285:, Murphy suggests that the "'right to resist' is the right, given certain conditions, to take action intended to effect social, political or economic change, including in some instances a right to commit acts that would ordinarily be unlawful". This right could be exercised individually or collectively, ranges from overthrow of the system through more limited goals, and encompasses all illegal actions from civil disobedience to violent resistance. This right is conditional on being necessary and proportionate to achieve an aim compatible with international human rights law, and could not justify infringing others' rights.
346:
253:, the downtrodden have a right to resist global injustice; "to engage in action that transforms the underlying social, economic, and political structures that perpetuate injustice in order to bring about greater justice in the future". Based on the principle of necessity, Caney argues that some people have the right to take direct action to immediately better their standard of living. Examples he gives include evading border controls; stealing essential food, medicine, or energy that they could not afford; and violating
392:; in others obliging the citizen to take action against unconstitutional seizure of power; and in a third set of countries authorizing action against state interference in individual rights. There is also variance in whether the right to resist is conceived as optional or a duty of citizens. The laws vary in scope; some grant the right to resist an unlawful coup or foreign aggression while others are more broad, encompassing human rights violations or other oppression.
20:
297:. It is widely recognized that a right to self-determination arises in situations of colonial domination, foreign occupation, and racist regimes that deny a segment of the population political participation. According to international law, states may not use force against the lawful exercise of self-determination, while those seeking self-determination may use military force if there is no other way to achieve their goals.
156:' mandate excludes anyone who does not use exclusively peaceful means, regardless of the severity of rights infringement. According to Shannonbrooke Murphy, the lack of respect for the right to resist is discordant with the reality that the United Nations itself and the entire architecture of human rights might not exist if their supporters had not resorted to the use of force against the
231:, state counterterrorism strategies included proscribing many organizations as terrorist organizations, even if they could be seen as exercising a legitimate right to resist in accordance with internationally recognized principles. In particular, states proscribing organizations that oppose these states poses a high risk of denial of the right to resist.
332:
states that "colonised or oppressed peoples" have a right "to free themselves from the bonds of domination by resorting to any means recognised by the international community". There is no similar provision in other human rights treaties. Murphy suggests that besides foreign invasion and occupation,
239:
as a law that could potentially encompass any non-state organization carrying out an armed campaign and one that contains no exception for lawful exercise of self-determination or fighting against a nondemocratic and oppressive regime. To avoid the problem of competing legal frameworks that evaluate
324:
states "whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law". The drafters of the declaration, however, intended to exclude the right to resist. The
European
160:. Furthermore, Murphy argues that this rule is unfair to human rights defenders in the worst situations and its effect "has led to a perverse situation whereby international human rights law effectively abandons the majority of people facing grave or massive human rights violations". In 1964,
240:
an action differently, Georg Gesk proposes that anti-terrorism laws should focus on obviously criminal actions that could not be justified regardless of the cause, while violent resistance against an allegedly unjust state should not be seen as terrorism unless proven to be the case.
248:
Although political theorists have debated what obligations the wealthy have in light of global poverty and injustice, there has been less thought on what the victims of these regimes are entitled to do to achieve justice. According to political theorist
481:
committed and other violations of rights are justified by the right of resistance. However, the resister must always use the mildest means, if this is possible for him. Such a constitutional regulation is not very widespread worldwide.
377:, or Africa. Most provisions were adopted in four waves: "revolutionary republican, post-fascist, post-colonial and post-Soviet". In Latin America, such constitutional provisions were commonly adopted in the aftermath of
81:, "The question of the legitimacy of resistance—including violent resistance—against established authority is as old as political and social thought itself." The right to resist was encoded in the earliest versions of
309:
explicitly endorsed a right to resist "subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation". Based on this, many scholars argue that the right to resist exists in
1550:
113:, only authorizing resistance against the latter because these rulers violated fundamental rights in addition to their lack of popular legitimacy. A few thinkers including
450:
446:
369:. As of 2012, 42 countries recognize a right to resist in their constitution and another three formerly recognized such a right. Most of these countries are located in
333:"peoples facing massive violations amounting to crimes against humanity or genocide, coups d'état or other unconstitutional rule could qualify." The revised 2004
232:
125:
accepted it only to protect property. Views differ on whether the right to resist goes beyond restoring the status quo or defending the constitutional order.
201:
173:
490:
358:
1704:
329:
306:
105:
in dynastic
Chinese political philosophy, and in Sub-Saharan Africa's oral traditions. Historically, Western thinkers have distinguished between
60:
442:
427:
415:
261:; obstruction and blockades, for example to protect the environment; sabotage; refusing to pay debt; rioting; and rebellion, for example the
1406:"Unique in international human rights law : article 20(2) and the right to resist in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights"
153:
1460:
2051:
449:
themselves, which try to abolish the existing constitutional order through political decisions. This is based on the knowledge that
1723:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
1378:
180:". Without it, rights would only be privileges, but the right to resist provides "an ultimate remedy to human rights violations".
1956:
395:
Constitutional right to resist installed by revolutionary governments may later be cited by opponents of these regimes. In 1953,
1757:
1697:
1591:
196:
using violence as occurred in
Algeria, Palestine, and Ireland have often elicited mixed reactions, between being denounced as
39:, although its scope and content are controversial. The right to resist, depending on how it is defined, can take the form of
1528:
1446:
1297:
1278:
1230:
1174:
321:
85:
and in a variety of philosophical traditions. Support for the right to resist can be found in the ancient Greek doctrine of
2125:
1925:
257:. A second type of resistance involves attempting to alter unjust global systems to bring about greater justice; he cites
2084:
2036:
1807:
1143:
59:
is tenuous and rarely discussed. Forty-two countries explicitly recognize a constitutional right to resist, as does the
486:
317:
305:' recognition of an inherent right of national self-defense in the face of aggression. Based on the charter, the 1970
144:, one of the most distinguished jurists, called the right to resist the supreme human right, this right's position in
55:, one of the most distinguished jurists, called the right to resist the supreme human right, this right's position in
1690:
1256:
1123:
1144:"EU Law Analysis: Italian Court of Cassation: Vos Thalassa judgment acquits migrants who resisted return to Libya"
500:
ship in which they resisted being returned to Libya, due to the risk of torture and mistreatment in that country.
458:
435:
2089:
1986:
1742:
419:
145:
56:
1519:
Douzinas, Costas (2019). "The 'right to the event': The legality and morality of revolution and resistance".
1429:
Murphy, Shannonbrooke (2012). "The Right to Resist
Reconsidered". In Keane, David; McDermott, Yvonne (eds.).
470:
302:
2026:
1666:
334:
1852:
1762:
1601:
310:
212:
439:
411:
1729:
1584:
1222:
400:
2074:
2016:
1185:
254:
2031:
1996:
1941:
1827:
1737:
1248:
466:
404:
216:
407:", he invoked the "universally recognized principle" and Cuba's constitutional right to resist.
273:, even against the law; he analogizes this to slaves' right to resist by fleeing their masters.
1767:
1752:
382:
366:
388:
The philosophical basis of the constitutional right to resist differs; in some cases based on
2120:
2079:
1887:
1877:
1842:
1577:
1361:
431:
200:
and the assertion that sometimes force is necessary to resist oppression. Political theorist
1307:
Francis, Sahar (2014). "Status of
Palestinian Prisoners in International Humanitarian Law".
477:
background, assumed that state action could never be wrong: "The King can do no wrong". Any
337:, but not its 1994 predecessor, grants an unqualified "right to resist foreign occupation".
2006:
1966:
1847:
1671:
1661:
462:
345:
169:
8:
2056:
1777:
1772:
1747:
193:
1011:
903:
2094:
1971:
1897:
1792:
1630:
1499:
1478:"Droit de Résistance, à quoi ? Démasquer aujourd'hui le despotisme et la tyrannie"
1345:
1205:
381:, while elsewhere these provisions were intended as a forward thinking measure against
294:
262:
236:
141:
52:
48:
40:
24:
1562:
378:
2001:
1961:
1914:
1862:
1787:
1656:
1524:
1442:
1362:"When to Overthrow Your Government: The Right to Resist in the World's Constitutions"
1349:
1293:
1274:
1252:
1226:
1209:
1170:
1119:
731:
621:
619:
617:
454:
362:
130:
102:
82:
78:
72:
325:
and Inter-American regional human rights treaties do not include a right to resist.
2115:
1991:
1907:
1872:
1558:
1489:
1434:
1417:
1405:
1390:
1337:
1316:
1197:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1027:
1328:
Gesk, Georg (2012). "Right to
Resistance and Terrorism – the Example of Germany".
614:
2069:
2021:
1981:
1832:
1651:
1635:
1473:
1266:
293:
In international law, the right to resist is closely related to the principle of
258:
205:
1438:
349:
Constitutional right to resist by country, dark red (current) light red (former)
2011:
1936:
1892:
1620:
374:
316:
Some scholars have argued that a right to resist oppression is implicit in the
161:
149:
1341:
282:
176:, "The right to resistance is a necessary part of the political conception of
51:; whether it also extends to non-tyrannical governments is disputed. Although
2109:
2041:
1976:
1857:
1625:
1320:
370:
1951:
1946:
1837:
1714:
1682:
1456:
1357:
396:
298:
270:
266:
228:
177:
94:
1494:
1480:[The Right to Resist What? Defining Despotism and Tyranny Today].
1477:
1421:
1395:
438:
to resist anyone who undertakes to abolish the constitutional principles (
1817:
1240:
1201:
1139:
389:
354:
250:
157:
86:
36:
1503:
1379:"Terrorism, Proscription and the Right to Resist in the Age of Conflict"
1271:
The
Meanings of Rights: The Philosophy and Social Theory of Human Rights
1822:
1569:
474:
134:
122:
44:
445:) when no other remedy is possible. Above all, it is directed against
1802:
1290:
Terrorism and the Right to Resist: A Theory of Just
Revolutionary War
281:
There is no generally agreed legal definition of the right. Based on
197:
165:
106:
90:
536:
2064:
1902:
1539:
126:
19:
1867:
1812:
1797:
1782:
1541:
The human right to resist in international and constitutional law
423:
269:
have the right to resist their condition by immigrating to the
118:
110:
590:
208:
articulating when he believes armed resistance is justified.
972:
970:
478:
365:
in 1791. This provision is incorporated into the preamble of
98:
553:
551:
526:
524:
265:
or anti-colonial wars. Blunt argues that poor people in the
114:
1360:; Lansberg-Rodriguez, Daniel; Versteeg, Mila (2012–2013).
967:
164:
defended the recourse to violence in the struggle against
133:
in supporting resistance to change the established order;
919:
855:
783:
771:
759:
671:
548:
521:
137:
said that "it is right to rebel against reactionaries".
1001:
999:
997:
955:
819:
807:
795:
747:
602:
121:
absolutely rejected the existence of a right to resist.
1431:
The
Challenge of Human Rights: Past, Present and Future
931:
683:
578:
568:
566:
1186:"Illegal Immigration as Resistance to Global Poverty"
994:
982:
879:
867:
843:
719:
1468:. Research Center-Palestine Liberation Organization.
943:
891:
659:
647:
635:
695:
563:
359:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
2075:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
1269:(2014). "Philosophy and the right to resistance".
1165:Bielefeldt, Heiner (2003). "The Right to Resist".
1118:(in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 345.
831:
707:
509:
426:and is considered a right that is equivalent to a
222:
489:overturned the conviction of two migrants in the
2107:
1243:(2020). "The Right to Resist Global Injustice".
430:. This right was introduced as part of the 1968
1356:
1273:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–105.
1097:
1081:
1065:
1049:
1033:
1017:
909:
625:
307:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2625
243:
465:). The right of resistance is the result of a
1698:
1585:
27:in Serbia, an "intuitive case of resistance".
1712:
1169:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1097–1111.
1113:
330:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
154:Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders
61:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1743:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1555:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
1167:International Handbook of Violence Research
410:The right of resistance granted in Article
188:
1705:
1691:
1592:
1578:
1551:"Ius resistendi (the right of resistance)"
1164:
596:
557:
542:
530:
457:, even if they act on the basis of a law (
357:and is one of the central elements of the
129:went even farther than the authors of the
1493:
1472:
1394:
1219:Global Poverty, Injustice, and Resistance
584:
1599:
1548:
1518:
1265:
608:
344:
18:
1957:Right to an adequate standard of living
1306:
753:
2108:
1758:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1537:
1455:
1428:
1403:
1376:
1287:
1005:
988:
976:
961:
949:
937:
925:
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
777:
765:
737:
725:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
572:
353:The right to resist was guaranteed in
313:where self-determination is at issue.
172:". According to political philosopher
1686:
1573:
1245:The Oxford Handbook of Global Justice
1239:
1216:
1183:
1138:
837:
825:
813:
801:
713:
701:
515:
496:for a July 2018 protest on board the
322:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
148:is tenuous and rarely discussed. The
1327:
789:
288:
1544:(PhD thesis). Middlesex University.
301:derives a right to resist from the
276:
13:
1512:
318:International Bill of Human Rights
14:
2137:
1878:Right to refuse medical treatment
1563:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_COM_030344
1521:The Radical Philosophy of Rights
1462:Zionist Colonialism in Palestine
1410:African Human Rights Law Journal
1116:Verfassungen im Diskurs der Welt
1114:Blankennagel, Alexander (2004).
340:
1288:Finlay, Christopher J. (2015).
1132:
1107:
223:Counterterrorism and resistance
2090:Sexual and reproductive health
1987:Right to a healthy environment
1538:Murphy, Shannonbrooke (2018).
1404:Murphy, Shannonbrooke (2011).
1292:. Cambridge University Press.
420:liberal democratic basic order
235:QC cites the United Kingdom's
215:the Israeli occupation of the
146:international human rights law
57:international human rights law
43:or armed resistance against a
1:
2007:Right to public participation
503:
303:Charter of the United Nations
219:, which is denied by Israel.
194:National liberation movements
2027:Right to science and culture
1667:Collective rights management
1309:Journal of Palestine Studies
1217:Blunt, Gwilym David (2020).
1184:Blunt, Gwilym David (2018).
335:Arab Charter on Human Rights
244:Global poverty and injustice
7:
2126:African human rights system
1853:Right to keep and bear arms
1763:Freedom from discrimination
1439:10.4337/9780857939012.00012
1433:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
545:, pp. 1097, 1100–1101.
467:long historical development
451:constitutional institutions
447:constitutional institutions
424:Federal Republic of Germany
311:customary international law
213:Palestinian right to resist
10:
2142:
1223:Cambridge University Press
1157:
487:Supreme Court of Cassation
403:. In his defense speech, "
401:attack on Moncada Barracks
367:France's 1958 constitution
211:A specific example is the
70:
66:
35:has been put forward as a
2050:
2017:Right to rest and leisure
1923:
1728:
1721:
1644:
1608:
1342:10.1017/S207183220001806X
255:intellectual property law
101:in the Muslim world, the
77:According to philosopher
2032:Right to social security
1997:Right to Internet access
1942:Equal pay for equal work
1828:Presumption of innocence
1645:Rights of other entities
1549:Scattola, Merio (2015).
1321:10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39
189:Resistance vs. terrorism
183:
1908:right to be a candidate
1738:Equality before the law
1249:Oxford University Press
405:History Will Absolve Me
217:Palestinian territories
1768:Freedom of information
1753:Freedom of association
383:democratic backsliding
350:
320:. The preamble to the
204:wrote a book based on
28:
2080:Intersex human rights
1888:Right of self-defense
1843:Right to a fair trial
1495:10.3917/rhis.064.0831
1396:10.5750/dlj.v20i1.327
1377:Muller, Mark (2008).
1024:, pp. 1242–1259.
916:, pp. 1206–1207.
792:, pp. 1093–1094.
599:, pp. 1099–1100.
485:In 2021, the Italian
469:, which, based on an
459:Nazi seizure of power
432:German Emergency Acts
399:was arrested for the
348:
328:Article 20(2) of the
227:Especially after the
71:Further information:
22:
1967:Right to development
1848:Right to family life
1798:Freedom from torture
1783:Freedom from slavery
1672:Corporate personhood
1662:Collective agreement
1202:10.3917/rai.069.0083
740:, pp. 313–314,
463:Enabling Act of 1933
170:I Am Prepared to Die
1778:Freedom of religion
1773:Freedom of movement
1748:Freedom of assembly
1730:Civil and political
1383:Denning Law Journal
928:, pp. 104–106.
864:, pp. 109–110.
804:, pp. 510–511.
780:, pp. 122–124.
768:, pp. 118–119.
680:, pp. 95, 108.
2095:Right to sexuality
1972:Right to education
1898:Security of person
1793:Freedom of thought
1631:Self-determination
1330:German Law Journal
1190:Raisons Politiques
964:, pp. 99–100.
828:, p. 513–515.
816:, p. 512–513.
455:unconstitutionally
361:issued during the
351:
295:self-determination
263:Haitian Revolution
237:Terrorism Act 2000
202:Christopher Finlay
174:Gwilym David Blunt
142:Hersch Lauterpacht
53:Hersch Lauterpacht
49:foreign occupation
41:civil disobedience
29:
25:Yugoslav Partisans
2103:
2102:
2002:Right to property
1962:Right to clothing
1947:Fair remuneration
1915:Right to homeland
1863:Right to petition
1788:Freedom of speech
1680:
1679:
1657:Return of results
1530:978-1-315-77538-8
1448:978-0-85793-901-2
1299:978-1-316-35199-4
1280:978-1-107-02785-5
1232:978-1-108-48012-3
1176:978-0-306-48039-3
940:, pp. 95–96.
756:, pp. 42–43.
692:, pp. 94–95.
611:, pp. 87–88.
479:criminal offenses
428:fundamental right
363:French Revolution
289:International law
168:, in his speech "
131:French Revolution
103:Mandate of Heaven
83:international law
79:Heiner Bielefeldt
73:Resistance theory
2133:
1992:Right to housing
1926:Economic, social
1873:Right to protest
1868:Right to privacy
1707:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1545:
1534:
1507:
1497:
1482:Revue historique
1474:Turchetti, Mario
1469:
1467:
1457:Sayegh, Fayez A.
1452:
1425:
1400:
1398:
1373:
1353:
1336:(9): 1075–1094.
1324:
1303:
1284:
1267:Douzinas, Costas
1262:
1236:
1213:
1180:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1003:
992:
986:
980:
974:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
623:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
561:
555:
546:
540:
534:
528:
519:
513:
277:Legal provisions
259:land occupations
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2070:Family planning
2055:
2046:
2022:Right of return
1982:Right to health
1930:
1927:
1919:
1883:Right to resist
1833:Right of asylum
1724:
1717:
1711:
1681:
1676:
1652:Protected group
1640:
1636:Right of return
1616:Right to resist
1609:National rights
1604:
1598:
1531:
1515:
1513:Further reading
1510:
1465:
1449:
1366:UCLA Law Review
1300:
1281:
1259:
1233:
1177:
1160:
1155:
1148:EU Law Analysis
1142:(27 May 2022).
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1104:, p. 1237.
1096:
1092:
1088:, p. 1227.
1080:
1076:
1072:, p. 1221.
1064:
1060:
1056:, p. 1211.
1048:
1044:
1040:, p. 1218.
1032:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1004:
995:
987:
983:
975:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
636:
632:, p. 1206.
624:
615:
607:
603:
597:Bielefeldt 2003
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
564:
560:, p. 1097.
558:Bielefeldt 2003
556:
549:
543:Bielefeldt 2003
541:
537:
533:, p. 1100.
531:Bielefeldt 2003
529:
522:
514:
510:
506:
434:and allows any
418:is part of the
343:
291:
279:
246:
225:
206:just war theory
191:
186:
75:
69:
33:right to resist
17:
12:
11:
5:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:Right to water
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Right of reply
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Digital rights
1933:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1893:Right to truth
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Right to exist
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1488:(4): 831–871.
1470:
1453:
1447:
1426:
1422:10520/EJC51954
1416:(2): 465–494.
1401:
1374:
1354:
1325:
1304:
1298:
1285:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1214:
1181:
1175:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1090:
1074:
1058:
1042:
1026:
1010:
1008:, p. 101.
993:
991:, p. 104.
981:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
902:
890:
888:, p. 116.
878:
876:, p. 110.
866:
854:
852:, p. 109.
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
770:
758:
746:
730:
728:, p. 313.
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
613:
601:
589:
587:, p. 871.
585:Turchetti 2006
577:
562:
547:
535:
520:
507:
505:
502:
412:20 Paragraph 4
375:Western Europe
342:
339:
290:
287:
278:
275:
245:
242:
224:
221:
190:
187:
185:
182:
162:Nelson Mandela
150:United Nations
68:
65:
47:government or
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2138:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2042:Right to work
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Right to food
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Right to life
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Treaty rights
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:. Routledge.
1522:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:(in French).
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Ginsburg, Tom
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:9780198714354
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1125:3-16-148361-8
1121:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
990:
985:
978:
973:
971:
963:
958:
952:, p. 97.
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
913:
906:
900:, p. 49.
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
762:
755:
750:
743:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
704:, p. 70.
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
674:
668:, p. 94.
667:
662:
656:, p. 93.
655:
650:
644:, p. 92.
643:
638:
631:
629:
622:
620:
618:
610:
609:Douzinas 2014
605:
598:
593:
586:
581:
575:, p. 91.
574:
569:
567:
559:
554:
552:
544:
539:
532:
527:
525:
517:
512:
508:
501:
499:
495:
493:
488:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Latin America
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
341:Constitutions
338:
336:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
241:
238:
234:
230:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2121:Human rights
2057:reproductive
1952:Labor rights
1928:and cultural
1882:
1838:Right to die
1715:human rights
1713:Substantive
1615:
1602:group rights
1554:
1540:
1520:
1485:
1481:
1461:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1333:
1329:
1315:(4): 39–48.
1312:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1244:
1241:Caney, Simon
1218:
1193:
1189:
1166:
1147:
1140:Peers, Steve
1134:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1019:
1013:
984:
957:
945:
933:
921:
911:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
754:Francis 2014
749:
741:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
627:
604:
592:
580:
538:
511:
498:Vos Thalassa
497:
492:Vos Thalassa
491:
484:
461:through the
440:Article 1-20
409:
397:Fidel Castro
394:
387:
379:coups d'état
352:
327:
315:
299:Fayez Sayegh
292:
280:
271:Global North
267:Global South
247:
229:9/11 attacks
226:
210:
192:
178:human rights
139:
95:Hebrew Bible
89:included in
76:
32:
30:
23:Memorial to
2085:LGBT rights
1818:Nationality
1808:LGBT rights
1389:: 111–131.
1006:Murphy 2012
989:Murphy 2012
979:, abstract.
977:Murphy 2011
962:Murphy 2012
950:Murphy 2012
938:Murphy 2012
926:Murphy 2012
898:Sayegh 1965
886:Muller 2008
874:Murphy 2012
862:Murphy 2012
850:Murphy 2012
778:Muller 2008
766:Muller 2008
738:Finlay 2015
726:Finlay 2015
690:Murphy 2012
678:Murphy 2012
666:Murphy 2012
654:Murphy 2012
642:Murphy 2012
573:Murphy 2012
453:can behave
390:natural law
355:Magna Carta
283:Tony Honoré
251:Simon Caney
233:Mark Muller
158:Axis powers
87:tyrannicide
37:human right
16:Human right
2110:Categories
1823:Personhood
838:Blunt 2018
826:Caney 2020
814:Caney 2020
802:Caney 2020
714:Blunt 2018
702:Blunt 2020
516:Blunt 2018
504:References
475:positivist
471:absolutist
135:Mao Zedong
123:John Locke
45:tyrannical
1803:Legal aid
1557:. Brill.
1350:150841641
1210:150289731
1196:(1): 83.
1098:Ginsburg
1082:Ginsburg
1066:Ginsburg
1050:Ginsburg
1034:Ginsburg
1018:Ginsburg
910:Ginsburg
790:Gesk 2012
626:Ginsburg
473:or legal
416:Basic Law
198:terrorism
166:apartheid
140:Although
91:Roman law
2065:Abortion
1903:Suffrage
1600:Various
1504:40957835
1476:(2006).
1459:(1965).
127:Marxists
2116:Dissent
1813:Liberty
1372:: 1184.
1158:Sources
422:of the
414:of the
111:tyrants
107:despots
67:History
2052:Sexual
1527:
1502:
1445:
1348:
1296:
1277:
1255:
1229:
1208:
1173:
1122:
1100:et al.
1084:et al.
1068:et al.
1052:et al.
1036:et al.
1020:et al.
912:et al.
742:passim
628:et al.
436:German
119:Hobbes
93:, the
1500:JSTOR
1466:(PDF)
1346:S2CID
1206:S2CID
518:, 20.
184:Cases
99:jihad
1525:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1102:2012
1086:2012
1070:2012
1054:2012
1038:2012
1022:2012
914:2012
840:, 1.
716:, 8.
630:2012
494:case
117:and
115:Kant
109:and
31:The
2054:and
1559:doi
1490:doi
1486:640
1435:doi
1418:hdl
1391:doi
1338:doi
1317:doi
1198:doi
385:.
2112::
1553:.
1498:.
1441:.
1414:11
1412:.
1408:.
1387:20
1385:.
1381:.
1370:60
1368:.
1364:.
1344:.
1334:13
1332:.
1313:43
1311:.
1251:.
1247:.
1225:.
1221:.
1204:.
1194:69
1192:.
1188:.
1146:.
996:^
969:^
616:^
565:^
550:^
523:^
443:GG
373:,
152:'
97:,
63:.
1706:e
1699:t
1692:v
1593:e
1586:t
1579:v
1565:.
1561::
1533:.
1506:.
1492::
1451:.
1437::
1424:.
1420::
1399:.
1393::
1352:.
1340::
1323:.
1319::
1302:.
1283:.
1261:.
1235:.
1212:.
1200::
1179:.
1150:.
1128:.
744:.
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