lentisphaerota
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9114:Fusobacteriota
9111:
9109:Fibrobacterota
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9012:Armatimonadota
9009:
9004:
9002:Actinomycetota
8999:
8993:
8991:
8977:
8976:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8916:
8910:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8833:
8827:
8825:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8792:
8786:
8784:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8764:
8762:Pentoxylopsida
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8696:Calamopityales
8692:
8685:
8683:
8660:
8653:Spermatophytes
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8615:
8613:
8610:Progymnosperms
8596:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8575:Polypodiopsida
8572:
8570:Cladoxylopsida
8566:
8559:
8557:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8523:Euphyllophytes
8518:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8495:Lycopodiopsida
8492:
8486:
8479:
8477:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8436:Cooksoniopsida
8431:
8429:
8415:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8387:
8380:
8378:
8368:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8326:Oedipodiopsida
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8228:
8212:
8211:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8135:
8134:
8128:
8126:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8079:
8074:
8068:
8066:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7970:Prasinophytina
7964:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7917:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7873:incertae sedis
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7859:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7787:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7765:
7752:
7749:Archaeplastida
7740:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7728:Mesomycetozoea
7725:
7720:
7710:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7664:Diaphoretickes
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7611:Archaeplastida
7606:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7564:
7557:
7553:excluded from
7546:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7505:Planomonadidae
7502:
7496:
7494:
7492:Ancyromonadida
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7482:Paramastigidae
7479:
7473:
7471:
7462:
7461:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7427:
7425:
7421:Incertae sedis
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7283:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7226:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7187:
7178:
7177:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7142:
7141:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7110:Archaeplastida
7106:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7085:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7050:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6901:Dinoflagellata
6897:
6895:Chrompodellida
6892:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6806:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6724:Diaphoretickes
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6613:
6605:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6457:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:Mesomycetozoea
6426:
6421:
6411:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6365:Diaphoretickes
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:classification
6316:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6269:
6257:
6250:
6249:External links
6247:
6245:
6244:
6216:
6202:
6175:(6): 334–344.
6155:
6137:
6124:
6104:
6093:Food Chemistry
6083:
6076:
6050:
6021:
6002:(2): 207–210.
5982:
5933:
5909:
5890:(4): 174–182.
5880:Summarised in
5873:
5838:
5779:
5728:
5707:
5648:
5599:
5578:(2): 124–133.
5558:
5490:
5433:
5374:
5311:
5256:
5201:
5148:
5091:
5051:
5044:
5026:
4986:
4961:
4948:
4927:
4920:
4895:
4860:
4848:
4818:
4802:
4775:(3): 584–589.
4759:
4746:(4): 543–551.
4726:
4717:|website=
4693:
4673:
4624:
4597:(4): 507–524.
4580:
4559:
4500:
4486:
4463:
4436:
4387:
4373:
4347:
4306:(2): 482–492.
4278:
4228:
4209:(3): 872–880.
4192:
4133:
4084:
4032:
3982:
3923:
3894:(5): 399–451.
3874:
3861:(4): 369–375.
3841:
3822:
3816:978-0521343015
3815:
3797:
3778:
3775:on 2011-07-27.
3737:
3731:978-0521343015
3730:
3709:
3682:(4): 315–328.
3662:
3635:(2): 384–393.
3611:
3600:
3534:
3483:
3469:
3418:
3400:
3381:(6): 951–959.
3362:
3319:
3289:
3264:
3215:
3208:
3188:
3181:
3161:
3154:
3129:
3078:
3060:
3038:
3001:
2981:
2974:
2952:
2921:
2906:
2886:
2879:
2828:
2809:(2): 135–138.
2784:
2749:(3): 386–404.
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2495:
2492:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:similarities.
2322:
2319:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2224:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2145:
2142:
2102:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:δC range
2010:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1886:
1883:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1769:
1766:
1763:Pit connection
1761:Main article:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1737:phycobilisomes
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:Cell structure
1700:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1563:
1560:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1505:Nemastomatales
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1335:Acrochaetiales
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1130:Eurhodophytina
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:Rhodochaetales
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:Porphyridiales
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
982:
981:
974:
971:
968:
966:Stylonematales
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
933:
932:
925:
922:
919:
914:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
906:Cavalier-Smith
893:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
876:Cavalier-Smith
859:
849:
848:
841:
838:
835:
830:
829:
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:
809:
800:
791:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:
770:
764:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
739:
730:
727:
707:
706:
703:
675:Archaeplastida
660:
657:
582:Archaeplastida
558:cyanobacterium
541:
534:
531:
527:food additives
515:Asian cuisines
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
207:
206:
205:
200:
193:Eurhodophytina
184:
183:
179:
178:
166:
162:
161:
159:Archaeplastida
156:
149:
148:
143:
136:
135:
133:Diaphoretickes
130:
123:
122:
109:
108:
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
58:
51:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10004:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9965:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9897:
9893:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9769:
9765:
9760:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9433:
9432:Basidiomycota
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9417:Glomeromycota
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9379:Stramenopiles
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9304:Apusomonadida
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9240:Nanoarchaeota
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9226:Euryarchaeota
9223:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9174:Spirochaetota
9172:
9170:
9169:Rhodothermota
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9099:Dictyoglomota
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9084:
9083:Cyanobacteria
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9072:Chrysiogenota
9070:
9068:
9067:Chloroflexota
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9047:Calditrichota
9045:
9043:
9042:Caldisericota
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9017:Atribacterota
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8973:
8965:
8960:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8942:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8917:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8900:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8709:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8691:
8690:Bennettitales
8687:
8686:
8684:
8671:
8670:Pteridosperms
8664:
8661:
8657:(seed plants)
8654:
8649:
8639:
8638:Protopityales
8635:
8633:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8604:
8600:
8597:
8591:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8540:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8519:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8459:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8423:
8419:
8416:
8409:
8408:Tracheophytes
8404:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8360:
8356:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8321:Andreaeopsida
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8291:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8146:(land plants)
8143:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8039:
8038:Chlorophyceae
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Pedinophyceae
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:Chlorophytina
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7912:
7907:
7905:
7896:
7895:Viridiplantae
7892:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7840:Bangiophyceae
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7745:
7741:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7691:Stramenopiles
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7654:(major groups
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7619:
7612:
7604:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7549:¹traditional
7548:
7547:
7544:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:Mantamonadida
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7416:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7328:
7327:Heterolobosea
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7319:Discicristata
7316:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7150:
7149:Viridiplantae
7146:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7070:Microheliella
7067:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7037:
7011:
7010:Actinophryida
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6921:Stramenopiles
6918:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Ichthyosporea
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6571:Rotosphaerida
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Apusomonadida
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:Stramenopiles
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6355:(major groups
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6073:
6070:, Cambridge.
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6040:on 2012-02-22
6039:
6035:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5914:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5668:(7): e69909.
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5335:(3): e57122.
5334:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5045:0-7167-1007-2
5041:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4952:
4937:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4710:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4520:(3): e59001.
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4337:on 2016-03-04
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3309:on 2007-05-04
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:M. D. Guiry.
3293:
3279:on 2012-03-15
3278:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3002:9780128132555
2998:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:Gracilariales
2619:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2576:Bangiophyceae
2573:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:emissions in
2507:
2504:) can reduce
2503:
2502:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2402:(China), and
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:endosymbionts
2335:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2250:Fossil record
2245:
2244:Gracilariales
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:Gracilariales
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2138:phlorotannins
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:phycoerythrin
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:They display
1882:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1828:Fertilization
1825:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1788:apical growth
1784:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1764:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:phycourobilin
1726:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Rhodymeniales
1498:
1494:
1493:Gracilariales
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:Hildenbrandia
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1161:Bangiophyceae
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1136:Bangiophyceae
1133:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
996:
992:
991:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
967:
963:
960:
950:
947:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
904:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
892:
889:
874:
870:
869:
868:
867:
866:
862:
861:
855:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
822:Merola et al.
820:
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
808:
805:
801:
796:
783:Merola et al.
781:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
769:
768:Cyanidiophyta
765:
763:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
734:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
704:
701:
700:
699:
697:
691:
689:
684:
683:Viridiplantae
680:
676:
672:
666:
656:
653:
649:
648:phycoerythrin
645:
641:
640:Bangiophyceae
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:extremophiles
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:heterotrophic
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:endosymbiotic
544:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:multicellular
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:multicellular
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
368:
364:
361:
358:
351:
347:
344:
343:Ancient Greek
338:
297:
261:
257:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
204:
201:
199:
198:Bangiophyceae
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
189:Rhodophytina
188:
187:
185:
180:
175:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
107:
104:
103:
96:
93:
92:
86:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
33:
30:
19:
9743:
9714:
9706:
9628:Orthonectida
9623:Gastrotricha
9598:Nematomorpha
9573:Chaetognatha
9563:Hemichordate
9490:Pteridophyta
9359:Malawimonada
9233:Korarchaeota
9194:Thermotogota
9179:Synergistota
9154:Nitrospirota
9149:Nitrospinota
9094:Deinococcota
9027:Bacteroidota
8907:paraphyletic
8819:Angiospermae
8796:
8795:Ginkgoales (
8768:Petriellales
8750:Medullosales
8677:(seed ferns)
8390:
8311:Sphagnopsida
8306:Takakiopsida
8239:(liverworts)
8205:
8199:Embryophytes
8153:(see below↓)
8111:Charophyceae
8081:
8063:Streptophyta
7915:land plants)
7903:
7872:
7802:
7790:
7783:Rhodelphidia
7770:
7713:Opisthokonta
7617:
7566:
7561:paraphyletic
7456:
7437:
7419:
7388:Malawimonada
7368:Anaeromonada
7363:Anaeramoebae
7355:
7331:
7308:Tsukubamonas
7306:
7228:
7221:
7212:Charophyceae
7199:
7192:
7185:Streptophyta
7172:
7156:
7136:
7132:Rhodelphidia
7090:Palpitomonas
7088:
7068:
7057:Pancryptista
7002:
6995:
6932:
6899:
6887:
6867:
6837:
6832:Foraminifera
6830:
6673:
6616:
6610:Tunicaraptor
6608:
6575:
6549:Opisthokonta
6485:
6414:Opisthokonta
6236:. Retrieved
6232:
6211:
6205:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6132:
6127:
6112:
6107:
6092:
6086:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6042:. Retrieved
6038:the original
6031:
6024:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5921:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5493:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5314:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5204:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5151:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5069:
5063:
5035:
5029:
5007:(2): 86–93.
5004:
5000:
4978:. Retrieved
4974:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4940:. Retrieved
4930:
4909:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4853:, retrieved
4831:
4821:
4805:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4698:. Retrieved
4683:
4676:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4567:
4562:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4477:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4378:. Retrieved
4358:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4332:the original
4303:
4297:
4248:
4242:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4153:(7): e2621.
4150:
4146:
4136:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4055:(3): 342–5.
4052:
4048:
4035:
4000:
3996:
3985:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3770:the original
3760:(1): 47–54.
3757:
3753:
3740:
3721:
3712:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3603:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3537:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3472:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3378:
3374:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:the original
3292:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:the original
3267:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3171:
3164:
3141:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3050:
2991:
2984:
2961:
2955:
2945:November 20,
2943:. Retrieved
2939:
2896:
2889:
2868:
2806:
2800:
2746:
2742:Paleobiology
2740:
2734:
2726:
2709:
2657:
2643:Corallinales
2636:
2615:
2601:Gigartinales
2590:
2569:
2548:
2528:
2499:
2497:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2456:Acanthophora
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:are rich in
2416:
2410:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2352:Applications
2324:
2311:Thallophytes
2301:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2064:
2022:
2009:Algal group
1970:
1968:
1940:Rhodochorton
1938:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1915:
1888:
1879:Spermatangia
1877:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1831:
1822:
1819:Reproduction
1814:
1805:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1771:
1751:
1741:chloroplasts
1714:
1711:Chloroplasts
1705:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1628:, Irish moss
1623:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1497:Halymeniales
1485:Gigartinales
1436:
1422:Ahnfeltiales
1379:
1369:Corallinales
1353:
1323:Balbianiales
1272:
1189:
1176:
1113:
1023:
1010:
998:classis nova
997:
976:
949:classis nova
948:
927:
890:
888:Rhodophytina
843:
806:
762:Rhodoplantae
715:phylogenetic
708:
692:
688:paraphyletic
679:glaucophytes
670:
668:
606:
578:glaucophytes
574:Embryophytes
551:
542:
525:, and other
523:carrageenans
492:
491:(dulse) and
486:
484:
428:chloroplasts
417:
373:
370:
363:
356:
353:
346:
259:
255:
254:
168:
152:
139:
126:
100:
89:
29:
9861:iNaturalist
9768:Wikispecies
9683:Brachiopoda
9658:Cycliophora
9603:Onychophora
9578:Kinorhyncha
9500:Ginkgophyta
9495:Cycadophyta
9460:Chlorophyta
9450:Glaucophyta
9144:Myxococcota
9062:Chlorobiota
9057:Chlamydiota
8714:Cordaitales
8708:Caytoniales
8594:Lignophytes
8577:(ferns and
8503:spikemosses
8442:Rhyniopsida
8392:Aglaophyton
8271:(hornworts)
8142:Embryophyta
8125:Anydrophyta
8083:Spirotaenia
8028:Ulvophyceae
7961:Chlorophyta
7911:green algae
7881:Algospongia
7855:Glaucophyta
7807:(red algae)
7452:Chitinozoan
7378:Parabasalia
7230:Embryophyta
7194:Chlorokybus
7174:Chlorophyta
7122:Glaucophyta
7096:Cryptophyta
6986:Pirsoniales
6953:Bicosoecida
6934:Platysulcus
6907:Perkinsozoa
6889:Apicomplexa
6862:Colponemida
6629:Pluriformea
6498:Archamoebea
6487:Eumycetozoa
6214:, 4: 72–77.
6133:Aquaculture
5854:(1): 1–18.
5795:(1): 1–18.
5499:Brawley, SH
5219:BMC Biology
4936:"Pit Plugs"
3943:(8): e790.
3543:Brawley, SH
3335:: 491–517.
2936:"Algaebase"
2700:Green algae
2695:Brown algae
2494:Animal feed
2289:solenopores
2126:carrageenan
2055:Green algae
2045:Brown algae
1995:conceptacle
1907:carpospores
1905:-producing
1895:gametophyte
1845:carpogonium
1774:cytokinesis
1717:phycobilins
1684:unicellular
1655:Audouinella
1569:fresh water
1509:Plocamiales
1426:Pihiellales
1339:Palmariales
1115:Compsopogon
917:Rhodellales
833:Cyanidiales
760:Subkingdom
752:Pit plugs?
590:Cryptophyta
570:green algae
480:coral reefs
452:amylopectin
341:; from
99:E-F :
88:A-D :
54:Proterozoic
9981:Categories
9774:Rhodophyta
9744:Rhodophyta
9716:Parakaryon
9678:Entoprocta
9613:Arthropoda
9608:Tardigrada
9588:Priapulida
9583:Loricifera
9568:Echinoderm
9538:Ctenophora
9510:Gnetophyta
9465:Charophyta
9455:Rhodophyta
9427:Ascomycota
9422:Zygomycota
9364:Metamonada
9339:Euglenozoa
9324:Ciliophora
9032:Balneolota
9007:Aquificota
8841:Magnoliids
8809:Gnetopsida
8579:horsetails
8507:quillworts
8499:clubmosses
8475:Lycophytes
8448:Renaliales
8225:Bryophytes
7803:Rhodophyta
7792:Rhodelphis
7533:Rigifilida
7432:Acritarchs
7357:Barthelona
7348:Metamonada
7333:Euglenozoa
7201:Mesostigma
7157:sensu lato
7138:Rhodophyta
6997:Ochrophyta
6958:Placidozoa
6869:Ciliophora
6839:Radiolaria
6756:Haptophyta
6651:Filasterea
6563:Holomycota
6238:2024-06-04
6121:0521304199
6044:2007-06-28
5072:(4): 481.
5001:BioScience
4980:2023-08-16
4942:2016-06-30
4855:2023-08-16
4700:2023-08-16
4487:0521050421
4380:31 January
4341:2011-12-09
4104:: 99–113.
3838:: 289–369.
3794:: 161–174.
3718:Kain, J.M.
3676:Phycologia
3503:: e45017.
3313:2007-06-28
3283:2012-11-30
3011:1096190142
2968:, London.
2719:References
2711:Litostroma
2680:iridescent
2664:Ceramiales
2617:Gracilaria
2518:World Bank
2432:Gracilaria
2412:Gracilaria
2099:intertidal
1987:prothallus
1942:investiens
1899:sporophyte
1885:Life cycle
1860:spermatium
1849:trichogyne
1796:Ceramiales
1776:following
1688:cell walls
1678:Morphology
1555:See also:
1513:Ceramiales
1489:Gelidiales
1327:Nemaliales
1128:Subphylum
1038:Subphylum
962:Rufusiales
886:Subphylum
863:Subphylum
854:Rhodophyta
802:Subphylum
795:Rhodophyta
638:) and BF (
594:Haptophyta
562:phagotroph
438:, and use
436:thylakoids
424:centrioles
381:eukaryotic
260:Rhodophyta
169:Rhodophyta
165:Division:
95:Stackhouse
18:Rhodophyte
9987:Red algae
9941:100364594
9783:AlgaeBase
9633:Dicyemida
9505:Pinophyta
9384:Telonemia
9319:Cryptista
9309:Breviatea
9294:Amoebozoa
9289:Alveolata
9270:Eukaryote
9022:Bacillota
8341:Bryopsida
8294:Bryophyta
8023:UTC clade
7772:Picomonas
7708:Amoebozoa
7686:Alveolata
7674:Cryptista
7649:Eukaryota
7373:Fornicata
7279:Excavates
7081:Cryptista
7004:Oomycetes
6981:Developea
6963:Sagenista
6850:Alveolata
6786:Telonemia
6661:Choanozoa
6538:Breviatea
6481:Tubulinea
6468:Amoebozoa
6409:Amoebozoa
6387:Alveolata
6375:Cryptista
6350:Eukaryota
6320:Eukaryote
6189:1537-6516
5742:PLOS Biol
5125:1758-0463
5065:Oecologia
4910:Phycology
4719:ignored (
4709:cite book
4496:223742770
4401:Curr Biol
4359:Phycology
4003:: 231–8.
3766:1730-413X
3704:0031-8884
3057:: 89–157.
3019:cite book
2916:911004269
2869:Phycology
2771:0094-8373
2659:Laurencia
2550:Cyanidium
2512:. In one
2418:Laurencia
2391:(Korea),
2385:(Japan),
2330:Alveolata
2326:Chromista
2307:Ediacaran
2297:Paleozoic
2285:limestone
2256:eukaryote
2134:porphyran
2023:red algae
2002:Chemistry
1929:cystocarp
1870:polyamine
1802:Pit plugs
1464:Subclass
1460:Cronquist
1438:Ahnfeltia
1405:Subclass
1401:Cronquist
1343:Thoreales
1319:Balliales
1298:Subclass
1294:Cronquist
1249:Cronquist
1220:Subclass
1216:Cronquist
1178:Bangiales
1164:Wettstein
1139:Wettstein
978:Stylonema
857:Wettstein
798:Wettstein
602:Alveolata
533:Evolution
497:species (
256:Red algae
174:Wettstein
35:Red algae
9936:Tropicos
9753:Wikidata
9693:Annelida
9688:Mollusca
9668:Phoronid
9663:Nemertea
9638:Rotifera
9618:Flatworm
9593:Nematoda
9558:Chordate
9548:Cnidaria
9543:Placozoa
9374:Rhizaria
9349:Haptista
9329:Cercozoa
8989:Bacteria
8851:Eudicots
8846:Monocots
8564:Ibykales
8298:(mosses)
8203:Plantae
7901:Plantae
7703:Amorphea
7681:Rhizaria
7669:Hacrobia
7659:Excavata
7644:Bacteria
7615:Plantae
7555:protists
7551:kingdoms
7439:Grypania
7401:Imasidae
7302:Jakobida
6826:Endomyxa
6821:Cercozoa
6813:Rhizaria
6743:Haptista
6675:Animalia
6618:Bicellum
6493:Variosea
6476:Discosea
6454:Amorphea
6404:Amorphea
6382:Rhizaria
6370:Hacrobia
6360:Excavata
6345:Bacteria
6275:Archived
6263:Archived
6197:20528255
6060:Porphyra
6030:"Dulse:
6016:17196357
5969:18236692
5904:10740299
5833:26792772
5825:11538648
5774:28291791
5702:23875008
5662:PLOS ONE
5643:24112977
5594:28890206
5572:Genomics
5553:28716924
5485:23770768
5453:: 1941.
5428:23503846
5369:23536760
5329:PLOS ONE
5298:23471408
5251:17623057
5196:15071595
5143:30020436
5105:Database
4797:84561417
4668:16657250
4619:83062611
4554:23536846
4514:PLOS ONE
4431:28528908
4328:27377549
4265:21652305
4223:19698794
4187:18612431
4147:PLOS ONE
4128:20333181
4079:20031978
4043:(2009).
4027:20333193
3977:17726520
3937:PLOS ONE
3910:16248873
3657:27041194
3595:28716924
3545:(2017).
3529:31149898
3464:21858509
3456:15189206
3395:51945442
3357:30458113
3349:18315522
3259:11429143
3124:23267354
2962:Seaweeds
2779:36648568
2689:See also
2571:Porphyra
2462:Palmaria
2450:Porphyra
2438:Gelidium
2376:Porphyra
2309:Period.
2293:Cambrian
2132:contain
2130:Porphyra
1991:rhizoids
1974:gardneri
1972:Porphyra
1918:thalloid
1873:spermine
1811:Function
1525:Gelidium
1355:Nemalion
1196:Porphyra
929:Rhodella
755:Example
713:) using
659:Taxonomy
511:European
494:Porphyra
454:without
420:flagella
409:seaweeds
9951:7173230
9827:2540515
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