145:'s mansion at 21st and Broadway and reported that amid the investigation, Tuomey was observed making late-night visits. Tuomey assumed a central role in the ensuing investigations and, with fellow Aldermen E. Harrison Reed and William Tucker, shielded the dairies and turned the hearings into one-sided exercises designed to make dairy critics and established health authorities look ridiculous, even going to the extent of arguing that swill milk was as good or better for children than regular milk. With Reed and others, Tuomey successfully blocked any serious inquiry into the dairies and stymied calls for reform. The Board of Health exonerated the distillers, but public outcry led to the passage of the first food safety laws in the form of milk regulations in 1862. Tuomey became known for his attempts to block the new regulations, and earned the new moniker "Swill Milk" Tuomey. In addition to Tuomey's assistance in clearing up the unclean image milk developed,
92:
fresh milk to customers in the city became prohibitive and threatened to restrict its supply to relatively wealthy inhabitants. For the same sanitary reasons that made milk popular, Americans consumed alcohol at the highest per capita rates in US history, and New York City was home to a large number of distilleries. Distilleries in London had experimented with feeding the waste product of their industry—the fermented mash of rye, barley, and wheat commonly referred to as "swill"—to cattle with some success, and New York City distillers soon followed suit. The milk from swill-fed cows, produced in dense urban areas and often priced as low as 6 cents per quart, was affordable to most of New York City's poorest residents.
110:
noted for their filthy conditions and overpowering stench both caused by the close confinement of hundreds (sometimes thousands) of cows in narrow stalls where, once farmers tied them, they would stay for the rest of their lives, often standing in their own manure, covered with flies and sores, and suffering from a range of virulent diseases. These cows were fed boiling distillery waste, often leaving the cows with rotting teeth and other maladies. The milk drawn from the cows was routinely adulterated with water, rotten eggs, flour, burnt sugar, and other adulterants with the finished product then marketed falsely as "pure country milk" or "
199:
1660:
175:
1671:
1691:
1701:
1681:
1650:
187:
20:
149:, a social reformist, aided in the restoration of milk being a nutritional and safe-to-drink beverage. During the mid to late nineteenth century, Hartley utilized Biblical references in his essays to appeal to the urban community. He asserted that universal milk consumption could help alleviate society's "sins", poverty, and alcohol consumption.
109:
did a landmark exposé of the distillery-dairies of
Manhattan and Brooklyn that marketed so-called swill milk that came from cows fed on distillery waste and then adulterated with water, eggs, flour, and other ingredients that increased the volume and masked the adulteration. Swill milk dairies were
91:
As the population of New York City exploded in the antebellum period, a time when safe drinking water was scarce, the demand for milk soared. But as the city expanded and real estate prices climbed, the meadows necessary to raise hay-fed cattle moved farther from its markets. The cost of bringing
121:
described swill milk as a "bluish, white compound of true milk, pus and dirty water, which, on standing, deposits a yellowish, brown sediment that is manufactured in the stables attached to large distilleries by running the refuse distillery slops through the udders of dying cows and over the
1280:
99:
carried out an examination and established the connection of swill milk with the increased infant mortality in the city. The topic of swill milk was also well exposed in pamphlets and caricatures of the time.
125:
Frank Leslie's exposé caused widespread public outrage that strongly pressured local politicians to punish and regulate the distillery-dairies, which were formally complained to be "swill milk
1275:
1443:
83:
grain, the residual mash still contains nutrients. Therefore, keeping cows stabled near distilleries and feeding them with swill was an economic advantage.
1408:
137:, known as "Butcher Mike", defended the distillers vigorously throughout the scandal—in fact, he was put in charge of the Board of Health investigation.
1438:
894:
1398:
575:
1330:
1583:
1297:
1521:
1730:
1359:
282:
1403:
1265:
1373:
105:
1364:
1312:
1217:
452:
399:
372:
1704:
1567:
1378:
1307:
1232:
1051:
1555:
1433:
256:
1725:
568:
1745:
1572:
1531:
1496:
1481:
1463:
1388:
1167:
504:
345:
1577:
1413:
1344:
1339:
1516:
1423:
1287:
1202:
965:
1545:
1418:
1255:
1222:
548:
DePuis, E. (2002). Nature's
Perfect food: How milk became America's Drink. New York: New York University Press.
1321:
711:
561:
23:
A 19th-century illustration of "swill milk" being produced: a sickly cow being milked while held up by ropes.
1684:
1550:
96:
1604:
1302:
1260:
614:
134:
520:
470:
228:
1599:
165:
337:
Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the
Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850–1929
1750:
1629:
1349:
158:
1491:
852:
844:
687:
418:
The Milk Trade in New York and
Vicinity: Giving an Account of the Sale of Pure and Adulterated Milk
1740:
1471:
1383:
824:
699:
436:
111:
496:
1539:
1459:
1354:
1177:
1056:
391:
Sensationalism: Murder, Mayhem, Mudslinging, Scandals, and
Disasters in 19th-Century Reporting
389:
362:
1735:
1561:
1511:
1506:
1250:
998:
335:
146:
1674:
988:
817:
672:
422:
274:
179:
8:
1634:
1393:
1091:
1690:
1292:
1187:
1071:
743:
489:
41:
1619:
1428:
1114:
748:
733:
715:
629:
500:
448:
395:
368:
341:
1270:
1182:
1162:
1010:
980:
596:
69:
36:
32:
416:
364:
International Food Safety
Handbook: Science, International Regulation, and Control
1486:
1192:
1154:
1124:
970:
903:
768:
753:
677:
644:
444:
142:
1694:
1609:
773:
738:
634:
191:
1719:
1614:
1134:
942:
803:
783:
694:
659:
1664:
1624:
1139:
960:
952:
922:
793:
778:
624:
203:
130:
65:
45:
reported an estimate that in one year, 8,000 infants died from swill milk.
1654:
1240:
1197:
1129:
1109:
1086:
1061:
865:
860:
838:
831:
788:
758:
728:
584:
1455:
1207:
1172:
1101:
888:
763:
723:
592:
553:
1501:
1212:
1144:
1119:
1081:
1046:
1038:
1020:
1005:
993:
937:
914:
882:
877:
667:
80:
1476:
1066:
1015:
871:
811:
639:
609:
126:
932:
649:
619:
76:
61:
1076:
1034:
604:
387:
321:
Taming
Manhattan: Environmental Battles in the Antebellum City
1030:
682:
57:
19:
1649:
117:
In an editorial published at the height of the scandal, the
72:, thickened with starch and eggs, and hued with molasses.
927:
163:
1409:
2024 United
Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
488:
333:
1717:
318:
542:
521:"They Ought to Be Beaten – "Swill Milk" Tuomey"
303:
569:
360:
306:The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition
1584:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
1399:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
1298:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
414:
340:. University of Michigan Press. p. 64.
1522:United Kingdom food information regulations
576:
562:
388:David B. Sachsman; David W. Bulla (2013).
272:
1360:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
223:
221:
219:
1404:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
1266:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
583:
480:
323:. Harvard University Press. p. 151.
18:
1374:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
435:
394:. Transaction Publishers. p. 132.
1718:
1389:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
966:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
495:. Princeton University Press. p.
486:
466:
464:
266:
216:
557:
16:Adulterated food scandal in the 1850s
1680:
1568:Institute for Food Safety and Health
1308:Australian meat substitution scandal
1276:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1052:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
139:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
106:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
1700:
1556:Food Information and Control Agency
461:
257:"Swill - Milk and Infant Mortality"
13:
14:
1762:
1573:International Food Safety Network
1497:International Food Safety Network
1218:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1168:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
895:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1731:Food safety in the United States
1699:
1689:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1578:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
1414:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
1345:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
1340:ICA meat repackaging controversy
285:from the original on May 5, 2011
273:Bee Wilson (29 September 2008).
197:
185:
173:
1517:Quality Assurance International
1424:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
1394:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
1288:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1203:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
513:
429:
56:referred to milk from cows fed
1546:European Food Safety Authority
1419:Food safety incidents in China
1256:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1223:Water fluoridation controversy
408:
381:
361:Vanderheijden (16 July 1999).
354:
327:
312:
297:
250:
122:unwashed hands of milkers..."
1:
421:. Fowlers and Wells. p.
210:
68:. The milk was whitened with
1551:Food and Drug Administration
1233:Food contamination incidents
229:"How We Poison Our Children"
141:staked out distillery owner
97:New York Academy of Medicine
7:
1605:Food and drink prohibitions
1379:Bihar school meal poisoning
1303:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
1261:1900 English beer poisoning
615:Antibiotic use in livestock
152:
10:
1767:
1600:Curing (food preservation)
673:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
367:. CRC Press. p. 651.
334:Richard A. Meckel (1990).
308:. Oxford University Press.
86:
1726:1850s in New York (state)
1643:
1630:Genetically modified food
1592:
1530:
1482:Food labeling regulations
1454:
1350:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1231:
1153:
1100:
1029:
979:
951:
913:
802:
710:
658:
591:
471:"The Swill-Milk Nuisance"
319:Catherine McNeur (2014).
159:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1746:History of New York City
1492:Food safety in Australia
688:High-fructose corn syrup
75:After the extraction of
1472:Acceptable daily intake
1384:2013 horse meat scandal
825:Clostridium perfringens
304:W.J. Rorabaugh (1979).
48:
1540:Centre for Food Safety
1355:2008 Irish pork crisis
1057:Benzene in soft drinks
24:
1562:Food Standards Agency
1512:Organic certification
1507:Nutrition facts label
1251:Esing Bakery incident
1039:environment pollution
415:John Mullaly (1853).
147:Robert Milham Hartley
37:the state of New York
22:
1331:2006 North American
989:Acesulfame potassium
818:Campylobacter jejuni
712:Intestinal parasites
585:Consumer food safety
487:Wilson, Bee (2008).
133:politician Alderman
1635:Conspiracy theories
1188:Heterocyclic amines
1092:Shellfish poisoning
275:"The Swill is Gone"
60:which was residual
1293:Toxic oil syndrome
1246:Swill milk scandal
1072:Diethylstilbestrol
744:Diphyllobothriasis
530:. October 29, 1878
475:The New York Times
279:The New York Times
261:The New York Times
42:The New York Times
29:swill milk scandal
25:
1713:
1712:
1620:Food preservation
1429:Foodborne illness
981:Sugar substitutes
734:Cryptosporidiosis
716:parasitic disease
630:HGH controversies
597:food contaminants
454:978-0-525-53885-1
401:978-1-4128-5171-8
374:978-0-8247-9354-8
1758:
1751:Infant mortality
1703:
1702:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1665:Drink portal
1663:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1564:(United Kingdom)
1313:Jack in the Box
1284:
1271:Minamata disease
1183:Food irradiation
1163:4-Hydroxynonenal
1011:Sodium cyclamate
854:Escherichia coli
846:Escherichia coli
578:
571:
564:
555:
554:
549:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
525:
517:
511:
510:
494:
484:
478:
468:
459:
458:
443:(1st ed.).
433:
427:
426:
412:
406:
405:
385:
379:
378:
358:
352:
351:
331:
325:
324:
316:
310:
309:
301:
295:
294:
292:
290:
270:
264:
254:
248:
247:
245:
243:
233:
225:
202:
201:
200:
190:
189:
188:
178:
177:
176:
169:
70:plaster of Paris
33:adulterated food
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1659:
1657:
1655:Food portal
1647:
1639:
1588:
1526:
1487:Food libel laws
1450:
1278:
1227:
1193:Modified starch
1155:Food processing
1149:
1096:
1025:
975:
971:Sodium benzoate
947:
909:
904:Vibrio cholerae
798:
769:Gnathostomiasis
754:Fasciolopsiasis
706:
654:
645:Mercury in fish
587:
582:
552:
547:
543:
533:
531:
523:
519:
518:
514:
507:
485:
481:
469:
462:
455:
445:Riverhead Books
437:Johnson, Steven
434:
430:
413:
409:
402:
386:
382:
375:
359:
355:
348:
332:
328:
317:
313:
302:
298:
288:
286:
271:
267:
255:
251:
241:
239:
231:
227:
226:
217:
213:
208:
198:
196:
186:
184:
174:
172:
164:
155:
143:Bradish Johnson
89:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Dairy industry
1738:
1733:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Food marketing
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1593:Related topics
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Food additives
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
991:
985:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
957:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
900:
892:
885:
880:
875:
868:
863:
858:
850:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
808:
806:
804:Microorganisms
800:
799:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Paragonimiasis
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
739:Cyclosporiasis
736:
731:
726:
720:
718:
708:
707:
705:
704:
703:
702:
692:
691:
690:
680:
675:
670:
664:
662:
660:Food additives
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Lead poisoning
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
589:
588:
581:
580:
573:
566:
558:
551:
550:
541:
528:New York Times
512:
505:
479:
477:, June 8, 1858
460:
453:
447:. p. 98.
428:
407:
400:
380:
373:
353:
346:
326:
311:
296:
265:
263:, May 22, 1858
249:
238:. May 13, 1858
236:New York Times
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:
194:
182:
162:
161:
154:
151:
135:Michael Tuomey
119:New York Times
88:
85:
50:
47:
39:in the 1850s.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Food politics
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:(South Korea)
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1444:United States
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:2011 Germany
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1322:1996 Odwalla
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
954:
953:Preservatives
950:
944:
943:Methamidophos
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
906:
905:
901:
899:
898:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
855:
851:
849:
847:
843:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
801:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Toxoplasmosis
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:Vegetable oil
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
661:
657:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
556:
545:
529:
522:
516:
508:
506:9780691138206
502:
498:
493:
492:
483:
476:
472:
467:
465:
456:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
424:
420:
419:
411:
403:
397:
393:
392:
384:
376:
370:
366:
365:
357:
349:
347:0-472-08556-5
343:
339:
338:
330:
322:
315:
307:
300:
284:
280:
276:
269:
262:
258:
253:
237:
230:
224:
222:
220:
215:
205:
195:
193:
183:
181:
180:New York City
171:
170:
167:
160:
157:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
120:
115:
113:
112:Orange County
108:
107:
103:In May 1858,
101:
98:
93:
84:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1736:Adulteration
1625:Food quality
1532:Institutions
1366:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1245:
1198:Nitrosamines
961:Benzoic acid
923:Chlorpyrifos
902:
896:
887:
870:
853:
845:
837:
830:
823:
816:
794:Trichuriasis
779:Toxocariasis
749:Enterobiasis
625:Formaldehyde
544:
532:. Retrieved
527:
515:
490:
482:
474:
440:
431:
417:
410:
390:
383:
363:
356:
336:
329:
320:
314:
305:
299:
289:30 September
287:. Retrieved
278:
268:
260:
252:
240:. Retrieved
235:
138:
131:Tammany Hall
124:
118:
116:
104:
102:
94:
90:
74:
66:distilleries
64:from nearby
53:
52:
40:
31:was a major
28:
26:
1705:WikiProject
1542:(Hong Kong)
1279: [
1241:Devon colic
1115:Breast milk
1087:Nonylphenol
1062:Bisphenol A
999:controversy
866:Hepatitis E
861:Hepatitis A
839:Enterovirus
832:Cronobacter
789:Trichinosis
759:Fasciolosis
729:Anisakiasis
700:controversy
593:Adulterants
534:22 February
242:22 February
35:scandal in
1720:Categories
1456:Regulation
1439:death toll
1208:Shortening
1173:Acrylamide
1102:Food fraud
1082:Mycotoxins
915:Pesticides
889:Salmonella
764:Giardiasis
724:Amoebiasis
668:Flavorings
441:Extra Life
211:References
54:Swill milk
1502:ISO 22000
1464:watchdogs
1460:standards
1434:outbreaks
1335:outbreaks
1213:Trans fat
1125:Olive oil
1047:Aflatoxin
1021:Sucralose
1006:Saccharin
994:Aspartame
938:Malathion
883:Rotavirus
878:Norovirus
81:macerated
79:from the
1695:Cookbook
1675:Category
1477:E number
1369:outbreak
1326:outbreak
1317:outbreak
1067:Dieldrin
1016:Sorbitol
872:Listeria
812:Botulism
640:Melamine
610:Aldicarb
491:Swindled
439:(2021).
283:Archived
153:See also
127:nuisance
1685:Commons
1558:(Spain)
1367:E. coli
1333:E. coli
1324:E. coli
1315:E. coli
1135:Seafood
1035:poisons
933:Lindane
897:E. coli
856:O157:H7
848:O104:H4
650:Sudan I
620:Cyanide
192:History
166:Portals
129:". The
114:Milk".
87:History
77:alcohol
1140:Shrimp
1077:Dioxin
1031:Toxins
605:3-MCPD
503:
451:
398:
371:
344:
1283:]
1130:Prawn
1110:Bread
683:Sugar
524:(PDF)
232:(PDF)
204:Drink
58:swill
678:Salt
536:2013
501:ISBN
449:ISBN
396:ISBN
369:ISBN
342:ISBN
291:2008
244:2013
95:The
62:mash
49:Name
27:The
1145:Tea
1120:Egg
928:DDT
497:162
1722::
1462:,
1458:,
1281:ar
1037:,
1033:,
714:,
595:,
526:.
499:.
473:,
463:^
423:39
281:.
277:.
259:,
234:.
218:^
577:e
570:t
563:v
538:.
509:.
457:.
425:.
404:.
377:.
350:.
293:.
246:.
168::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
