Swedish Empire - Knowledge

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that 6 November 1632, the day of Gustavus Adolphus's death, should be the limit to which retrospective taxes could be collected, and that there should be no further restitution of alienated crown property. Against this, the over-taxed lower estates protested, and the Diet had to be suspended. The king intervened, not to quell the commons, as the senate insisted, but to compel the nobility to give way. He proposed a special committee to investigate the matter before the meeting of the next Riksdag and that a proportional contribution should be levied on all classes in the meantime. Both groups accepted this arrangement.

917:, confidence in Sweden among the Swedish-controlled German states was damaged, and several of the provinces refused further Swedish military support, leaving Sweden with only a couple of northern German provinces. After France intervened on the same side as Sweden, fortunes shifted again. As the war continued, the civilian and military death toll grew, and when it was over, it had led to severe depopulation in the German states. Although exact population estimates do not exist, historians estimate that the population of the Holy Roman Empire fell by one-third as a result of the war. 77: 1239: 2107: 2047: 1935:), aiming to break the enemy formation. The infantry was meanwhile employed in a defensive manner, relying on their superior firepower to break enemy attacks. Smaller musketeer detachments (~200 men) were used during the Polish war to support the cavalry against the superior Polish-Lithuanian cavalry. Gustavus Adolphus earned the title "father of modern warfare" because of his revolutionary tactics during the Thirty Years' War, which later inspired other nations and became standard tactics. He became the foremost model of many later 1525:), once eastern Denmark, became the centre of intense fighting between Swedes and Danes, with a large scale confrontation between the main armies near Lund in December 1676. After that, Scania was divided into Danish and Swedish enclaves centering around the main cities for the rest of the war. The remaining territories in Scania were mainly a no man's land where a fierce "little war" took place, with Swedish troops on the one side and Danish official and semi-official troops (freeshooters etc.) in conjunction with armed locals. 2059: 1419:. The aristocratic group prevailed and brought with it a decline of morality which made it notorious to its neighbours. The administration was noted for sloth and carelessness leading to a general neglect of business. Additionally, government corruption led Sweden to be hired by foreign powers. This "subsidy policy" dates from the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1661, through which Sweden, in exchange for a considerable sum of money, supported the French candidate for the Polish throne. Sweden was torn between 1685:. After a brief regency, he was declared to be of age to rule. Three years later, in 1700, Denmark–Norway, Poland and Russia, the countries that had lost the most territory to Sweden, jointly declared war. Denmark–Norway was soon forced to peace after a joint intervention of Swedish, English and Dutch armies, whereafter the King and much of the Swedish army was shipped to the Baltic provinces, where Russian and Polish armies were laying siege to several towns. The Russian army was soundly defeated in the 63: 461: 419: 394: 1168:, caused great difficulties for the new empire. Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest before her abdication. The Swedish people feared that the external, artificial greatness of their country might be purchased with the loss of their civil and political liberties. The Swedish people looked to a new king to address the problem of too much power vested in the nobility. 2119: 1609: 2500: 94: 701: 1672: 1767: 1645:

soldier and horse; while the knekthållare supplied duly equipped foot soldiers. Soldiers were provided with holdings on which they lived in times of peace. Formerly, ordinary conscription had existed alongside this indelning, or distribution system, but it had proved inadequate as well as highly unpopular, and in 1682, Charles XI ended it in favor of an extended distribution system. The

1366:, on the other side of the sea. This empire contained about a quarter of the population of modern Sweden, at only 2,500,000 people, or about 2.3 people per square kilometer. However, Sweden's expansion had been possible partly due to turmoil and weakness in countries in its vicinity, and when they became more stable, they began to look for chances to regain what was lost. 1641:

time or other they must have belonged to the Crown, and the burden of proof of ownership lay with the actual owner of the property, not the Crown. The amount of revenue accruing to the Crown from the whole "Reduktion" is impossible to estimate; but by these means, combined with careful management and rigid economy, Charles XI reduced the national debt by three quarters.

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the preferred ratio of 1 to 1. This, combined with the lack of funds to provide the soldiers with armour, caused the Swedish infantry to be dangerously lightly equipped and unable to deal with cavalry or heavier infantry in open terrain. Charles IX was, however, able to implement the Dutch system for fighting in

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is remarkable for a revolution, in which the government of Sweden was transformed to a semi-absolute monarchy. The king emerged from the war convinced that if Sweden were to retain its position as a great power, it needed to reform its whole economic system radically and circumscribe the power of the

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had tried to reform the army but had effectively failed to do so. Charles IX, like most other rulers, had tried to implement the Dutch system into the army but with limited success. The lack of a strict organisation in the infantry caused the proportion of pikemen to musketeers to be far lower than

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for 90 years. The elevation of Sweden to the rank of an imperial power required that it remain a military monarchy, armed for possible emergency. Sweden's poverty and sparse population meant the country was ill-suited for imperial status. However, in the middle of the 17th century, with France as a

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Thus, in the latter half of the 17th century, the major difference between the Swedish army and those common on the continent was the relative lack of firepower and the use of pikes and sabres. Sweden and Russia were the only countries at the time using pikes. In contemporary Europe, infantry were

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The recovery of the alienated crown lands occupied Charles XI for the rest of his life. He created a commission, which was ultimately converted into a permanent department of state. It acted on the principle that the titles of all private landed estates might be called in question, because at some

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in March 1677. In the beginning of April 1678, the French king dictated the terms of a peace. One of his chief conditions was the complete restitution of Sweden, as he needed a strong Swedish ally. However, Charles XI refused to go along with ceding territories to its enemies, which led the French

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In 1660, after five years of warfare, Sweden had obtained peace and the opportunity to organize and develop the new vast realm. The fifteen-year regency that followed Charles X Gustav was unable to manoeuvre through the situation it faced. The administration was internally divided and hindered by

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Thus, Sweden emerged from the war not only a military power, but also one of the largest states of Europe, possessing more than twice as much territory as modern Sweden. The land area of Sweden was 1,100,000 km. While modern Sweden is bounded by the Baltic, during the 17th century the Baltic

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of 1655, the king proposed that noble holders of crown property should either: 1) pay an annual sum of 200,000 Riksdaler out of the lands they would receive, or 2) surrender a fourth of the property itself, worth approximately 800,000 Riksdaler. The nobility wished to avoid taxation and stipulated

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Charles XI re-established on a broader basis the reorganization of the "indelningsverk" — a system of military tenure in which national forces were bound to the soil. This tied to the "rust hail tenure", under which the tenants, instead of paying rent, were obliged to equip and maintain a cavalry

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of 1 million silverdaler to regain Älvsborg (final payment, 1619). The Polish war was interrupted by a series of truces caused by Sweden's weakness along with the unwillingness of the Polish nobility to fight a war considered only to be in Sigismund III's personal interest. The costly peace with

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and sabres. Note that the pikes were used as an offensive weapon: in close combat, they had the advantage over their foes' weapons thanks to their range. After the bayonet was introduced in the Carolean army (1700–1706), the final volley was delayed until the soldiers were inside bayonet range.

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The infantry shock attack operated as follows. The two rear ranks of musketeers were ordered to shoot when "you could not miss," a range of roughly 50 meters, and then to draw their swords before the battalion resumed their attack. The two foremost ranks then discharged at a range of roughly 20

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Throughout the Thirty Years' War, the infantry's shock ability was continuously improved. The static nature of the infantry that served well against the cavalry-dominated Polish-Lithuanian army was enhanced during the war to produce infantry capable of both providing devastating firepower and

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A major reason why Sweden could be so successful in wars with such a scarce number of soldiers was its advanced military tactics. Sweden was able to reform its military tactics continuously throughout the period. Prior to Gustavus Adolphus's reforms, both his father, Charles IX, and his uncle

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Charles X Gustav was a strong arbiter between the people and the nobility. Primarily a soldier, he directed his ambition towards military glory; but he was also an unusually sharp-sighted politician. While placing great emphasis on military strength, he also understood that domestic unity was

1925:. Horsemen rode knee-by-knee in a tight formation. When in range, they switched to gallop and charged, and at a range of ten yards, shot both their pistols. A standard regiment numbered 250 simultaneous shots that would blast a hole in the enemy ranks. They then continued the charge with 1439:

and regaining Sweden as an ally. By the Treaty of Stockholm on 14 April 1672, Sweden entered an agreement with the French to protect its sphere of interest containing the Dutch Republic from hostile German claims in return for 400,000 Riksdaler per annum in peace and 600,000 in wartime.

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lessened their ties to Sweden. At Charles X Gustav's death, five years later, Sweden had not only damaged its newly claimed territories but also had become hated by the surrounding states for its lack of defence of Protestantism. Charles X Gustav's attempt to gain the favour of

1628:; but it continued to exist as an essential part of the government. Moreover, this transfer of authority was a voluntary act. The people, knowing the king to be their ally, trusted and cooperated with him. The Riksdag of 1682 declared that the king was empowered to bestow 1657:. After seventeen years of financial difficulties, the twofold enterprise was completed. At the death of Charles XI, Sweden could boast of a fleet of forty-three three-deckers, manned by 11,000 men and armed with 2,648 guns, and one of the finest arsenals in the world. 1187:

Charles X Gustav had done his best to recover from the financial extravagance of Christina. However, his own desire for military glory may have caused problems for his country. In three days, he persuaded the Swedish estates of the potential of his attack on the

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equipped with a musket, while in the Swedish army, every third man had a pike. The pikemen were normally deployed four men deep with musketeers of equal depth on the sides. The pike was used to repulse cavalry and to break the enemy lines as they charged.

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was extended to the king's legislative authority, when on 9 December 1682, all four estates not only confirmed that the king held the legislative powers enjoyed by his predecessors, but even gave him the right of interpreting and amending the common law.

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of Stockholm, October 1680, began a new era of Swedish history. On the motion of the Estate of Peasants, the question of the recovery of the alienated crown lands was brought before the Riksdag, and a resolution of the Diet directed that all

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put an end to Sweden's eastbound expansion, and by the time of Charles XII's death in 1718 the Empire had been severely diminished both territorially and militarily. The last traces of occupied continental territory vanished during the

1964:". Approximately 110,000 soldiers from Finland died serving the Swedish Empire between 1617 and 1721. Relative to the contemporary population of Finland, this was equivalent to over a million of them dying in 20th-century Finland. 1553:

was to return all the land it had captured to Sweden on 4 October 1679. While Sweden could never have gained these concessions alone, Charles XI formed a personal dislike of the French king and developed a strong anti-French bias.

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In the Swedish army tactics of that time, retreat was never covered, and they were obliged to attack or fight where they stood. This was a military doctrine that (with the advantage of hindsight) might have proven a bit rash.

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Denmark and Poland–Lithuania's inability to mount a seaborne attack on the Swedish mainland gave time for Gustavus Adolphus to reform his armies. The continuation of the Polish war in 1625–1629 ended with a ceasefire in

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In the meantime, Russia had managed to take possession of several towns by the Baltic Sea. Instead of trying to retake these, Charles chose to march directly on Moscow, but due to extreme weather, difficulties with his

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Swedish tactics once again greatly diverged from the continental tactics during the second half of the 17th century. The continental tactics increasingly emphasized the firepower of the battalion, while the Swedish

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held a tenuous position of leadership. Careful statesmanship might mean permanent dominion on the Baltic shore, but left little room for mistakes. The extravagance of Gustavus Adolphus's two immediate successors,

1999:) tactics almost exclusively relied on the shock factor as the infantry and cavalry charged the enemy. As the bayonet was introduced, the pike was discarded in all armies except the Swedish and Russian by 1700. 1138:

and Westphalia, Sweden was the third-largest area of control in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent during this time under the rule of

1725:. Following the defeat at Poltava, Poland and Denmark re-entered the war, along with other countries wanting parts of the Swedish provinces. In the following years, most of them would fall, and Russia 811:

of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king. Serfdom, however, remained in force in the dominions acquired in the

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and other estates producing an annual rent of more than a certain amount per annum should revert to the Crown. The same Riksdag decided that the king was not bound by any particular

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in 1630, Gustav II Adolph had transformed the Swedish (Gustavian) army into an army in which the cavalry fought with aggressive shock tactics, closer to the Polish tactics than the

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Despite these setbacks, Charles XII twice tried to invade Norway to force Denmark-Norway out of the war again. On 30 November 1718, King Charles XII was mortally wounded during the

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and emerged triumphant, only to die of sheer exhaustion. Immediately after his death, a regency was appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of his only son and successor,

1744:. With his death, Swedish war efforts mostly came to a halt, although Russia continued to harass the civilian population of the Swedish coastal areas until the concluding 1624:, to be consulted on all important matters. The Riksdag, completely overshadowed by the Crown, did little more than register the royal decrees during the reign of 1786:—and gained toll-collection rights for those important commercial arteries, benefitting the Swedish economy. Two principal reasons for the small reparations were 1774:

As a result of eighteen years of war, Sweden gained small and scattered possessions, but had secured control of three principal rivers in northern Germany—the

793:(i.e., upholding the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry). In territories acquired during the periods of 2094: 2070: 1875:. The Swedes also got the right to tax Poland's trade on the Baltic (3.5% on the value of goods), and kept control of many of the cities in Royal and 1605:(council of state) to kungligt råd (royal council); a visible sign that the councilors were no longer the king's colleagues, but rather his servants. 1987:, who took command after the defeat at Nördlingen, the Gustavian brigade system was finally changed into the battalion system recognisable from the 1991:

and the Great Northern War (the depth was lowered from six ranks to three or four when the bayonet was introduced at the end of the 17th century).

1967: 1899: 1470:, with actual casualties numbering fewer than 600 men, but it made Sweden appear vulnerable and enabled neighbouring countries to attack in the 2242: 2301: 1528:

Through homeland military successes of the young Swedish king and the diplomatic activity of Louis XIV, a peace congress began sessions at

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and subsequent rise to the throne of Sweden caused a dynastic struggle for the throne of Sweden that would not finally end until the

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usually felled many enemy troops and was demoralising to them. Directly after the volley, the Swedes charged the enemy ranks with

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against Denmark–Norway when Charles IX died in 1611. The war against Denmark–Norway was a terrible loss that forced Sweden to pay

1208:, who was four years old. The regency council moved quickly to end the war with Sweden's numerous enemies, which now included the 3984: 2744: 3352: 2716: 1124: 854:, he would go on to lead a campaign in Russia that would end in a staggering defeat for the Swedes. The Russian victory at the 500: 1983:, the infantry was almost entirely reliant on their firepower and saw very limited offensive use; but under the leadership of 2865: 2433: 2204: 1632:

and take them back again, making the king the disposer of his subjects' temporal property. Presently, this new principle of

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were an essential part of the Swedish military. Roughly 2/5 of the infantry and 3/7 of the cavalry in the army were from

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the lack of unity and talent among its statesmen. The two major rivals were the military-aristocratic party headed by

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by dividing Poland not only reversed his original policy, but also created a new southern rival almost as dangerous as

1279: 1259: 1247: 1189: 895: 1394:'s accession in 1655, Sweden's neighbours may have become allies; however, territorial loss combined with the loss of 2877: 2872: 2790: 2785: 2621: 2581: 2483: 2458: 2400: 1315: 1112: 640: 634: 531: 512: 399: 1752:

of varying success until the 19th century, but the Great Northern War put an end to Sweden's time as a great power.

950: 3918: 3513: 2944: 2775: 1432: 1331: 1271: 819:, where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained. 3999: 3994: 3943: 3546: 3411: 2840: 2835: 1891:(Elbing). The Swedes later conducted a series of invasions into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the 877: 722: 591: 581: 347: 324: 2106: 1954:

as their main language. Commands were also given in Finnish. The Finnish cavalry in the Swedish army was called

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After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, the empire was controlled for lengthy periods by part of the high

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Stadin, Kekke. "The masculine image of a great power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690."

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in 1658. Denmark–Norway was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the rest. Although the reign of

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Fighting techniques of the early modern world, AD 1500 – AD 1763 : equipment, combat skills and tactics

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aristocracy. Charles XI felt that he could do it now that he had allies in the lower orders to support him.

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Sweden had now won considerable political influence, which was lessened by the loss of moral prestige. On

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mediation of this treaty also ended the quarrel between Sweden, the Holy Roman emperor and the elector of

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was constructed along the coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers.

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Swedish possessions in 1658. The years in parentheses indicate when the possession was given up or lost.

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During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden managed to conquer approximately half of the member states of the

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Kansallisten instituutioiden muotoutuminen – Suomalainen historiakuva Oma Maa -kirjasarjassa 1900–1960

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Sweden was granted territories in northern Germany. Sweden reached the height of its power during the

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Finanziell völlig von französischen Subsidien abhängig, wollte sich die Großmacht auf tönernen Füßen

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family, acting as regents for minor monarchs. The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the

603: 264: 20: 1855: 758:) was the period in Swedish history spanning much of the 17th and early 18th centuries during which 2954: 2914: 2904: 2307: 1936: 1013: 983: 808: 182: 2711:

Thomson, Erik. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography."

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from the flanks. They also formed units of their own. They were otherwise equipped like infantry.

3979: 3928: 3586: 3116: 2929: 1867:) on 26 September 1629 that was in favour of the Swedes, to whom Poland ceded the larger part of 1598: 161: 1601:, but was to be regarded as a sovereign lord. The Privy Council changed its official title from 774:, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the 62: 3752: 3581: 3332: 3285: 3270: 3237: 3207: 3192: 3126: 3005: 2990: 2815: 2730: 1794:'s impatience. As a result of Sweden's intervention, Sweden helped secure religious liberty in 1686: 1621: 1594: 1577: 1501:, Sweden's last possession on the continent, was lost on 5 November. A defensive alliance with 1428: 1180: 670: 293: 82: 1689:, after which Charles took the army into Poland with the intent of dethroning the Polish king 3832: 3697: 3217: 3202: 3088: 3010: 1836: 1690: 1675: 1127:

and were entrusted with carrying out its provisions, as enacted by the executive congress of

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De Vries, Jan (2009). "The economic crisis of the seventeenth century after fifty years".

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firm ally, the incompatibility between its powers and its pretensions was not so obvious.

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was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the

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on 29 June 1679, Sweden received almost full restitution of its German territory. By the

1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1395: 1375: 1343: 1263: 1229: 1161: 1108: 998: 967: 955: 945: 831: 827: 1517:. The difficulties concerning the Polish king continued. The Scanian provinces (Scania, 913:. The fortunes of war would shift back and forth several times. After its defeat in the 3958: 3862: 3646: 3598: 3593: 3496: 3486: 3443: 3435: 3342: 3317: 3177: 3136: 3057: 3052: 2973: 2959: 2909: 2820: 2800: 2770: 2554: 2236: 2146: 2141: 2136: 1840: 1828: 1666: 1646: 1550: 1502: 1404: 1323: 1299: 1283: 1197: 1176: 1144: 1116: 1009: 933: 847: 839: 835: 775: 475: 136: 2448: 2007:

meters before drawing their swords, and the charge began. At this range, the powerful

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was entirely remodeled; and, the recent war having demonstrated the unsuitability of

1617: 1510: 1478: 1335: 1209: 1050: 1019: 1005: 994: 979: 910: 855: 812: 790: 771: 449: 365: 204: 171: 148: 2543: 1458:. In May 1675, a Swedish army advanced into the Mark but was defeated on 18 June at 1362:, the capital, lay in the very centre of the empire, whose second greatest city was 3827: 3742: 3687: 3657: 3608: 3568: 3551: 3541: 3476: 3448: 3280: 3131: 3098: 1951: 1892: 1864: 1745: 1319: 1311: 1275: 1196:

on 10 July 1654, he gained more personal glory than advantage for his country. The

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among the cavalry, with unfortunate results. His partially reformed army suffered

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was not abolished, and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in

3973: 3913: 3712: 3385: 3108: 3032: 2825: 2525:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221. 2516: 2506: 2012: 1955: 1876: 1799: 1726: 1546: 1347: 1302:

two years previously; but Sweden had to relinquish the Norwegian province of

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A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution

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The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

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Macht oder Recht. Frühneuzeitliche Politik im obersächsischen Reichskreis

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in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands. A

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Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492 - 1772

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After Charles XI's death, the throne was inherited by his underage son,

1295: 3620: 2564: 1860: 1851: 1654: 1608: 1498: 1201: 1082: 1039: 925: 903: 481: 2423: 1602: 1597:, but only by law and statutes, and not even obligated to consult the 3667: 2024: 1996: 1915: 1650: 1633: 1494: 1359: 1128: 1100: 1043: 987: 104: 3396: 2390: 1888: 959: 3877: 3672: 1907: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1653:

as a naval station, the construction of a new arsenal was begun at

1529: 1522: 1489:, and Danes. In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured 1467: 1307: 1282:

renounced to all claims to the Swedish crown. The treaty compelled

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expanded into a general European war. He achieved passage over the

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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king to negotiate on behalf of Sweden without its consent. By the

1023: 894:. As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the 3747: 3558: 3042: 2028: 2016: 1947: 1922: 1868: 1730: 1710: 1518: 1490: 1486: 1286:

to reopen direct negotiations with Sweden. Eventually, under the

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lay within Swedish territory, which also included two-thirds of

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Jutikkala Eino & Kauko Pirinen. Translated by Paul (1988).

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Power or Right: Early modern politics in the Upper Saxon Circle

2008: 1918: 1880: 1795: 1787: 1741: 1463: 1193: 1156: 1031: 1027: 770:. The beginning of the period is usually taken as the reign of 759: 1766: 2551:

Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719

1943: 1926: 1911: 1783: 1713:. In 1709, the Swedish army was defeated and captured in the 1586: 1582: 1850:

Gustav II Adolph inherited the Polish war together with the

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of the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed Sweden a vote in the

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joint guarantors of the treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor

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Brems, Hans. "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State"

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for Protestants, becoming a leading power of Continental

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attached. They supported the infantry attack by lobbing

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Kirby, David. "Imperial Sweden – Image and Self-Image"

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Gallery of the Swedish monarchs during the imperial era

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province, which Denmark-Norway had surrendered by the

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on 27 May 1660, Sweden kept the three formerly Danish

16:

Historical period in the history of Sweden (1611–1721)

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At this point, the empire began to crumble. In 1675,

902:, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of 2599:

The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic 1600 - 1725

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In 1674, Louis XIV called upon Sweden to invade the

1270:. This treaty confirmed both Sweden's possession of 766:

that exercised territorial control over much of the

1748:was finally signed in 1721. Sweden would remain a 1431:, which ended the French acquisitions through the 1274:and the elector of Brandenburg's sovereignty over 1179:, or restitution of alienated crown lands. At the 2573:Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe 1979:executing offensive maneuvers. Initially, at the 1693:. This took several years, but in 1706, with the 3971: 1620:but enacted the right of the Swedish people, in 1258:on 3 May 1660, put an end to the long feud with 966:At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the 2424:Karonen, Petri and Räihä Antti (edit.) (2014). 2303:A Political and Social History of Modern Europe 1910:and heavy armor were mostly abandoned, and the 1342:formed a bond between various widely dispersed 2631:Moberg, Vilhelm; Austin, Paul Britten (2005). 1513:, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the 3412: 2738: 2669:From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies 2190: 2188: 1959: 1930: 1900:Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War 1326:surrendered the Baltic provinces to Sweden — 871: 723: 35: 2691: 2630: 1950:. They served in their own units which used 1423:and his adversaries in plans to control the 1175:The most pressing domestic question was the 1107:These German possessions were to be held as 982:(which had been in its possession since the 313:• Gustavus Adolphus ascends the throne 2228:] (in German). Stuttgart. p. 282. 846:would see initial Swedish victories in the 3419: 3405: 2745: 2731: 2473: 2241:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2185: 1415:and the party of peace and economy led by 1212:, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the 730: 716: 92: 2662:The Swedish imperial experience 1560–1718 2611: 2536: 2388: 2052:King Gustav II Adolph "Gustavus Adolphus" 1839:. Charles IX's revolt against his nephew 1172:necessary for a powerful foreign policy. 1150: 934:string of Swedish forts and trading posts 2258:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2255: 1966: 1835:against a Polish-Lithuanian army led by 1765: 1709:strategy, he was forced to turn towards 1670: 1607: 1379: 1237: 949: 2510: 2478:. Helsinki: Siltala. pp. 244–246. 2376: 2355: 2343: 2320: 2293: 2287: 2219: 336:• Queen Ulrika Eleonora abdicated 3972: 2453:. New York: Dorset Press. p. 87. 1661:Charles XII and the Great Northern War 1192:. However, when he left Stockholm for 1123:. France and Sweden, moreover, became 970:in 1648 granted Sweden territories as 954:Sweden's coat of arms (with erroneous 939: 3426: 3400: 2726: 2681: 2655:Sweden's Age of Greatness 1632 – 1718 2569: 2299: 2194: 1717:; Charles managed to escape south to 1871:together with its important port of 986:, and a war indemnity of 20,000,000 898:, as well as its involvement in the 325:Beginning of constitutional monarchy 3934:History of the Mediterranean region 2752: 2678:(Cambridge University Press, 1998). 2648:Sweden as a Great Power 1611 – 1697 1806: 1727:occupied the eastern half of Sweden 1466:. The Fehrbellin affair was a mere 882:Sweden emerged as a great European 13: 2530: 1740:Fortress in Fredrikshald, today's 1485:were taken by the Brandenburgers, 1322:on 2 July 1661, through which the 1008:, the Swedish share of the former 958:) on the wall of the Town Hall of 19:For Sweden's colonial empire, see 14: 4016: 2676:Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism 2606:Sweden in the Seventeenth Century 1223: 928:was founded in the valley of the 3919:Bibliography of European history 3514:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2641:Scandinavian History 1520 - 1970 2498: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 1369: 1081:, with the districts of Pod and 924:, principally in the New World. 699: 459: 417: 392: 75: 61: 3944:History of Western civilization 3547:Christianity in the Middle Ages 2706:Scandinavian journal of history 2684:A History of Swedish Literature 2511:Dumrath, Oskar Henrik (1911). " 2467: 2442: 2417: 2382: 1115:and enabled it to "direct" the 3985:Early modern history of Sweden 3788:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3731:Christianity in the modern era 3502:Christianity in late antiquity 2576:. Cambridge University Press. 2249: 2213: 2167:Military of the Swedish Empire 1813:Military of the Swedish Empire 1568:The remainder of the reign of 1443: 1280:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1248:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1190:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1088:the secularized bishoprics of 896:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 834:, when its primary adversary, 1: 3939:History of the European Union 2614:An Economic History of Sweden 2300:Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1916). 2199:. Longman. pp. 133–134. 2178: 2023:Every infantry battalion had 1989:War of the Spanish Succession 1921:as the primary weapon of the 1557: 1316:Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) 666:History of the Jews in Sweden 400:History of Sweden (1523–1611) 2544:free to borrow for two weeks 2389:Jörgensen, Christer (2006). 1981:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) 1755: 1545:confirmed by the subsequent 852:Treaty of Altranstädt (1706) 7: 4005:History of Sweden by period 3898:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3509:Crisis of the Third Century 2129: 1616:Thus, Sweden had become an 1294:and the formerly Norwegian 915:Battle of Nördlingen (1634) 878:History of Sweden (1611–48) 822:After its victories in the 10: 4021: 3990:Finland under Swedish rule 3954:Military history of Europe 3949:Maritime history of Europe 2791:Rise to become Great Power 2561:Journal of Economic Issues 2537:Andersson, Ingvar (1956). 2474:Keskisarja, Teemu (2019). 1810: 1759: 1664: 1561: 1447: 1373: 1227: 1034:, as well as the towns of 943: 875: 872:Emergence as a great power 866: 681:Economic history of Sweden 676:Military history of Sweden 18: 3924:Genetic history of Europe 3906: 3711: 3527: 3467: 3434: 3365: 3256: 3173: 3164: 3084: 3075: 2981: 2972: 2900: 2891: 2761: 2692:Historiography and memory 2563:4#2 (1970) pp. 1–16 2395:. Macmillan. p. 27. 2195:Frost, Robert I. (2000). 2172:Swedish overseas colonies 1497:fell on 15 October 1678. 1462:and retreated to Swedish 1456:Electorate of Brandenburg 1433:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1306:and the Danish island of 1214:Electorate of Brandenburg 1057:, including the towns of 1053:on the right side of the 838:, was neutralized by the 371: 361: 357: 344: 334: 321: 311: 307: 299: 289: 285: 270: 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 195: 191: 181: 135: 120: 110: 100: 91: 57: 52: 30: 21:Swedish overseas colonies 2612:Magnusson, Lars (2000). 2604:Lockhart, Paul Douglas. 2220:Nicklas, Thomas (2002). 1958:after their battle cry " 1014:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 984:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 3929:History of Christianity 2986:Administrative division 2682:Warme, Lars G. (1995). 2570:Evans, Malcolm (1997). 2522:Encyclopædia Britannica 1697:, he reached his goal. 1543:Treaty of Fontainebleau 993:Through the efforts of 641:Second half of Cold War 162:constitutional monarchy 4000:18th century in Sweden 3995:17th century in Sweden 3753:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2816:December Crisis (1768) 2664:(Cambridge UP, 1984). 1975: 1960: 1931: 1771: 1678: 1613: 1387: 1318:was terminated by the 1251: 1181:Riksdag of the Estates 1151:Domestic consolidation 1143:(1622–1660) after the 1022:, with the islands of 963: 755: 671:LGBT history in Sweden 294:Riksdag of the Estates 36: 3833:Industrial Revolution 2671:(Cambridge UP, 1991). 2616:. London: Routledge. 1970: 1837:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 1769: 1695:Treaty of Altranstädt 1674: 1611: 1537:on 7 February and of 1385:King Charles X Gustav 1383: 1244:King Charles X Gustav 1241: 953: 111:Common languages 3888:European debt crisis 3883:European integration 3823:Age of Enlightenment 3663:Republic of Florence 3353:World Heritage Sites 2715:9.4 (2011): 269–283 2701:40:11 (1990): 34–39. 2541:. New York: Praeger. 2451:A History of Finland 2310:on 17 November 2007. 2162:History of Pomerania 2112:Queen Ulrica Eleanor 1738:siege of Fredriksten 1626:Charles XI of Sweden 1564:Charles XI of Sweden 1535:Treaties of Nijmegen 1509:, 17 June 1676; the 1288:Treaty of Copenhagen 1206:Charles XI of Sweden 1134:After the peaces of 532:Emerging Great Power 37:Konungariket Sverige 3853:Revolutions of 1848 3783:Early modern France 3564:Anglo-Saxon England 3469:Classical antiquity 3094:Automotive industry 2841:Famine of 1867–1869 2836:Sweden–Norway union 2708:30.1 (2005): 61–82. 2539:A History of Sweden 2358:, pp. 204–205. 2323:, pp. 203–204. 1898:By the time of the 1879:(including Piława ( 1841:Sigismund of Poland 1829:a disastrous defeat 1762:Dominions of Sweden 1425:Spanish Netherlands 1421:Louis XIV of France 1417:Johan Gyllenstierna 1413:Magnus de la Gardie 1376:Second Northern War 1230:Second Northern War 1092:, with the town of 999:Johan Adler Salvius 968:Peace of Westphalia 946:Peace of Westphalia 940:Peace of Westphalia 832:Second Northern War 828:Peace of Westphalia 826:and the subsequent 3959:Crusading movement 3863:Russian Revolution 3698:Hundred Years' War 3594:Maritime republics 3497:Early Christianity 3487:Hellenistic period 3444:Paleolithic Europe 3142:Telecommunications 3127:Rehn–Meidner model 2940:Metropolitan areas 2821:Revolution of 1772 2801:Great Northern War 2667:Roberts, Michael. 2660:Roberts, Michael. 2653:Roberts, Michael. 2646:Roberts, Michael. 2147:History of Finland 2142:History of Estonia 2137:History of Denmark 2076:King Carl X Gustav 1976: 1790:'s envy and Queen 1772: 1679: 1667:Great Northern War 1647:Swedish Royal Navy 1614: 1515:Battle of Køge Bay 1503:John III of Poland 1388: 1300:Treaty of Roskilde 1278:; and the king of 1252: 1198:Polish-Swedish War 1145:Treaty of Roskilde 1117:Lower Saxon Circle 1010:Duchy of Pomerania 974:. Sweden demanded 964: 848:Peace of Travendal 840:Treaty of Roskilde 776:Great Northern War 762:became a European 83:Royal coat of arms 3967: 3966: 3893:COVID-19 pandemic 3838:French Revolution 3813:Habsburg monarchy 3793:Cossack Hetmanate 3773:Portuguese Empire 3763:Absolute monarchy 3758:Thirty Years' War 3653:Holy Roman Empire 3578:Bulgarian Empire 3537:Early Middle Ages 3454:Bronze Age Europe 3428:History of Europe 3394: 3393: 3361: 3360: 3213:Human trafficking 3160: 3159: 3104:Income inequality 3071: 3070: 3063:Political parties 3001:Foreign relations 2968: 2967: 2851:Industrialization 2639:Oakley, Stewart. 2549:Bain, R. Nisbet. 2435:978-952-222-606-8 2206:978-0-582-06429-4 2157:History of Norway 2152:History of Latvia 1972:Gustavus Adolphus 1715:Battle of Poltava 1618:absolute monarchy 1511:Battle of Fehmarn 1479:Swedish Pomerania 1396:religious liberty 1292:Scanian provinces 1210:Tsardom of Russia 1119:alternately with 1051:Farther Pomerania 1020:Western Pomerania 1006:Swedish Pomerania 995:Johan Oxenstierna 922:overseas colonies 911:Holy Roman Empire 900:Thirty Years' War 892:Gustavus Adolphus 856:Battle of Poltava 824:Thirty Years' War 813:Holy Roman Empire 791:uniformity policy 772:Gustavus Adolphus 740: 739: 706:Sweden portal 598:Industrialization 563:Age of Absolutism 478:(12000 BC–800 AD) 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 405: 404: 275: 272:• 1720–1721 260:• 1718–1720 248:• 1697–1718 236:• 1660–1697 224:• 1654–1660 212:• 1632–1654 205:Gustavus Adolphus 200: 197:• 1611–1632 172:absolute monarchy 149:absolute monarchy 32:Kingdom of Sweden 4012: 3828:Great Divergence 3743:Age of Discovery 3688:Late Middle Ages 3658:High Middle Ages 3569:Byzantine Empire 3552:Christianization 3542:Migration Period 3477:Classical Greece 3449:Neolithic Europe 3421: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3374: 3171: 3170: 3112: 3082: 3081: 2979: 2978: 2898: 2897: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2687: 2636: 2627: 2587: 2542: 2526: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2490: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2306:. Archived from 2297: 2291: 2285: 2266: 2265: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2192: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 1963: 1934: 1904:Western European 1865:Truce of Altmark 1807:Military history 1746:Treaty of Nystad 1705:and the Russian 1549:on 2 September, 1392:Charles X Gustav 1354:and one-half of 1320:Treaty of Cardis 1312:Holstein-Gottorp 1166:Charles X Gustav 1155:For the moment, 1141:Charles X Gustav 1016:, consisting of 920:Sweden founded 888:Axel Oxenstierna 748:Age of Greatness 732: 725: 718: 704: 703: 702: 463: 453: 435: 434: 421: 420: 409: 408: 396: 395: 389: 388: 373: 372: 273: 229:Charles X Gustav 198: 125:Church of Sweden 96: 79: 65: 47: 39: 28: 27: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3902: 3868:Interwar period 3843:Napoleonic Wars 3707: 3678:Mongol invasion 3631:Crown of Aragon 3523: 3463: 3459:Iron Age Europe 3430: 3425: 3395: 3390: 3377: 3370: 3357: 3338:Public holidays 3252: 3228:Life expectancy 3156: 3110: 3067: 3038:Law enforcement 2964: 2887: 2757: 2751: 2713:History Compass 2694: 2624: 2584: 2533: 2531:Further reading 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2422: 2418: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2234: 2233: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2113: 2110: 2101: 2098: 2089: 2086: 2077: 2074: 2065: 2064:Queen Christina 2062: 2053: 2050: 2041: 1845:treaty of Oliva 1815: 1809: 1764: 1758: 1687:Battle of Narva 1669: 1663: 1612:King Charles XI 1566: 1560: 1507:Battle of Öland 1483:Duchy of Bremen 1452: 1446: 1429:Triple Alliance 1378: 1372: 1236: 1234:Treaty of Oliva 1228:Main articles: 1226: 1153: 972:war reparations 948: 942: 880: 874: 869: 861:Napoleonic Wars 850:(1700) and the 817:Swedish Estonia 809:Great Reduction 742:The Era of the 736: 700: 698: 686: 685: 661: 653: 652: 623:Interwar period 618: 610: 609: 592:United Kingdoms 577: 569: 568: 552: 544: 543: 527: 519: 518: 496: 488: 487: 471: 451: 444: 418: 393: 350: 337: 327: 317:30 October 1611 314: 276: 265:Ulrika Eleonora 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 177: 174: 164: 151: 87: 86: 85: 80: 72: 71: 66: 48: 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4018: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:Swedish Empire 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3818:Russian Empire 3815: 3810: 3808:British Empire 3805: 3803:Dutch Republic 3800: 3798:Swedish Empire 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3778:Spanish Empire 3775: 3770: 3768:Ottoman Empire 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3683:Serbian Empire 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3519:Late antiquity 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3482:Roman Republic 3479: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3132:Stock exchange 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023:State agencies 3020: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2945:National parks 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915:Extreme points 2912: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2806:Age of Liberty 2803: 2798: 2796:Swedish Empire 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: articles 2750: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2709: 2702: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2590:Kirby, David. 2588: 2582: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2517:Chisholm, Hugh 2492: 2491: 2484: 2466: 2459: 2441: 2434: 2416: 2401: 2381: 2379:, p. 205. 2360: 2348: 2346:, p. 204. 2325: 2313: 2292: 2290:, p. 203. 2267: 2248: 2212: 2205: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2124:King Frederick 2123: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2040: 2037: 1961:Hakkaa päälle! 1808: 1805: 1757: 1754: 1750:regional power 1723:Ottoman Empire 1707:scorched earth 1662: 1659: 1559: 1556: 1551:Denmark–Norway 1445: 1442: 1437:Dutch Republic 1405:Denmark–Norway 1371: 1368: 1284:Denmark–Norway 1256:Peace of Oliva 1225: 1224:Peace of Oliva 1222: 1218:Denmark-Norway 1152: 1149: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1086: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1047: 944:Main article: 941: 938: 930:Delaware River 876:Main article: 873: 870: 868: 865: 836:Denmark–Norway 785:, such as the 756:stormaktstiden 744:Swedish Empire 738: 737: 735: 734: 727: 720: 712: 709: 708: 695: 694: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 649:(1991–present) 644: 638: 635:Postwar period 632: 626: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 601: 595: 589: 578: 576:Liberalization 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 560: 557:Age of Liberty 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538:Swedish Empire 535: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513:Early Vasa era 510: 504: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 479: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 456: 455: 446: 445: 438: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 415: 413:Age of Liberty 406: 403: 402: 397: 385: 384: 379: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 271: 268: 267: 262: 259: 256: 255: 250: 247: 244: 243: 238: 235: 232: 231: 226: 223: 220: 219: 214: 211: 208: 207: 202: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 176: 175: 165: 152: 141: 139: 133: 132: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 89: 88: 81: 74: 73: 67: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4017: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3914:Art of Europe 3912: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3713:Modern period 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3387: 3384: 3382: 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2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2846:Modernization 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826:Gustavian era 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2699:History Today 2696: 2695: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2623:0-415-18167-4 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583:0-521-55021-1 2579: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2507:public domain 2496: 2495: 2487: 2485:9789522346384 2481: 2477: 2470: 2462: 2460:9780880292603 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2402:0-312-34819-3 2398: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2100:King Carl XII 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1956:Hakkapeliitat 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1937:Swedish kings 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914:replaced the 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:Ducal Prussia 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1801: 1800:Protestantism 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1729:(present-day 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599:Privy Council 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547:Peace of Lund 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1407:in the west. 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1370:Danish defeat 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:German rivers 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Imperial Diet 1110: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090:Bremen-Verden 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1070:Hohenzollerns 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001:it obtained: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 961: 957: 952: 947: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 907: 905: 904:Protestantism 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 879: 864: 862: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Sweden proper 802: 798: 797: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768:Baltic region 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 713: 711: 710: 707: 697: 696: 693: 690: 689: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 648: 647:Post-Cold War 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 551:Enlightenment 548: 547: 539: 536: 533: 530: 529: 523: 522: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 498: 495:Consolidation 492: 491: 483: 480: 477: 474: 473: 467: 466: 462: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 442: 437: 436: 416: 414: 411: 410: 407: 401: 398: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 370: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 348:Reconstituted 343: 340:24 March 1720 339: 333: 329: 326: 320: 316: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 284: 281: 278: 269: 266: 263: 257: 254: 251: 245: 242: 239: 233: 230: 227: 221: 218: 215: 209: 206: 203: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 173: 170: 166: 163: 160: 159:parliamentary 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 142: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 95: 90: 84: 78: 70: 64: 56: 51: 45: 38: 29: 26: 22: 3873:World War II 3797: 3726:Early modern 3703:Kalmar Union 3574:Papal States 3492:Roman Empire 3333:National Day 3286:Coat of arms 3271:Architecture 3238:Prostitution 3208:Homelessness 3193:Demographics 3122:Nordic model 3006:Human rights 2991:Constitution 2861:World War II 2831:Coup of 1809 2811:Coup of 1756 2795: 2781:Kalmar Union 2712: 2705: 2698: 2683: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2597:Lisk, Jill. 2591: 2572: 2560: 2550: 2538: 2520: 2476:Murhanenkeli 2475: 2469: 2450: 2444: 2425: 2419: 2391: 2384: 2377:Dumrath 1911 2356:Dumrath 1911 2351: 2344:Dumrath 1911 2321:Dumrath 1911 2316: 2308:the original 2302: 2295: 2288:Dumrath 1911 2261: 2257: 2251: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2196: 2088:King Carl XI 2033: 2022: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1977: 1942:At the time 1941: 1897: 1849: 1816: 1773: 1735: 1703:supply lines 1699: 1680: 1643: 1639: 1615: 1595:constitution 1575: 1567: 1527: 1521:and Blegind/ 1476: 1453: 1409: 1389: 1340: 1253: 1186: 1174: 1170: 1154: 1133: 1106: 1094:Wildeshausen 1077:the town of 992: 965: 919: 908: 881: 821: 799:noble rule, 794: 780: 747: 743: 741: 629:World War II 582:Constitution 537: 507:Kalmar Union 382:Succeeded by 381: 376: 330:29 July 1634 25: 3858:World War I 3848:Nationalism 3736:Reformation 3721:Renaissance 3693:Black Death 3626:Kievan Rus' 3529:Middle Ages 3218:Immigration 3089:Agriculture 3043:Legislature 3011:LGBT rights 2856:World War I 1985:Johan Banér 1691:Augustus II 1683:Charles XII 1676:Charles XII 1589:, domains, 1539:St. Germain 1472:Scanian War 1450:Scanian War 1444:Scanian War 1401:Brandenburg 1356:Lake Peipus 1352:Lake Ladoga 1268:Brandenburg 1242:Triumph of 1121:Brandenburg 1067:Brandenburg 1049:a strip of 962:in Germany. 844:Charles XII 787:Oxenstierna 764:great power 643:(1967–1991) 637:(1945–1967) 631:(1939–1945) 625:(1918–1939) 606:(1914–1918) 604:World War I 600:(1866–1914) 594:(1814–1905) 588:(1809–1866) 565:(1772–1809) 559:(1718–1772) 540:(1648–1718) 534:(1611–1648) 526:Great Power 515:(1521–1611) 509:(1397–1521) 503:(1050–1397) 501:Middle Ages 470:Prehistoric 450:History of 377:Preceded by 290:Legislature 280:Frederick I 253:Charles XII 167:1680–1719: 154:1634–1680: 144:1611–1634: 3974:Categories 3621:Viking Age 3436:Prehistory 3318:Literature 3313:Irreligion 3203:Healthcare 3183:Censorship 3111:(currency) 3058:Neutrality 3018:Government 2883:Since 1991 2771:Prehistory 2674:Upton, A. 2546:pp 153–237 2179:References 2025:grenadiers 1861:Stary Targ 1852:Kalmar War 1811:See also: 1760:See also: 1665:See also: 1655:Karlskrona 1622:parliament 1583:countships 1570:Charles XI 1562:See also: 1558:Charles XI 1499:Greifswald 1460:Fehrbellin 1448:See also: 1374:See also: 1099:5,000,000 1083:Neukloster 1040:Greifswald 1012:since the 926:New Sweden 484:(800–1050) 482:Viking Age 476:Prehistory 353:2 May 1720 241:Charles XI 183:King/Queen 137:Government 69:State flag 3668:Feudalism 3639:Catalonia 3223:Languages 3198:Education 3147:Transport 3028:Judiciary 2996:Elections 2950:Provinces 2893:Geography 2878:1967–1991 2873:1945–1967 2786:1523–1611 2264:(2): 160. 2237:cite book 1916:wheellock 1847:in 1660. 1792:Christina 1756:Dominions 1651:Stockholm 1634:autocracy 1495:Stralsund 1487:Austrians 1360:Stockholm 1344:dominions 1304:Trøndelag 1246:over the 1177:reduction 1162:Christina 1147:in 1658. 1136:Brömsebro 1131:in 1650. 1129:Nuremberg 1101:Riksdaler 1044:Stralsund 988:Riksdaler 980:Pomerania 956:tinctures 890:and King 366:Riksdaler 217:Christina 121:Religion 105:Stockholm 53:1611–1721 3907:See also 3878:Cold War 3673:Crusades 3643:Valencia 3381:Category 3343:Religion 3178:Abortion 3137:Taxation 3053:Monarchy 3048:Military 2974:Politics 2960:Wildlife 2910:Counties 2866:timeline 2776:800–1521 2411:70554282 2130:See also 2029:grenades 2017:bayonets 1997:Carolean 1908:Caracole 1856:a ransom 1833:Kircholm 1825:caracole 1820:Erik XIV 1782:and the 1587:baronies 1530:Nijmegen 1523:Blekinge 1481:and the 1468:skirmish 1308:Bornholm 1296:Bohuslän 796:de facto 783:nobility 692:Timeline 441:a series 439:Part of 362:Currency 129:official 3748:Baroque 3647:Majorca 3559:Francia 3372:Outline 3303:Fashion 3291:Cuisine 3258:Culture 3243:Welfare 3166:Society 3152:Tourism 3077:Economy 2925:Islands 2920:Forests 2763:History 2657:(1973). 2650:(1968). 2643:(1984). 2608:(2004). 2601:(1967). 2594:(1990). 2553:(1899) 2519:(ed.). 2509:: 2009:muskets 1952:Finnish 1948:Finland 1923:cavalry 1869:Livonia 1731:Finland 1721:in the 1711:Ukraine 1603:Riksråd 1578:Riksdag 1519:Halland 1491:Stettin 1336:Kexholm 1332:Estonia 1276:Prussia 1272:Livonia 1063:Gollnow 1036:Stettin 976:Silesia 867:History 815:and in 801:serfdom 752:Swedish 746:or the 660:Topical 346:• 323:• 300:History 199:(first) 169:Unitary 156:Unitary 146:Unitary 115:Swedish 101:Capital 44:Swedish 3635:Aragon 3614:Amalfi 3599:Venice 3587:Second 3386:Portal 3281:Cinema 3266:Anthem 3233:People 3109:Krona 3099:Energy 2955:Rivers 2905:Cities 2754:Sweden 2717:online 2620: 2580: 2565:online 2555:online 2515:". 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The 760:Sweden 617:Modern 452:Sweden 443:on the 303: 274:(last) 187: 40: 3604:Genoa 3582:First 3348:Sport 3328:Music 3323:Media 3248:Women 3188:Crime 2935:Lands 2930:Lakes 2224:[ 2013:pikes 1944:Finns 1912:saber 1885:Memel 1784:Weser 1630:fiefs 1202:Belts 1109:fiefs 1096:; and 1024:Rügen 884:power 586:Union 3609:Pisa 3308:Flag 3296:Wine 2618:ISBN 2578:ISBN 2480:ISBN 2455:ISBN 2430:ISBN 2407:OCLC 2397:ISBN 2243:link 2201:ISBN 1887:and 1873:Riga 1780:Elbe 1776:Oder 1576:The 1364:Riga 1334:and 1324:Tsar 1254:The 1232:and 1216:and 1164:and 1061:and 1059:Damm 1055:Oder 1030:and 997:and 584:and 3276:Art 3033:Law 1883:), 1831:at 1733:). 1262:. 3976:: 3645:, 3641:, 3637:, 2405:. 2363:^ 2328:^ 2270:^ 2262:40 2260:. 2239:}} 2235:{{ 2187:^ 2015:, 1939:. 1895:. 1585:, 1493:. 1474:. 1358:. 1338:. 1330:, 1220:. 1038:, 1026:, 990:. 978:, 906:. 778:. 754:: 3649:) 3633:( 3420:e 3413:t 3406:v 2746:e 2739:t 2732:v 2719:. 2686:. 2635:. 2626:. 2586:. 2488:. 2463:. 2438:. 2413:. 2245:) 2209:. 1995:( 1974:. 1929:( 1863:( 1103:. 1085:; 1072:; 1046:; 750:( 731:e 724:t 717:v 131:) 127:( 46:) 42:( 23:.

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